US20190252464A1 - Semiconductor device having data storage pattern - Google Patents
Semiconductor device having data storage pattern Download PDFInfo
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- US20190252464A1 US20190252464A1 US16/394,494 US201916394494A US2019252464A1 US 20190252464 A1 US20190252464 A1 US 20190252464A1 US 201916394494 A US201916394494 A US 201916394494A US 2019252464 A1 US2019252464 A1 US 2019252464A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/20—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having two electrodes, e.g. diodes
- H10B63/22—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having two electrodes, e.g. diodes of the metal-insulator-metal type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/80—Arrangements comprising multiple bistable or multi-stable switching components of the same type on a plane parallel to the substrate, e.g. cross-point arrays
- H10B63/84—Arrangements comprising multiple bistable or multi-stable switching components of the same type on a plane parallel to the substrate, e.g. cross-point arrays arranged in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, e.g. 3D cell arrays
- H10B63/845—Arrangements comprising multiple bistable or multi-stable switching components of the same type on a plane parallel to the substrate, e.g. cross-point arrays arranged in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, e.g. 3D cell arrays the switching components being connected to a common vertical conductor
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- H01L27/249—
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- H01L27/2427—
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- H01L27/2481—
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- H01L45/06—
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- H01L45/065—
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- H01L45/1233—
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- H01L45/126—
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- H01L45/141—
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- H01L45/144—
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- H01L45/1683—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/20—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having two electrodes, e.g. diodes
- H10B63/24—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having two electrodes, e.g. diodes of the Ovonic threshold switching type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/80—Arrangements comprising multiple bistable or multi-stable switching components of the same type on a plane parallel to the substrate, e.g. cross-point arrays
- H10B63/84—Arrangements comprising multiple bistable or multi-stable switching components of the same type on a plane parallel to the substrate, e.g. cross-point arrays arranged in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, e.g. 3D cell arrays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/061—Patterning of the switching material
- H10N70/066—Patterning of the switching material by filling of openings, e.g. damascene method
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/231—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on solid-state phase change, e.g. between amorphous and crystalline phases, Ovshinsky effect
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/231—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on solid-state phase change, e.g. between amorphous and crystalline phases, Ovshinsky effect
- H10N70/235—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on solid-state phase change, e.g. between amorphous and crystalline phases, Ovshinsky effect between different crystalline phases, e.g. cubic and hexagonal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/826—Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/841—Electrodes
- H10N70/8413—Electrodes adapted for resistive heating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/882—Compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, e.g. chalcogenides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices without a potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/882—Compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium, e.g. chalcogenides
- H10N70/8828—Tellurides, e.g. GeSbTe
Definitions
- the present inventive concept relates to a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a semiconductor device having a data storage pattern.
- a phase change random access memory (PRAM) devices and resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices use an information storage material which can change the resistance value according to the current or voltage and can maintain the resistance value even if the current or voltage supply is interrupted.
- PRAM phase change random access memory
- RRAM resistive random access memory
- a semiconductor device includes a first conductive line disposed on a substrate and extending in a first direction, parallel to a surface of the substrate, a second conductive line disposed on the first conductive line and extending in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the surface of the substrate, and a first data storage structure and a first selector structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line and connected in series.
- the first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern disposed on the first lower data storage electrode, and a first upper data storage electrode disposed on the first data storage pattern
- the first lower data storage electrode includes a first portion facing the first upper data storage electrode and vertically aligned with the first upper data storage electrode
- the first data storage pattern includes a first side surface and a second side surface facing each other
- the first upper data storage electrode and the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode are disposed to be closer to the first side surface of the first data storage pattern than to the second side surface of the first data storage pattern.
- the first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern, and a first upper data storage electrode, sequentially arranged in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, the first data storage pattern includes a first side surface and a second side surface facing each other, and the first upper data storage electrode is disposed closer to the first side surface of the first data storage pattern than to the second side surface of the first data storage pattern.
- a semiconductor device includes a first word line disposed on a substrate and extending in a first direction, parallel to a surface of the substrate, a bit line disposed on the first word line and extending in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the surface of the substrate, a second word line disposed on the bit line and extending in the first direction, a first data storage structure between the first word line and the bit line, and a second data storage structure between the bit line and the second word line.
- the first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern, and a first upper data storage electrode, sequentially arranged in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate.
- a first portion of the first lower data storage electrode has a width in the first direction and a length in the second direction greater than the width in the first direction.
- the first upper data storage electrode has the same width in the first direction and the same length in the second direction as the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode.
- a width of the first data storage pattern in the first direction is greater than the width of the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode in the first direction.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views illustrating a modified example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modified example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 4B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 4A ;
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 7B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 7A ;
- FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 8B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 8A ;
- FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 9B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 9A ;
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 11B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 11A ;
- FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B are plan views illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 18 is a perspective view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIGS. 19 to 30 are cross-sectional views illustrating methods of forming semiconductor devices according to example embodiments of the present inventive concept
- FIGS. 31 to 43 are cross-sectional views illustrating methods of forming semiconductor devices according to other example embodiments of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- a semiconductor device 1 may include a first memory region LS and a second memory region US on a substrate 3 .
- the first memory region LS and the second memory region US may be sequentially arranged in a direction Z, perpendicular to a surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the substrate 3 may be a semiconductor substrate.
- the semiconductor device 1 may include a first conductive line 9 arranged between the substrate 3 and the first memory region LS, a second conductive line 75 arranged between the first memory region LS and the second memory region US, and a third conductive line 175 arranged on the second memory region US.
- the first conductive line 9 may be arranged on a base insulating layer 6 disposed on the substrate 3 to have a line shape extending in a first direction X parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the base insulating layer 6 may be formed of silicon oxide.
- the second conductive line 75 may have a line shape extending in a second direction Y, parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 and perpendicular to the first direction X.
- the third conductive line 175 may have a line shape extending in the first direction X and overlapping the first conductive line 9 .
- Each of the first, second, and third conductive lines 9 , 75 , and 175 may be formed of a conductive material, such as a doped silicon, a metal (e.g. W), a metal nitride (e.g. TiN or WN), and/or a metal silicide (e.g. WSi or TSi).
- a conductive material such as a doped silicon, a metal (e.g. W), a metal nitride (e.g. TiN or WN), and/or a metal silicide (e.g. WSi or TSi).
- the first memory region LS may include a first data storage structure 51 and first selector structure 69 connected in series
- the second memory region US may include a second data storage structure 151 and second selector structure 169 connected in series.
- the first selector structure 69 may be arranged on the first data storage structure 51
- the second selector structure 169 may be arranged on the second data storage structure 151 .
- the first memory region LS may be referred to as a lower memory region or a lower memory structure
- the second memory region US may be referred to as an upper memory region or an upper memory structure
- the first data storage structure 51 and the second data storage structure 151 may be respectively referred to as a lower data storage structure and an upper data storage structure
- the first selector structure 69 and the second selector structure 169 may be respectively referred to as a lower selector structure and an upper selector structure.
- the first data storage structure 51 may include a first lower data storage electrode 40 , a first data storage pattern 48 , and a first upper data storage electrode 45 , sequentially arranged in the direction Z, perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3
- the second data storage structure 151 may include a second data storage electrode 140 , a second data storage pattern 148 , and a second upper data storage electrode 145 , sequentially arranged in the direction Z perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the first lower data storage electrode 40 may include a first portion 41 a and a second portion 41 b.
- the second portion 41 b of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may be spaced apart from the first data storage pattern 48 , in contact with the first conductive line 9 , and extending in the first direction X.
- the second portion 41 b of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may overlap the first data storage pattern 48 .
- the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may extend from an end of the second portion 41 b in the direction Z, perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 , and may be in contact with the first data storage pattern 48 .
- the second portion 41 b of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may extend from a bottom of the first portion 41 a, in the first direction X.
- the first lower data storage electrode 40 may have an L-shape, wherein the first portion 41 a may be a vertical portion of the L-shape, and the second portion 41 b may be a horizontal portion of the L-shape.
- a thickness of the second portion 41 b in the direction Z perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 may be the same as a width W 1 of the first portion 41 a in the first direction X.
- the first upper data storage electrode 45 may be self-aligned to the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 .
- Side surfaces 45 S of the first upper data storage electrode 45 may be vertically aligned with side surfaces 40 S of the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 .
- the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may have the width W 1 in the first direction X, and a length L in the second direction Y greater than the width W 1 in the first direction X.
- the first upper data storage electrode 45 may have the width W 1 in the first direction X and the length L in the second direction Y, the same as those of the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 . Accordingly, facing surfaces of the first upper data storage electrode 45 and the first lower data storage electrode 40 may have the same size.
- the first data storage pattern 48 may be in contact with the first upper data storage electrode 45 and the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 .
- a width W 2 of the first data storage pattern 48 in the first direction X may be greater than the width W 1 of the first upper data storage electrode 45 and the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 in the first direction X.
- the first data storage pattern 48 may include a first side surface 48 S 1 and second side surface 48 S 2 , opposed to each other. The first side surface 48 S 1 and the second side surface 48 S 2 may be sequentially arranged in the first direction X.
- the first side surface 48 S 1 may be closer to the first upper data storage electrode 45 and the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 than the second side surface 48 S 2 .
- the first data storage pattern 48 may extend from a portion in contact with the first upper data storage electrode 45 and the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 , in the first direction X.
- the second portion 41 b of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may extend from a portion in contact with the first portion 41 a, in the first direction X.
- a portion of the first data storage pattern 48 extending in the first direction X may overlap the second portion 41 b of the first lower data storage electrode 40 .
- the first lower data storage electrodes 40 , the first data storage patterns 48 , and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 may respectively have side surfaces 40 S, 48 S 1 , and 45 S, vertically aligned.
- the second data storage structure 151 may have a shape formed by rotating the same structure as the first data storage structure 51 90 degrees in a direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 . Accordingly, the second data storage structure 151 may include the second data storage electrode 140 corresponding to the first lower data storage electrode 40 , the second data storage pattern 148 corresponding to the first data storage pattern 48 , and the second upper data storage electrode 145 corresponding to the first upper data storage electrode 45 .
- the second data storage electrode 140 since the second data storage electrode 140 has the shape formed by rotating the same structure as the first data storage structure 51 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 , the second data storage electrode 140 may include a second portion 141 b in contact with the second conductive line 75 and extending in the second direction Y perpendicular to the first direction X, and a first portion 141 a extending from a portion of the second portion 141 b in the third direction Z and in contact with the second data storage pattern 148 .
- a side surface 140 S of the second data storage electrode 140 may be vertically aligned with the side surface 145 S of the second upper data storage electrode 145 .
- the first selector structure 69 may include a first lower selector electrode 60 , a first selector pattern 63 , and a first upper selector electrode 66 , sequentially arranged in the direction Z perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3
- the second selector structure 169 may include a second lower selector electrode 160 , a second selector pattern 163 , and a second upper selector electrode 166 , sequentially arranged in the third direction Z.
- the first lower selector electrode 60 may be electrically connected to the first upper data storage electrode 45
- the first upper selector electrode 66 may be electrically connected to the second conductive line 75
- the second lower selector electrode 160 may be electrically connected to the second upper data storage electrode 145
- the second upper selector electrode 166 may be electrically connected to the third conductive line 175 .
- the first selector structure 69 may overlap the first data storage pattern 48
- the second selector structure 169 may overlap the second data storage pattern 148 .
- One of the opposite side surfaces of the first selector structure 69 may be closer to the first upper data storage electrode 45 than the other of the opposite side surfaces of the first selector structure 69 .
- one of the opposite side surfaces of the second selector structure 169 may be closer to the second upper data storage electrode 145 than the other of the opposite side surfaces of the second selector structure 169 .
- the first and second data storage patterns 48 and 148 may be formed of the same phase change material.
- the first and second data storage patterns 48 and 148 may be formed of a phase change memory material, which undergoes phase transition from a non-crystalline phase with higher resistivity to a crystalline phase with lower resistivity or from a crystalline phase to a non-crystalline phase depending on heating temperature and time when a current is applied.
- the phase change memory material used as the first and second data storage patterns 48 and 148 may be a chalcogenide material including Ge, Sb, and/or Te.
- the phase change memory material may be a material including at least one of Te and Se, and at least one of Ge, Sb, Bi, Pb, Sn, As, S, Si, P, O, N, and In.
- the first data storage pattern 48 may include a first phase change region or a first data storage region DRa, which undergoes the phase transition from a non-crystalline phase with higher resistivity to a crystalline phase with lower resistivity or from a crystalline phase to a non-crystalline phase depending on heating temperature and time when a current is applied.
- the second data storage pattern 148 may include a second phase change region or a second data storage region DRb, which undergoes the phase transition from a non-crystalline phase with higher resistivity to a crystalline phase with lower resistivity or from a crystalline phase to a non-crystalline phase depending on heating temperature and time when a current is applied.
- the first and second data storage regions DRa and DRb may be data storage regions of a phase change memory device. Therefore, the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept may be the phase change memory device.
- the first data storage region DRa of the first data storage pattern 48 may be in contact with the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40
- the second data storage region DRb of the second data storage pattern 148 may be in contact with the second upper data storage electrode 145 .
