US20190242241A1 - Steerable Acid Tunneling System - Google Patents
Steerable Acid Tunneling System Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20190242241A1 US20190242241A1 US15/891,905 US201815891905A US2019242241A1 US 20190242241 A1 US20190242241 A1 US 20190242241A1 US 201815891905 A US201815891905 A US 201815891905A US 2019242241 A1 US2019242241 A1 US 2019242241A1
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- acid
- tunneling
- tunnel
- wellbore
- tool
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- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
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- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 5
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Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
- E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/04—Directional drilling
- E21B7/06—Deflecting the direction of boreholes
- E21B7/061—Deflecting the direction of boreholes the tool shaft advancing relative to a guide, e.g. a curved tube or a whipstock
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B10/00—Drill bits
- E21B10/60—Drill bits characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids
- E21B10/61—Drill bits characterised by conduits or nozzles for drilling fluids characterised by the nozzle structure
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
- E21B43/121—Lifting well fluids
- E21B43/129—Adaptations of down-hole pump systems powered by fluid supplied from outside the borehole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/28—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/08—Measuring diameters or related dimensions at the borehole
-
- E21B47/122—
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/18—Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/20—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables
- E21B17/203—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables with plural fluid passages
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to systems and methods for creating lateral tunnels within and stimulating subterranean formations surrounding wellbores.
- Acid tunneling is a method of forming tunnels within a subterranean formation using acid injection.
- Tools which are used currently for acid tunneling typically have a bottom hole assembly which features a wand having an acid-injection nozzle. The wand is connected to a base portion by a pair of flexible joints. These tools use increased fluid pressure pumped from surface to flex the joints of the tool, thereby changing the angle of the wand of the tool and influence the direction of the tunnel being created by acid injection.
- the tunnels which are created often undesirably curve or arc in an upward fashion through the formation due to the upward movement and force of the wand from to pressure increases which cause joint flexure during tunneling.
- indexing tools are used to rotate the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly to try to help orient the acid-injection nozzle angularly within the wellbore prior to flexing the tool joints.
- a tunnel is formed in the formation which extends radially away from the main wellbore.
- the inventors have recognized that with many conventional acid tunneling tool designs, it can be difficult or impossible to positively control the direction of tunnel development.
- the wand can become oriented in a number of different directions given the variability of angular bending and the dependence of flexure on fluid pressure from the surface. Improper orientation of the wand at the beginning stage of tunnel creation can result in the tunnel being developed in a different direction than is desired. Indeed, the inventors believe that with most conventional acid injection tool, the direction of tunnel development is substantially random. Also, small changes in the directions of flexure or variations in formation material could undesirably create a crooked tunnel which could potentially cause the acid tunneling tool could become stuck in rock and difficult to remove from the wellbore. Further, the inventors have recognized that, currently, there is no practical way to verify the direction and angle of bend for the wand during operation.
- a steerable acid tunneling system which includes a running string with an affixed acid tunneling bottom hole assembly.
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly preferably includes an acid injection tool having a wand which is connected to a base portion with a single flexible joint. In an alternative embodiment, the acid injection tool does not have a flexible joint.
- One or more nozzles are located within the distal end of the wand to inject acid in an axial direction.
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly also preferably incorporates a data sub which is operably associated with one or more sensors.
- Tube-wire or another power and data conduit is preferably included within the running string to transmit detected information to a controller at the surface.
- Other telemetry means such as optical fiber, could also be used.
- Information obtained by the sensors is preferably used to control operational aspects of the acid injection tool.
- the information is preferably also used to map tunnels as tunnels are being formed by creating three-dimensional representations of the tunnels within the formation. This feature provided real-time monitoring capability for the direction of tunnel development and potentially for the mapping of tunnels.
- a caliper is incorporated within the bottom hole assembly to measure tunnel diameter and/or topology of tunnels. This allows the diameter and/or topology of tunnels being formed to be measured in real-time. An operator can then make corrective adjustments to the tunneling process, if needed, such as by increasing the diameter of portions of a tunnel being formed.
