US20190334094A1 - Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices - Google Patents
Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20190334094A1 US20190334094A1 US16/203,189 US201816203189A US2019334094A1 US 20190334094 A1 US20190334094 A1 US 20190334094A1 US 201816203189 A US201816203189 A US 201816203189A US 2019334094 A1 US2019334094 A1 US 2019334094A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- substituted
- unsubstituted aryl
- heteroaryl groups
- aryl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 328
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 260
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 135
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 132
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 92
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Divinylene sulfide Natural products C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 92
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 92
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 92
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 91
- CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-e][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=C2SC=CC2=C2C=CSC2=C1 CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 91
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 90
- CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azulene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC2=C1 CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 88
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 88
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 78
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 69
- -1 perfluorylbenzene Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 68
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 48
- 125000000923 (C1-C30) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 46
- RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzarone Chemical compound CCC=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 46
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- SLLFVLKNXABYGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-benzoxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2ON=NC2=C1 SLLFVLKNXABYGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- DJMUYABFXCIYSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-phosphole Chemical compound C=1C=CPC=1 DJMUYABFXCIYSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- OHZAHWOAMVVGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-bithiophene Chemical compound C1=CSC(C=2SC=CC=2)=C1 OHZAHWOAMVVGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- KXSFECAJUBPPFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2':5',2''-terthiophene Chemical compound C1=CSC(C=2SC(=CC=2)C=2SC=CC=2)=C1 KXSFECAJUBPPFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- UXGVMFHEKMGWMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=COC=C21 UXGVMFHEKMGWMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CSC=C21 LYTMVABTDYMBQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-thiazine Chemical compound N1SC=CC=C1 AGIJRRREJXSQJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- HKNRNTYTYUWGLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-d]thiophene Chemical compound C1=CSC2=C1SC1=C2C=CS1 HKNRNTYTYUWGLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 claims description 45
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 150000003967 siloles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
- VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2 VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- UJMINHAMXHQWTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,9-dithia-7-phosphatricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undeca-1,5,7,10-tetraene Chemical compound C1=CSC2=PC3=CCSC3=C21 UJMINHAMXHQWTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- BKYWEUVIGUEMFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4h-dithieno[3,2-a:2',3'-d]pyrrole Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1NC1=C2SC=C1 BKYWEUVIGUEMFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 claims 4
- LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N teixobactin Chemical compound C([C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@H]1C(N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C[C@@H]2NC(=N)NC2)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O[C@H]1C)[C@@H](C)CC)=O)NC)C1=CC=CC=C1 LMBFAGIMSUYTBN-MPZNNTNKSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- LNZHAYNBUMVVBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound C1=C(F)C=CC2=NSN=C21 LNZHAYNBUMVVBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 23
- QHYGTMCIGIHPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole Chemical compound C1=C(F)C=CC2=NON=C21 QHYGTMCIGIHPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 20
- SYGGDXKMRDPIKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-fluoro-2h-benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=C(F)C=CC2=NNN=C21 SYGGDXKMRDPIKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 20
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 19
- PDQRQJVPEFGVRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NSN=C21 PDQRQJVPEFGVRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- AWBOSXFRPFZLOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NON=C21 AWBOSXFRPFZLOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 75
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 38
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 37
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 25
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 24
- 0 CCCCC(CC)CC(CC(CC)CCCC)(c1c-2[s]c(C(C3=NC)=CC(*)=C(C(C)=CC=C(C)C(CC)=CC=CC)C3=NC)c1)c1c-2[s]c(C(C2=NI)=CC(C=C)=C(C(C3)=CC=C3C3=CC=C*3)C2=NC)c1 Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CC(CC(CC)CCCC)(c1c-2[s]c(C(C3=NC)=CC(*)=C(C(C)=CC=C(C)C(CC)=CC=CC)C3=NC)c1)c1c-2[s]c(C(C2=NI)=CC(C=C)=C(C(C3)=CC=C3C3=CC=C*3)C2=NC)c1 0.000 description 23
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 9
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical class [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000006736 (C6-C20) aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000037230 mobility Effects 0.000 description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- DKLWRIQKXIBVIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-diiodooctane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(I)I DKLWRIQKXIBVIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000041 C6-C10 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003087 TiOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 244000156473 Vallaris heynei Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 4
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HLLICFJUWSZHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tioxidazole Chemical compound CCCOC1=CC=C2N=C(NC(=O)OC)SC2=C1 HLLICFJUWSZHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KVZDYOVYIHJETJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-dibromo-5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound BrC1=C(F)C=C(Br)C2=NSN=C21 KVZDYOVYIHJETJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KNNYTUARCHTCIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromo-5-fluoro-7-[5-(5-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl]-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound S1C(CCCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C3=NSN=C3C(Br)=C(F)C=2)S1 KNNYTUARCHTCIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WNWLPNLSISSHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(3-ethyl-5-trimethylstannylhexyl)-2-(3-ethyl-5-trimethylstannylthiophen-2-yl)thiophen-1-ylidene]silane Chemical compound C[Sn](C(CC(CCC1=C(S(C=C1)=[SiH2])C=1SC(=CC=1CC)[Sn](C)(C)C)CC)C)(C)C WNWLPNLSISSHSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004244 benzofuran-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C(*)OC2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C12 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003818 flash chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 3
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
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- DLGYNVMUCSTYDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;pyridine Chemical compound N.C1=CC=NC=C1 DLGYNVMUCSTYDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005284 basis set Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical compound BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
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- CLYVDMAATCIVBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pigment red 224 Chemical compound C=12C3=CC=C(C(OC4=O)=O)C2=C4C=CC=1C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C4=CC=C3C1=C42 CLYVDMAATCIVBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Ta](=O)O[Ta](=O)=O PBCFLUZVCVVTBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroethylene Natural products ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- H01L51/0071—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
- C07F7/081—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te
- C07F7/0812—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring
- C07F7/0816—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring said ring comprising Si as a ring atom
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/655—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only sulfur as heteroatom
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- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02P70/521—
Definitions
- Small-molecule bulk-heterojunction (SM BHJ) solar cells have become a competitive alternative to the exhaustively studied polymer organic photovoltaics (OPV).
- OOV polymer organic photovoltaics
- Intense investigation into the design and utility of conjugated polymers for light harvesting has provided great insight into the design and implementation of organic semiconductors for OPV technology, to the point where power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 8.4% have been achieved.
- PCEs power conversion efficiencies
- polymer systems inherently suffer from batch-to-hatch variations and limited options for purification of the polymeric materials.
- Small-molecule semiconductors avoid the drawbacks inherent to polymeric semiconductors, as they are monodisperse in nature and, due to having a higher solubility than polymeric analogs, can be purified and characterized using standard organic chemistry protocols.
- HTL hole-transport layer
- Molybdenum oxide is thermally evaporated onto devices, which prevents the use of inexpensive solution deposition during roll-to-roll manufacture. It would be preferable to use a solution-processable HTL material, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), or other doped conjugated polymers.
- PEDOT:PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate)
- PEDOT:PSS bears acidic protons, which, when deposited at an interface with the active layer, will protonate the pyridyl nitrogen of the pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole. This protonation results in a drastic reduction in the PCE of devices fabricated using PEDOT:PSS as the anode interlayer that use PT containing small molecule donors.
- Other systems with labile protons and protonatable semiconductors will also lead to deterioration of power conversion efficiency.
- the present invention is directed to organic non-polymeric chromophores containing the benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), of the following structure:
- R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 , aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F;
- organic non-polymeric chromophores can be used in an electronic or optoelectronic device, for example, in the active layer of such a device.
- W is F. In one embodiment, W is Cl. In one embodiment, W is Br. In one embodiment, W is I. In one embodiment, W is —CN. In one embodiment, W is —CF 3 . In one embodiment, W is —CHF 2 . In one embodiment, W is —CH 2 F.
- the present invention is directed to organic non-polymeric chromophores containing the 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH) structure:
- R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl
- heterojunction devices such as organic small molecule solar cells and transistors.
- the present invention is directed to non-polymeric electron-donating and electron-accepting chromophores having a core structure of benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), or 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (5BTR) with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR).
- the present invention is directed to non-polymeric electron-donating and electron-accepting chromophores having a core structure of 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO), or 5-fluor-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) core structure.
- FBTH 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole
- FBO 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole
- FBTR 5-fluor-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
- the present invention is directed to optoelectronic devices comprising an active layer composition of a mixture of a non-polymeric light-harvesting electron-donating chromophore based on a 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR core structure with an electron-accepting material, such as a fullerene, methanofullerene, rylene diimides or related ⁇ -conjugated organic electron acceptors.
- an electron-accepting material such as a fullerene, methanofullerene, rylene diimides or related ⁇ -conjugated organic electron acceptors.
- Organic or inorganic electron acceptors can be used.
- the present invention is directed to optoelectronic devices comprising an active layer composition of a mixture of a non-polymeric light-harvesting electron-accepting chromophore based on a 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR core structure with an electron-donating material.
- Organic or inorganic electron donors can be used.
- the present invention is also directed to methods of fabricating the devices by solution processing. In one embodiment, all active layers of the described optoelectronic devices are formed from solutions comprising of non-polymeric discrete organic materials.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula I:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 2 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 2 is —C(W)—;
- W is selected freon F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- a 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but am not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetetoaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula II:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- a 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but an not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- X 1 and X 2 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 and Y 2 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula II, X 1 and X 2 are each CH and Y 1 and Y 2 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- X 1 and X 2 are each —C(W)—, Y 1 and Y 2 are each CH and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula II, X 1 and X 2 are each CH, Y 1 and Y 2 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- X 1 and X 2 are each —C(W)—, Y 1 and Y 2 are each CH and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula II, X 1 and X 2 are each CH, Y 1 and Y 2 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- B 2 is selected from the group consisting of a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, thiophene, benzothiophene, benzofuran, and benzothiazol.
- B 2 is phenyl, substituted at the p-position with diphenylamine (i.e., the B 2 moiety is triphenylamine)
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula II of Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula IIa-F, Formula IIb-F, or Formula IIc-F:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , when R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in further embodiments, W is F;
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive
- a 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 4 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetetoaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- each M is S.
- each M is O.
- each M is S.
- each M is O.
- each M is S.
- each M is O.
- each M is S.
- each M is O.
- each M is S.
- each M is O.
- each M is S.
- each M is O.
- the compounds of Formula II are selected from compounds of Formula IId:
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in further embodiments, W is F;
- n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
- Q 1 is C.
- X 1 and X 1 are —C(W)— and Y 1 and Y 2 are CH; in a further embodiment, W is F.
- X 1 and X 2 are CH and Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment, W is F.
- n 2
- R 7 is selected from H or C 1 -C 16 alkyl.
- R 7 is selected from benzofuran-2-yl.
- R 7 is selected from benzothiophene-2-yl.
- R 8 is selected from H or C 1 -C 16 alkyl.
- R 8 is selected from C 1 -C 16 alkyl.
- Q 1 is C, X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—, and Y 1 and Y 2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 1
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 1
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 1
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 1
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 1
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 1
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 1
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 2
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are n
- R 7 is n-hexyl
- W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 2
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 2
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 1
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 2
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 3
- W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 3
- W is F
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C ⁇ X 1 and X 2 are CH, Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—, n is 3, and R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are n is 3
- R 7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 3
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 3
- R 8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are n is 3
- R 8 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is C
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are n is 3
- R 8 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH
- n is 3
- R 8 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- Q 1 is Si
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—
- n is 3, and its is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compound is of the formula:
- the compounds are of Formula IIe:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 2 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 2 is —C(W)—;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F;
- n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
- R 9 is selected from H, C 1 -C 16 alkyl or —O—C 1 -C 16 alkyl. In a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- n 2
- n 3.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ) and R 7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ) and n is 0.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ), R 7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl and n is 0.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ),
- R 7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl,
- X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—, and
- Y 1 and Y 2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ),
- R 7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl,
- X 1 and X 2 are CH, and
- Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 )
- R 7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl
- X 1 and X 2 are CH
- Y 1 and Y 7 are —C(W)—
- n is 0; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- R 9 is —O—C 1 -C 16 alkyl and n is 1.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ) and R 7 is n-hexyl.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ), R 7 is n-hexyl and n is 1.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ), R 7 is n-hexyl, X 1 and X 2 are —C(W)—, and Y 1 and Y 2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ), R 7 is n-hexyl, X 1 and X 2 are CH, and Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ), R 7 is n-hexyl, X 1 and X 2 are CH, Y 1 and Y 2 are —C(W)—, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- the compounds of Formula II embrace compounds of Formula IIf:
- R 9 is H, C 1 -C 16 alkyl or —O—C 1 -C 16 , alkyl, and where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CH 2 , or —CH 2 F. In a further embodiment, W is F.
- R 9 is —O—CH 2 CH(C 2 H 5 )(C 4 H 9 ).
- R 9 is —O—(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 .
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula III:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- H is selected from A 1 , -B 1 -B 2 , -A 1 -B 1 -B 2 , or
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive
- a 1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- each B 1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula III of Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, and Formula IIId:
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula IIIa-F, Formula IIIb-F, Formula IIIc-F, or Formula IIId-F);
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- Such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole
- each B 2 (when present) is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV-V:
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is II, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- K 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each E 1 is independently either absent, or selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- each D 7 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each M is S.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is S, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH, and each M is S.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH, and each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV-V of Formula IV:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 2 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , and Y 2 , X 3 and Y 3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 3 is —C(W)—, Y 3 is CH, and when X 3 is CH, Y 3 is —C(W)—;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is II, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- K 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azuleno, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadia
- each M is S.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is S, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH, and each M is S; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH, and each M is O; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV of Formula IVa or Formula IVb:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula IVa-F or Formula IVb-F);
- K 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each M is S.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is S, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- W can be P.