- the first data storage region DRa may be spaced apart from the first upper data storage electrode 45
- the second data storage region DRb may be spaced apart from the second data storage electrode 140 .
- the first and second lower data storage electrodes 40 and 140 and the first and second upper data storage electrodes 45 and 145 may be formed of the same conductive material.
- the first and second lower data storage electrodes 40 and 140 and the first and second upper data storage electrodes 45 and 145 may be formed of a conductive material including TiN, TiAlN, TaN, WN, MoN, TiSiN, TiCN, TiBN, ZrSiN, WSiN, WBN, ZrAlN, MoAlN, TaSiN, TaAlN, TiON, TiAlON, WON, TaON, or a combination thereof.
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may be threshold switching devices.
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may be ovonic threshold switching device.
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may be formed of a chalcogenide-based material different from the chalcogenide material used in the first and second data storage patterns 48 and 148 .
- the first and second data storage patterns 48 and 148 may be formed of a phase change memory material (e.g. an alloy of Ge, Sb and/or Te) which undergoes the phase transition from a crystalline phase to a non-crystalline phase or from a non-crystalline phase to a crystalline phase during an operation of the semiconductor device 1
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may be formed of a chalcogenide-based ovonic threshold switching material which maintains a non-crystalline phase during the operation of the semiconductor device 1 .
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may not be crystallized from the non-crystalline phase even when a voltage greater than a threshold voltage Vth is applied to switch an ON state to an OFF state.
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may include an alloy material including at least two of As, S, Se, Te, and Ge. In addition to the alloy material, the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may further include an element, such as Si or N, which maintains the non-crystalline phase at a higher temperature.
- the threshold switching devices may be formed of one of an alloy including Te, As, Ge, and Si, an alloy including Ge, Te, and Pb, an alloy including Ge, Se, and Te, an alloy including Al, As, and Te, an alloy including Se, As, Ge, and Si, an alloy including Se, As, Ge, and C, an alloy including Se, Te, Ge, and Si, an alloy including Ge, Sb, Te, and Se, an alloy including Ge, Bi, Te, and Se, an alloy including Ge, As, Sb, and Se, an alloy including Ge, As, Bi, and Te, and an alloy including Ge, As, Bi, and Te, and an alloy including Ge, As, Bi and Se.
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 as threshold switching devices may be switched from the OFF state to the ON state when a voltage the same as or greater than the threshold voltage Vth is applied. Accordingly, since the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 as the threshold switching devices are switched using the threshold voltage Vth, the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 may be used as a selector or a switch device of the semiconductor device 1 .
- the first and second selector patterns 63 and 163 as the threshold switching devices may be used as a selector or switch device of a memory cell array of a semiconductor device such as a phase change memory device.
- the first conductive line 9 may be a first word line
- the third conductive line 175 may be a second word line
- the second conductive line 75 may be a bit line. Accordingly, since the first and third conductive lines 9 and 175 are the word lines and the second conductive line 75 is the bit line, the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 may function as a heater heating the first data storage region DRa of the first data storage pattern 48
- the second upper data storage electrode 145 may function as a heater heating the second data storage region DRb of the second data storage pattern 148 .
- facing surfaces of the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 and the second upper data storage electrode 145 may have the same size. Accordingly, the first data storage region DRa in contact with the first portion 41 a of the first lower data storage electrode 40 functioning as a lower heater may have substantially the same size as the second data storage region DRb in contact with the second upper data storage electrode 145 functioning as an upper heater. Accordingly, since the first data storage region DRa and the second data storage region DRb are symmetrical to each other on the basis of the second conductive line 75 functioning as the bit line and have the same size, memory operation characteristics of the first memory region LS may be the same as those of the second memory region US. Accordingly, scattering of cell characteristics of the first memory region LS and the second memory region US, arranged three-dimensionally, may be reduced.
- first memory region and the second memory region are formed to be symmetrical to each other on the basis of the second conductive line 75 functioning as the bit line, the first memory region and the second memory region may be operated under the same conditions.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- a plurality of first conductive lines 9 extending in the first direction X, a plurality of second conductive lines 75 extending in the second direction Y, and a plurality of third conductive lines 175 extending in the first direction X may be arranged on the base insulating layer 6 disposed on the substrate 3 .
- the plurality of first conductive lines 9 may be parallel to and spaced apart from each other.
- the plurality of second conductive lines 75 may be parallel to and spaced apart from each other.
- the plurality of third conductive lines 175 may overlap the plurality of first conductive lines 9 .
- a first memory region LS disposed between the first and second conductive lines 9 and 75 may include a plurality of first data storage structures 51 and a plurality of first selector structures 69 .
- Each of the plurality of first data storage structures 51 may be connected to each of the plurality of first selector structures 69 , in series.
- Each of the plurality of first data storage structures 51 may include a first lower data storage electrode 40 a, a first data storage pattern 48 , and a first upper data storage electrode 45 .
- Each of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may include a first portion 41 a and a second portion 41 b.
- a pair of first lower data storage electrodes 40 a arranged on one of the first conductive lines 9 and facing each other may include a pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other, and a second portion 41 b connecting bottoms of the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 .
- the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 may share one second portion 41 b connecting the bottoms of the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 . Accordingly, the pair of first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may be repeatedly arranged on one of the first conductive lines 9 .
- the first data storage patterns 48 of the plurality of first data storage structures 51 may be arranged on the first portions 41 a of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 .
- Each of the first data storage patterns 48 may be the same as the first data storage pattern 48 described with reference to FIG. 1 . Accordingly, each of the first data storage patterns 48 may include the first data storage region DRa described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Each of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 may be the same as the first upper data storage electrode 45 described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Each of the first selector structures 69 may include the first lower selector electrode 60 , the first selector pattern 63 , and the first upper selector electrode 66 , described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- a second memory region US arranged between the second and third conductive lines 75 and 175 may include a plurality of second data storage structures 151 and a plurality of second selector structures 169 .
- Each of the plurality of second data storage structures 151 may include a second lower data storage electrode 140 a, a second data storage pattern 148 , and a second upper data storage electrode 145 .
- the second data storage pattern 148 may include the second data storage region DRb described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Each of the second selector structures 169 may include the second lower selector electrode 160 , the second selector pattern 163 , and the second upper selector electrode 166 , described with reference to FIG. 1 .
- a pair of second lower data storage electrodes 140 a disposed on one of the second conductive lines 75 and facing each other may include a pair of first portions 141 a 1 and 141 a 2 facing each other and a second portion 141 b connecting bottoms of the pair of first portions 141 a 1 and 141 a 2 .
- the second conductive lines 75 may have a shape formed by rotating the first conductive lines 9 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3
- the second lower data storage electrodes 140 a may have a shape formed by rotating the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3
- the second memory region US may have a shape formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views illustrating a modified example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe the modified example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 4A .
- data storage patterns may include the same the first and second data storage regions DRa and DRb described with reference to in FIGS. 1 and 2 , even when the first and second data storage regions DRa and DRb are not described separately.
- a plurality of first conductive lines 9 may be arranged on a base insulating layer 6 disposed on a substrate 3 .
- First gap-fill patterns 12 filling spaces between the plurality of first conductive lines 9 .
- the first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed of silicon oxide.
- a first memory region LS may be formed on the plurality of first conductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 .
- the first memory region LS may include a plurality of first data storage structures 51 , a plurality of first selector structures 69 , interlayer insulating patterns 72 , first insulating patterns 15 , second insulating patterns 27 , third insulating patterns 30 , spacer patterns 24 , and capping patterns 54 .
- the first insulating patterns 15 may be disposed on the plurality of first conductive lines 9 to be spaced apart from each other.
- the third insulating patterns 30 may be disposed on the first gap-fill patterns 12 to be spaced apart from each other.
- the plurality of first data storage structures 51 may be disposed between the first insulating patterns 15 , and between the third insulating patterns 30 .
- the plurality of first selector structures 69 may be surrounded by the interlayer insulating patterns 72 .
- the plurality of first data storage structures 51 may include a plurality of first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and a plurality of first upper data storage electrodes 45 , the same as those described with reference to FIG. 2 .
- the plurality of first data storage structures 51 may include a plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a in contact with the plurality of first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the plurality of first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- Each of the plurality of first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may include the same first portion 41 a and second portion 41 b as those described with reference to FIG. 2 . Accordingly, as described with reference to FIG. 2 , the second portion 41 b may connect the bottoms of the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 , adjacent to and facing each other. Accordingly, in the plurality of first lower data storage electrodes 40 , the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other may share one second portion 41 b.
- the spacer patterns 24 may be disposed on the second portions 41 b of the plurality of first lower data storage electrodes 40 a.
- the spacer patterns 24 may be disposed below the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a to cover bottom surfaces and portions of side surfaces of the second insulating patterns 27 .
- the spacer patterns 24 may be conformally formed to have a greater thickness than the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, and may have a “U” shape whose center portion is recessed.
- the second insulating patterns 27 may fill the recessed portion of the spacer patterns 24 and extend in the direction Z perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the first to third insulating patterns 15 , 27 , and 30 may be formed of a material having etch selectivity with respect to the spacer patterns 24 .
- the first to third insulating patterns 15 , 27 , and 30 may be formed of a silicon nitride, and the spacer patterns 24 may be formed of a silicon oxide.
- the capping patterns 54 may be disposed on the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a.
- the capping patterns 54 may be disposed between upper side surfaces of the second insulating patterns 27 and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- the capping patterns 54 may be formed of an insulating material such as a silicon oxide or a silicon nitride.
- the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the spacer patterns 24 , and top surfaces of the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and the capping patterns 54 .
- an area of the first data storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboring first lower data storage electrode 40 a may be smaller than an area of the first data storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboring spacer pattern 24 .
- an area of the first data storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboring first upper data storage electrode 45 may be smaller than an area of the first data storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboring capping pattern 54 .
- the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with bottom surfaces the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and may extend to partially cover side surfaces of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- Each of the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a may include a first portion 49 a and a second portion 49 b.
- the first portions 49 a may cover the side surface of the first upper data storage electrodes 45
- the second portions 49 b may be in contact with the bottom surfaces of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and disposed at a lower level than the first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with the first portions 41 a of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and may extend in a positive direction +X or a negative direction ⁇ X of the first direction X to overlap the second portion 41 b of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a.
- one of the pair of first data storage patterns 48 a in contact with a pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 sharing a second portion 41 b in one of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may be in contact with one first portion 41 a 1 to extend in the positive direction +X of the first direction X, and the other of the first data storage pattern 48 a may be in contact with the other first portion 41 a 2 to extend in the negative direction ⁇ X of the first direction X.
- Side surfaces of the plurality of first data storage patterns 48 a overlapping the second portions 41 b of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may be stepped.
- a plurality of second conductive lines 75 may be arranged on the first memory region LS.
- Second gap-fill patterns 78 may be disposed between the plurality of second conductive lines 75 .
- a second memory region US may be disposed on the plurality of second conductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78 .
- the second memory region US may be formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 . Accordingly, since the second memory region US is formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees, the second memory region US may include components, rotated 90 degrees in one-to-one correspondence with the components of the first memory region LS.
- the second memory region US may include a plurality of second data storage structures 151 , a plurality of second selector structures 169 , interlayer insulating patterns 172 , first insulating patterns 115 , second insulating patterns 127 , third insulating patterns 130 , spacer patterns 124 , and capping patterns 154 , rotated 90 degrees in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of first data storage structures 51 , the plurality of first selector structures 69 , the interlayer insulating patterns 72 , the first insulating patterns 15 , the second insulating patterns 27 , the third insulating patterns 30 , the spacer patterns 24 , and the capping patterns 54 of the first memory region LS.
- the capping patterns 54 may be in contact with the first upper data storage electrodes 45 , the second insulating patterns 27 , and the third insulating patterns 30 .
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto.
- the capping patterns 54 may be spaced apart from the first upper data storage electrodes 45 , the second insulating patterns 27 , and the third insulating patterns 30 .
- Such capping patterns 54 spaced apart from the first upper data storage electrodes 45 , the second insulating patterns 27 , and the third insulating patterns 30 , will be described with reference to FIG. 5 . While describing another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept with reference to FIG. 5 , the capping patterns 54 described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the modified example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 5 illustrates regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B .
- the first memory region LS may include first upper spacers 36 surrounding side surfaces of the capping patterns 54 and isolating the capping patterns 54 from the first upper data storage electrodes 45 , the second insulating patterns 27 , and the third insulating patterns 30 .
- the first upper spacers 36 may be formed of an insulating material such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
- the second memory region US may include second upper spacers 136 corresponding to the first upper spacers 136 of the first memory region LS.
- the first and second upper spacers 36 and 136 may function to form contact areas between the first and second upper data storage electrodes 45 and 145 and the first and second data storage patterns 48 a and 148 a. Accordingly, scattering of cell characteristics of the phase change memory device may be reduced.
- the first lower selector electrodes 60 of the first selector structures 69 may be in contact with the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and the capping patterns 54 .
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto.
- the first lower selector electrodes 60 of the first selector structures 69 may be in contact with the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and spaced apart from the capping patterns 54 .
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B .
- the first memory region LS may include first conductive patterns 57 interposed between the first lower selector electrodes 60 and the capping patterns 54 to separate the first lower selector electrodes 60 from the capping patterns 54 .