- a caliper may be run into the wellbore after tunneling has been created in order to measure the diameter of portions of a completed tunnel. The inventors have found that use of a caliper is beneficial in that it allows an operator to optimize acid concentration to create a smaller diameter tunnel and not waste acid flowing away from the tunnel face.
- a whipstock is first run into and secured within the wellbore.
- the whipstock is oriented in direction of desired tunnel formation.
- a steerable acid tunneling system is run into the wellbore.
- the wand of the acid tunneling tool is angularly (i.e., azimuth) oriented within the wellbore by the landing surface of the whipstock. Additionally, the slope of the whipstock landing surface will also dictate the initial orientation of the wand of the acid tunneling tool. Injection of acid will then develop a tunnel in a predetermined direction, as dictated by the whipstock.
- a pulsating tool is incorporated into the bottom hole assembly.
- the pulsating tool can help create larger tunnels and increase acid reaction efficiency.
- FIG. 1 is a side, cross-sectional view of an exemplary wellbore containing a whipstock.
- FIG. 2 is an axial cross-section taken along lines 2 - 2 in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown in FIGS. 1-2 , now with a steerable acid tunneling arrangement in accordance with the present invention being run in.
- FIG. 4 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown in FIGS. 1-3 , now with acid tunneling being conducted.
- FIG. 5 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown in FIGS. 1-4 , now at a later stage of acid tunneling.
- FIG. 6 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown in FIGS. 1-5 , at a still later stage of acid tunneling.
- FIG. 7 is a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of tunnel illustrating a technique for diametrically enlarging a tunnel being formed.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for conducting acid tunneling in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wellbore 10 that has been drilled through the earth 12 from the surface 14 down to a hydrocarbon-bearing formation 16 .
- wellbore 10 is illustrated as a substantially vertical wellbore, it might, in practice, have portions that are inclined or horizontally-oriented.
- a portion of the wellbore 10 could be lined with a metallic casing (not shown).
- the portions of the wellbore 10 which are to be stimulated are preferably not lined with metallic casing.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a whipstock 18 which has been secured within the wellbore 10 with a packer element 20 .
- the upper end of the whipstock 18 presents an angled landing surface 22 .
- the whipstock 18 is positioned within the wellbore 10 at a wellbore location (i.e., depth) wherein it is desired to form tunnels within the formation 16 surrounding the wellbore 10 .
- the angled landing surface 22 has an upper end 24 and a lower end 26 and forms an acute angle (a) with respect to the axis of the wellbore 10 (or vertical) which is preferably from about 3 degrees to about 30 degrees.
- This angle ⁇ will largely dictate the initial angle of formation for a tunnel which is developed into the formation 16 .
- the same schematics could be applied to horizontal or deviated wellbores. However, the angle ⁇ and tunnel direction will depend on the wellbore main axis and gravity direction.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate azimuthal directions (N, S, E, W) from the wellbore 10 .
- the landing surface 22 is directed in the radial direction (azimuth) wherein it is desired to form a tunnel. It is noted that in FIGS. 1-2 , the landing surface 22 is oriented to face due east (E) so that the direction of tunnel development from the wellbore 10 into the formation 16 will be toward the east. It should be noted that the east direction is exemplary only and that any azimuthal direction may be chosen.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a steerable acid tunneling arrangement 30 now being run into the wellbore 10 from the surface 14 .
- the acid tunneling arrangement 30 includes a running string 32 which is preferably made up of coiled tubing.
- a flowbore 34 is defined along the length of the running string 32 .
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 36 is affixed to the distal end of the running string 32 .
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 36 includes an acid tunneling tool 38 which is used to flow acid which is pumped from surface 14 into the formation 16 .
- the acid tunneling tool 38 includes a cylindrical base portion 40 and an acid injection wand 42 .