- each M is O.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is O, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- W can be F.
- each M is S.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is S, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- W can be F.
- each M is O.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is O, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- W can be F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV-V of Formula V:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 3 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 2 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , and Y 2 , X 3 and Y 3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 3 is —C(W)—, Y 3 is CH, and when X 3 is CH, Y 3 is —C(W)—;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected horn F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- K 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 1 and E 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl grows, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but an not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each D 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazolo, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazol
- each M is S.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- each M is S, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (independently of D 1 ).
- W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 , are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula V, X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 , are each CH, and each M is S.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S.
- W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 , are each CH, and each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O.
- W can be F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula Va or Formula Vb:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula Va-F or Formula Vb-F);
- K 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- each D 1 and E 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyretic, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole,
- each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole
- each M is S.
- each E 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each E 1 is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- each M is S, and each E 1 , is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- W can be F.
- each M is O.
- each E 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each E 1 is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- each M is O, and each E 1 , is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- W can be F.
- each M is S.
- each E 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each E 1 is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- each M is S, and each B, is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- W can be F.
- each M is O.
- each E 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 1 is the same moiety.
- each D 2 is the same moiety.
- each E 1 is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (when E 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- each M is O, and each E 1 is the same moiety, each D 1 is the same moiety, and each D 2 is the same moiety (where B 1 , D 1 , and D 2 are chosen independently of each other).
- W can be F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula VI-VII:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 2 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , and Y 2 , X 3 and Y 3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 3 is —C(W)—, Y 3 is CH, and when X 3 is CH, Y 3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , Y 2 , X 3 , and Y 3
- M is select d from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- each F 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl getup, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—.
- W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH, and each M is S.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S.
- W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH, and each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O.
- W can be F.
- each F 1 is the same moiety. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each G 1 is the same moiety. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each G 2 is the same moiety. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F 1 is the same moiety, each G 1 is the same moiety, and each G 2 is the same moiety (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F 1 is the same moiety, each G 1 is the same moiety, and each G 2 is the same moiety (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F 1 is the same moiety, each G 1 is the same moiety, and each G 2 is the same moiety (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula VI:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 2 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , and Y 2 , X 3 and Y 3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 3 is —C(W)—, Y 3 is CH, and when X 3 is CH, Y 3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , Y 2 , X 3 , and Y 3
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- each F 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 in substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VI, each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula VI, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH, and each M is S.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each ell and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S.
- W can be F.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH, and each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y a are each —C(W)—, and each M is O.
- W can be F.
- each F 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each G 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each G 2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 , is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula VI, such as compounds of Formula VIa or Formula VIb:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (fluorine) (Formula VIa-F or Formula VIb-F);
- each F 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIa, each M is U. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each G 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each G 2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S.
- each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other), and each G 2 is the same; and M is O.
- W can be F (fluorine).
- each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIb, each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each G 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each G 2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S.
- each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other), and each G 2 is the same; and M is O.
- W can be F (fluorine).
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula VII:
- X 1 and Y 1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 1 is CH, and when X 1 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 and Y 1 , X 2 and Y 2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 1 is —C(W)—, Y 2 is CH, and when X 2 is CH, Y 1 is —C(W)—; and where independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , and Y 2 , X 3 and Y 3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X 3 is —C(W)—, Y 3 is CH, and when X 3 is CH, Y 3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X 1 , Y 1 , X 2 , Y 2 , X 3 Y 3 are selected from
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (fluorine);
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- each F 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but an not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazolo
- each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VII, each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula VII, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH, and each M is S.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S.
- W can be F (fluorine).
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each —C(W)— and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each CH, and each M is O.
- X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are each CH and Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , and Y 4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O.
- W can be F (fluorine).
- each F 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each G 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each G 2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (when F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula VII, such as compounds of Formula VIIa or Formula VIIb:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (fluorine) (Formula VIIa-F or Formula VIIb-F);
- each F 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C 6 -G 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole,
- each G 2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C 1 -C 16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C 6 -C 30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C 6 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C 6 -C 10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulen, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole
- each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIIa, each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each G 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each G 2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where G 1 and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S.
- each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other), and each G 2 is the same; and M is O.
- W can be F (fluorine).
- each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIIb, each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each G 1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each G 2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F 1 is the same, each G 1 is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S.
- each F 1 is the same, each G 1 , is the same, and each G 2 is the same (where F 1 , G 1 , and G 2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- W can be F (fluorine).
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula 1-2-3-4-5:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- n is an integer from 0 to 5 inclusive
- R 2 is selected from H, C 1 -C 16 , alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 16 alkyl, C 2 -C 16 alkenyl, and C 2 -C 16 alkynyl;
- J is selected from CH and N;
- X is S, O, or NH when J is CH; and X is S when J is N;
- R 4 is selected from aryl or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as C 6 -C 30 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, C 6 -C 20 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, and C 6 -C 10 aryl groups optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, and
- DONOR is as defined below.
- n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5;
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, or Formula 5:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula 1-F, Formula 2-F, Formula 3-F, Formula 4-F, or Formula 5-F);
- n is an integer from to 5 inclusive
- R 2 is selected from H, C 1 -C 16 alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 16 alkyl, C 2 -C 16 alkenyl, and C 2 -C 16 alkynyl;
- J is selected from CH and N;
- R 4 is selected front aryl or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as C 6 -C 30 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, C 6 -C 20 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, and C 6 -C 10 aryl groups optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, and
- DONOR is as defined below.
- n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula 6-7-8:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 3 , alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 —, or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- X is S, U, or NH when J is CH; and X is S when J is N;
- DONOR is as defined below.
- n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula 6, Formula 7, or Formula 8:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula 6-F, Formula 7-F, or Formula 8-F);
- R 2 is selected from H, C 1 -C 16 alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 16 alkyl, C 2 -C 16 alkenyl, and C 2 -C 16 alkynyl;
- R 6 is selected from aryl, perfluoroaryl, or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as aryl optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, C 6 -C 20 aryl optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups, and C 6 -C 10 aryl groups optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C 1 -C 16 alkyl groups; and
- DONOR is as defined below.
- n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- the invention embraces compounds of Formula 9-10:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , or —CH 2 F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- n is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive, and in is an integer from 0 to 5 inclusive; and where DONOR is as defined below.
- R 11 is selected from C 1 -C 16 alkyl
- R 12 is selected from C 1 -C 16 alkyl, C 6 -C 20 unsubstituted aryl, or C 6 -C 20 aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from —F; C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 fluoroalkyl, —O—C 1 -C 20 alkyl, or —C 1 -C 20 fluoroalkyl;
- R 13 is selected from C 1 -C 16 alkyl or C 6 -C 20 aryl
- R 15 is selected from C 1 -C 16 alkyl, C 6 -C 20 unsubstituted aryl, or C 6 -C 20 aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from —F, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 fluoroalkyl, —O—C 1 -C 20 alkyl, or —C 1 -C 20 fluoroalkyl; and
- R 16 is selected from C 1 -C 16 alkyl, C 6 -C 20 unsubstituted aryl, or C 6 -C 20 aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from —F, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 fluoroalkyl, —O—C 1 -C 20 alkyl, or —C 1 -C 20 fluoroalkyl.
- DONOR structures are depicted as divalent; when a DONOR subunit is monovalent (as, for example, in Formula 9-10, Formula 9, and Formula 10 above), one valence is attached to the structure as depicted in the Formula, and or valence is terminated with H or C 1 -C 20 alkyl, such as hexyl or 2-ethylhexyl.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- W can be F.
- the invention embraces electronic and optoelectronic devices comprising a non-polymeric compound, said compound incorporating one or more groups of Formula A:
- non-polymeric compound is an electron acceptor or is an electron donor in an active layer of the electronic or optoelectronic device
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R 1 , where R 1 is H, C 1 -C 30 alkyl or C 6 -C 30 aryl, and either X 1 is CH and Y 1 is —C(W)—, or X 1 is —C(W)— and Y 1 is CH.
- M, X 1 , and Y 1 for each moiety is chosen independently of the other moiety or moieties.
- M is the same for each moiety
- X 1 is the same for each moiety
- Y 1 is the same for each moiety.
- W can be F.
- the invention embraces electronic and optoelectronic devices comprising a non-polymeric compound, said non-polymeric compound comprising a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), a benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), a 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR), a 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH), a 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO), or a 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) moiety, wherein said non-polymeric compound is an electron acceptor or is an electron donor in an active layer of the electronic or optoelectronic device.
- FBTR
- the invention embraces electronic and optoelectronic devices utilizing the compounds described above.
- the invention embraces optoelectronic devices, such as organic solar cells, with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as a light harvesting electron donor, comprising:
- an optional layer or layers adjacent to the first electrode such as an electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting layer;
- an optional layer or layers such as hole-blocking, exciton-blocking, or electron-transporting layers
- the invention embraces optoelectronic devices, such as organic solar cells, with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as a light harvesting electron acceptor, comprising:
- an optional layer or layers adjacent to the first electrode such as an electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting layer;
- a layer comprising a mixture of an electron donor, such as an organic electron donor or an inorganic electron donor, and an organic non-polymeric electron acceptor material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, Formula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIII, Formula 1-2-3-4-5, Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7, Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, or Formula 10;
- an electron donor such as an organic electron donor or an inorganic electron donor
- an organic non-polymeric electron acceptor material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb,
- an optional layer or layers such as hole-blocking, exciton-blocking, or electron-transporting layers
- the invention embraces devices such as organic field-effect transistors with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as a hole transporting medium, comprising:
- this dielectric substrate is Si/SiO 2 ;
- an active layer comprising an organic non-polymeric hole transporting material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, humula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIIb, Formula 1-2-3-4-5, Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7, Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, or Formula 10; and
- the invention embraces devices, such as organic field-effect transistors with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as an electron transporting medium, comprising:
- this dielectric substrate is Si/SiO 2 ;
- an active layer comprising an organic non-polymeric electron transporting material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, Formula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIIb, Formula 1-2-3-4-5, Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7, Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, or Formula 10; and
- FIG. 1 shows the absorption spectra of ( FIG. 1A ) p-DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 solution in chloroform, thin film and annealed film; ( FIG. 1B ) p-DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 with various equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform; and ( FIG. 1C ) d-DTS(PTTh 2 ) 2 with various equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform.
- FIG. 2 shows current voltage characteristics of solar cells with an active layer comprised of p-DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 and PC 71 BM as cast, annealed and with 0.4% (v/v) diiodooctane solvent additive.
- FIG. 3 shows the external quantum efficiency of the solar cells of FIG. 2 .
- Alkyl is intended to embrace a saturated linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of linear and/or branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon chain(s) and/or ring(s) having the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
- Alkenyl is intended to embrace a linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of linear and/or branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon chain(s) and/or ring(s) having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and having the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- Alkynyl is intended to embrace a linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of linear and/or branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon chain(s) and/or ring(s) having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and having the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having 2 to 19 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- Fluoroalkyl indicates an alkyl group where at least one hydrogen of the alkyl group has been replaced with a fluorine substituent.
- Aryl is defined as an optionally substituted aromatic ring system.
- Aryl groups include monocyclic aromatic rings, polyaromatic ring systems, and polycyclic aromatic ring systems containing the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, containing six to thirty carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aryl groups may contain six to twenty carbon atoms, six to twelve carbon atoms, or six to ten carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aryl groups can be unsubstituted.
- Heteroaryl is defined as an optionally substituted aromatic ring system. Heteroaryl groups contain the number of carbon atoms specified, and one or more heteroatoms (such us one to six heteroatoms, or one to three heteroatoms), where heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. In other embodiments, heteroaryl groups may contain six to twenty carbon atoms and one to four heteroatoms, six to twelve carbon atoms and one to three heteroatoms, six to ten carbon atoms and one to three heteroatoms, or three to six carbon atoms and one to three heteroatoms. In other embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted.
- Polymer or “polymeric molecule” is defined herein as a structure containing at least eight repeating units.
- a “non-polymeric” molecule is a molecule containing sewn or fewer repeating units.
- monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, and heptamers are non-polymeric molecules for the purposes of this disclosure.
- Interruption of a repeating unit “resets” the count of subunits for the purposes of this disclosure; thus, for example, for a molecule such as Formula 6:
- the molecule when n is 5, the molecule is considered to have two separate five-subunit pieces, that is, it is comprised of two pentathiophene units, and is not considered a decanter or 10-subunit polymer of thiophene.
- Non-polymeric molecules typically have a discrete molecular weight, while polymeric molecules typically have a distribution of molecular weights due to varying numbers of monomers that are incorporated into the growing chain during polymerization.
- a preparation of a non-polymeric molecule will be characterized by a single molecular weight (where the molecular weight is averaged only over isotopic variation due to differing isotopes such as hydrogen, deuterium, carbon-12, carbon-13, etc.) of about 90%, preferably 95%, more preferably 98%, still more preferably 99%, of the molecular species.