- the first conductive patterns 57 may be in contact with upper side surfaces of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and bottom surfaces of the first lower selector electrodes 60 . Accordingly, since the first conductive patterns 57 decrease the electrical resistance between the first data storage structures 51 and the first selector structures 69 , electrically connected, electrical characteristics of the semiconductor device may be improved.
- the second memory region US may include second conductive patterns 157 corresponding to the first conductive patterns 57 of the first memory region LS.
- the first and second conductive patterns 57 and 157 may be formed of a metal such as tungsten and/or a metal nitride such as TiN.
- the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may have top surfaces coplanar with top surfaces of the spacer patterns 24 .
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto.
- the top surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may be disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the spacer patterns 24 .
- a semiconductor device including the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a having the tope surfaces disposed at the lower level than the top surfaces of the spacer patterns 24 , and modified first data storage patterns in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, will be described with reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B .
- FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 7B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 7A .
- the first memory region LS may include first lower data storage electrodes 40 a having top surfaces disposed at a lower level than top surfaces of the spacer patterns 24 , and first data storage patterns 48 b having areas 49 c in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a.
- the first data storage patterns 48 b may include third portions 49 c extending downwardly from portions of the second portions 49 b and in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, in addition to the first portions 49 a and the second portions 49 b, the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B and FIGS. 4A and 4B .
- each of the third portions 49 c may have a smaller width than the first portions 49 a and the second portions 49 b.
- the third portions 49 c of the first data storage patterns 48 b may be interposed between the spacer patterns 24 and the first insulating patterns 15 .
- the second memory region US may include second lower data storage electrodes 140 a, spacer patterns 124 , and second data storage patterns 148 b respectively corresponding to the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, the spacer patterns 24 , and the first data storage patterns 48 b in the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees.
- the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may have the top surfaces coplanar with the top surfaces of the spacer patterns, but the present inventive concept is not limited thereto.
- the spacer patterns 24 may have top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a.
- An example of a semiconductor device including the spacer patterns 24 having the top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, and modified first data storage patterns in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the spacer patterns 24 will be described with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B .
- FIG. 8A and 8B An example of a semiconductor device including the spacer patterns 24 having the top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, and modified first data storage patterns in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the spacer patterns 24 , will be described with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B .
- FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 8B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 8A .
- the first memory region LS may include spacer patterns 24 having top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, and first data storage patterns 48 c having a areas 49 c ′ in contact with the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the spacer patterns 24 .
- the first data storage patterns 48 c may include the same as the first portions 49 a and the second portions 49 b described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B and FIGS. 4A and 4B , and the third areas 49 c ′ extending downwardly from portions of the second portions 49 b and in contact with side surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and top surfaces of the spacer patterns 24 .
- the third areas 49 c ′of the first data storage patterns 48 c may be interposed between the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the first insulating patterns 15 .
- the second memory region US may include second lower data storage electrodes 140 a, spacer patterns 124 , and second data storage patterns 148 c respectively corresponding to the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, the spacer patterns 24 , and the first data storage patterns 48 c in the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees.
- the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, the first data storage patterns 48 a, and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 may have vertically-aligned side surfaces 40 S, 48 S, and 45 S.
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto.
- a semiconductor device including first data storage patterns whose side surfaces are not vertically aligned with side surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 will be described with reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B .
- FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 9B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 9A .
- the first memory region LS may include first data storage patterns 48 d whose side surfaces are not vertically aligned with the side surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 may have vertically-aligned side surfaces.
- the first data storage patterns 48 d may be in contact with and cover top surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and upper side surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a. In addition, the first data storage patterns 48 d may be in contact with and cover bottom surfaces of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 and lower side surfaces of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 . Accordingly, the side surfaces of the first data storage patterns 48 d may not be vertically aligned with the side surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a and the first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- the second memory region US may include second lower data storage electrodes 140 a, spacer patterns 124 , and the second data storage patterns 148 d respectively corresponding to the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a, the spacer patterns 24 , and the first data storage patterns 48 d and rotated 90 degrees.
- one pair of lower data storage electrodes 40 a disposed on one first conductive line 9 and facing each other may include a pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other and a second portion 41 b shared by the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 .
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto.
- one pair of first lower data storage electrodes disposed on one first conductive line 9 and facing each other may include a pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other and second portions extending from bottoms of the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 to face each other and to be spaced apart from each other.
- An example embodiment of a semiconductor device including the first lower data storage electrodes having the second portions spaced apart each other, will be described with reference to FIG. 10 .
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- the first memory region LS may include first lower data storage electrodes 40 b having a pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other and second portions 41 b extending from bottoms of the pair of first portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 to face each other and to be spaced apart from each other.
- the second memory region US may include second lower data storage electrodes 140 b corresponding to the first lower data storage electrodes 40 b of the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees.
- FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 11B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated in FIG. 11A .
- components modified from the semiconductor device described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B will be mainly described.
- the first memory region LS may include the first lower data storage electrodes 40 b described with reference to FIG. 10 .
- the first memory region LS may include spacer patterns 24 a interposed between the first data storage patterns 48 a and the second portions 41 b of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 b, and second insulating patterns 27 a interposed between the second portions 41 b of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 b and extending in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 3 .
- FIG. 12 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the modified example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- the plurality of first conductive lines 9 , the plurality of second conductive lines 75 , and the plurality of third conductive lines 175 may be arranged on the base insulating layer 6 disposed on the substrate 3 .
- the first memory region LS may be disposed between the first and second conductive lines 9 and 75
- the second memory region US may be disposed between the second and third conductive lines 75 and 75 .
- the first memory region LS may include a plurality of first data storage structures 251 and a plurality of first selector structures 69 .
- Each of the plurality of first data storage structures 251 may be connected to each of the plurality of first selector structures 69 in series.
- Each of the plurality of first data storage structures 251 may include a first lower data storage electrode 240 , a first data storage pattern 248 , and a first upper data storage electrode 245 , sequentially arranged in the direction Z perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the first lower data storage electrodes 240 may include first portions 241 a perpendicular to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 , and second portions 241 b bottoms of the first portions 241 a adjacent to each other and parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the first lower data storage electrodes 240 may include a pair of first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 adjacent to and facing each other and a second portion 241 b connecting bottoms of the pair of first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 .
- the first portions 241 a of the first lower data storage electrode 240 may have side surfaces vertically aligned with the first upper data storage electrodes 245 .
- a pair of first data storage patterns 248 formed on the pair of first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 may extend in a direction away from portions in contact with the pair of first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 .
- One of the first data storage patterns 248 formed on the pair of first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 sharing the one second portion 241 b may extend in the negative direction ⁇ X of the first direction X, and the other of the first data storage patterns 248 may extend in the positive direction +X of the first direction X.
- Each of the first data storage patterns 248 may have a recessed area 248 r in one of side surfaces thereof.
- one of the pair of first data storage patterns 248 formed on the pair of first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 sharing one second portion 241 b may have “ ⁇ ” shape, and the other one may have a “ ⁇ ” shape.
- the pair of first data storage patterns 248 adjacent to each other may have vertical side surfaces facing each other or side surfaces having recessed center portions and facing each other, in one of the first direction X.
- Each of the plurality of first selector structures 69 may include the first lower selector electrode 60 , the first selector pattern 63 and the first upper selector electrode 66 , the same as those described with reference to FIG. 2 .
- the plurality of first selector structures 69 may overlap the first data storage patterns 251 .
- the second memory region US may be formed by rotating the first memory region LS by 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the second memory region US may include second data storage structures 351 and second selector structures 69 respectively corresponding to the first data storage structures 251 and the first selector structures 69 in the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees.
- each of the second data storage structures 351 may include a second lower data storage electrode 340 , a second data storage pattern 348 , and a second upper data storage electrode 345 respectively corresponding to the first lower data storage electrode 240 , the first data storage pattern 248 , and the first upper data storage electrode 245 and rotated 90 degrees.
- Each of the second selector structures 169 may include the second lower selector electrode 160 , the second selector pattern 163 , and the second upper selector electrode 166 , the same as those described with reference to FIG. 2 .
- FIGS. 13A and 13B are plan views illustrating the modified example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines and IV-IV′ of FIGS. 13A and 13B , in order to describe the modified example of the semiconductor device 1 according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- the plurality of first conductive lines 9 may be arranged on the base insulating layer 6 disposed on the substrate 3 , and first gap-fill patterns 12 filling spaces between the plurality of first conductive lines 9 may be arranged.
- a first memory region LS may be formed on the plurality of first conductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 .
- the first memory region LS may include a plurality of first data storage structures 251 , a plurality of first selector structures 69 , first insulating patterns 212 , second insulating patterns 224 , third insulating patterns 233 , fourth insulating patterns 254 , upper spacers 227 , and interlayer insulating patterns 72 .
- Each of the plurality of first data storage structures 251 may include the first lower data storage electrode 240 , the first data storage pattern 248 , and the first upper data storage electrode 245 , the same as those described with reference to FIG. 12 .
- the plurality of first selector structures 69 may include the first lower selector electrode 60 , the first selector pattern 63 , and the first upper selector electrode 66 , the same as those described with reference to FIG. 12 .
- the plurality of first selector structures 69 may be surrounded by the interlayer insulating patterns 72 .
- the first lower data storage electrode 240 may include the first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 and the second portions 241 b, the same as those described with reference to FIG. 12 .
- the first insulating patterns 212 may be disposed on the first conductive lines 9 and interposed between the first lower data storage electrodes 240 .
- the second insulating patterns 224 may be disposed on the second portions 241 b of the first lower data storage electrodes 240 and extending upwardly to be interposed between the first data storage patterns 248 and between the first upper data storage electrodes 245 .
- the upper spacers 227 may be disposed on the first data storage patterns 248 .
- the third insulating patterns 233 may be disposed on the first gap-fill patterns 12 .
- the fourth insulating patterns 254 may be disposed on the first insulating patterns 212 and interposed between the first data storage patterns 248 and between the upper spacers 227 .
- a plurality of second conductive lines 75 and second gap-fill patterns 78 filling spaces between the plurality of second conductive lines 75 may be arranged on the first memory region LS.
- a second memory region US may be disposed on the plurality of second conductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78 , and a plurality of third conductive lines 175 may be formed on the second memory region US.
- the second memory region US may be formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the surface 3 S of the substrate 3 .
- the second memory region US may include a plurality of second data storage structures 351 , a plurality of second selector structures 169 , first insulating patterns 312 , second insulating patterns 324 , third insulating patterns 333 , fourth insulating patterns 333 , upper spacers 327 , and interlayer insulating patterns 172 , having one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of first data storage structures 251 , the plurality of first selector structures 69 , the first insulating patterns 212 , the second insulating patterns 224 , the third insulating patterns 233 , the fourth insulating patterns 254 , the upper spacers 227 , and the interlayer insulating patterns 72 in the first memory region LS.
- Each of the plurality of second data storage structures 351 may include the second lower data storage electrodes 340 , the second data storage pattern 348 , and the second upper data storage electrode 345 , the same as those described with reference to FIG. 12 .
- the second lower data storage electrodes 340 may include first portions 341 a 1 and 341 a 2 respectively corresponding to the first portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 of the first lower data storage electrodes 240 and rotated 90 degrees.
- the first data storage patterns 248 may have flat bottom surfaces and flat top surfaces. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto, and the first data storage patterns 248 may be variously modified. Various modified examples of the first data storage patterns 248 will be described with reference to FIGS. 15, 16, and 17 . Hereinafter, one of the first data storage patterns 248 will be mainly described with reference to FIGS. 15, 16, and 17 .
- a modified first data storage pattern 248 a of the first memory region LS may include a lower extension portion extending downwardly from a portion of a bottom surface thereof to be in contact with a top surface of the first lower data storage electrodes 240 , and an upper extension portion extending upwardly from a portion of a top surface thereof and in contact with a bottom surface of the first upper data storage electrode 245 .
- the lower extension portion and the upper extension portion of the first data storage pattern 248 a may have substantially the same width as the first lower data storage electrodes 240 and the first upper data storage electrode 245 .
- the second memory region US may include a second data storage pattern 348 a corresponding to the first data storage pattern 248 a.
- a modified first data storage pattern 248 b of the first memory region LS may include an extension portion extending downwardly from a portion of a bottom surface thereof to be in contact with a side surface of the first lower data storage electrodes 240 , and an extension portion extending upwardly from a portion of a top surface thereof to be in contact with a side surface of the first upper data storage electrode 245 .
- the second memory region US may include a second data storage pattern 348 b corresponding to the first data storage pattern 248 b.
- a modified first data storage pattern 248 c of the first memory region LS may surround and be in contact with a top surface and upper side surfaces of the first lower data storage electrodes 240 , and a bottom surface and lower side surfaces of the first upper data storage electrode 245 .
- the second memory region US may include a second data storage pattern 348 c corresponding to the first data storage pattern 248 c.
- the first upper data storage electrodes 45 may be vertically aligned with the first portions 41 a of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 .
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. First upper data storage electrodes that are not vertically aligned with the first portions 41 a of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a will be described with reference to FIG. 18 .
- FIG. 18 is a perspective view illustrating another example of the semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- a modified first upper data storage electrodes 445 that are not vertically aligned with the first portions 41 a of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a may be provided.