- An articulable joint 44 connects the base portion 40 and the injection wand 42 .
- Each of the first and second articulable joints 38 , 40 allows the connected members to be moved angularly with respect to one another.
- the articulable joint 44 may be constructed and operate in the same manner as those used in the StimTunnelTM acid placement tool which is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex.
- the acid injection wand 42 is provided with end nozzles 46 for injection of acid into portions of the formation 16 surrounding the wellbore 10 .
- This configuration is preferred for acid tunneling because the acid flow through the end nozzles 46 will be directed generally in the direction of intended tunnel creation (i.e., the direction toward which the acid injection wand 42 is pointing.
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 36 also preferably includes a caliper 48 which is capable of measuring or detecting the diameter or shape or size of a borehole surrounding the bottom hole assembly 36 .
- the caliper 48 includes at least one finger 50 which protrudes radially outwardly from the caliper body 52 to make contact with the surrounding wall.
- the caliper 48 is an imaging caliper which can provide a real-time, detailed visual representation of the shape and topology features of a surrounding surface.
- a suitable caliper device for use in this application is the Baker Hughes Imaging Caliper which is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex. Information provided by the caliper 48 is useful to balance acid concentration versus tunnel creation.
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 36 also preferably includes a data sub 54 .
- the data sub 54 includes electronics storage or memory 56 to receive and store information received from sensor(s) 58 .
- the one or more sensors 58 are preferably disposed upon the wand 42 of the acid tunneling tool 38 and are interconnected with the storage or memory 56 by a data conduit 60 .
- the one or more sensors 58 will preferably include an inclinometer which will detect or measure the inclination of the wand 42 (with respect to vertical) within the wellbore 10 .
- the one or more sensors 58 also preferably include a compass or azimuth measurement device which will identify the angular orientation of the wand 42 with respect to azimuthal directions (N, E, S, etc.).
- a data communications conduit 62 such as tube-wire, is preferably used to transmit the received information to a surface-based controller and storage medium 64 from the data storage or memory 56 .
- Telecoil® is a preferred arrangement for this application and is coiled tubing which incorporates tube-wire that can transmit power and data. Tube-wire is available commercially from manufacturers such as Canada Tech Corporation of Calgary, Canada.
- Conduit 62 is shown within the flowbore 34 of the running string 32 and is operably interconnected with the controller/storage medium 64 at surface 14 as well as the caliper 48 and data storage 56 within the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 .
- the controller/storage medium 64 may be programmable, and preferably includes suitable programming to use mathematical modeling to determine the location and orientation of the wand 42 within the wellbore 10 .
- suitable programming for this application includes CIRCATM RT modeling software for coiled tubing applications.
- CIRCATM Tools software may be used for geometric setup of tool angle, and CIRCATM software may be used to model forces and pressures in coiled tubing.
- Each of these software packages is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex.
- CIRCATM RT When CIRCATM RT is used for modeling, a current coiled tubing force analysis is extended to take into account the tri-dimensional tunnel length extension by considering the chemical reaction between acid and formation rock and the mechanical erosion due to the fluid jet from nozzle 46 within the tunnel 74 . Information provided by sensor(s) 58 is thereby used to model or map the tunnel 74 and other tunnels by generating and displaying a representation of these tunnels within the formation 16 .
- articulable joints 66 be used between the acid tunneling tool 38 , the caliper 48 and the data sub 54 components within the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 .
- the use of articulable joints 66 between some or all of these adjacent components will aid disposal of the bottom hole assembly 30 into tunnels that are created by acid tunneling.
- articulable joints are not necessary to operation of the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 and, depending upon the angle of departure for the direction 72 of intended tunnel development, may be omitted.
- the pump 70 is preferably a variable speed or variable capacity pump.
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 includes a pulsating tool 76 which is shown located between the caliper 48 and the data sub 54 .
- a suitable pulsating tool for use in this application is an EasyReach Extended Reach Tool which is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex.