- preparations of a polymeric molecule will typically have a distribution of molecular weights due to varying numbers of monomers in the final polymer, where the molecular weight is an average over each individual polymeric species present in a given preparation (measured in either number-average molecular weight or weight-average molecular weight).
- the current invention describes chromophores incorporating benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazoles with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazoles with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (5BTR) with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazoles (FBTH), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazoles (FBO), or 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (FBTR).
- a subunit of this type permits the manipulation of electronic levels without adding a reactive site, such as the pyridine nitrogen on pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT)-type compounds, which is susceptible to protonation when deposited from acidic solution, or when used with materials having labile protons such as PEDOT:PSS.
- a reactive site such as the pyridine nitrogen on pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT)-type compounds, which is susceptible to protonation when deposited from acidic solution, or when used with materials having labile protons such as PEDOT:PSS.
- the fluorine atom also imparts asymmetric reactivity to the corresponding dibromide compound (such as FBTHBr 2 ), which allows for facile synthetic access to the desired structure.
- FBTHBr 2 dibromide compound
- Optical properties were investigated using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy.
- p-DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 exhibits broad low energy transitions with favorable overlap with the solar spectrum with ⁇ max values of 590 nm (solution) and 678 nm (solid state), and ⁇ onset values of 670 an (solution) and 800 nm (solid state), corresponding to optical band gaps of 1.85 and 1.55 eV, respectively; see FIG. 1A .
- Thin film absorption exhibits a red-shifted spectrum as well as the development of vibronic structure in optical profiles, typical of ordered thin films.
- HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- FIG. 1B shows that the absorption of p-DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 remains effectively unchanged with up to ten equivalents of acid.
- the pyridal analog shows significant changes in its absorption spectrum as soon as acid is introduced, as shown in FIG. 1C .
- the effect manifests as a new low-energy transition, suggesting that the chromophore backbone, where low-energy transition dipoles reside, is affected by the acid.
- Devices were fabricated with the general architecture of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 :PC 71 BM/Ca/Al. Devices showed relatively poor performance as cast, with a open circuit voltage (V OC ) of 680 mV, short circuit current (J SC ) of 7.0 mA cm ⁇ 2 , and a fill factor (FF) of 0.30, giving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.6%. Thermal annealing of the devices at 130° C. led to significant enhancement in V OC (820 mV), J SC (11.0 mA cm ⁇ 2 ), and FF (0.62), yielding a PCE of 5.6%.
- V OC open circuit voltage
- J SC short circuit current
- FF fill factor
- PCE power conversion efficiency
- 5BTH moieties can be attached to a benzodithiophene core via the synthesis outlined in Scheme 2. Similar chemistry—that is, coupling of trimethylstannate derivatives of one moiety to bromo derivatives of another moiety—can be employed to assemble any of the various molecules described herein.
- the current invention provides several advantages for preparation of optoelectronic devices.
- the organic materials described are non-polymeric allowing for synthesis and purification producers to be more repeatable than organic polymers. Unlike polymers, the organic materials described are discrete mono-disperse small molecules which allows for their exact structure to be known and reproduced. Synthesis of organic small molecule chromophores containing the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR organic structures is straightforward, and methods used for the pyridalthiadiazole (PT, [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine) organic structure (see M. Leclere et al.
- the compounds are readily handled in solution, as the organic small molecule chromophores described retain good solubility in many common organic solvents, and are soluble in aqueous solvents, including acidic aqueous solvents. This allows solution processing during the preparation of the optoelectronic devices.
- vapor deposition can also be used for the molecules, or mixtures of said molecules with other components, which are suitable for use in such a method (e.g., vacuum deposition, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition).
- the optoelectronic device of the invention comprises the following layers:
- an optional layer or layers adjacent to the first electrode such as an electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting layer;
- an optional layer or layers such as hole-blocking, exciton-blocking, or electron-transporting layers;
- the first electrode can be transparent, allowing light to enter the device, but in some embodiments, the second electrode can be transparent. In some embodiments, both electrodes are transparent.
- the first electrode (layer “a”) is deposited onto a substrate, and the device is fabricated by subsequent deposition of layers “b” (if present), “c”, “d” (if present), and “e”.
- the second electrode “e” can be deposited onto a substrate, with subsequent deposition of layers “d” (if present), “c”, “b” (if present), and “a”.
- the optoelectronic device of the invention comprises the following layers:
- PEDOT:PSS poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene:poly(styrenesulfonate)
- PDOT:PSS poly(styrenesulfonate)
- MoO3 metal oxide
- the first electrode (layer “a”) is deposited onto the substrate, and the device is fabricated by subsequent deposition of layers “b”, “c”, and “e”.
- the second electrode “e” can be deposited onto a substrate, with subsequent deposition of layers “c”, “b”, and “a”.
- the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR electron donors or electron acceptors can be used in tandem solar cells, such as those disclosed in US 2009/0126779. Tandem solar cells are arranged so that light which is not absorbed by a first solar cell passes to a second solar cell, where the second solar cell typically has a smaller bandgap than the first solar cell in order to absorb electromagnetic radiation that cannot be usefully absorbed by the first solar cell.
- the device can comprise a first cell and a second cell arranged in tandem.
- the first cell is configured to receive incident electromagnetic radiation and includes a first charge separating layer having a first semiconducting polymer adapted to create electric charge carriers generated by electromagnetic radiation.
- the second cell is configured to receive electromagnetic radiation passing out of the first cell in a light propagation path.
- the second cell includes a second charge separating layer having a second semiconducting polymer adapted to create electric charge carriers generated by electromagnetic radiation.
- a layer separates the two cells, such as a titanium oxide layer which is interposed between the first and second cells.
- the titanium oxide layer can be substantially amorphous and can have a general formula of TiO x where x is a number of about 1 to about 1.96; that is, the titanium oxide layer can be sub-stoichiometric titanium dioxide, or amorphous sub-stoichiometric titanium dioxide.
- Passivating layers such as those disclosed in US 2007/0221926 and US 2007/0169816, can be incorporated into devices using the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR electron donors or electron acceptors.
- Optical spacer layers such as those disclosed in US 2006/0292736, can also be employed in devices using the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR electron donors or electron acceptors.
- a transparent first electrode such as ITO-coated glass
- the donor:acceptor mixture where light passes though a transparent first electrode (such as ITO-coated glass), it is absorbed by the donor:acceptor mixture, which results in the separation of electrical charges and migration of the charges to the electrodes, yielding a usable electrical potential.
- the first electrode can be made of materials such as indium-tin oxide, indium-magnesium oxide, cadmium tin-oxide, tin oxide, aluminum- or indium-doped zinc oxide, gold, silver, nickel, palladium and platinum.
- the first electrode has a high work function (4.3 eV or higher).
- the first electrode is transparent.
- the optional layer adjacent to the first electrode is preferably polystyrenesulfonic acid-doped polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT:PSS).
- PEDOT polystyrenesulfonic acid-doped polyethylenedioxythiophene
- Other hole transporting materials such as polyaniline (with suitable dopants), or N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), nickel oxide, can be used.
- Electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting metal oxides such as MoO 3 , MoO 3-x , V 2 O 5-x , NiO, Ta 2 O 5 , Ag 2 O, CuO, Cu 2 O, CrO 3-x , and WO 3 , where x is between 0.01 and 0.99, more preferably between 0.1 and 0.9, can be used as materials between the hole-transporting electrode and the active layer.
- Other suitable materials are described in Greiner, Mark T. et al., “Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides,” Nature Materials, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3159 (Nov. 6, 2011).
- a conductive, transparent substrate is prepared from commercially available indium tin oxide-coated glass and polystyrenesulfonic acid doped polyethylenedioxythiophene using standard procedures.
- a solution containing a mixture of the donor and acceptor materials is prepared so that the ratio of donor to acceptor is between 1:99 and 99:1 parts by mass; more preferably between 3:7 and 7:3 parts by mass.
- the overall concentration of the solution may range between 0.1 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, but is preferably in the range of 1.0 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL.
- the electron acceptor is preferably [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), but may be a different fullerene (including, but not limited to, C71-PCBM), a tetracyanoquinodimethane, a vinazene, a perylene tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride, a perylene tetracarboxylic acid-diimide, an oxadiazole, carbon nanotubes, or any other organic electron acceptor, such as those compounds disclosed in U.S. 2008/0315187.
- PCBM [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester
- the inorganic material can be dispersed in the electron-donating chromophores to create a single layer.
- Preparation of TiO 2 for use in solar cells is described in Brian O'Regan & Michael Grätzel, Nature 353:737 (1991) and Serap Günes et al., 2008 Nanotechnology 19 424009.
- x is preferably 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.98, 1.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.9, 1.2 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.8, or 1.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.8.
- X in the formula TiO x can be ⁇ 2, ⁇ 1.98, ⁇ 1.9, ⁇ 1.8, ⁇ 1.7, or ⁇ 1.6.
- Useful solvents include chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon disulfide.
- the solvent used may be any solvent which dissolves or partially dissolve both donor and acceptor materials and has a non-zero vapor pressure.
- the solution of donor and acceptor is deposited by spin casting, doctor-blading, ink-jet printing, roll-to-roll coating, slot-dye coating, gravure coating, or any process which yields a continuous film of the donor-acceptor mixture such that the thickness of the film is within the range of 10 to 100 nm, more preferably between 50 and 150 nm.
- the layer of the donor and acceptor is cast from a solution comprising a solvent and the electron donor and the electron acceptor.
- the solvent can comprise chloroform, thiophene, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, carbon disulfide, a mixture of any of the foregoing solvents or any solvent or solvent mixture that dissolves both the donor and acceptor organic small molecule.
- the solvent can also include processing additives, such as those disclosed in US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009/0032808, 2008/0315187, or 2009/0108255. For example, 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) can be added to the solvent/donor/acceptor mixture in an amount of 0.1-10% by volume.
- DIO 1,8-diiodooctane
- the additive such as 2% DIO, can be added to any organic solvent used to cast the layer of donor/acceptor, such as chloroform.
- the solvent can also include doping agents such as molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3 ).
- MoO 3 can be added to the solvent/donor/acceptor mixture in an amount of 0.1-10% by volume.
- An additional layer or layers of material may optionally be deposited on top of the donor-acceptor film in order to block holes or excitons, act as an optical buffer, or otherwise benefit the electrical characteristics of the device.
- 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline can act as a hole-blocking or exciton-blocking material
- 4,4′,4′′-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine and polyethylene dioxythiophene can act as exciton-blocking materials.
- Other materials that can be used between the second electrode and the active layer are titanium suboxide, ZnO, Cs 2 CO 3 , and ZrO 3 . Additional materials suitable for use are described in Greiner, Mark T. et al., “Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides,” Nature Materials, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3159 (Nov. 6, 2011).
- an electrode such as a metal electrode
- a metal electrode is deposited on top of the structure by thermal evaporation, sputtering, printing, lamination or some other process.
- Conducting metal oxides such as indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, or cadmium oxide, can also be used as electrodes, as well as conducting organic materials, such as electrodes comprising graphene.
- the metal is preferably aluminum, silver or magnesium, but may be any metal. Nanowires such as silver nanowires can also be used. If a transparent electrode is desired, very thin metallic sheets of metals can also be used.
- the device is annealed before and/or after evaporation of the metal electrode.
- the electron and hole mobilities are both on the order of 10 ⁇ 4 cm 2 /Vs or higher. More preferably, the electron mobilities are on the order of 10 ⁇ 3 cm 2 /Vs or higher. In some embodiments, the electron mobilities are on the order of 10 ⁇ 4 cm 2 /Vs or higher, and the hole mobilities are between 10 ⁇ 8 cm 2 /Vs and 10 ⁇ 4 cm 2 /Vs or higher. In other embodiments, the electron mobilities are on the order of 10 ⁇ 3 cm 2 /Vs or higher, and the hole mobilities are between 10 ⁇ 8 cm 2 /Vs and 10 ⁇ 4 cm 2 /Vs or higher.
- Optoelectronic devices of the present invention have excellent photovoltaic properties.
- the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is at least 0.5%, at least 1.0%, at least 2.0%, or at least 3.0%.
- the short circuit current density is greater than 3.0 mA/cm 2 , and preferably greater than 8 mA/cm 2 .
- the open circuit voltage is between 0.3 and 1.0 V or higher.
- the device exhibits an external quantum efficiency of approximately 35% or greater between 300 and 800 nm.
- the morphological properties of the donor:acceptor films can be measured using atomic force microscopy or other surface-sensitive techniques.
- the films will have a root-mean-squared surface roughness of less than 1.0 nm, more preferably less than 0.5 nm.
- inverted device architecture where the substrate act as a cathode, while the top electrode acts as the anode.
- using the substrate to collect electrons can allow a stable, high work function metal such as gold or nickel to be used as the top electrode. This can be achieved by modifying the work function of the substrate or using an n-type substrate.
- Inverted device architecture is described in, for example, Hau et al. (2010) “A Review on the Development of the Inverted Polymer Solar Cell Architecture,” Polymer Reviews 50(4):474-510, in Jen et al., US 2009/0188558, and in Nguyen et al. US 2010/0326525 (see FIG. 19B ).
- photo-generated holes travel to an ITO substrate while photo-generated electrons travel to a top electrode consisting of a relatively low work-function metal such as Al.