- the first upper data storage electrodes 445 may be disposed on the first data storage patterns 48 and may not overlap the first portions 41 a of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 a.
- the second memory region US may include second upper data storage electrodes 545 corresponding to the first upper data storage electrodes 445 .
- FIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the present inventive concept
- FIG. 24B is a partly enlarged view illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the present inventive concept.
- FIGS. 19, 20A, 20B, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 are cross-sectional views illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ of FIGS. 3A and 3B .
- FIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 First, a method of forming a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept will be described with reference to FIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 .
- a base insulating layer 6 may be formed on a substrate 3 .
- the substrate 3 may be a semiconductor substrate.
- the base insulating layer 6 may be formed of silicon oxide.
- First conductive lines 9 may be formed on the base insulating layer 6 .
- First gap-fill patterns 12 filling spaces between the first conductive lines 9 .
- the first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed of silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
- a first insulating pattern 15 having a line-shaped opening 15 a may be formed on the first conductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 .
- the opening 15 a of the first insulating pattern 15 may be a line shape extending in a direction perpendicular to the first conductive lines 9 .
- a data storage electrode layer 18 , a spacer 24 , and a second insulating pattern 27 filling the opening (reference numeral 15 a in FIG. 19 ) of the first insulating pattern 15 may be formed.
- the process of forming the data storage electrode layer 18 , the spacer 24 , and the second insulating pattern 27 may include conformally forming a conductive material layer on the substrate 3 having the first insulating pattern 15 , conformally forming a spacer material layer on the conductive material layer, forming an insulating layer filling a remaining portion of the opening (reference numeral 15 a in FIG. 19 ) of the first insulating pattern 15 on the spacer material layer, and performing a planarization process until the first insulating pattern 15 is exposed.
- the conductive material layer may be planarized to be the data storage electrode layer 18
- the spacer material layer may be planarized to be the spacer 24
- the insulating layer may be planarized to be the second insulating pattern 27 .
- the spacer 24 may be formed to have a shape surrounding side and bottom surfaces of the second insulating pattern 27
- the data storage electrode layer 18 may be formed to have a shape surrounding the outside of the spacer 24 .
- the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, as illustrated in FIG.
- the process of forming the data storage electrode layer 18 , the spacer 24 , and the second insulating pattern 27 may include conformally forming a conductive material layer on the substrate 3 having the first insulating pattern 15 , conformally forming a spacer material layer on the conductive material layer, anisotropically etching the spacer material layer and the conductive material layer until the first conductive line 9 is exposed, forming an insulating layer filling a remaining portion of the opening (reference numeral 15 a in FIG. 19 ) of the first insulating pattern 15 , and planarizing the insulating layer until the first insulating pattern 15 is exposed.
- the result of the process illustrated in FIG. 20B may be used to form the modified semiconductor device described with reference to FIG. 11A .
- a method of forming a semiconductor device using a resultant product as illustrated in FIG. 20A instead of a resultant product as illustrated in FIG. 20B will be described.
- a patterning process may be performed to form openings 28 exposing the first gap-fill patterns 12 .
- third insulating patterns 30 may be formed to fill the openings (reference numeral 28 in FIG. 21 ).
- the spacer 24 may be partially etched to form holes 33 .
- enlarged holes 33 a may be formed by performing an etching process for enlarging sizes of the holes (reference numeral 33 in FIG. 23 ).
- the etching process for enlarging the sizes of the holes may be a process of selectively and isotropically etching the second and third insulating patterns 27 and 30 .
- first upper spacers 36 may be formed on side surfaces of the enlarged holes 33 a.
- the first upper spacers 36 may be formed to expose the spacers 24 .
- the first upper spacers 36 may be formed to expose the spacers 24 and partially expose the third insulating patterns 30 in contact with the spacers 24 f, as illustrated in FIG. 24B .
- spacer patterns 24 may be formed by selectively etching the spacers 24 . Accordingly, side surfaces of the data storage electrode layer 18 may be partially exposed by the enlarged holes 33 a while forming the spacer patterns 24 .
- the data storage electrode layer (reference numeral 18 in FIG. 25 ) exposed by the enlarged holes 33 a may be selectively etched. Accordingly, the data storage electrode layer (reference numeral 18 in FIG. 25 ) may be separated into lower portions and upper portions respectively to be first lower data storage electrodes 40 and first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- first data storage patterns 48 a partially filling the enlarged holes may be formed.
- the first data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with upper portions of the first lower data storage electrodes 40 and lower portions of the first upper data storage electrodes 45 .
- the first data storage patterns 48 a partially filling the enlarged holes may be formed without performing the process of removing the upper spacers 36 .
- capping patterns 54 filling the remaining portions of the enlarged holes (reference numeral 33 a in FIG. 26 ) may be formed on the first data storage patterns 48 a.
- the capping patterns 54 may be formed of an insulating material such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
- a process of forming conductive patterns (reference numeral 57 in FIG. 6 ) filling the remaining portions of the enlarged holes (reference numeral 33 a in FIG. 26 ) may be further included after partially etching the capping patterns 54 .
- first selector structures 69 may be formed on the substrate having the capping patterns 54 , and interlayer insulating patterns 72 may be formed to surround side surfaces of the first selector structures 69 .
- Each of the first selector structures 69 may include a first lower selector electrode 60 , a first selector pattern 63 , and a first upper selector electrode 66 , sequentially stacked.
- second conductive lines 75 may be formed on the first selector structures 69 and the interlayer insulating patterns 72 , and second gap-fill patterns 78 filling spaces between the second conductive lines 75 may be formed.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B and FIGS. 4A and 4B after rotating the substrate having the second conductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78 90 degrees in a horizontal direction, the processes described with reference to FIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A , and 25 to 30 may be repeatedly performed. Accordingly, the semiconductor device described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B and FIGS. 4A and 4B may be formed.
- FIGS. 31 to 43 are cross-sectional views illustrating regions taken along lines and IV-IV′ of FIGS. 13A and 13B .
- the first conductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed on the base insulating layer 6 of the substrate 3 , similarly to those described with reference to FIG. 19 .
- First insulating patterns 212 and first sacrificial patterns 214 sequentially stacked on the first conductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 , may be formed.
- the formation of the first insulating patterns 212 and the first sacrificial patterns 214 may include sequentially forming an insulating layer and a sacrificial layer on the first conductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 , and forming the first insulating patterns 212 and the first sacrificial patterns 214 and openings 215 exposing the first conductive lines 9 by patterning the insulating layer and the sacrificial layer.
- the first insulating patterns 212 may be formed of silicon nitride
- the first sacrificial patterns 214 may be formed of silicon oxide.
- data storage electrodes 218 conformally covering inner walls of the openings may be formed.
- Second insulating patterns 224 filling the openings may be formed on the data storage electrodes 218 .
- the first sacrificial patterns 214 may be partially etched to form openings 225 exposing upper side surfaces of the data storage electrodes 218 .
- upper spacers 227 may be formed on the upper side surfaces of the data storage electrodes 218 exposed by the openings (reference numeral 225 of FIG. 33 ), and second sacrificial patterns 230 filling the remaining portions of the openings(reference numeral 225 of FIG. 33 ) may be formed.
- the upper spacers 227 may be formed of an insulating material such as silicon nitride, and the second sacrificial patterns 230 may be formed of silicon oxide.
- openings 231 exposing the first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed by performing a patterning process.
- the openings 231 may have a line shape.
- third insulating patterns 233 filling the openings (reference numeral 231 of FIG. 35 ) may be formed.
- the first to third insulating patterns 212 , 224 , and 233 and the upper spacers 227 may be formed of the same material, such as silicon nitride.
- the first and second sacrificial patterns 214 and 230 may be removed to form openings 236 .
- the openings 236 may partially expose side surfaces of the data storage electrodes 218 .
- side surfaces of the data storage electrodes (reference numeral 218 of FIG. 37 ) exposed by the openings 236 may be selectively removed. Accordingly, the data storage electrodes (reference numeral 218 of FIG. 37 ) may be separated into lower portions and upper portions respectively to form first lower data storage electrodes 240 and first upper data storage electrodes 245 .
- a data storage layer 246 may be formed on the substrate having the first lower data storage electrodes 240 and the first upper data storage electrodes 245 .
- the data storage layer 246 may include spaces 246 a thereinside.
- the data storage layer 246 may be anisotropically etched to form first data storage patterns 248 . Accordingly, the first data storage structures 251 illustrated in FIG. 14 , including the first lower data storage electrodes 240 , the first data storage patterns 248 , and the first upper data storage electrodes 245 , may be formed.
- an insulating layer may be formed on the substrate having the first data storage structures 251 , and the insulating layer may be planarized to expose the first upper data storage electrodes 245 .
- the insulating layer may be planarized to form fourth insulating patterns 254 interposed between the first data storage patterns 248 and the upper spacers 227 .
- first selector structures 69 may be formed on the substrate having the fourth insulating patterns 254 , and interlayer insulating patterns 72 surrounding side surfaces of the first selector structures 69 may be formed.
- Each of the first selector structures 69 may include a first lower selector electrode 60 , a first selector pattern 63 , and a first upper selector electrode 66 , sequentially stacked.
- second conductive lines 75 may be formed on the first selector structures 69 and the interlayer insulating patterns 72 , and second gap-fill patterns 78 filling spaces between the second conductive lines 75 .
- the processes described with reference to FIGS. 31 to 43 may be repeatedly performed. Accordingly, the semiconductor device described with reference to FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 14 may be formed.
- a first word line 9 a bit line 75 arranged on the first word line 9 , and a second word line 175 arranged on the bit line 75 may be provided.
- the first memory region LS including the first data storage region DRa may be arranged between the first word line 9 and the bit line 75
- the second memory region US including the second data storage region DRb may be arranged between the bit line 75 and the second word line 175 . Accordingly, the degree of integration may be improved.
- the first data storage region DRa and the second data storage region DRb are formed to have the same size or similar sizes, scattering of cell characteristics between the first memory region LS disposed below the bit line 75 and the second memory region US disposed over the bit line 75 may be reduced.
Abstract
A semiconductor device including a data storage pattern is provided. The semiconductor device includes a first conductive line disposed on a substrate and extending in a first direction, a second conductive line disposed on the first conductive line and extending in a second direction, and a first data storage structure and a first selector structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line and connected in series. The first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern, and a first upper data storage electrode. The first lower data storage electrode includes a first portion facing the first upper data storage electrode and vertically aligned with the first upper data storage electrode. The first data storage pattern includes a first side surface and a second side surface facing each other. The first upper data storage electrode and the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode are disposed to be closer to the first side surface of the first data storage pattern than to the second side surface of the first data storage pattern.
Description
- This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/671,735, filed on Aug. 8, 2017, which claims the priority and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0039012, filed on Mar. 28, 2017, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
- The present inventive concept relates to a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a semiconductor device having a data storage pattern.
- A phase change random access memory (PRAM) devices and resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices use an information storage material which can change the resistance value according to the current or voltage and can maintain the resistance value even if the current or voltage supply is interrupted. In order to increase the degree of integration of memory devices such as PRAM or RRAM, three-dimensionally arranged memory cells are developed.
- In accordance with an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device includes a first conductive line disposed on a substrate and extending in a first direction, parallel to a surface of the substrate, a second conductive line disposed on the first conductive line and extending in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the surface of the substrate, and a first data storage structure and a first selector structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line and connected in series. The first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern disposed on the first lower data storage electrode, and a first upper data storage electrode disposed on the first data storage pattern, the first lower data storage electrode includes a first portion facing the first upper data storage electrode and vertically aligned with the first upper data storage electrode, the first data storage pattern includes a first side surface and a second side surface facing each other, and the first upper data storage electrode and the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode are disposed to be closer to the first side surface of the first data storage pattern than to the second side surface of the first data storage pattern.
- In accordance with an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device includes a first conductive line disposed on a substrate and extending in a first direction, parallel to a surface of the substrate, a second conductive line disposed on the first conductive line and extending in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the surface of the substrate, and a first data storage structure interposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line. The first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern, and a first upper data storage electrode, sequentially arranged in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, the first data storage pattern includes a first side surface and a second side surface facing each other, and the first upper data storage electrode is disposed closer to the first side surface of the first data storage pattern than to the second side surface of the first data storage pattern.
- In accordance with an example embodiment of the inventive concepts, a semiconductor device includes a first word line disposed on a substrate and extending in a first direction, parallel to a surface of the substrate, a bit line disposed on the first word line and extending in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction and parallel to the surface of the substrate, a second word line disposed on the bit line and extending in the first direction, a first data storage structure between the first word line and the bit line, and a second data storage structure between the bit line and the second word line. The first data storage structure includes a first lower data storage electrode, a first data storage pattern, and a first upper data storage electrode, sequentially arranged in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. A first portion of the first lower data storage electrode has a width in the first direction and a length in the second direction greater than the width in the first direction. The first upper data storage electrode has the same width in the first direction and the same length in the second direction as the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode. A width of the first data storage pattern in the first direction is greater than the width of the first portion of the first lower data storage electrode in the first direction.