- the pulsating tool 76 uses water hammer effect to create pressure waves within acid that is pumped down to the acid tunneling tool 38 from surface 14 .
- FIGS. 1-6 Preferred methods of operation, are illustrated in FIGS. 1-6 .
- whipstock 18 is run into the wellbore 10 and retained at a desired depth or location by setting packer 20 within the wellbore 10 .
- the landing face 22 of the whipstock 18 is oriented in a desired azimuthal direction (i.e., east, west, etc.).
- FIG. 3 shows the steerable acid tunneling arrangement 30 being disposed within the wellbore 10 .
- the wand 42 of the acid tunneling tool 38 contacts the landing surface 22 of the whipstock 18 and is deflected so that the end nozzles 46 of the wand 42 are oriented to inject acid into the formation 16 in an initial desired tunneling direction 72 which is determined by the azimuthal orientation of the landing surface (i.e., toward the east) and the angle of the landing surface 22 with respect to the vertical. Therefore, the wand 42 and direction of acid tunneling is steered by the initial selection and orientation of the landing surface 22 of the whipstock 18 .
- acid is then flowed by the pump 70 from the acid supply 68 to the acid tunneling tool 38 in order to exit the end nozzle 42 , as illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- a lateral tunnel 74 begins to form. Injected acid interacts with the rock within the formation 16 , creating tunnel 74 that increases reservoir conductivity.
- the shape, direction and length of the tunnel 74 depends on tool length and inclination angles, the nozzle 46 properties (shape, number, etc.), the coiled tubing yield radius, and the acid/rock interaction (type of acid and rock, pumping rate, etc.).
- FIG. 5 shows a subsequent time during tunneling wherein the length of the lateral tunnel 74 has advanced.
- the wand 42 and then a significant portion of the remainder of the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 have now entered the lateral tunnel 74 .
- sensor(s) 58 detect inclination of the wand 42 and signals indicative of this are sent to the controller 64 at surface 14 .
- FIG. 6 illustrates a subsequent time wherein acid tunneling has substantially been completed. At this point, the entire acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 is located within the lateral tunnel 74 .
- the caliper 48 can measure the diameter and topological features of the lateral tunnel 74 .
- the acid tunneling arrangement 30 provides real-time information to the controller 64 at surface 14 regarding the direction of tunnel 74 development as well as tunnel 74 diameter and topology features.
- At least some portion of the process of forming tunnel 74 within the formation 16 is preferably controlled based upon information sensed by the sensor(s) 58 relating to the angular and azimuthal orientation of the wand 42 .
- Data sent to the controller 64 at surface 14 is used to control the acid tunneling tool 38 .
- acid flow to the acid tunneling tool 38 may be increased by the pump 70 and/or actuation of the pulsating tool 76 to increase tunnel length.
- the caliper 48 detects that the diameter of the tunnel 74 being created is too small, then the nature of the acid being used or its flow rate or the location of the wand 42 within the tunnel 74 may be altered to cause the tunnel 74 diameter to be increased.
- One method of increasing diameter of the tunnel 74 is to increase the acid concentration while continuing to create new tunnel length (i.e., acid injection). Only so much acid is used to react against the formation 16 prior to being displaced back toward the wellbore 10 . An operator could then displace formation 16 material at the same pump rate but with a higher acid concentration leaving more acid available to react on the smaller tunnel 74 and increasing its diameter.
- FIG. 7 An alternative method of increasing tunnel diameter is illustrated in FIG. 7 , the nozzle 46 could be pulled back a short distance 78 (say one foot or so) from the distal end 80 of the tunnel 74 during tunneling so that little or no acid jetting is occurring at the distal end 80 thereby allowing a greater concentration of acid proximate the nozzle 46 and a lesser concentration near the distal tunnel end 80 causing the tunnel 74 to be enlarged radially (see 82 ) proximate the nozzle 46 .