- a relatively low work-function metal such as Al
- the charge carriers flow in the opposite direction, where electrons travel to the ITO substrate while holes travel to the top electrode and are collected by a relatively high work function metal such as Au.
- This configuration has the advantage that a relatively stable metal is used as the top electrode, which can increase the lifetime of the device.
- the first electrode can comprise Au or another material having a work function higher than the work function of the second electrode
- the second electrode can comprise an ITO substrate modified using a self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane or another material having a work function lower than the work function of the first electrode.
- the compounds of the invention can also be used to make inverted tandem solar cells, such as a cell having the layers of a transparent substrate, a transparent conductor, an electron injection/transport layer, an active layer with a wider band gap organic semiconductor, a hole injection/transport layer, an electron injection/transport layer (which facilitates recombination between the front and back cells), an active layer with a smaller band gap organic semiconductor, a hole injection/transport layer, and a top metal electrode.
- a cell using this architecture is described in Dou et al., Nature Photonics 6:180-185 (2012).
- DTS-Br 2 Compound 5,5′-dibromo-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene (DTS-Br 2 ) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. (Lumtec) and used as received.
- Stannanes reported that were not purchased were prepared according to literature procedure (Coffin, R.; Peet, J.; Rogers, J.; Bazan, G. C. Nat. Chem. 2009; 1(8):657-661).
- DTS-Br 2 Compound 5,5′-dibromo-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene (DTS-Br 2 ) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. (Lumtec) and used as received.
- Stannanes reported that were not purchased were prepared according to literature procedure (Coffin, R.; Peet, J.; Rogers, J.; Bazan, G. C. Nat. Chem. 2009; 1(8):657-661).
- UV-visible spectroscopy were recorded using either a Beckman Coulter DU 800 series or Perkin Elmer Lambda 750 spectrophotometer at room temperature unless otherwise noted. All solution UV-vis experiments were run in CHCl 3 . Films were prepared by spin-coating CHCl 3 or chlorobenzene solutions onto glass substrates. Films were annealed directly on a hot plate for 2 minutes.
- DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
- the solubility in a given solvent was determined as follows: A saturated solution ( ⁇ 30 mg/mL) was stirred overnight at 49° C. and then allowed to stand still for 24 hours. The slurry was then filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m PVDF filter. The filtrate is assumed to be a saturated solution. A 30 ⁇ L aliquot was then diluted to 3 mL with chloroform. The UV-vis absorption spectrum was acquired and the concentration determined using a standard calibration curve. The calibration curve was prepared by measuring the absorbance of 5 solutions in chloroform with known concentrations and plotting ⁇ max vs concentration, wherein a linear relationship was observed.
- Devices were prepared on cleaned, UV/ozone treated Corning 1737 glass patterned with 140 nm ITO. Active layers were spun cast to give 100 nm thicknesses (as determined using an Ambios XP-100 stylus profilometer) from solutions of p-DTS(FBTTh 2 ) 2 and PC 71 BM at a weight ratio of 60:40 in chlorobenzene with or without 0.2% diiodo octane by volume, at an overall concentration of 35 mg mL ⁇ 1 . Solutions were heated for several hours and residual solids filtered prior to casting at 90° C. Films were allowed to dry for 30 mins then heated to 70° C. for 10 mins under inert atmosphere to drive off residual solvent.
- Cathodes were deposited by sequential thermal evaporation of 5 nm Ca followed by 100 nm Al. Device characteristics were measured under illumination by a simulated 100 mWcm ⁇ 2 AM1.5G light source using a 300 W Xe arc lamp with an AM 1.5 global filter. Solar-simulator irradiance was calibrated using a standard silicon photovoltaic with a protective KG1 filter calibrated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. External quantum efficiencies were determined using a 75W Xe source, monochromator, optical chopper, lock-in amplifier, and a National Institute of Standards and Technology-calibrated silicon photodiode was used for power-density calibration. Mismatch factors of the integrated quantum efficiency for devices was calculated to be less than 6%.
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Abstract
Small organic molecule chromophores containing a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (5BTR) with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO), or 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) core structure are disclosed. Such compounds can be used in organic heterojunction devices, such as organic small molecule solar cells and transistors.
Description
- This application claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/615,176, filed Mar. 23, 2012. The entire contents of that application are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
- This invention was made with United States government support under grant no. DE-SC0001009 awarded by the Center for Energy Efficient Materials of the Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- Small-molecule bulk-heterojunction (SM BHJ) solar cells have become a competitive alternative to the exhaustively studied polymer organic photovoltaics (OPV). Intense investigation into the design and utility of conjugated polymers for light harvesting has provided great insight into the design and implementation of organic semiconductors for OPV technology, to the point where power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 8.4% have been achieved. However, polymer systems inherently suffer from batch-to-hatch variations and limited options for purification of the polymeric materials. Small-molecule semiconductors avoid the drawbacks inherent to polymeric semiconductors, as they are monodisperse in nature and, due to having a higher solubility than polymeric analogs, can be purified and characterized using standard organic chemistry protocols. Additionally, modifications to fine-tune properties can be made to small molecules more readily and with fewer complications. Recently, it has been demonstrated that small molecule-based solar cells can achieve efficiencies comparable to that of polymer-based solar cells. See Sun, Y. et al., Nat. Mater. 2011, 11, 44-48; Welch, G. C.; Bazan, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 4632-4644; Welch, G. C. et al., J. of Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 12700-12709; Henson, Z. B. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134 (8), 3766-3779; Zhang, Y. et al., Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 11026-11028; Peng, Q, et al., Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4554-4558; and Sharif. M. et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2810-2812.
- A small molecule system with a central electron-rich core, flanked by relatively electron-poor units, and terminated with a π-conjugated end-cap has been previously described (Welch et al., J. Materials Chemistry 21(34):12700-12709 (2011); U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 61/416,251; International Patent Appl. No. PCT/US2011/061963; the contents of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties). The success of this system is in large part due to the inclusion of pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT) as an acceptor unit. The PT-based compounds have led to fabrication of a SM BHJ solar cell with a PCE of 6.7% (see Sun et al., Nature Materials, 11:44-48 (2011).
- One drawback to using PT-based materials in fabrication of small molecule solar cells is that the cells must employ molybdenum oxide as a hole-transport layer (HTL) for maximum efficiency. Molybdenum oxide is thermally evaporated onto devices, which prevents the use of inexpensive solution deposition during roll-to-roll manufacture. It would be preferable to use a solution-processable HTL material, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), or other doped conjugated polymers. However, PEDOT:PSS bears acidic protons, which, when deposited at an interface with the active layer, will protonate the pyridyl nitrogen of the pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole. This protonation results in a drastic reduction in the PCE of devices fabricated using PEDOT:PSS as the anode interlayer that use PT containing small molecule donors. Other systems with labile protons and protonatable semiconductors will also lead to deterioration of power conversion efficiency.
- Thus, there is a need for high-efficiency small molecule materials which do not limit manufacturing options, and which do not have sites that react with materials such as PEDOT:PSS, other acidic materials, or materials deposited from an acidic solution. The present invention seeks to address the need for improved light harvesting molecules for molecular heterojunction devices by providing novel and advantageous materials for use in such devices.
- In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to organic non-polymeric chromophores containing the benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), of the following structure:
- the benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), of the following structure:
- or the 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR) (and N2-substituted derivatives thereof) of the following structure:
- where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30, aryl;
- and where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
- for use in heterojunction devices, such as organic small molecule solar cells and transistors. The organic non-polymeric chromophores can be used in an electronic or optoelectronic device, for example, in the active layer of such a device.
- In one embodiment, W is F. In one embodiment, W is Cl. In one embodiment, W is Br. In one embodiment, W is I. In one embodiment, W is —CN. In one embodiment, W is —CF3. In one embodiment, W is —CHF2. In one embodiment, W is —CH2F.
- In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to organic non-polymeric chromophores containing the 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH) structure:
- the 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO) structure:
- or the 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) structure (and N2-substituted derivatives thereof):
- where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- for use in heterojunction devices, such as organic small molecule solar cells and transistors.
- In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to non-polymeric electron-donating and electron-accepting chromophores having a core structure of benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), or 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (5BTR) with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR). In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to non-polymeric electron-donating and electron-accepting chromophores having a core structure of 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO), or 5-fluor-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) core structure. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to optoelectronic devices comprising an active layer composition of a mixture of a non-polymeric light-harvesting electron-donating chromophore based on a 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR core structure with an electron-accepting material, such as a fullerene, methanofullerene, rylene diimides or related π-conjugated organic electron acceptors. Organic or inorganic electron acceptors can be used. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to optoelectronic devices comprising an active layer composition of a mixture of a non-polymeric light-harvesting electron-accepting chromophore based on a 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR core structure with an electron-donating material. Organic or inorganic electron donors can be used. The present invention is also directed to methods of fabricating the devices by solution processing. In one embodiment, all active layers of the described optoelectronic devices are formed from solutions comprising of non-polymeric discrete organic materials.
- In one embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula I:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
- where W is selected freon F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- and, in additional embodiments, compounds of Formula Ia, Formula Ib, and Formula Ic, Formula Ia-F, Formula Ib-F, and Formula Ic-F:
- where A1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but am not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazolo, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where each B1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetetoaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- where each B2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula II:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive;
- A1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each B1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but an not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each B2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- In one embodiment, n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- In some embodiments of Formula II, X1 and X2 are each —C(W)— and Y1 and Y2 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula II, X1 and X2 are each CH and Y1 and Y2 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula II, X1 and X2 are each —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are each CH and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula II, X1 and X2 are each CH, Y1 and Y2 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula II, X1 and X2 are each —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are each CH and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula II, X1 and X2 are each CH, Y1 and Y2 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In preferred embodiments, B2 is selected from the group consisting of a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, thiophene, benzothiophene, benzofuran, and benzothiazol.
- In further embodiments, B2 is phenyl, substituted at the p-position with diphenylamine (i.e., the B2 moiety is triphenylamine)
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula II of Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula IIa-F, Formula IIb-F, or Formula IIc-F:
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, when R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in further embodiments, W is F;
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive;
- A1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C4-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetetoaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each B1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each B2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- In one embodiment, n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIa, each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIa, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIb, each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIb, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIc, each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIc, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIa-F, each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIa-F, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIb-F, each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIb-F, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIc-F, each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IIc-F, each M is O.
- In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II are selected from compounds of Formula IId:
- whew Q1 is C or Si;
- where X1 and Y1 are selected front —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2, is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in further embodiments, W is F;
- n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
- R7 is selected from H, C1-C16 alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzothiophene-2-yl, and benzothiazole-2-yl; and
- R8 is selected from H, C1-C16 alkyl or —O—C1-C16 alkyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, X1 and X1 are —C(W)— and Y1 and Y2 are CH; in a further embodiment, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, X1 and X2 are CH and Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, n is 2.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, R7 is selected from H or C1-C16 alkyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, R7 is selected from benzofuran-2-yl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, R7 is selected from benzothiophene-2-yl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, R7 is selected from benzothiazole-2-yl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, R8 is selected from H or C1-C16 alkyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, R8 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, and Y1 and Y2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, and Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, and Y1 and Y2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, and Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 1, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 1, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 1, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 1, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 1, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 1, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 1, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 1, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 2; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 2, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 2, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 2, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are n is 2, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 2, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 2, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 1 and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 2, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 3; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 3; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 3; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 3; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 3, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C·X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 3, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 3, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are n is 3, and R7 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 3, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 3, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 3, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 3, and R8 is 2-ethyl-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are n is 3, and R8 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is C, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are n is 3, and R8 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, n is 3, and R8 is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, Q1 is Si, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, n is 3, and its is n-hexyl; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In one embodiment of Formula IId, the compound is of the formula:
- In some embodiments of Formula II, the compounds are of Formula IIe:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
- n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
- R7 is selected from H, C1-C10 alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzothiophene-2-yl, benzothiazole-2-yl, 4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene 2-yl, 4,4-bis(C1-C16 alkyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl, and 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl; and
- R9 is selected from H, C1-C16 alkyl or —O—C1-C16 alkyl. In a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, n is Q.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, n is 1.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, n is 2.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, n is 3.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, X1 and X2 are —C(W)— and Y1 and Y2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, X1 and X2 are CH and Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, 14 is —O—C1-C16 alkyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, 14 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9).
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9) and R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—C1-C16 alkyl and n is 0.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9) and n is 0.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl and n is 0.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl and n is 0.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, and Y1 and Y2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl, X1 and X2 are CH, and Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe. R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 0; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is 4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2-yl, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y7 are —C(W)—, and n is 0; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R7 is n-hexyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—C1-C16 alkyl and n is 1.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9) and n is 1.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9) and R7 is n-hexyl.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R7 is n-hexyl and n is 1.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is n-hexyl and n is 1.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is n-hexyl, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, and Y1 and Y2 are CH; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is n-hexyl, X1 and X2 are CH, and Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is n-hexyl, X1 and X2 are —C(W)—, Y1 and Y2 are CH, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9), R7 is n-hexyl, X1 and X2 are CH, Y1 and Y2 are —C(W)—, and n is 1; in a further embodiment of this type, W is F.
- In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula II embrace compounds of Formula IIf:
- where R9 is H, C1-C16 alkyl or —O—C1-C16, alkyl, and where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CH2, or —CH2F. In a further embodiment, W is F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IIf, R9 is —O—CH2CH(C2H5)(C4H9).