- The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present inventive concept will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views illustrating a modified example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view illustrating a modified example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 4B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 4A ; -
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 7B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 7A ; -
FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 8B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 8A ; -
FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 9B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 9A ; -
FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 11B is a perspective view illustrating a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 11A ; -
FIG. 12 is a perspective view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIGS. 13A and 13B are plan views illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIG. 18 is a perspective view illustrating another example of a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept; -
FIGS. 19 to 30 are cross-sectional views illustrating methods of forming semiconductor devices according to example embodiments of the present inventive concept; -
FIGS. 31 to 43 are cross-sectional views illustrating methods of forming semiconductor devices according to other example embodiments of the present inventive concept. - Hereinafter, semiconductor devices according to example embodiments of the present inventive concept will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. First, a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept will be described with reference to
FIG. 1 .FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , asemiconductor device 1 according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept may include a first memory region LS and a second memory region US on asubstrate 3. The first memory region LS and the second memory region US may be sequentially arranged in a direction Z, perpendicular to asurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Thesubstrate 3 may be a semiconductor substrate. - The
semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept may include a firstconductive line 9 arranged between thesubstrate 3 and the first memory region LS, a secondconductive line 75 arranged between the first memory region LS and the second memory region US, and a thirdconductive line 175 arranged on the second memory region US. - The first
conductive line 9 may be arranged on abase insulating layer 6 disposed on thesubstrate 3 to have a line shape extending in a first direction X parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Thebase insulating layer 6 may be formed of silicon oxide. The secondconductive line 75 may have a line shape extending in a second direction Y, parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3 and perpendicular to the first direction X. The thirdconductive line 175 may have a line shape extending in the first direction X and overlapping the firstconductive line 9. - Each of the first, second, and third
conductive lines - The first memory region LS may include a first
data storage structure 51 andfirst selector structure 69 connected in series, and the second memory region US may include a seconddata storage structure 151 andsecond selector structure 169 connected in series. Thefirst selector structure 69 may be arranged on the firstdata storage structure 51, and thesecond selector structure 169 may be arranged on the seconddata storage structure 151. - In some example embodiments, the first memory region LS may be referred to as a lower memory region or a lower memory structure, and the second memory region US may be referred to as an upper memory region or an upper memory structure. In addition, the first
data storage structure 51 and the seconddata storage structure 151 may be respectively referred to as a lower data storage structure and an upper data storage structure, and thefirst selector structure 69 and thesecond selector structure 169 may be respectively referred to as a lower selector structure and an upper selector structure. - The first
data storage structure 51 may include a first lowerdata storage electrode 40, a firstdata storage pattern 48, and a first upperdata storage electrode 45, sequentially arranged in the direction Z, perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3, and the seconddata storage structure 151 may include a seconddata storage electrode 140, a seconddata storage pattern 148, and a second upperdata storage electrode 145, sequentially arranged in the direction Z perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. - The first lower
data storage electrode 40 may include afirst portion 41 a and asecond portion 41 b. Thesecond portion 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may be spaced apart from the firstdata storage pattern 48, in contact with the firstconductive line 9, and extending in the first direction X. Thesecond portion 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may overlap the firstdata storage pattern 48. Thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may extend from an end of thesecond portion 41 b in the direction Z, perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3, and may be in contact with the firstdata storage pattern 48. That is, thesecond portion 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may extend from a bottom of thefirst portion 41 a, in the first direction X. Accordingly, the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may have an L-shape, wherein thefirst portion 41 a may be a vertical portion of the L-shape, and thesecond portion 41 b may be a horizontal portion of the L-shape. In the first lowerdata storage electrode 40, a thickness of thesecond portion 41 b in the direction Z perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3 may be the same as a width W1 of thefirst portion 41 a in the first direction X. - The first upper
data storage electrode 45 may be self-aligned to thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40. Side surfaces 45S of the first upperdata storage electrode 45 may be vertically aligned withside surfaces 40S of thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40. Thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may have the width W1 in the first direction X, and a length L in the second direction Y greater than the width W1 in the first direction X. The first upperdata storage electrode 45 may have the width W1 in the first direction X and the length L in the second direction Y, the same as those of thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40. Accordingly, facing surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrode 45 and the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may have the same size. - The first
data storage pattern 48 may be in contact with the first upperdata storage electrode 45 and thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40. A width W2 of the firstdata storage pattern 48 in the first direction X may be greater than the width W1 of the first upperdata storage electrode 45 and thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 in the first direction X. The firstdata storage pattern 48 may include a first side surface 48S1 and second side surface 48S2, opposed to each other. The first side surface 48S1 and the second side surface 48S2 may be sequentially arranged in the first direction X. - In the first
data storage pattern 48, the first side surface 48S1 may be closer to the first upperdata storage electrode 45 and thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 than the second side surface 48S2. The firstdata storage pattern 48 may extend from a portion in contact with the first upperdata storage electrode 45 and thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40, in the first direction X. Thesecond portion 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may extend from a portion in contact with thefirst portion 41 a, in the first direction X. A portion of the firstdata storage pattern 48 extending in the first direction X may overlap thesecond portion 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40. - In some example embodiments, the first lower
data storage electrodes 40, the firstdata storage patterns 48, and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 may respectively haveside surfaces 40S, 48S1, and 45S, vertically aligned. - The second
data storage structure 151 may have a shape formed by rotating the same structure as the firstdata storage structure 51 90 degrees in a direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Accordingly, the seconddata storage structure 151 may include the seconddata storage electrode 140 corresponding to the first lowerdata storage electrode 40, the seconddata storage pattern 148 corresponding to the firstdata storage pattern 48, and the second upperdata storage electrode 145 corresponding to the first upperdata storage electrode 45. Accordingly, since the seconddata storage electrode 140 has the shape formed by rotating the same structure as the firstdata storage structure 51 90 degrees in the direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3, the seconddata storage electrode 140 may include asecond portion 141 b in contact with the secondconductive line 75 and extending in the second direction Y perpendicular to the first direction X, and afirst portion 141 a extending from a portion of thesecond portion 141 b in the third direction Z and in contact with the seconddata storage pattern 148. Aside surface 140S of the seconddata storage electrode 140 may be vertically aligned with theside surface 145S of the second upperdata storage electrode 145. - The
first selector structure 69 may include a firstlower selector electrode 60, afirst selector pattern 63, and a firstupper selector electrode 66, sequentially arranged in the direction Z perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3, and thesecond selector structure 169 may include a secondlower selector electrode 160, asecond selector pattern 163, and a secondupper selector electrode 166, sequentially arranged in the third direction Z. The firstlower selector electrode 60 may be electrically connected to the first upperdata storage electrode 45, and the firstupper selector electrode 66 may be electrically connected to the secondconductive line 75. The secondlower selector electrode 160 may be electrically connected to the second upperdata storage electrode 145, and the secondupper selector electrode 166 may be electrically connected to the thirdconductive line 175. - The
first selector structure 69 may overlap the firstdata storage pattern 48, and thesecond selector structure 169 may overlap the seconddata storage pattern 148. One of the opposite side surfaces of thefirst selector structure 69 may be closer to the first upperdata storage electrode 45 than the other of the opposite side surfaces of thefirst selector structure 69. Likewise, one of the opposite side surfaces of thesecond selector structure 169 may be closer to the second upperdata storage electrode 145 than the other of the opposite side surfaces of thesecond selector structure 169. - The first and second
data storage patterns data storage patterns data storage patterns - The first
data storage pattern 48 may include a first phase change region or a first data storage region DRa, which undergoes the phase transition from a non-crystalline phase with higher resistivity to a crystalline phase with lower resistivity or from a crystalline phase to a non-crystalline phase depending on heating temperature and time when a current is applied. Likewise, the seconddata storage pattern 148 may include a second phase change region or a second data storage region DRb, which undergoes the phase transition from a non-crystalline phase with higher resistivity to a crystalline phase with lower resistivity or from a crystalline phase to a non-crystalline phase depending on heating temperature and time when a current is applied. Accordingly, the first and second data storage regions DRa and DRb may be data storage regions of a phase change memory device. Therefore, thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept may be the phase change memory device. - The first data storage region DRa of the first
data storage pattern 48 may be in contact with thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40, and the second data storage region DRb of the seconddata storage pattern 148 may be in contact with the second upperdata storage electrode 145. The first data storage region DRa may be spaced apart from the first upperdata storage electrode 45, and the second data storage region DRb may be spaced apart from the seconddata storage electrode 140. - The first and second lower
data storage electrodes data storage electrodes data storage electrodes data storage electrodes - The first and
second selector patterns second selector patterns - The first and
second selector patterns data storage patterns data storage patterns semiconductor device 1, and the first andsecond selector patterns semiconductor device 1. The first andsecond selector patterns - The first and
second selector patterns second selector patterns - The first and
second selector patterns second selector patterns second selector patterns semiconductor device 1. For example, the first andsecond selector patterns - The first
conductive line 9 may be a first word line, the thirdconductive line 175 may be a second word line, and the secondconductive line 75 may be a bit line. Accordingly, since the first and thirdconductive lines conductive line 75 is the bit line, thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 may function as a heater heating the first data storage region DRa of the firstdata storage pattern 48, and the second upperdata storage electrode 145 may function as a heater heating the second data storage region DRb of the seconddata storage pattern 148. - As described above, facing surfaces of the
first portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 and the second upperdata storage electrode 145 may have the same size. Accordingly, the first data storage region DRa in contact with thefirst portion 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 40 functioning as a lower heater may have substantially the same size as the second data storage region DRb in contact with the second upperdata storage electrode 145 functioning as an upper heater. Accordingly, since the first data storage region DRa and the second data storage region DRb are symmetrical to each other on the basis of the secondconductive line 75 functioning as the bit line and have the same size, memory operation characteristics of the first memory region LS may be the same as those of the second memory region US. Accordingly, scattering of cell characteristics of the first memory region LS and the second memory region US, arranged three-dimensionally, may be reduced. - In addition, since the first memory region and the second memory region are formed to be symmetrical to each other on the basis of the second
conductive line 75 functioning as the bit line, the first memory region and the second memory region may be operated under the same conditions. - At least a portion of the components of the
semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, described with reference toFIG. 1 , may be modified. Components that can be modified within the scope of the present inventive concept will be described with reference to the following drawings. Hereinafter, when describing modified components of a semiconductor device, components that are not modified or use the same terminology may be understood as being those described previously, even in the case that they are not subsequently described separately. - First, a modified example of the
semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, described with reference toFIG. 1 , will be described with reference toFIG. 2 .FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept. - Referring to
FIG. 2 , a plurality of firstconductive lines 9 extending in the first direction X, a plurality of secondconductive lines 75 extending in the second direction Y, and a plurality of thirdconductive lines 175 extending in the first direction X may be arranged on thebase insulating layer 6 disposed on thesubstrate 3. The plurality of firstconductive lines 9 may be parallel to and spaced apart from each other. The plurality of secondconductive lines 75 may be parallel to and spaced apart from each other. The plurality of thirdconductive lines 175 may overlap the plurality of firstconductive lines 9. - A first memory region LS disposed between the first and second
conductive lines data storage structures 51 and a plurality offirst selector structures 69. Each of the plurality of firstdata storage structures 51 may be connected to each of the plurality offirst selector structures 69, in series. Each of the plurality of firstdata storage structures 51 may include a first lowerdata storage electrode 40 a, a firstdata storage pattern 48, and a first upperdata storage electrode 45. - Each of the first lower
data storage electrodes 40 a may include afirst portion 41 a and asecond portion 41 b. Among the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, a pair of first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a arranged on one of the firstconductive lines 9 and facing each other, may include a pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other, and asecond portion 41 b connecting bottoms of the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2. In the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 may share onesecond portion 41 b connecting the bottoms of the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2. Accordingly, the pair of first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may be repeatedly arranged on one of the firstconductive lines 9. - The first
data storage patterns 48 of the plurality of firstdata storage structures 51 may be arranged on thefirst portions 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40. Each of the firstdata storage patterns 48 may be the same as the firstdata storage pattern 48 described with reference toFIG. 1 . Accordingly, each of the firstdata storage patterns 48 may include the first data storage region DRa described with reference toFIG. 1 . - Each of the first upper
data storage electrodes 45 may be the same as the first upperdata storage electrode 45 described with reference toFIG. 1 . Each of thefirst selector structures 69 may include the firstlower selector electrode 60, thefirst selector pattern 63, and the firstupper selector electrode 66, described with reference toFIG. 1 . - A second memory region US arranged between the second and third
conductive lines data storage structures 151 and a plurality ofsecond selector structures 169. Each of the plurality of seconddata storage structures 151 may include a second lowerdata storage electrode 140 a, a seconddata storage pattern 148, and a second upperdata storage electrode 145. The seconddata storage pattern 148 may include the second data storage region DRb described with reference toFIG. 1 . Each of thesecond selector structures 169 may include the secondlower selector electrode 160, thesecond selector pattern 163, and the secondupper selector electrode 166, described with reference toFIG. 1 . - Among the second lower