- FIG. 7 depicts the initial position of the acid tunneling tool 38 in phantom lines and the pulled-back position in solid lines.
- Tunnel length can be optimized by determining and pumping an amount of acid that is sufficient to extend tunnel length without wasting excess acid which would diametrically enlarge the tunnel 74 .
- software modeling and a caliper 48 the pumped acid volume can be optimized to reduce job cost and logistics.
- Directional control and steering for the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 are primarily achieved by virtue of the whipstock 18 and its angled landing surface 22 .
- acid injection will continue to develop the tunnel 74 in that desired direction 72 .
- the procedure of simultaneously jetting acid (via nozzle 46 ) and pushing force upon the bottom hole assembly 30 in the desired direction 72 extends the length of the lateral tunnel 74 in the desired direction 72 .
- tunnels created using the systems and methods of the present invention tend to be substantially linear or straight rather than curved.
- the direction of tunnel creation and the dimensions of the tunnel being created can be monitored in real-time as the lateral tunnel 74 is developed.
- operators at surface 14 can develop three-dimensional maps or representations which include the shape, direction and topological features of lateral tunnel 74 and other tunnels which are developed using the systems and methods of the present invention.
- An exemplary system includes a whipstock 18 having an angled landing surface 22 , the whipstock 18 being secured within a wellbore 10 .
- the system would also include a steerable acid tunneling arrangement 30 which has an acid tunneling tool 38 that is azimuthally oriented within the wellbore 10 by the whipstock landing surface 22 .
- the acid tunneling tool 38 has a wand 42 which presents a nozzle 46 to inject acid in the desired tunneling direction 72 , and the wand 42 is angularly oriented (with respect to vertical) by the landing surface 22 of the whipstock 18 .
- Sensor(s) 58 are associated with the wand 42 to detect angular inclination and azimuthal direction of the wand 42 which is indicative of the direction of tunnel 74 development.
- the sensor(s) 58 provided a signal indicative of the sensed information to the controller 64 at surface 14 .
- the acid tunneling tool 38 is included within an acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 which also includes a caliper 48 which is configured to measure the diameter and/or topology of the tunnel 74 .
- the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly 30 includes pulsating tool 76 .
- the pulsating tool 76 will temporarily and intermittently restrict flow of acid which is flowing toward the acid tunneling tool 38 to create pressure pulses which could minimize the acid volume further.
- tube wire is used to transmit detected information about tunnel direction and/or diameter and/or topology to a controller 64 at surface 14 .
- the invention provides methods for acid tunneling wherein a whipstock 18 is first secured within a wellbore 10 , the whipstock 18 presenting an angled landing surface 22 . Thereafter, an acid tunneling arrangement 30 having an acid tunneling tool 38 is run into the wellbore 10 .
- the acid tunneling tool 38 contacts the whipstock 18 and the landing surface 22 azimuthally orients the acid tunneling tool 38 .
- the landing surface 22 of the whipstock 18 also angularly orients a wand 42 of the acid tunneling tool 38 with respect to vertical as the wand 42 is lowered further onto the landing surface 22 .
- Acid is pumped through the acid tunneling tool 38 to inject acid in a desired tunneling direction and form a lateral tunnel 74 .
- the angular inclination and azimuthal direction of the wand 42 is detected by one or more sensors 58 .
- the detected information is transmitted to a controller 64 , and the information is used to steer the acid tunneling tool 38 and/or create a map or representation of the tunnel 74 .
- the information is used to create a map or representation of the tunnel 74 .
- FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary method 84 for conducting acid tunneling within a formation 16 which surrounds a wellbore 10 .
- an acid tunneling tool 38 is run into the wellbore 10 .
- the acid tunneling tool 38 contacts a landing surface 22 of the whipstock 18 and is steered or oriented azimuthally and angularly.
- Acid is injected through the wand 42 of the acid tunneling tool 38 to create a tunnel 74 which is developed in a desired tunneling direction 72 (step 90 ).