- In one embodiment of Formula IIf, R9 is —O—(CH2)5CH3.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula III:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CHF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula III-F);
- where H, is selected from A1, -B1-B2, -A1-B1-B2, or
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive;
- A1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each B1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each B2 (when present) is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- In one embodiment, n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula III of Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, and Formula IIId:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula IIIa-F, Formula IIIb-F, Formula IIIc-F, or Formula IIId-F);
- n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive;
- A1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, when R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each B1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each B2 (when present) is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- In one embodiment, n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV-V:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is II, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- K1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each E1 is independently either absent, or selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole; and
- each D7 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole.
- In one embodiment of Formula IV-V, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula IV-V, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IV-V, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IV-V, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula IV-V, each M is S, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1).
- In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X1, X2 and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—.
- In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH, and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S.
- In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH, and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula IV-V, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV-V of Formula IV:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is II, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- K1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole; and
- each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azuleno, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole.
- In one embodiment of Formula IV, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula IV, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IV, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IV, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula IV, each M is S, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1).
- In some embodiments of Formula IV, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH; in further embodiments of this type, W is F. In some embodiments of Formula IV, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- In some embodiments of Formula IV, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH, and each M is S; in further embodiments of this type, W is F. In some embodiments of Formula IV, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- In some embodiments of Formula IV, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH, and each M is O; in further embodiments of this type, W is F. In some embodiments of Formula IV, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O; in further embodiments of this type, W is F.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV of Formula IVa or Formula IVb:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula IVa-F or Formula IVb-F);
- K1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole; and
- each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole.
- In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each M is S, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be P.
- In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each M is O. In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula IVa, each M is O, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each M is S, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each M is O. In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula IVb, each M is O, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula IV-V of Formula V:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X3 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—;
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected horn F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- K1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D1 and E1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl grows, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but an not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazolo, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole.
- In one embodiment of Formula V, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula V, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula V, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula V, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In one embodiment of Formula V, each M is S, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (independently of D1). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula V, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2 and Y3, are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula V, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula V, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2 and Y3, are each CH, and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula V, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula V, X1, X2, and X3 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, and Y3, are each CH, and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula V, X1, X2, and X3 are each CH and Y1, Y2, and Y3 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula Va or Formula Vb:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula Va-F or Formula Vb-F);
- K1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D1 and E1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyretic, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole;
- each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole.
- In one embodiment of Formula Va, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each E1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each E1 is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In one embodiment of Formula Va, each M is S, and each E1, is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In one embodiment of Formula Va, each M is O. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each E1, is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Va, each E1 is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In one embodiment of Formula Va, each M is O, and each E1, is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each M is S. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each E1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each E1 is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each M is S, and each B, is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each M is O. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each E1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each D1 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each D2 is the same moiety. In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each E1 is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (when E1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In one embodiment of Formula Vb, each M is O, and each E1 is the same moiety, each D1 is the same moiety, and each D2 is the same moiety (where B1, D1, and D2 are chosen independently of each other). In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula VI-VII:
- where the moiety
- is selected from
- (2,2′,7,7′-yl-9,9′-spirobi[fluorene]),
- (3,3′,7,7′-yl-5,5′-spirobi[dibenzo[b,d]silole]),
- (2,2′,6,6′-yl-4,4″-spirobi[cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophene]), and
- (2,2′,6,6′-yl-4,4′-spirobi[silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene]);
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3, and Y3, X4 and Y4 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y4 is CH, and when X4 is CH, Y4 is —C(W)—;
- where M is select d from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- each F1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each G1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl getup, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each M is O.
- En some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, X1, X2, X3 and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH, and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH, and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F1 is the same moiety. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each G1 is the same moiety. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each G2 is the same moiety. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F1 is the same moiety, each G1 is the same moiety, and each G2 is the same moiety (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F1 is the same moiety, each G1 is the same moiety, and each G2 is the same moiety (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VI-VII, each F1 is the same moiety, each G1 is the same moiety, and each G2 is the same moiety (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula VI:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3, and Y3, X4 and Y4 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X4 is —C(W)—, Y4 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y4 is —C(W)—;
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- each F1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each G1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 in substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VI, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula VI, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH, and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VI, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each ell and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH, and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VI, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Ya are each —C(W)—, and each M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each G1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each G2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F1 is the same, each G1, is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VI, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula VI, such as compounds of Formula VIa or Formula VIb:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (fluorine) (Formula VIa-F or Formula VIb-F);
- each F1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each G1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
- In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIa, each M is U. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each G1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each G2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VIa, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other), and each G2 is the same; and M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In some embodiments of Formula VII, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIb, each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each G1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each G2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VIb, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other), and each G2 is the same; and M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula VII:
- where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3, and Y3, X4 and Y4 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X4 is —C(W)—, Y4 is CH, and when X4 is CH, Y4 is —C(W)—;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (fluorine);
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each F1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- each G1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole; and
- each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but an not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazolo, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
- In some embodiments of Formula VII, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VII, each M is O.
- In some embodiments of Formula VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH. In some embodiments of Formula VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In some embodiments of Formula VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH, and each M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is S. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In some embodiments of Formula VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each —C(W)— and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each CH, and each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VII, X1, X2, X3, and X4 are each CH and Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4 are each —C(W)—, and each M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each G1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each G2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (when F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VII, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O.
- In another embodiment, the invention embraces compounds of Formula VII, such as compounds of Formula VIIa or Formula VIIb:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (fluorine) (Formula VIIa-F or Formula VIIb-F);
- each F1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl.
- each G1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-G30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
- each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups. Examples of aryl or heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulen, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, thiazolyl, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
- In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIIa, each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each G1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each G2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where G1 and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VIIa, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other), and each G2 is the same; and M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each M is S. In other embodiments of Formula VIIb, each M is O. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each G1 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each G2 is the same. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other). In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F1 is the same, each G1 is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is S. In some embodiments of Formula VIIb, each F1 is the same, each G1, is the same, and each G2 is the same (where F1, G1, and G2 are chosen independently of each other); and M is O. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F (fluorine).
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces compounds of Formula 1-2-3-4-5:
- where P1 is selected from
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- n is an integer from 0 to 5 inclusive;
- R2 is selected from H, C1-C16, alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, C2-C16 alkenyl, and C2-C16 alkynyl;
- J is selected from CH and N;
- X is S, O, or NH when J is CH; and X is S when J is N;
- R4 is selected from aryl or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as C6-C30 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, C6-C20 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, and C6-C10 aryl groups optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, and
- where DONOR is as defined below.
- In one embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5;
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces compounds of Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, or Formula 5:
- In the structures for
Formula 1,Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, and Formula 5 above: - M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula 1-F, Formula 2-F, Formula 3-F, Formula 4-F, or Formula 5-F);
- n is an integer from to 5 inclusive;
- R2 is selected from H, C1-C16 alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, C2-C16 alkenyl, and C2-C16 alkynyl;
- J is selected from CH and N;
- X is S, O, or NH when J is CH; and X is S when J is N;
- R4 is selected front aryl or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as C6-C30 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, C6-C20 aryl optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, and C6-C10 aryl groups optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, and
- where DONOR is as defined below.
- In one embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces compounds of Formula 6-7-8:
- where P2 is selected from:
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C3, alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2—, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- n is an integer from 0 to 5 inclusive;
- R2 is selected from H, C1-C16 alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, C2-C16 alkenyl, and C2-C16 alkynyl;
- J is selected from CH and N;
- X is S, U, or NH when J is CH; and X is S when J is N;
- R6 is selected from aryl, perfluoroaryl, or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as C6-C30 aryl optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, C6-C20 aryl optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, and C6-C10 aryl groups optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups; and
- where DONOR is as defined below.
- In one embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces compounds of Formula 6, Formula 7, or Formula 8:
- In the structures for Formula 6, Formula 7, and
Formula 8 above; - M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F (Formula 6-F, Formula 7-F, or Formula 8-F);
- n is an integer from 0 to 5 inclusive;
- R2 is selected from H, C1-C16 alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, C2-C16 alkenyl, and C2-C16 alkynyl;
- J is selected front CH and N;
- X is S, O, or NH when J is CH; and X is S when J is N;
- R6 is selected from aryl, perfluoroaryl, or aryl substituted with alkyl, such as aryl optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, C6-C20 aryl optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups, and C6-C10 aryl groups optionally perfluorinated or optionally substituted with one or more C1-C16 alkyl groups; and
- where DONOR is as defined below.
- In one embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces compounds of Formula 9-10:
- is selected from
- where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- n is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive, and in is an integer from 0 to 5 inclusive; and where DONOR is as defined below.
- In one embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In another embodiment, m is 0. In another embodiment, m is 1. In another embodiment, in is 2. In another embodiment, m is 3. In another embodiment, m is 4. In another embodiment, m is 5. In any of the forgoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces compounds of formula 9 or Formula 10:
- In the structures for Formula 9 and
Formula 10 above: - M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
- W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F; in a further embodiment, W is F;
- n is an integer from 1 to 5 inclusive, and m is an integer from U to 5 inclusive. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 3. In another embodiment, n is 4. In another embodiment, n is 5. In another embodiment, m is 0. In another embodiment, m is 1. In another embodiment, m is 2. In another embodiment, in is 3. In another embodiment, m is 4. In another embodiment, in is 5; and
- where DONOR is as define below.
- In the structures for Formula 1-2-3-4-5, Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7, Formula 8, Formula 9-10 Formula 9, and Formula 10 above, each DONOR moiety is independently selected from the following group:
- where X is C or Si;
- A is N or P;
- R11 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl;
- R12 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl, C6-C20 unsubstituted aryl, or C6-C20 aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from —F; C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 fluoroalkyl, —O—C1-C20 alkyl, or —C1-C20 fluoroalkyl;
- R13 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl or C6-C20 aryl;
- R14 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl, —O—C1-C16 alkyl, —C(═C)—O—C1-C16 alkyl, or —O—C(═O)—C1-C16 alkyl; and
- R15 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl, C6-C20 unsubstituted aryl, or C6-C20 aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from —F, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 fluoroalkyl, —O—C1-C20 alkyl, or —C1-C20 fluoroalkyl; and
- R16 is selected from C1-C16 alkyl, C6-C20 unsubstituted aryl, or C6-C20 aryl substituted with one or more groups selected from —F, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 fluoroalkyl, —O—C1-C20 alkyl, or —C1-C20 fluoroalkyl.
- The DONOR structures are depicted as divalent; when a DONOR subunit is monovalent (as, for example, in Formula 9-10, Formula 9, and
Formula 10 above), one valence is attached to the structure as depicted in the Formula, and or valence is terminated with H or C1-C20 alkyl, such as hexyl or 2-ethylhexyl. - In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 1-2-3-4-5, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for
Formula 1, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety. - In further embodiments, in the structure for
Formula 2, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety. - In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 3, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 4, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 5, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 6-7-8, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 6, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 7, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for
Formula 8, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety. - In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 9-10, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for Formula 9, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety.
- In further embodiments, in the structure for
Formula 10, each DONOR moiety is the same moiety. - In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces electronic and optoelectronic devices comprising a non-polymeric compound, said compound incorporating one or more groups of Formula A:
- where said non-polymeric compound is an electron acceptor or is an electron donor in an active layer of the electronic or optoelectronic device, where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl, and either X1 is CH and Y1 is —C(W)—, or X1 is —C(W)— and Y1 is CH. In one embodiment, where more than one moiety of Formula A is present, M, X1, and Y1 for each moiety is chosen independently of the other moiety or moieties. In another embodiment, where more than one moiety of Formula A is present, M is the same for each moiety, X1 is the same for each moiety, and Y1 is the same for each moiety. In any of the foregoing embodiments, W can be F.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces electronic and optoelectronic devices comprising a non-polymeric compound, said non-polymeric compound comprising a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), a benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), a 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR), a 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH), a 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO), or a 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) moiety, wherein said non-polymeric compound is an electron acceptor or is an electron donor in an active layer of the electronic or optoelectronic device.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces electronic and optoelectronic devices utilizing the compounds described above.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces optoelectronic devices, such as organic solar cells, with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as a light harvesting electron donor, comprising:
- 1) a first hole-collecting electrode, optionally coated onto a transparent substrate;
- 2) an optional layer or layers adjacent to the first electrode, such as an electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting layer;
- 3) a layer comprising a mixture of an electron acceptor, such as an organic electron acceptor or an inorganic electron acceptor, and an organic non-polymeric electron donor, said donor comprising one or more compounds selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, Formula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIIb, Formula 1-2-3-4-5,
Formula 1,Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7,Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, or Formula 10: - 4) an optional layer or layers such as hole-blocking, exciton-blocking, or electron-transporting layers; and
- 5) a second electron-collecting electrode.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces optoelectronic devices, such as organic solar cells, with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as a light harvesting electron acceptor, comprising:
- 1) a first hole-collecting electrode, optionally coated onto a transparent substrate;
- 2) an optional layer or layers adjacent to the first electrode, such as an electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting layer;
- 3) a layer comprising a mixture of an electron donor, such as an organic electron donor or an inorganic electron donor, and an organic non-polymeric electron acceptor material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, Formula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIII, Formula 1-2-3-4-5,
Formula 1,Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7,Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, orFormula 10; - 4) an optional layer or layers such as hole-blocking, exciton-blocking, or electron-transporting layers; and
- 5) a second electron-collecting electrode.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces devices such as organic field-effect transistors with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as a hole transporting medium, comprising:
- 1) a dielectric substrate; in one embodiment, this dielectric substrate is Si/SiO2;
- 2) an optional layer or layers adjacent the dielectric substrate, used to modify the surface energy of the dielectric and/or to facilitate deposition of the active layer; an active layer comprising an organic non-polymeric hole transporting material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, humula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIIb, Formula 1-2-3-4-5,
Formula 1,Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7,Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, orFormula 10; and - 4) a metal electrode to facilitate charge injection and collection.