data storage electrode 140 a, a pair of second lowerdata storage electrodes 140 a disposed on one of the secondconductive lines 75 and facing each other may include a pair offirst portions 141 a 1 and 141 a 2 facing each other and asecond portion 141 b connecting bottoms of the pair offirst portions 141 a 1 and 141 a 2. The secondconductive lines 75 may have a shape formed by rotating the firstconductive lines 9 90 degrees in the direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3, and the second lowerdata storage electrodes 140 a may have a shape formed by rotating the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a 90 degrees in the direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Likewise, the second memory region US may have a shape formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees in the direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. - Next, another example of the
semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept will be described with reference toFIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B .FIGS. 3A and 3B are plan views illustrating a modified example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe the modified example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 4B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 4A . Meanwhile, hereinafter, it is understood that data storage patterns may include the same the first and second data storage regions DRa and DRb described with reference to inFIGS. 1 and 2 , even when the first and second data storage regions DRa and DRb are not described separately. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , a plurality of firstconductive lines 9 may be arranged on abase insulating layer 6 disposed on asubstrate 3. First gap-fill patterns 12 filling spaces between the plurality of firstconductive lines 9. The first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed of silicon oxide. A first memory region LS may be formed on the plurality of firstconductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12. - The first memory region LS may include a plurality of first
data storage structures 51, a plurality offirst selector structures 69,interlayer insulating patterns 72, first insulatingpatterns 15, second insulatingpatterns 27, third insulatingpatterns 30,spacer patterns 24, and cappingpatterns 54. - The first
insulating patterns 15 may be disposed on the plurality of firstconductive lines 9 to be spaced apart from each other. The thirdinsulating patterns 30 may be disposed on the first gap-fill patterns 12 to be spaced apart from each other. The plurality of firstdata storage structures 51 may be disposed between the first insulatingpatterns 15, and between the thirdinsulating patterns 30. The plurality offirst selector structures 69 may be surrounded by the interlayer insulatingpatterns 72. - The plurality of first
data storage structures 51 may include a plurality of first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and a plurality of first upperdata storage electrodes 45, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 2 . In addition, the plurality of firstdata storage structures 51 may include a plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a in contact with the plurality of first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and the plurality of first upperdata storage electrodes 45. - Each of the plurality of first lower
data storage electrodes 40 a may include the samefirst portion 41 a andsecond portion 41 b as those described with reference toFIG. 2 . Accordingly, as described with reference toFIG. 2 , thesecond portion 41 b may connect the bottoms of the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2, adjacent to and facing each other. Accordingly, in the plurality of first lowerdata storage electrodes 40, the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other may share onesecond portion 41 b. - The
spacer patterns 24 may be disposed on thesecond portions 41 b of the plurality of first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a. Thespacer patterns 24 may be disposed below the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a to cover bottom surfaces and portions of side surfaces of the second insulatingpatterns 27. Thespacer patterns 24 may be conformally formed to have a greater thickness than the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, and may have a “U” shape whose center portion is recessed. The secondinsulating patterns 27 may fill the recessed portion of thespacer patterns 24 and extend in the direction Z perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. - The first to third
insulating patterns spacer patterns 24. For example, the first to thirdinsulating patterns spacer patterns 24 may be formed of a silicon oxide. - The capping
patterns 54 may be disposed on the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a. The cappingpatterns 54 may be disposed between upper side surfaces of the second insulatingpatterns 27 and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. The cappingpatterns 54 may be formed of an insulating material such as a silicon oxide or a silicon nitride. - In some example embodiments, the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first
data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and thespacer patterns 24, and top surfaces of the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and the cappingpatterns 54. - In some example embodiments, in one of the plurality of first
data storage patterns 48 a, an area of the firstdata storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboring first lowerdata storage electrode 40 a may be smaller than an area of the firstdata storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboringspacer pattern 24. Likewise, in one of the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a, an area of the firstdata storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboring first upperdata storage electrode 45 may be smaller than an area of the firstdata storage pattern 48 a in contact with a neighboringcapping pattern 54. - In some example embodiments, the plurality of first
data storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with bottom surfaces the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and may extend to partially cover side surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. Each of the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a may include afirst portion 49 a and asecond portion 49 b. In the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a, thefirst portions 49 a may cover the side surface of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45, and thesecond portions 49 b may be in contact with the bottom surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and disposed at a lower level than the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. The plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with thefirst portions 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and may extend in a positive direction +X or a negative direction −X of the first direction X to overlap thesecond portion 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a. For example, one of the pair of firstdata storage patterns 48 a in contact with a pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 sharing asecond portion 41 b in one of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may be in contact with onefirst portion 41 a 1 to extend in the positive direction +X of the first direction X, and the other of the firstdata storage pattern 48 a may be in contact with the otherfirst portion 41 a 2 to extend in the negative direction −X of the first direction X. Side surfaces of the plurality of firstdata storage patterns 48 a overlapping thesecond portions 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may be stepped. - A plurality of second
conductive lines 75 may be arranged on the first memory region LS. Second gap-fill patterns 78 may be disposed between the plurality of secondconductive lines 75. - A second memory region US may be disposed on the plurality of second
conductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78. The second memory region US may be formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees in the direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Accordingly, since the second memory region US is formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees, the second memory region US may include components, rotated 90 degrees in one-to-one correspondence with the components of the first memory region LS. For example, the second memory region US may include a plurality of seconddata storage structures 151, a plurality ofsecond selector structures 169, interlayer insulatingpatterns 172, first insulatingpatterns 115, second insulatingpatterns 127, third insulatingpatterns 130,spacer patterns 124, and cappingpatterns 154, rotated 90 degrees in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of firstdata storage structures 51, the plurality offirst selector structures 69, theinterlayer insulating patterns 72, the first insulatingpatterns 15, the second insulatingpatterns 27, the thirdinsulating patterns 30, thespacer patterns 24, and the cappingpatterns 54 of the first memory region LS. - In some example embodiments, the capping
patterns 54 may be in contact with the first upperdata storage electrodes 45, the second insulatingpatterns 27, and the thirdinsulating patterns 30. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, the cappingpatterns 54 may be spaced apart from the first upperdata storage electrodes 45, the second insulatingpatterns 27, and the thirdinsulating patterns 30.Such capping patterns 54, spaced apart from the first upperdata storage electrodes 45, the second insulatingpatterns 27, and the thirdinsulating patterns 30, will be described with reference toFIG. 5 . While describing another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept with reference toFIG. 5 , the cappingpatterns 54 described with reference toFIG. 4A will be mainly described. Components not specifically described with reference toFIG. 5 may be understood as being the same components as those described with reference toFIG. 4A . Accordingly, even though separated explanations are not provided with reference toFIG. 5 , the components described inFIG. 4A will be referenced together.FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the modified example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.FIG. 5 illustrates regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II″ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B . - Referring to
FIG. 5 , the first memory region LS may include firstupper spacers 36 surrounding side surfaces of the cappingpatterns 54 and isolating the cappingpatterns 54 from the first upperdata storage electrodes 45, the second insulatingpatterns 27, and the thirdinsulating patterns 30. The firstupper spacers 36 may be formed of an insulating material such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The second memory region US may include secondupper spacers 136 corresponding to the firstupper spacers 136 of the first memory region LS. The first and secondupper spacers data storage electrodes data storage patterns - Referring again to
FIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , the firstlower selector electrodes 60 of thefirst selector structures 69 may be in contact with the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and the cappingpatterns 54. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, the firstlower selector electrodes 60 of thefirst selector structures 69 may be in contact with the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and spaced apart from the cappingpatterns 54. Such a modified example will be described with reference toFIG. 6 .FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept.FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B . - Referring to
FIG. 6 , the first memory region LS may include firstconductive patterns 57 interposed between the firstlower selector electrodes 60 and the cappingpatterns 54 to separate the firstlower selector electrodes 60 from the cappingpatterns 54. The firstconductive patterns 57 may be in contact with upper side surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and bottom surfaces of the firstlower selector electrodes 60. Accordingly, since the firstconductive patterns 57 decrease the electrical resistance between the firstdata storage structures 51 and thefirst selector structures 69, electrically connected, electrical characteristics of the semiconductor device may be improved. Like the first memory region LS, the second memory region US may include secondconductive patterns 157 corresponding to the firstconductive patterns 57 of the first memory region LS. The first and secondconductive patterns - Referring again to
FIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may have top surfaces coplanar with top surfaces of thespacer patterns 24. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, the top surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may be disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of thespacer patterns 24. A semiconductor device including the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a having the tope surfaces disposed at the lower level than the top surfaces of thespacer patterns 24, and modified first data storage patterns in contact with the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, will be described with reference toFIGS. 7A and 7B .FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 7B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 7A . - Referring to
FIG. 7A and 7B , the first memory region LS may include first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a having top surfaces disposed at a lower level than top surfaces of thespacer patterns 24, and firstdata storage patterns 48b having areas 49 c in contact with the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a. - The first
data storage patterns 48 b may includethird portions 49 c extending downwardly from portions of thesecond portions 49 b and in contact with the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, in addition to thefirst portions 49 a and thesecond portions 49 b, the same as those described with reference toFIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B . In the firstdata storage patterns 48 b, each of thethird portions 49 c may have a smaller width than thefirst portions 49 a and thesecond portions 49 b. Thethird portions 49 c of the firstdata storage patterns 48 b may be interposed between thespacer patterns 24 and the first insulatingpatterns 15. - The second memory region US may include second lower
data storage electrodes 140 a,spacer patterns 124, and seconddata storage patterns 148 b respectively corresponding to the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, thespacer patterns 24, and the firstdata storage patterns 48 b in the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees. - Referring again to
FIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may have the top surfaces coplanar with the top surfaces of the spacer patterns, but the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, thespacer patterns 24 may have top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a. An example of a semiconductor device including thespacer patterns 24 having the top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, and modified first data storage patterns in contact with the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and thespacer patterns 24, will be described with reference toFIGS. 8A and 8B .FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 8B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 8A . - Referring to
FIGS. 8A and 8B , the first memory region LS may includespacer patterns 24 having top surfaces disposed at a lower level than the top surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, and firstdata storage patterns 48 c having aareas 49 c′ in contact with the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and thespacer patterns 24. - The first
data storage patterns 48 c may include the same as thefirst portions 49 a and thesecond portions 49 b described with reference toFIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , and thethird areas 49 c′ extending downwardly from portions of thesecond portions 49 b and in contact with side surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and top surfaces of thespacer patterns 24. Thethird areas 49 c′of the firstdata storage patterns 48 c may be interposed between the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and the first insulatingpatterns 15. - The second memory region US may include second lower
data storage electrodes 140 a,spacer patterns 124, and seconddata storage patterns 148 c respectively corresponding to the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, thespacer patterns 24, and the firstdata storage patterns 48 c in the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees. - Referring again to
FIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, the firstdata storage patterns 48 a, and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 may have vertically-aligned side surfaces 40S, 48S, and 45S. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, a semiconductor device including first data storage patterns whose side surfaces are not vertically aligned with side surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 will be described with reference toFIGS. 9A and 9B .FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 9B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 9A . - Referring to
FIGS. 9A and 9B , the first memory region LS may include firstdata storage patterns 48 d whose side surfaces are not vertically aligned with the side surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. The first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 may have vertically-aligned side surfaces. - The first
data storage patterns 48 d may be in contact with and cover top surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and upper side surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a. In addition, the firstdata storage patterns 48 d may be in contact with and cover bottom surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 and lower side surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. Accordingly, the side surfaces of the firstdata storage patterns 48 d may not be vertically aligned with the side surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a and the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. - The second memory region US may include second lower
data storage electrodes 140 a,spacer patterns 124, and the seconddata storage patterns 148 d respectively corresponding to the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, thespacer patterns 24, and the firstdata storage patterns 48 d and rotated 90 degrees. - As described above with reference to