- step 92 angular and azimuthal orientation of the wand 42 are detected by sensor(s) 58 .
- tunnel diameter and/or tunnel topology is detected using the caliper 48 .
- Tunnel diameter can be enlarged in step 96 using techniques described previously.
- acid pump rate and/or acid concentration are adjusted for maximize tunnel length creation.
- the lateral tunnel 74 is mapped or modeled by the controller 64 by creating a three-dimensional representation of the tunnel 74 within the formation 16 .
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Abstract
Description
- The invention relates generally to systems and methods for creating lateral tunnels within and stimulating subterranean formations surrounding wellbores.
- Acid tunneling is a method of forming tunnels within a subterranean formation using acid injection. Tools which are used currently for acid tunneling typically have a bottom hole assembly which features a wand having an acid-injection nozzle. The wand is connected to a base portion by a pair of flexible joints. These tools use increased fluid pressure pumped from surface to flex the joints of the tool, thereby changing the angle of the wand of the tool and influence the direction of the tunnel being created by acid injection. The tunnels which are created often undesirably curve or arc in an upward fashion through the formation due to the upward movement and force of the wand from to pressure increases which cause joint flexure during tunneling. Oftentimes, indexing tools are used to rotate the acid tunneling bottom hole assembly to try to help orient the acid-injection nozzle angularly within the wellbore prior to flexing the tool joints. As acid is injected, a tunnel is formed in the formation which extends radially away from the main wellbore.
- The inventors have recognized that with many conventional acid tunneling tool designs, it can be difficult or impossible to positively control the direction of tunnel development. The wand can become oriented in a number of different directions given the variability of angular bending and the dependence of flexure on fluid pressure from the surface. Improper orientation of the wand at the beginning stage of tunnel creation can result in the tunnel being developed in a different direction than is desired. Indeed, the inventors believe that with most conventional acid injection tool, the direction of tunnel development is substantially random. Also, small changes in the directions of flexure or variations in formation material could undesirably create a crooked tunnel which could potentially cause the acid tunneling tool could become stuck in rock and difficult to remove from the wellbore. Further, the inventors have recognized that, currently, there is no practical way to verify the direction and angle of bend for the wand during operation.
- The invention provides acid tunneling systems and methods for acid tunneling having positive direction control, or steering, for the development of tunnels. A steerable acid tunneling system is described which includes a running string with an affixed acid tunneling bottom hole assembly. The acid tunneling bottom hole assembly preferably includes an acid injection tool having a wand which is connected to a base portion with a single flexible joint. In an alternative embodiment, the acid injection tool does not have a flexible joint. One or more nozzles are located within the distal end of the wand to inject acid in an axial direction. The acid tunneling bottom hole assembly also preferably incorporates a data sub which is operably associated with one or more sensors. In preferred embodiments, there are one or more sensors which can measure or detect the orientation of the wand, including angular deviation and azimuth. Tube-wire or another power and data conduit is preferably included within the running string to transmit detected information to a controller at the surface. Other telemetry means, such as optical fiber, could also be used. Information obtained by the sensors is preferably used to control operational aspects of the acid injection tool. The information is preferably also used to map tunnels as tunnels are being formed by creating three-dimensional representations of the tunnels within the formation. This feature provided real-time monitoring capability for the direction of tunnel development and potentially for the mapping of tunnels.
- In certain embodiments, a caliper is incorporated within the bottom hole assembly to measure tunnel diameter and/or topology of tunnels. This allows the diameter and/or topology of tunnels being formed to be measured in real-time. An operator can then make corrective adjustments to the tunneling process, if needed, such as by increasing the diameter of portions of a tunnel being formed. Alternatively, a caliper may be run into the wellbore after tunneling has been created in order to measure the diameter of portions of a completed tunnel. The inventors have found that use of a caliper is beneficial in that it allows an operator to optimize acid concentration to create a smaller diameter tunnel and not waste acid flowing away from the tunnel face.