- In additional embodiments, the invention embraces devices, such as organic field-effect transistors with the general device architecture using the compounds described above as an electron transporting medium, comprising:
- 1) a dielectric substrate; in one embodiment, this dielectric substrate is Si/SiO2;
- 2) an optional layer or layers adjacent the dielectric substrate, used to modify the surface energy of the dielectric and/or to facilitate deposition of the active layer;
- 3) an active layer comprising an organic non-polymeric electron transporting material selected from Formula I, Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ic, Formula II, Formula IIa, Formula IIb, Formula IIc, Formula III, Formula IIIa, Formula IIIb, Formula IIIc, Formula IIId, Formula IV-V, Formula IV, Formula IVa, Formula IVb, Formula V, Formula Va, Formula Vb, Formula VI-VII, Formula VI, Formula VIa, Formula VIb, Formula VII, Formula VIIa, Formula VIIb, Formula 1-2-3-4-5,
Formula 1,Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, Formula 6-7-8, Formula 6, Formula 7,Formula 8, Formula 9-10, Formula 9, orFormula 10; and - 4) a metal electrode to facilitate charge injection and collection.
-
FIG. 1 shows the absorption spectra of (FIG. 1A ) p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 solution in chloroform, thin film and annealed film; (FIG. 1B ) p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 with various equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform; and (FIG. 1C ) d-DTS(PTTh2)2 with various equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform. -
FIG. 2 shows current voltage characteristics of solar cells with an active layer comprised of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 and PC71BM as cast, annealed and with 0.4% (v/v) diiodooctane solvent additive. -
FIG. 3 shows the external quantum efficiency of the solar cells ofFIG. 2 . - “Alkyl” is intended to embrace a saturated linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of linear and/or branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon chain(s) and/or ring(s) having the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
- “Alkenyl” is intended to embrace a linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of linear and/or branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon chain(s) and/or ring(s) having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and having the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- “Alkynyl” is intended to embrace a linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of linear and/or branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon chain(s) and/or ring(s) having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and having the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, having 2 to 19 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
- “Fluoroalkyl” indicates an alkyl group where at least one hydrogen of the alkyl group has been replaced with a fluorine substituent.
- “Aryl” is defined as an optionally substituted aromatic ring system. Aryl groups include monocyclic aromatic rings, polyaromatic ring systems, and polycyclic aromatic ring systems containing the number of carbon atoms specified, or if no number is specified, containing six to thirty carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aryl groups may contain six to twenty carbon atoms, six to twelve carbon atoms, or six to ten carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aryl groups can be unsubstituted.
- “Heteroaryl” is defined as an optionally substituted aromatic ring system. Heteroaryl groups contain the number of carbon atoms specified, and one or more heteroatoms (such us one to six heteroatoms, or one to three heteroatoms), where heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. In other embodiments, heteroaryl groups may contain six to twenty carbon atoms and one to four heteroatoms, six to twelve carbon atoms and one to three heteroatoms, six to ten carbon atoms and one to three heteroatoms, or three to six carbon atoms and one to three heteroatoms. In other embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted.
- “Polymer” or “polymeric molecule” is defined herein as a structure containing at least eight repeating units. A “non-polymeric” molecule is a molecule containing sewn or fewer repeating units. Thus, monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, and heptamers are non-polymeric molecules for the purposes of this disclosure. Interruption of a repeating unit “resets” the count of subunits for the purposes of this disclosure; thus, for example, for a molecule such as Formula 6:
- when n is 5, the molecule is considered to have two separate five-subunit pieces, that is, it is comprised of two pentathiophene units, and is not considered a decanter or 10-subunit polymer of thiophene.
- Non-polymeric molecules typically have a discrete molecular weight, while polymeric molecules typically have a distribution of molecular weights due to varying numbers of monomers that are incorporated into the growing chain during polymerization. Thus, in one embodiment, a preparation of a non-polymeric molecule will be characterized by a single molecular weight (where the molecular weight is averaged only over isotopic variation due to differing isotopes such as hydrogen, deuterium, carbon-12, carbon-13, etc.) of about 90%, preferably 95%, more preferably 98%, still more preferably 99%, of the molecular species. In contrast, preparations of a polymeric molecule will typically have a distribution of molecular weights due to varying numbers of monomers in the final polymer, where the molecular weight is an average over each individual polymeric species present in a given preparation (measured in either number-average molecular weight or weight-average molecular weight).
- The current invention describes chromophores incorporating benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazoles with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazoles with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (5BTR) with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazoles (FBTH), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazoles (FBO), or 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (FBTR). One example of such a molecule is the solution-processed small-molecule donor: 7,7′-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluor)-4-(5′-hexyl-[2,2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole), p-DTS(FBTTh2)2, where “p” refers to the fluorine atoms oriented proximal to the donor core; see
Scheme 1 for an outline of the synthesis of this molecule, and its structure. - The incorporation of a subunit of this type permits the manipulation of electronic levels without adding a reactive site, such as the pyridine nitrogen on pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT)-type compounds, which is susceptible to protonation when deposited from acidic solution, or when used with materials having labile protons such as PEDOT:PSS. In addition to being an excellent candidate as an acceptor unit, the fluorine atom also imparts asymmetric reactivity to the corresponding dibromide compound (such as FBTHBr2), which allows for facile synthetic access to the desired structure. Full synthetic details are provided in the Examples.
- Optical properties were investigated using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. In both solution (chloroform) and solid state, p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 exhibits broad low energy transitions with favorable overlap with the solar spectrum with λmax values of 590 nm (solution) and 678 nm (solid state), and λonset values of 670 an (solution) and 800 nm (solid state), corresponding to optical band gaps of 1.85 and 1.55 eV, respectively; see
FIG. 1A . Thin film absorption exhibits a red-shifted spectrum as well as the development of vibronic structure in optical profiles, typical of ordered thin films. Solution cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were −5.12 and −3.34 eV, respectively, and line up appropriately with the frontier molecular orbitals of common fullerene acceptors. - To probe acid sensitivity, the solution absorption profiles of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 (see Scheme 1, above) and d-DTS(PTTh2)2,
- a pyridine-containing analog, were monitored as function of concentration of trifluoroacetic acid.
FIG. 1B shows that the absorption of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 remains effectively unchanged with up to ten equivalents of acid. However, the pyridal analog shows significant changes in its absorption spectrum as soon as acid is introduced, as shown inFIG. 1C . The effect manifests as a new low-energy transition, suggesting that the chromophore backbone, where low-energy transition dipoles reside, is affected by the acid. These data indicate p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 is more resistant to acidity, and is suitable for use with PEDOT:PSS interlayers without significant losses in performance. - Devices were fabricated with the general architecture of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/DTS(FBTTh2)2:PC71BM/Ca/Al. Devices showed relatively poor performance as cast, with a open circuit voltage (VOC) of 680 mV, short circuit current (JSC) of 7.0 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.30, giving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.6%. Thermal annealing of the devices at 130° C. led to significant enhancement in VOC (820 mV), JSC (11.0 mA cm−2), and FF (0.62), yielding a PCE of 5.6%. Processing with a small amount (0.4% v/v) of diiodooctane (DIO) with a low temperature anneal (70° C.) led to a slightly lower VOC (809 mV), but a significant increased current (12.8 mA cm−2) and fill factor (0.68) yielding a PCE of 7.0%; the highest reported efficiency of a solution processed SM-BHJ solar cell known to the inventors as of filing. The current-voltage characteristics of the as-cast, thermally-annealed, and 0.4% diiodooctane-low temperature annealed cells are shown in
FIG. 2 . The external quantum efficiency of the cells is shown inFIG. 3 . - The various molecules as illustrated herein are readily accessible synthetically by adaptation of the foregoing synthesis of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2. For example, 5BTH moieties can be attached to a benzodithiophene core via the synthesis outlined in
Scheme 2. Similar chemistry—that is, coupling of trimethylstannate derivatives of one moiety to bromo derivatives of another moiety—can be employed to assemble any of the various molecules described herein. - The current invention provides several advantages for preparation of optoelectronic devices. The organic materials described are non-polymeric allowing for synthesis and purification producers to be more repeatable than organic polymers. Unlike polymers, the organic materials described are discrete mono-disperse small molecules which allows for their exact structure to be known and reproduced. Synthesis of organic small molecule chromophores containing the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR organic structures is straightforward, and methods used for the pyridalthiadiazole (PT, [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine) organic structure (see M. Leclere et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008, 130, 732) can be adapted to make the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, and FBTR molecules (see also Welch et al., J. Materials Chemistry 21(34):12700-12709) (2011); U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 61/416,251; and International Patent Appl. No. PCT/US2011/061963). The asymmetry of the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, and FBTR structures allows for facile mono-functionalization of the PT structure. The organic small molecule chromophores described herein have relatively planar structures allowing for good inter-chromophore interaction, which facilitates charge transfer and transport.
- The compounds are readily handled in solution, as the organic small molecule chromophores described retain good solubility in many common organic solvents, and are soluble in aqueous solvents, including acidic aqueous solvents. This allows solution processing during the preparation of the optoelectronic devices.
- While solution processing is preferred for its ease of handling and low cost, vapor deposition can also be used for the molecules, or mixtures of said molecules with other components, which are suitable for use in such a method (e.g., vacuum deposition, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition).
- In one embodiment, the optoelectronic device of the invention comprises the following layers:
- a) a first hole-collecting electrode, optionally coated onto a transparent substrate;
- b) an optional layer or layers adjacent to the first electrode, such as an electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting layer;
- c) a layer comprising a mixture of an electron donor of the general Formula I-VII and an electron acceptor (donor:acceptor);
- d) an optional layer or layers such as hole-blocking, exciton-blocking, or electron-transporting layers; and
- e) a second electron-collecting electrode.
- Typically, the first electrode can be transparent, allowing light to enter the device, but in some embodiments, the second electrode can be transparent. In some embodiments, both electrodes are transparent.
- Typically, the first electrode (layer “a”) is deposited onto a substrate, and the device is fabricated by subsequent deposition of layers “b” (if present), “c”, “d” (if present), and “e”. However, the second electrode “e” can be deposited onto a substrate, with subsequent deposition of layers “d” (if present), “c”, “b” (if present), and “a”.
- In another embodiment, the optoelectronic device of the invention comprises the following layers:
- a) indium tin oxide (ITO) coated onto a transparent substrate (a first electrode), where the transparent substrate can be glass, plastic, or any other transparent material compatible with ITO,
- b) poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene:poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) or a electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting metal oxide, including, but not limited to, MoO3,
- c) a mixture of electron-donating chromophores of the general Formula I-VII, and an electron-acceptor (donor:acceptor), and
- e) a metal electrode (a second electrode); where layer (d) in the previous embodiment is absent.
- Typically, the first electrode (layer “a”) is deposited onto the substrate, and the device is fabricated by subsequent deposition of layers “b”, “c”, and “e”. However, the second electrode “e” can be deposited onto a substrate, with subsequent deposition of layers “c”, “b”, and “a”.
- The 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR electron donors or electron acceptors can be used in tandem solar cells, such as those disclosed in US 2009/0126779. Tandem solar cells are arranged so that light which is not absorbed by a first solar cell passes to a second solar cell, where the second solar cell typically has a smaller bandgap than the first solar cell in order to absorb electromagnetic radiation that cannot be usefully absorbed by the first solar cell. In an example of a tandem photovoltaic device, the device can comprise a first cell and a second cell arranged in tandem. The first cell is configured to receive incident electromagnetic radiation and includes a first charge separating layer having a first semiconducting polymer adapted to create electric charge carriers generated by electromagnetic radiation. The second cell is configured to receive electromagnetic radiation passing out of the first cell in a light propagation path. The second cell includes a second charge separating layer having a second semiconducting polymer adapted to create electric charge carriers generated by electromagnetic radiation. A layer separates the two cells, such as a titanium oxide layer which is interposed between the first and second cells. The titanium oxide layer can be substantially amorphous and can have a general formula of TiOx where x is a number of about 1 to about 1.96; that is, the titanium oxide layer can be sub-stoichiometric titanium dioxide, or amorphous sub-stoichiometric titanium dioxide.
- Passivating layers, such as those disclosed in US 2007/0221926 and US 2007/0169816, can be incorporated into devices using the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR electron donors or electron acceptors.
- Optical spacer layers, such as those disclosed in US 2006/0292736, can also be employed in devices using the 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR electron donors or electron acceptors.
- In one configuration, where light passes though a transparent first electrode (such as ITO-coated glass), it is absorbed by the donor:acceptor mixture, which results in the separation of electrical charges and migration of the charges to the electrodes, yielding a usable electrical potential.