FIG. 2 , among the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, one pair of lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a disposed on one firstconductive line 9 and facing each other may include a pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other and asecond portion 41 b shared by the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, among the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a, one pair of first lower data storage electrodes disposed on one firstconductive line 9 and facing each other may include a pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other and second portions extending from bottoms of the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 to face each other and to be spaced apart from each other. An example embodiment of a semiconductor device including the first lower data storage electrodes having the second portions spaced apart each other, will be described with reference toFIG. 10 .FIG. 10 is a perspective view illustrating another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept. - Referring to
FIG. 10 , the first memory region LS may include first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 b having a pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 facing each other andsecond portions 41 b extending from bottoms of the pair offirst portions 41 a 1 and 41 a 2 to face each other and to be spaced apart from each other. The second memory region US may include second lowerdata storage electrodes 140 b corresponding to the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 b of the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees. - An example of the semiconductor device including the first lower
data storage electrodes 140 a and the second lowerdata storage electrodes 140 b will be described with reference toFIGS. 11A and 11B .FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B in order to describe another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 11B is a perspective view of a portion of components illustrated inFIG. 11A . InFIGS. 11A and 11B , components modified from the semiconductor device described with reference toFIGS. 4A and 4B will be mainly described. - Referring to
FIGS. 11A and 11B , the first memory region LS may include the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 b described with reference toFIG. 10 . The first memory region LS may includespacer patterns 24 a interposed between the firstdata storage patterns 48 a and thesecond portions 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 b, and secondinsulating patterns 27 a interposed between thesecond portions 41 b of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 b and extending in a direction perpendicular to the surface of thesubstrate 3. - Next, another example of the
semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept will be described with reference toFIG. 12 .FIG. 12 is a schematic perspective view illustrating the modified example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept. - Referring to
FIG. 12 , like those described with reference toFIG. 2 , the plurality of firstconductive lines 9, the plurality of secondconductive lines 75, and the plurality of thirdconductive lines 175 may be arranged on thebase insulating layer 6 disposed on thesubstrate 3. The first memory region LS may be disposed between the first and secondconductive lines conductive lines - The first memory region LS may include a plurality of first
data storage structures 251 and a plurality offirst selector structures 69. Each of the plurality of firstdata storage structures 251 may be connected to each of the plurality offirst selector structures 69 in series. Each of the plurality of firstdata storage structures 251 may include a first lowerdata storage electrode 240, a firstdata storage pattern 248, and a first upperdata storage electrode 245, sequentially arranged in the direction Z perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. The first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 may includefirst portions 241 a perpendicular to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3, andsecond portions 241 b bottoms of thefirst portions 241 a adjacent to each other and parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. For example, the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 may include a pair offirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 adjacent to and facing each other and asecond portion 241 b connecting bottoms of the pair offirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2. Thefirst portions 241 a of the first lowerdata storage electrode 240 may have side surfaces vertically aligned with the first upperdata storage electrodes 245. - Among the first
data storage patterns 248, a pair of firstdata storage patterns 248 formed on the pair offirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 may extend in a direction away from portions in contact with the pair offirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2. One of the firstdata storage patterns 248 formed on the pair offirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 sharing the onesecond portion 241 b may extend in the negative direction −X of the first direction X, and the other of the firstdata storage patterns 248 may extend in the positive direction +X of the first direction X. - Each of the first
data storage patterns 248 may have a recessedarea 248 r in one of side surfaces thereof. For example, one of the pair of firstdata storage patterns 248 formed on the pair offirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 sharing onesecond portion 241 b may have “⊃” shape, and the other one may have a “⊂” shape. Accordingly, the pair of firstdata storage patterns 248 adjacent to each other may have vertical side surfaces facing each other or side surfaces having recessed center portions and facing each other, in one of the first direction X. - Each of the plurality of
first selector structures 69 may include the firstlower selector electrode 60, thefirst selector pattern 63 and the firstupper selector electrode 66, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 2 . The plurality offirst selector structures 69 may overlap the firstdata storage patterns 251. - The second memory region US, like the second memory region US described with reference to
FIG. 2 , may be formed by rotating the first memory region LS by 90 degrees in the direction parallel to thesurface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Accordingly, the second memory region US may include seconddata storage structures 351 andsecond selector structures 69 respectively corresponding to the firstdata storage structures 251 and thefirst selector structures 69 in the first memory region LS and rotated 90 degrees. In addition, each of the seconddata storage structures 351 may include a second lowerdata storage electrode 340, a seconddata storage pattern 348, and a second upperdata storage electrode 345 respectively corresponding to the first lowerdata storage electrode 240, the firstdata storage pattern 248, and the first upperdata storage electrode 245 and rotated 90 degrees. Each of thesecond selector structures 169 may include the secondlower selector electrode 160, thesecond selector pattern 163, and the secondupper selector electrode 166, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 2 . - Next, another example of the
semiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept will be described with reference toFIGS. 13A, 13B, and 14 .FIGS. 13A and 13B are plan views illustrating the modified example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view illustrating regions taken along lines and IV-IV′ ofFIGS. 13A and 13B , in order to describe the modified example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 14 , similarly toFIG. 3A , the plurality of firstconductive lines 9 may be arranged on thebase insulating layer 6 disposed on thesubstrate 3, and first gap-fill patterns 12 filling spaces between the plurality of firstconductive lines 9 may be arranged. A first memory region LS may be formed on the plurality of firstconductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12. - The first memory region LS may include a plurality of first
data storage structures 251, a plurality offirst selector structures 69, first insulatingpatterns 212, second insulatingpatterns 224, third insulatingpatterns 233, fourth insulatingpatterns 254,upper spacers 227, and interlayer insulatingpatterns 72. - Each of the plurality of first
data storage structures 251 may include the first lowerdata storage electrode 240, the firstdata storage pattern 248, and the first upperdata storage electrode 245, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 12 . The plurality offirst selector structures 69 may include the firstlower selector electrode 60, thefirst selector pattern 63, and the firstupper selector electrode 66, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 12 . The plurality offirst selector structures 69 may be surrounded by the interlayer insulatingpatterns 72. - The first lower
data storage electrode 240 may include thefirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 and thesecond portions 241 b, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 12 . - The first
insulating patterns 212 may be disposed on the firstconductive lines 9 and interposed between the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240. The secondinsulating patterns 224 may be disposed on thesecond portions 241 b of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 and extending upwardly to be interposed between the firstdata storage patterns 248 and between the first upperdata storage electrodes 245. Theupper spacers 227 may be disposed on the firstdata storage patterns 248. The thirdinsulating patterns 233 may be disposed on the first gap-fill patterns 12. The fourthinsulating patterns 254 may be disposed on the first insulatingpatterns 212 and interposed between the firstdata storage patterns 248 and between theupper spacers 227. - A plurality of second
conductive lines 75 and second gap-fill patterns 78 filling spaces between the plurality of secondconductive lines 75 may be arranged on the first memory region LS. A second memory region US may be disposed on the plurality of secondconductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78, and a plurality of thirdconductive lines 175 may be formed on the second memory region US. - As described above in some embodiments, the second memory region US may be formed by rotating the first memory region LS 90 degrees in the direction parallel to the
surface 3S of thesubstrate 3. Accordingly, the second memory region US may include a plurality of seconddata storage structures 351, a plurality ofsecond selector structures 169, first insulatingpatterns 312, second insulatingpatterns 324, third insulatingpatterns 333, fourth insulatingpatterns 333,upper spacers 327, and interlayer insulatingpatterns 172, having one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of firstdata storage structures 251, the plurality offirst selector structures 69, the first insulatingpatterns 212, the second insulatingpatterns 224, the thirdinsulating patterns 233, the fourth insulatingpatterns 254, theupper spacers 227, and the interlayer insulatingpatterns 72 in the first memory region LS. Each of the plurality of seconddata storage structures 351 may include the second lowerdata storage electrodes 340, the seconddata storage pattern 348, and the second upperdata storage electrode 345, the same as those described with reference toFIG. 12 . The second lowerdata storage electrodes 340 may includefirst portions 341 a 1 and 341 a 2 respectively corresponding to thefirst portions 241 a 1 and 241 a 2 of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 and rotated 90 degrees. - The first
data storage patterns 248 may have flat bottom surfaces and flat top surfaces. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto, and the firstdata storage patterns 248 may be variously modified. Various modified examples of the firstdata storage patterns 248 will be described with reference toFIGS. 15, 16, and 17 . Hereinafter, one of the firstdata storage patterns 248 will be mainly described with reference toFIGS. 15, 16, and 17 . - First, Referring to
FIG. 15 , a modified firstdata storage pattern 248 a of the first memory region LS may include a lower extension portion extending downwardly from a portion of a bottom surface thereof to be in contact with a top surface of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240, and an upper extension portion extending upwardly from a portion of a top surface thereof and in contact with a bottom surface of the first upperdata storage electrode 245. The lower extension portion and the upper extension portion of the firstdata storage pattern 248 a may have substantially the same width as the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 and the first upperdata storage electrode 245. The second memory region US may include a seconddata storage pattern 348 a corresponding to the firstdata storage pattern 248 a. - Next, referring to
FIG. 16 , a modified firstdata storage pattern 248 b of the first memory region LS may include an extension portion extending downwardly from a portion of a bottom surface thereof to be in contact with a side surface of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240, and an extension portion extending upwardly from a portion of a top surface thereof to be in contact with a side surface of the first upperdata storage electrode 245. The second memory region US may include a seconddata storage pattern 348 b corresponding to the firstdata storage pattern 248 b. - Next, referring to
FIG. 17 , a modified firstdata storage pattern 248 c of the first memory region LS may surround and be in contact with a top surface and upper side surfaces of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240, and a bottom surface and lower side surfaces of the first upperdata storage electrode 245. The second memory region US may include a seconddata storage pattern 348 c corresponding to the firstdata storage pattern 248 c. - Referring again to
FIG. 2 , the first upperdata storage electrodes 45 may be vertically aligned with thefirst portions 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. First upper data storage electrodes that are not vertically aligned with thefirst portions 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a will be described with reference toFIG. 18 .FIG. 18 is a perspective view illustrating another example of thesemiconductor device 1 according to the example embodiment of the present inventive concept. - Referring to
FIG. 18 , a modified first upper data storage electrodes 445 that are not vertically aligned with thefirst portions 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a may be provided. The first upper data storage electrodes 445 may be disposed on the firstdata storage patterns 48 and may not overlap thefirst portions 41 a of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 a. The second memory region US may include second upperdata storage electrodes 545 corresponding to the first upper data storage electrodes 445. - Next, methods of forming semiconductor devices according to example embodiments of the present inventive concept will be described.
FIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the present inventive concept, andFIG. 24B is a partly enlarged view illustrating a method of forming a semiconductor device according to another example embodiment of the present inventive concept.FIGS. 19, 20A, 20B, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 are cross-sectional views illustrating regions taken along lines I-I′ and II-II′ ofFIGS. 3A and 3B . - First, a method of forming a semiconductor device according to an example embodiment of the present inventive concept will be described with reference to
FIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A, and 25 to 30 . - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 19B , abase insulating layer 6 may be formed on asubstrate 3. Thesubstrate 3 may be a semiconductor substrate. Thebase insulating layer 6 may be formed of silicon oxide. Firstconductive lines 9 may be formed on thebase insulating layer 6. First gap-fill patterns 12 filling spaces between the firstconductive lines 9. The first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed of silicon oxide or silicon nitride. A first insulatingpattern 15 having a line-shapedopening 15 a may be formed on the firstconductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12. The opening 15 a of the first insulatingpattern 15 may be a line shape extending in a direction perpendicular to the firstconductive lines 9. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 20A , a datastorage electrode layer 18, aspacer 24, and a second insulatingpattern 27 filling the opening (reference numeral 15 a inFIG. 19 ) of the first insulatingpattern 15 may be formed. - The process of forming the data
storage electrode layer 18, thespacer 24, and the second insulatingpattern 27 may include conformally forming a conductive material layer on thesubstrate 3 having the first insulatingpattern 15, conformally forming a spacer material layer on the conductive material layer, forming an insulating layer filling a remaining portion of the opening (reference numeral 15 a inFIG. 19 ) of the first insulatingpattern 15 on the spacer material layer, and performing a planarization process until the first insulatingpattern 15 is exposed. The conductive material layer may be planarized to be the datastorage electrode layer 18, the spacer material layer may be planarized to be thespacer 24, and the insulating layer may be planarized to be the second insulatingpattern 27. Accordingly, thespacer 24 may be formed to have a shape surrounding side and bottom surfaces of the second insulatingpattern 27, and the datastorage electrode layer 18 may be formed to have a shape surrounding the outside of thespacer 24. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 20B , the process of forming the datastorage electrode layer 18, thespacer 24, and the second insulatingpattern 27 may include conformally forming a conductive material layer on thesubstrate 3 having the first insulatingpattern 15, conformally forming a spacer material layer on the conductive material layer, anisotropically etching the spacer material layer and the conductive material layer until the firstconductive line 9 is exposed, forming an insulating layer filling a remaining portion of the opening (reference numeral 15 a inFIG. 19 ) of the first insulatingpattern 15, and planarizing the insulating layer until the first insulatingpattern 15 is exposed. As, the result of the process illustrated inFIG. 20B may be used to form the modified semiconductor device described with reference toFIG. 11A . Hereinafter, a method of forming a semiconductor device using a resultant product as illustrated inFIG. 20A instead of a resultant product as illustrated inFIG. 20B , will be described. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 21 , a patterning process may be performed to formopenings 28 exposing the first gap-fill patterns 12. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 22 , third insulatingpatterns 30 may be formed to fill the openings (reference numeral 28 inFIG. 21 ). - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 23 , thespacer 24 may be partially etched to form holes 33. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 24 , enlarged holes 33 a may be formed by performing an etching process for enlarging sizes of the holes (reference numeral 33 inFIG. 23 ). The etching process for enlarging the sizes of the holes (reference numeral 33 inFIG. 23 ) may be a process of selectively and isotropically etching the second and thirdinsulating patterns upper spacers 36 may be formed on side surfaces of theenlarged holes 33 a. - In some example embodiments, the first
upper spacers 36 may be formed to expose thespacers 24. - In some example embodiments, the first
upper spacers 36 may be formed to expose thespacers 24 and partially expose the thirdinsulating patterns 30 in contact with the spacers 24 f, as illustrated inFIG. 24B . - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 25 ,spacer patterns 24 may be formed by selectively etching thespacers 24. Accordingly, side surfaces of the datastorage electrode layer 18 may be partially exposed by theenlarged holes 33 a while forming thespacer patterns 24. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 26 , the data storage electrode layer (reference numeral 18 inFIG. 25 ) exposed by theenlarged holes 33 a may be selectively etched. Accordingly, the data storage electrode layer (reference numeral 18 inFIG. 25 ) may be separated into lower portions and upper portions respectively to be first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 and first upperdata storage electrodes 45. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 27 , in some example embodiments, theupper spacers 36 may be removed. Next, firstdata storage patterns 48 a partially filling the enlarged holes (reference numeral 33 a inFIG. 26 ) may be formed. The firstdata storage patterns 48 a may be in contact with upper portions of the first lowerdata storage electrodes 40 and lower portions of the first upperdata storage electrodes 45. - In other example embodiments, in order to form the modified semiconductor device illustrated in
FIG. 5 , the firstdata storage patterns 48 a partially filling the enlarged holes (reference numeral 33 a inFIG. 26 ) may be formed without performing the process of removing theupper spacers 36. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 28 , cappingpatterns 54 filling the remaining portions of the enlarged holes (reference numeral 33 a inFIG. 26 ) may be formed on the firstdata storage patterns 48 a. The cappingpatterns 54 may be formed of an insulating material such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride. - In other example embodiments, in order to form the modified semiconductor device illustrated in
FIG. 6 , a process of forming conductive patterns (reference numeral 57 inFIG. 6 ) filling the remaining portions of the enlarged holes (reference numeral 33 a inFIG. 26 ) may be further included after partially etching the cappingpatterns 54. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 29 ,first selector structures 69 may be formed on the substrate having the cappingpatterns 54, and interlayer insulatingpatterns 72 may be formed to surround side surfaces of thefirst selector structures 69. Each of thefirst selector structures 69 may include a firstlower selector electrode 60, afirst selector pattern 63, and a firstupper selector electrode 66, sequentially stacked. - Referring to
FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 30 , secondconductive lines 75 may be formed on thefirst selector structures 69 and the interlayer insulatingpatterns 72, and second gap-fill patterns 78 filling spaces between the secondconductive lines 75 may be formed. - Referring again to
FIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B , after rotating the substrate having the secondconductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78 90 degrees in a horizontal direction, the processes described with reference toFIGS. 19, 20A, 21, 22, 23, 24A , and 25 to 30 may be repeatedly performed. Accordingly, the semiconductor device described with reference toFIGS. 3A and 3B andFIGS. 4A and 4B may be formed. - Next, a method of forming the semiconductor device described with reference to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 14 will be described with reference toFIGS. 31 to 43 .FIGS. 31 to 43 are cross-sectional views illustrating regions taken along lines and IV-IV′ ofFIGS. 13A and 13B . - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 31 , the firstconductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed on thebase insulating layer 6 of thesubstrate 3, similarly to those described with reference toFIG. 19 . - First insulating
patterns 212 and firstsacrificial patterns 214, sequentially stacked on the firstconductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12, may be formed. The formation of the first insulatingpatterns 212 and the firstsacrificial patterns 214 may include sequentially forming an insulating layer and a sacrificial layer on the firstconductive lines 9 and the first gap-fill patterns 12, and forming the first insulatingpatterns 212 and the firstsacrificial patterns 214 andopenings 215 exposing the firstconductive lines 9 by patterning the insulating layer and the sacrificial layer. The firstinsulating patterns 212 may be formed of silicon nitride, and the firstsacrificial patterns 214 may be formed of silicon oxide. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 32 ,data storage electrodes 218 conformally covering inner walls of the openings (reference numeral 215 ofFIG. 31 ) may be formed. Second insulatingpatterns 224 filling the openings (reference numeral 215 ofFIG. 31 ) may be formed on thedata storage electrodes 218. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 33 , the firstsacrificial patterns 214 may be partially etched to formopenings 225 exposing upper side surfaces of thedata storage electrodes 218. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 34 ,upper spacers 227 may be formed on the upper side surfaces of thedata storage electrodes 218 exposed by the openings (reference numeral 225 ofFIG. 33 ), and secondsacrificial patterns 230 filling the remaining portions of the openings(reference numeral 225 ofFIG. 33 ) may be formed. Theupper spacers 227 may be formed of an insulating material such as silicon nitride, and the secondsacrificial patterns 230 may be formed of silicon oxide. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 35 ,openings 231 exposing the first gap-fill patterns 12 may be formed by performing a patterning process. Theopenings 231 may have a line shape. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 36 , third insulatingpatterns 233 filling the openings (reference numeral 231 ofFIG. 35 ) may be formed. The first to thirdinsulating patterns upper spacers 227 may be formed of the same material, such as silicon nitride. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 37 , the first and secondsacrificial patterns openings 236. Theopenings 236 may partially expose side surfaces of thedata storage electrodes 218. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 38 , side surfaces of the data storage electrodes (reference numeral 218 ofFIG. 37 ) exposed by theopenings 236 may be selectively removed. Accordingly, the data storage electrodes (reference numeral 218 ofFIG. 37 ) may be separated into lower portions and upper portions respectively to form first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 and first upperdata storage electrodes 245. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 39 , adata storage layer 246 may be formed on the substrate having the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240 and the first upperdata storage electrodes 245. Thedata storage layer 246 may includespaces 246 a thereinside. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 40 , thedata storage layer 246 may be anisotropically etched to form firstdata storage patterns 248. Accordingly, the firstdata storage structures 251 illustrated inFIG. 14 , including the first lowerdata storage electrodes 240, the firstdata storage patterns 248, and the first upperdata storage electrodes 245, may be formed. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 41 , an insulating layer may be formed on the substrate having the firstdata storage structures 251, and the insulating layer may be planarized to expose the first upperdata storage electrodes 245. The insulating layer may be planarized to form fourth insulatingpatterns 254 interposed between the firstdata storage patterns 248 and theupper spacers 227. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 42 ,first selector structures 69 may be formed on the substrate having the fourth insulatingpatterns 254, and interlayer insulatingpatterns 72 surrounding side surfaces of thefirst selector structures 69 may be formed. Each of thefirst selector structures 69 may include a firstlower selector electrode 60, afirst selector pattern 63, and a firstupper selector electrode 66, sequentially stacked. - Referring to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 43 , secondconductive lines 75 may be formed on thefirst selector structures 69 and the interlayer insulatingpatterns 72, and second gap-fill patterns 78 filling spaces between the secondconductive lines 75. - Referring again to
FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 14 , after rotating the substrate having the secondconductive lines 75 and the second gap-fill patterns 78 90 degrees in a horizontal direction, the processes described with reference toFIGS. 31 to 43 may be repeatedly performed. Accordingly, the semiconductor device described with reference toFIGS. 13A, 13B, and 14 may be formed. - As set forth above, according to the example embodiments of the present inventive concept, a
first word line 9, abit line 75 arranged on thefirst word line 9, and asecond word line 175 arranged on thebit line 75 may be provided. The first memory region LS including the first data storage region DRa may be arranged between thefirst word line 9 and thebit line 75, and the second memory region US including the second data storage region DRb may be arranged between thebit line 75 and thesecond word line 175. Accordingly, the degree of integration may be improved. - According to the example embodiments of the present inventive concept, since the first data storage region DRa and the second data storage region DRb are formed to have the same size or similar sizes, scattering of cell characteristics between the first memory region LS disposed below the
bit line 75 and the second memory region US disposed over thebit line 75 may be reduced. - While example embodiments have been shown and described above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations could be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a selector structure; and
a data storage structure on the selector structure,
wherein the selector structure includes a first selector electrode, a selector pattern on the first selector electrode, and a second selector electrode on the selector pattern,
wherein the data storage structure includes a first conductive pattern, a data storage pattern on the first conductive pattern, and a second conductive pattern on the data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the data storage pattern is smaller than a width of the selector pattern,
wherein at least one sidewall of the second conductive pattern is self-aligned with at least one sidewall of the data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the second conductive pattern is smaller than a width of the selector pattern, and
wherein a width of at least a portion of the first conductive pattern is greater than a width of at least a portion of the second conductive pattern.
2. The semiconductor device of claim 1 , wherein the data storage pattern is in contact with the first conductive pattern and the second conductive pattern.
3. The semiconductor device of claim 1 , wherein a sidewall of the selector pattern is self-aligned with a sidewall of the first selector electrode and a sidewall of the second selector electrode.
4. The semiconductor device of claim 1 , wherein the selector pattern is in contact with the first selector electrode and the second selector electrode.
5. The semiconductor device of claim 1 , wherein the data storage pattern includes a phase change material.
6. The semiconductor device of claim 5 , wherein the selector pattern includes a chalcogenide-based material different from the phase change material of the data storage pattern.
7. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first conductive line;
a second conductive line disposed on the first conductive line;
a selector structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line; and
a data storage structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line,
wherein the selector structure includes a first selector electrode, a selector pattern on the first selector electrode, and a second selector electrode on the selector pattern,
wherein the data storage structure includes a first conductive pattern, a data storage pattern on the first conductive pattern, and a second conductive pattern on the data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the data storage pattern is smaller than a width of the selector pattern,
wherein at least one sidewall of the second conductive pattern is self-aligned with at least one sidewall of the data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the second conductive pattern is smaller than a width of the selector pattern, and
wherein a width of at least a portion of the first conductive pattern is greater than a width of at least a portion of the second conductive pattern.
8. The semiconductor device of claim 7 , wherein the data storage pattern is in contact with the first conductive pattern and the second conductive pattern.
9. The semiconductor device of claim 7 , wherein a sidewall of the selector pattern is self-aligned with a sidewall of the first selector electrode and a sidewall of the second selector electrode.
10. The semiconductor device of claim 7 , wherein the selector pattern is in contact with the first selector electrode and the second selector electrode.
11. The semiconductor device of claim 7 , wherein the data storage pattern includes a phase change material.
12. The semiconductor device of claim 11 , wherein the selector pattern includes a chalcogenide-based material different from the phase change material.
13. The semiconductor device of claim 11 , wherein the first conductive pattern is disposed between the data storage pattern and the second selector electrode.
14. The semiconductor device of claim 11 , wherein the second conductive pattern is disposed between the data storage pattern and the first selector electrode.
15. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a first conductive line;
a second conductive line disposed on the first conductive line;
a third conductive line disposed on the second conductive line;
a lower selector structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line;
a lower data storage structure disposed between the first conductive line and the second conductive line;
an upper selector structure disposed between the second conductive line and the third conductive line; and
an upper data storage structure disposed between the second conductive line and the third conductive line,
wherein the lower selector structure includes a first lower selector electrode, a lower selector pattern on the first lower selector electrode, and a second lower selector electrode on the lower selector pattern,
wherein the lower data storage structure includes a first lower conductive pattern, a lower data storage pattern on the first lower conductive pattern, and a second lower conductive pattern on the lower data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the lower data storage pattern is smaller than a width of the lower selector pattern,
wherein at least one sidewall of the second lower conductive pattern is self-aligned with at least one sidewall of the lower data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the second lower conductive pattern is smaller than a width of the lower selector pattern, and
wherein a width of at least a portion of the first lower conductive pattern is greater than a width of at least a portion of the second lower conductive pattern.
16. The semiconductor device of claim 15 , wherein the lower data storage pattern is in contact with the first lower conductive pattern and the lower second conductive pattern, and
wherein the lower selector pattern is in contact with the first lower selector electrode and the second lower selector electrode.
17. The semiconductor device of claim 15 , wherein a sidewall of the lower selector pattern is self-aligned with a sidewall of the first lower selector electrode and a sidewall of the second lower selector electrode.
18. The semiconductor device of claim 15 ,
wherein the upper selector structure includes a first upper selector electrode, a upper selector pattern on the first upper selector electrode, and a second upper selector electrode on the upper selector pattern,
wherein the upper data storage structure includes a first upper conductive pattern, a upper data storage pattern on the first upper conductive pattern, and a second upper conductive pattern on the upper data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the upper data storage pattern is smaller than a width of the upper selector pattern,
wherein at least one sidewall of the second upper conductive pattern is self-aligned with at least one sidewall of the upper data storage pattern,
wherein a width of at least a portion of the second upper conductive pattern is smaller than a width of the upper selector pattern, and
wherein a width of at least a portion of the first upper conductive pattern is greater than a width of at least a portion of the second upper conductive pattern.
19. The semiconductor device of claim 18 , wherein the upper data storage pattern is in contact with the first upper conductive pattern and the upper second conductive pattern, and
wherein the upper selector pattern is in contact with the first upper selector electrode and the second upper selector electrode.
20. The semiconductor device of claim 18 , wherein a sidewall of the upper selector pattern is self-aligned with a sidewall of the first upper selector electrode and a sidewall of the second upper selector electrode.
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US16/394,494 US20190252464A1 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2019-04-25 | Semiconductor device having data storage pattern |
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KR1020170039012A KR102323249B1 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2017-03-28 | Semiconductor including data storage pattern |
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US15/671,735 US10297642B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2017-08-08 | Semiconductor device having data storage pattern |
US16/394,494 US20190252464A1 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2019-04-25 | Semiconductor device having data storage pattern |
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US15/671,735 Continuation US10297642B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2017-08-08 | Semiconductor device having data storage pattern |
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US16/394,494 Abandoned US20190252464A1 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2019-04-25 | Semiconductor device having data storage pattern |
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2017
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2019
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Also Published As
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US20180286919A1 (en) | 2018-10-04 |
KR20180109370A (en) | 2018-10-08 |
KR102323249B1 (en) | 2021-11-08 |
CN108666340A (en) | 2018-10-16 |
CN108666340B (en) | 2023-09-12 |
US10297642B2 (en) | 2019-05-21 |
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