- The first electrode can be made of materials such as indium-tin oxide, indium-magnesium oxide, cadmium tin-oxide, tin oxide, aluminum- or indium-doped zinc oxide, gold, silver, nickel, palladium and platinum. Preferably the first electrode has a high work function (4.3 eV or higher). Preferably, the first electrode is transparent.
- The optional layer adjacent to the first electrode is preferably polystyrenesulfonic acid-doped polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT:PSS). Other hole transporting materials, such as polyaniline (with suitable dopants), or N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), nickel oxide, can be used. Electron-blocking, exciton-blocking, or hole-transporting metal oxides, such as MoO3, MoO3-x, V2O5-x, NiO, Ta2O5, Ag2O, CuO, Cu2O, CrO3-x, and WO3, where x is between 0.01 and 0.99, more preferably between 0.1 and 0.9, can be used as materials between the hole-transporting electrode and the active layer. Other suitable materials are described in Greiner, Mark T. et al., “Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides,” Nature Materials, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3159 (Nov. 6, 2011).
- One method of fabricating the optoelectronic device is as follows: A conductive, transparent substrate is prepared from commercially available indium tin oxide-coated glass and polystyrenesulfonic acid doped polyethylenedioxythiophene using standard procedures. A solution containing a mixture of the donor and acceptor materials is prepared so that the ratio of donor to acceptor is between 1:99 and 99:1 parts by mass; more preferably between 3:7 and 7:3 parts by mass. The overall concentration of the solution may range between 0.1 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, but is preferably in the range of 1.0 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL. In one embodiment of the invention, 5BTH, 5BO, 5BTR, FBTH, FBO, or FBTR non-polymeric molecules are used that have a solubility of at least about 0.1 mg/mL in an organic solvent, 1 mg/mL in an organic solvent, 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL in an organic solvent, 30 mg/mL in an organic solvent, or 100 mg/mL in an organic solvent. The organic solvent can be selected from chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, or carbon disulfide.
- The electron acceptor is preferably [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), but may be a different fullerene (including, but not limited to, C71-PCBM), a tetracyanoquinodimethane, a vinazene, a perylene tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride, a perylene tetracarboxylic acid-diimide, an oxadiazole, carbon nanotubes, or any other organic electron acceptor, such as those compounds disclosed in U.S. 2008/0315187.
- In other embodiments, the electron acceptor is an inorganic acceptor selected from TiO2 (titanium dioxide), TiOx (titanium suboxide, where x<2) and ZnO (zinc oxide). The titanium dioxide can be anatase, rutile, or amorphous. A titanium dioxide layer can be prepared by depositing a sol-gel precursor solution, for example by spincasting or doctorblading, and sintering at a temperature between about 300° C. and 500° C. When an inorganic layer is used, component (c) of the optoelectronic device described above can be comprised of a layer of electron-donating chromophores of the general Formula I-VII and an inorganic electron-acceptor layer. Alternatively, the inorganic material can be dispersed in the electron-donating chromophores to create a single layer. Preparation of TiO2 for use in solar cells is described in Brian O'Regan & Michael Grätzel, Nature 353:737 (1991) and Serap Günes et al., 2008 Nanotechnology 19 424009.
- When titanium suboxide according to the formula TiOx where x<2, is used, x is preferably 1<x<1.98, 1.1<x<1.9, 1.2<x<1.8, or 1.3<x<1.8. X in the formula TiOx can be <2, <1.98, <1.9, <1.8, <1.7, or <1.6.
- Useful solvents include chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon disulfide. However, the solvent used may be any solvent which dissolves or partially dissolve both donor and acceptor materials and has a non-zero vapor pressure.
- The solution of donor and acceptor is deposited by spin casting, doctor-blading, ink-jet printing, roll-to-roll coating, slot-dye coating, gravure coating, or any process which yields a continuous film of the donor-acceptor mixture such that the thickness of the film is within the range of 10 to 100 nm, more preferably between 50 and 150 nm.
- In certain embodiments, the layer of the donor and acceptor is cast from a solution comprising a solvent and the electron donor and the electron acceptor. The solvent can comprise chloroform, thiophene, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, carbon disulfide, a mixture of any of the foregoing solvents or any solvent or solvent mixture that dissolves both the donor and acceptor organic small molecule. The solvent can also include processing additives, such as those disclosed in US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009/0032808, 2008/0315187, or 2009/0108255. For example, 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) can be added to the solvent/donor/acceptor mixture in an amount of 0.1-10% by volume. The additive, such as 2% DIO, can be added to any organic solvent used to cast the layer of donor/acceptor, such as chloroform. The solvent can also include doping agents such as molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). For example, MoO3 can be added to the solvent/donor/acceptor mixture in an amount of 0.1-10% by volume.
- An additional layer or layers of material (i.e., the layer(s) adjacent to the second electrode) may optionally be deposited on top of the donor-acceptor film in order to block holes or excitons, act as an optical buffer, or otherwise benefit the electrical characteristics of the device. 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline can act as a hole-blocking or exciton-blocking material, while 4,4′,4″-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine and polyethylene dioxythiophene can act as exciton-blocking materials. Other materials that can be used between the second electrode and the active layer are titanium suboxide, ZnO, Cs2CO3, and ZrO3. Additional materials suitable for use are described in Greiner, Mark T. et al., “Universal energy-level alignment of molecules on metal oxides,” Nature Materials, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3159 (Nov. 6, 2011).
- Finally, an electrode, such as a metal electrode, is deposited on top of the structure by thermal evaporation, sputtering, printing, lamination or some other process. Conducting metal oxides, such as indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, or cadmium oxide, can also be used as electrodes, as well as conducting organic materials, such as electrodes comprising graphene. For metal electrodes, the metal is preferably aluminum, silver or magnesium, but may be any metal. Nanowires such as silver nanowires can also be used. If a transparent electrode is desired, very thin metallic sheets of metals can also be used. In some embodiments, the device is annealed before and/or after evaporation of the metal electrode.
- Hole and electron mobilities are important parameters to consider in the fabrication/function of bulk heterojunction solar cells. For optimal device performance, a balance in the mobility of both charge carriers is desirable. Preferably, the electron and hole mobilities are both on the order of 10−4 cm2/Vs or higher. More preferably, the electron mobilities are on the order of 10−3 cm2/Vs or higher. In some embodiments, the electron mobilities are on the order of 10−4 cm2/Vs or higher, and the hole mobilities are between 10−8 cm2/Vs and 10−4 cm2/Vs or higher. In other embodiments, the electron mobilities are on the order of 10−3 cm2/Vs or higher, and the hole mobilities are between 10−8 cm2/Vs and 10−4 cm2/Vs or higher.
- Optoelectronic devices of the present invention have excellent photovoltaic properties. In some embodiments, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is at least 0.5%, at least 1.0%, at least 2.0%, or at least 3.0%. In some embodiments, the short circuit current density is greater than 3.0 mA/cm2, and preferably greater than 8 mA/cm2. In some embodiments, the open circuit voltage is between 0.3 and 1.0 V or higher. In some embodiments, the device exhibits an external quantum efficiency of approximately 35% or greater between 300 and 800 nm.
- The morphological properties of the donor:acceptor films can be measured using atomic force microscopy or other surface-sensitive techniques. Preferably, the films will have a root-mean-squared surface roughness of less than 1.0 nm, more preferably less than 0.5 nm.
- In some cases, it can be advantageous to use inverted device architecture, where the substrate act as a cathode, while the top electrode acts as the anode. For example, using the substrate to collect electrons can allow a stable, high work function metal such as gold or nickel to be used as the top electrode. This can be achieved by modifying the work function of the substrate or using an n-type substrate. Inverted device architecture is described in, for example, Hau et al. (2010) “A Review on the Development of the Inverted Polymer Solar Cell Architecture,” Polymer Reviews 50(4):474-510, in Jen et al., US 2009/0188558, and in Nguyen et al. US 2010/0326525 (see
FIG. 19B ). - In an example of a device using standard architecture, photo-generated holes travel to an ITO substrate while photo-generated electrons travel to a top electrode consisting of a relatively low work-function metal such as Al. In a device using inverted architecture, the charge carriers flow in the opposite direction, where electrons travel to the ITO substrate while holes travel to the top electrode and are collected by a relatively high work function metal such as Au. This configuration has the advantage that a relatively stable metal is used as the top electrode, which can increase the lifetime of the device.
- For embodiments of the devices using an inverted device architecture, the first electrode can comprise Au or another material having a work function higher than the work function of the second electrode, while the second electrode can comprise an ITO substrate modified using a self-assembled monolayer of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiloxane or another material having a work function lower than the work function of the first electrode.
- The compounds of the invention can also be used to make inverted tandem solar cells, such as a cell having the layers of a transparent substrate, a transparent conductor, an electron injection/transport layer, an active layer with a wider band gap organic semiconductor, a hole injection/transport layer, an electron injection/transport layer (which facilitates recombination between the front and back cells), an active layer with a smaller band gap organic semiconductor, a hole injection/transport layer, and a top metal electrode. An example of a cell using this architecture is described in Dou et al., Nature Photonics 6:180-185 (2012).
- Material Synthesis:
- Compound 5,5′-Bis(trimethylstannyl)-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene {DTS(SnMe3)2} and 5′-Hexyl-2,2′-bithiophene-5-trimethylstannane were prepared by methods similar to those reported in the literature (Coffin, R.; Peet, J.; Rogers, J.; Bazan, G. C. Nat. (Chem. 2009; 1(8):657-661). Compound 5,5′-dibromo-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene (DTS-Br2) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. (Lumtec) and used as received. Compound 5′-Hexyl-2,2′,2″-trithiophene-5-trimethylstannane was prepared similarly as in the literature (Leroy, J., Boucher, N., Sergeyev, S., Sferrazza, M. and Geerts, Y. H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 1256-1261). Stannanes reported that were not purchased were prepared according to literature procedure (Coffin, R.; Peet, J.; Rogers, J.; Bazan, G. C. Nat. Chem. 2009; 1(8):657-661).
- Preparations were carried out on a bench top or under an atmosphere of dry, oxygen-free nitrogen employing both Schlenk line techniques and a Vacuum Atmospheres inert atmosphere glove box. Deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) was purchased from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratory and used as received. All reactants and reagents are commercially available and used as received, unless otherwise noted.
- Compound 5,5′-Bis(trimethylstannyl)-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene [DTS(SnMe3)2] and 5′-Hexyl-2,2′-bithiophene-5-trimethylstannane were prepared by methods similar to those reported in the literature (Coffin. R.; Peet, J.; Rogers, J.; Bazan. G. C. Nat. Chem. 2009; 1(8):657-661). Compound 5,5′-dibromo-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene (DTS-Br2) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. (Lumtec) and used as received. Compound 5′-Hexyl-2,2′,2″-trithiophone-5-trimethylstannane was prepared similarly as in the literature (Leroy, J., Boucher. N., Sergeyev, S., Sferrazza, M. and Geerts, Y. H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 1256-1261). Stannanes reported that were not purchased were prepared according to literature procedure (Coffin, R.; Peet, J.; Rogers, J.; Bazan, G. C. Nat. Chem. 2009; 1(8):657-661).
- NMR:
- 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy spectra were recorded on a
Varian VNMRS 600 MHz Spectrometer at 25° C. unless otherwise noted. 1H and 13C NMR spectra are referenced to SiMe4 using the residual solvent peak impurity of the given solvent. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm and coupling constants in Hz as absolute values. 2D NOE 1H-1H correlation experiments were completed on a Bruker Avance-500 MHz spectrometer at 25° C. for assignment of fluorine regiochemistry. - UV-Vis:
- UV-visible spectroscopy were recorded using either a
Beckman Coulter DU 800 series or Perkin Elmer Lambda 750 spectrophotometer at room temperature unless otherwise noted. All solution UV-vis experiments were run in CHCl3. Films were prepared by spin-coating CHCl3 or chlorobenzene solutions onto glass substrates. Films were annealed directly on a hot plate for 2 minutes. - CHN:
- Combustion analyses were performed by the MSI analytical lab at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
- Mass Spectroscopy:
- Full scan, low resolution FD mass spectroscopy was carried out at the Department of Chemistry Spectroscopy Facility, University of California, Santa Barbara.
- DSC:
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was determined using a TA Instruments DSC (Model Q-20) with about 5 mg samples at a rate of 10° C./min in the temperature range of 0 to 300° C., unless otherwise stated.
- Electrochemistry:
- All electrochemical measurements were performed using CHI instrument model 730B in a standard three-electrode, one compartment configuration equipped with Ag/AgCl electrode, Pt wire and Glassy carbon electrode (dia. 3 mm), as the pseudo reference, counter electrode and working electrode respectively. Glassy carbon electrodes were polished with alumina. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments were performed in anhydrous dichloromethane solution with ˜0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) as the supporting electrolyte at scan rate 50 mV/s unless otherwise stated. All electrochemical solutions were purged with dry Ar for 15 minutes to deoxygenate the system. Solution CV measurements were carried out with a small molecule concentration of ˜1 mg/mL in CH2Cl2. Ferrocene was used as an internal standard. The HOMO and LUMO levels were obtained by correlating the onsets (Eox Fc/Fc+, Erd Fc/Fc+) to the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), assuming HOMO of Fc/Fc+ to be 4.88 eV.
- Solubility Measurements:
- The solubility in a given solvent was determined as follows: A saturated solution (˜30 mg/mL) was stirred overnight at 49° C. and then allowed to stand still for 24 hours. The slurry was then filtered through a 0.45 μm PVDF filter. The filtrate is assumed to be a saturated solution. A 30 μL aliquot was then diluted to 3 mL with chloroform. The UV-vis absorption spectrum was acquired and the concentration determined using a standard calibration curve. The calibration curve was prepared by measuring the absorbance of 5 solutions in chloroform with known concentrations and plotting λmax vs concentration, wherein a linear relationship was observed.
- Calculations:
- All calculations were performed using the Gaussian 03 program. Optimized gas-phase ground state structures were calculated at the density functional theory (DFT) level, using the hybrid B3LYP exchange-correlation functional and the split-valence 6-31G(d,p) basis set, i.e., B3LYP/6-31G(d,p). Frequency calculations were carried out to ensure that the geometries obtained corresponded to minima and not saddle points (i.e. global minima). California NanoSystems Institute at UCSB is acknowledged for computational resources.
- Device Fabrication:
- Devices were prepared on cleaned, UV/ozone treated Corning 1737 glass patterned with 140 nm ITO. Active layers were spun cast to give 100 nm thicknesses (as determined using an Ambios XP-100 stylus profilometer) from solutions of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2 and PC71BM at a weight ratio of 60:40 in chlorobenzene with or without 0.2% diiodo octane by volume, at an overall concentration of 35 mg mL−1. Solutions were heated for several hours and residual solids filtered prior to casting at 90° C. Films were allowed to dry for 30 mins then heated to 70° C. for 10 mins under inert atmosphere to drive off residual solvent. Cathodes were deposited by sequential thermal evaporation of 5 nm Ca followed by 100 nm Al. Device characteristics were measured under illumination by a simulated 100 mWcm−2 AM1.5G light source using a 300 W Xe arc lamp with an AM 1.5 global filter. Solar-simulator irradiance was calibrated using a standard silicon photovoltaic with a protective KG1 filter calibrated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. External quantum efficiencies were determined using a 75W Xe source, monochromator, optical chopper, lock-in amplifier, and a National Institute of Standards and Technology-calibrated silicon photodiode was used for power-density calibration. Mismatch factors of the integrated quantum efficiency for devices was calculated to be less than 6%.
-
- In a three-neck round-bottom flask, 4-fluoro-1,2-benzenediamine (5.5 g, 43.6 mmol) was fully dissolved in chloroform (500 mL) and triethylamine (30 mL). Thionyl chloride (7 ml, 96.0 mmol) was added drop wise via syringe. The solution stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction was allowed to cool and 250 mL of deionized water was added. The reaction was transferred to a separatory funnel and was washed several times with water. The organic phase was collected and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solution was filtered, concentrated and used directly. Recovered yield: 4.75 g (70%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 6.55 (dd, 1H, J=8.4, 5.4 Hz, CH), 6.36 (dd, 1H, J=10.2, 3.0 Hz, CH), 6.31 (td, 1H, J=8.4, 3.0 Hz, CH).
-
- A round-bottom flask was charged with 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (2.23 g, 14.5 mmol) followed by 48% hydrobromic acid (30 mL). Molecular bromine (7.47 mL, 145 mmol) was added drop wise and the reaction refluxed for 48 h. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature and diluted with chloroform and deionized water. The bi-phasic mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and washed several times with water, rinsed with saturated sodium sulfite and rinsed with saturated sodium bicarbonate. Organics were collected and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solution was filtered and concentrated with silica. The compound was purified by flash column chromatography using a hexanes/chloroform gradient isolation of pure fractions afforded a white solid. Yield: 2.58 g (57%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 7.79 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz).
-
- In a N2 filled glove box a 20 mL glass tube was charged with 4,7-dibromo-5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTBr2, 326 mg, 1.05 mmol), 5′-Hexyl-2,2′-bithiophene-5-trimethylstannane (432 mg, 1.05 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (50 mg, 0.04 mmol) and Toluene (15 mL), and sealed with a Teflon® cap. The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 48 h. Upon cooling, the material was then loaded onto silica and purified by flash chromatography using a hexanes/chloroform gradient. After fraction collection and solvent removal an orange solid was obtained. Recovered yield: 294 mg (64%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 8.04 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 7.67 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H, CH), 7.19 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 7.12 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 6.73 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 2.82 (1, J=7.8 Hz, 2H, CH2), 1.70 (m, J=7.5 Hz, 2H, CH2), 1.40 (br m, 2H, CH2), 1.34 (br m, 2H, CH2), 1.32 (br m, 2H, CH2), 0.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, CH3).
-
- In a N2 filled glove box a 20 mL glass tube was charged with 4-bromo-5-fluoro-7-(5′-hexyl-[2,2′-bithiophene]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (325 mg, 0.675 mmol), 5,5′-Bis(trimethylstannyl)-3,3′-di-2-ethylhexylsilylene-2,2′-bithiophene (250 mg, 0.338 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (30 mg, 0.024 mmol) and Toluene (15 mL), and sealed with a Teflon® cap. The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 1 minute, 125° C. for 1 minute, 140° C. for 10 minutes, 150° C. for 10 minutes, and 160° C. for 10 minutes using a Biotage microwave reactor. Upon cooling, the material was then loaded onto silica, washed with methanol and purified by flash chromatography using a hexanes/chloroform gradient in duplicate. After fraction collection and solvent removal a metallic purple solid was obtained. The solid was slurried in a 3:1 mixture of methanol and hexanes, sonicated for 1 hour and stirred overnight. The suspension was filtered, washed with acetone and dried in vacuo. The product was recovered as a metallic purple solid. Recovered yield: 230 mg (56%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 8.35 (t, 2H, CH), 8.05 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H, CH), 7.75 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H, CH), 7.20 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H, CH), 7.13 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H, CH), 6.74 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H, CH), 2.83 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 4H, CH2), 1.71 (m, 4H, CH2), 1.56 (br m, 2H, CH2), {1.40 (br m, n1H)—1.33 (br m, n2H)—1.24 (br m, n3H), where n1+n2+n3=30 H}, 1.14 (br m, 4H, CH2), 0.91 (m, 6H, CH3), 0.84 (br m, 12H, CH3).
- The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent applications and published patent applications referred to herein by an identifying citation are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that certain changes and modifications will be practiced. Therefore, the description and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Claims (21)
1: An electronic or optoelectronic device comprising a non-polymeric compound, said compound incorporating one or more groups of Formula A:
where said non-polymeric compound is used in an active layer of the electronic or optoelectronic device;
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where either X1 is CH and Y1 is —C(W)—, or X1 is —C(W)— and Y1 is CH; and
W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F.
2: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein the non-polymeric compound is used in an active layer of said device.
3: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein said device is a solar cell.
4: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein M is sulfur and W is F.
5: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein the active layer comprises a compound of Formula II:
where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive;
A1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each B1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each B2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups.
6: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 5 , wherein the active layer comprises a compound of Formula IIa-F, Formula IIb-F, or Formula IIc-F:
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
where A1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
B1 is independently selected from a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
each B2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group; and
n is an integer between 0 and 5 inclusive.
7: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 6 , wherein A1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene, where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl.
8: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 6 , wherein B1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
9: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein the active layer comprises a compound of Formula I:
wherein X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
A1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each B1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each B2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
10: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 9 , wherein A1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, dithienopyrrole, dithienophosphole, and carbazole 9,9-RR′-9H-fluorene, 9-R-9H-carbazole, 3,3′-RR′silylene-2,2′-bithiophene, 3,3′RR′-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]-dithiophene where R and R′=C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl.
11: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 9 , wherein each B1 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, pyrrole, furan, phenyl, phosphole, benzodithiophene, spirofluorene, spirothiophene, bithiophene, terthiophene, thienothiophene, dithienothiophene, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, silacyclopentadiene, silacyclopentadienebithiophene, indole, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, perylene, indene, fluorene, pyrene, azulene, pyridine, oxazole, thiazole, thiazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, benzoxazole, benzoxadiazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, thiadiazole, perfluorylbenzene, and carbazole.
13: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein the active layer comprises a compound of Formula III-F:
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where H1 is selected from A1, -B1-B2, -A1-B1-B2, or
n is an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive;
A1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each B1 (when present) is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each B2 (when present) is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
15: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein the active layer comprises a compound of Formula IV-V:
where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—;
M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
K1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, such as C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, C6-C20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups, and C6-C10 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each E1 is independently either absent, or selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each D1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
16: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 15 , where the compound of Formula IV-V is selected from a compound of Formula IVa-F or Formula IVb-F:
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where K1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each D1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
17: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 15 , where the compound of Formula IV-V is selected from a compound of Formula Va-F or Formula Vb-F:
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where K1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each D1 and E1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each D2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
18: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 , wherein the active layer comprises a compound of Formula VI-VII:
(2,2′,6,6′-yl-4,4′-spirobi[silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene]);
where X1 and Y1 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X1 is —C(W)—, Y1 is CH, and when X1 is CH, Y1 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1 and Y1, X2 and Y2 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X2 is —C(W)—, Y2 is CH, and when X2 is CH, Y2 is —C(W)—;
and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, and Y2, X3 and Y3 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X3 is —C(W)—, Y3 is CH, and when X3 is CH, Y3 is —C(W)—; and where, independently of X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3, and Y3, X4 and Y4 are selected from —C(W)— and CH, where when X4 is —C(W)—, Y4 is CH, and when X4 is CH, Y4 is —C(W)—;
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where W is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —CF3, —CHF2, or —CH2F;
each F1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each G1 is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
19: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 18 , wherein the compound of Formula VI-VII is selected from a compound of Formula VIa-F or Formula VIb-F:
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where each F1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each G1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
20: The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 18 , wherein the compound of Formula VI-VII is selected from a compound of Formula VIIa-F or Formula VIIb-F:
where M is selected from sulfur (S), oxygen (O), or N—R1, where R1 is H, C1-C30 alkyl or C6-C30 aryl;
where each F1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
each G1 is independently selected from C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; and
each G2 is independently selected from a nonentity, H, F, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or a C6-C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
21-41. (canceled)
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US16/823,210 US20210043845A1 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2020-03-18 | Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices |
US17/412,135 US20220223797A1 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2021-08-25 | Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices |
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US13/800,396 US20130247989A1 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2013-03-13 | Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices |
US16/203,189 US20190334094A1 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2018-11-28 | Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices |
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US16/823,210 Abandoned US20210043845A1 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2020-03-18 | Inert solution-processable molecular chromophores for organic electronic devices |
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US9893294B2 (en) * | 2010-11-22 | 2018-02-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Organic small molecule semiconducting chromophores for use in organic electronic devices |
CN103476823A (en) * | 2011-04-18 | 2013-12-25 | 默克专利股份有限公司 | Conjugated polymers |
US10186661B2 (en) | 2015-03-02 | 2019-01-22 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Blade coating on nanogrooved substrates yielding aligned thin films of high mobility semiconducting polymers |
WO2013123047A1 (en) | 2012-02-14 | 2013-08-22 | Next Energy Technologies Inc. | Electronic devices using organic small molecule semiconducting compounds |
WO2013123508A2 (en) | 2012-02-17 | 2013-08-22 | Next Energy Technologies, Inc. | Organic semiconducting compounds for use in organic electronic devices |
US10128441B2 (en) | 2012-09-07 | 2018-11-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Field-effect transistors based on macroscopically oriented polymers |
WO2015064937A2 (en) * | 2013-10-28 | 2015-05-07 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Single molecule and organic solar cell comprising same |
JP6181318B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 | 2017-08-16 | サビック グローバル テクノロジーズ ビー.ブイ. | Synthesis of small molecules / oligomers with high conductivity and absorption for optoelectronic applications |
WO2016083303A1 (en) * | 2014-11-24 | 2016-06-02 | Basf Se | Preparation of polymers comprising at least one benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-5,6-dicarbonitrile-unit |
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JP6478277B2 (en) * | 2015-08-20 | 2019-03-06 | 日本化薬株式会社 | Organic polycyclic aromatic compounds and uses thereof |
JP6478279B2 (en) * | 2015-08-20 | 2019-03-06 | 日本化薬株式会社 | Organic polycyclic aromatic compounds and uses thereof |
CN105131258B (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2017-11-17 | 南京欧纳壹有机光电有限公司 | A kind of regioregular polymerization thing and its application for substituting 2,1,3 diazosulfide groups containing asymmetry list fluorine |
CN106432283A (en) * | 2016-03-23 | 2017-02-22 | 南京工业大学 | Novel multi-dimensional electron-transporting material |
KR20230147735A (en) | 2017-06-16 | 2023-10-23 | 듀크 유니버시티 | Resonator networks for improved label detection, computation, analyte sensing, and tunable random number generation |
US11233207B2 (en) * | 2017-11-02 | 2022-01-25 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Narrow bandgap non-fullerene acceptors and devices including narrow bandgap non-fullerene acceptors |
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CN111233898B (en) * | 2020-03-09 | 2021-05-11 | 湘潭大学 | Organic small molecule conjugated material containing isotactic bipyridine thiadiazole receptor and preparation method and application thereof |
CN114479018B (en) * | 2021-12-28 | 2023-12-19 | 香港理工大学深圳研究院 | Ferrocene-containing cyclopentadithiophene type metal organic polymer, preparation method and application thereof, and composite thermoelectric film |
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