- In an exemplary method of operation, a whipstock is first run into and secured within the wellbore. The whipstock is oriented in direction of desired tunnel formation. Thereafter, a steerable acid tunneling system is run into the wellbore. The wand of the acid tunneling tool is angularly (i.e., azimuth) oriented within the wellbore by the landing surface of the whipstock. Additionally, the slope of the whipstock landing surface will also dictate the initial orientation of the wand of the acid tunneling tool. Injection of acid will then develop a tunnel in a predetermined direction, as dictated by the whipstock.
- In certain embodiments, a pulsating tool is incorporated into the bottom hole assembly. The pulsating tool can help create larger tunnels and increase acid reaction efficiency.
- For a thorough understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like or similar elements throughout the several figures of the drawings and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a side, cross-sectional view of an exemplary wellbore containing a whipstock. -
FIG. 2 is an axial cross-section taken along lines 2-2 inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown inFIGS. 1-2 , now with a steerable acid tunneling arrangement in accordance with the present invention being run in. -
FIG. 4 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown inFIGS. 1-3 , now with acid tunneling being conducted. -
FIG. 5 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown inFIGS. 1-4 , now at a later stage of acid tunneling. -
FIG. 6 is a side, cross-sectional view of the wellbore shown inFIGS. 1-5 , at a still later stage of acid tunneling. -
FIG. 7 is a side, cross-sectional view of a portion of tunnel illustrating a technique for diametrically enlarging a tunnel being formed. -
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method for conducting acid tunneling in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 1 illustrates anexemplary wellbore 10 that has been drilled through theearth 12 from thesurface 14 down to a hydrocarbon-bearingformation 16. It is noted that, while wellbore 10 is illustrated as a substantially vertical wellbore, it might, in practice, have portions that are inclined or horizontally-oriented. A portion of thewellbore 10 could be lined with a metallic casing (not shown). However, the portions of thewellbore 10 which are to be stimulated are preferably not lined with metallic casing. -
FIG. 1 illustrates awhipstock 18 which has been secured within thewellbore 10 with apacker element 20. The upper end of thewhipstock 18 presents anangled landing surface 22. Thewhipstock 18 is positioned within thewellbore 10 at a wellbore location (i.e., depth) wherein it is desired to form tunnels within theformation 16 surrounding thewellbore 10. Theangled landing surface 22 has anupper end 24 and alower end 26 and forms an acute angle (a) with respect to the axis of the wellbore 10 (or vertical) which is preferably from about 3 degrees to about 30 degrees. This angle α will largely dictate the initial angle of formation for a tunnel which is developed into theformation 16. The same schematics could be applied to horizontal or deviated wellbores. However, the angle α and tunnel direction will depend on the wellbore main axis and gravity direction. -
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate azimuthal directions (N, S, E, W) from thewellbore 10. Thelanding surface 22 is directed in the radial direction (azimuth) wherein it is desired to form a tunnel. It is noted that inFIGS. 1-2 , thelanding surface 22 is oriented to face due east (E) so that the direction of tunnel development from thewellbore 10 into theformation 16 will be toward the east. It should be noted that the east direction is exemplary only and that any azimuthal direction may be chosen. -
FIG. 3 illustrates a steerableacid tunneling arrangement 30 now being run into the wellbore 10 from thesurface 14. Theacid tunneling arrangement 30 includes a runningstring 32 which is preferably made up of coiled tubing. Aflowbore 34 is defined along the length of the runningstring 32. - An acid tunneling
bottom hole assembly 36 is affixed to the distal end of the runningstring 32. The acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 36 includes anacid tunneling tool 38 which is used to flow acid which is pumped fromsurface 14 into theformation 16. Theacid tunneling tool 38 includes acylindrical base portion 40 and anacid injection wand 42. An articulable joint 44 connects thebase portion 40 and theinjection wand 42. Each of the first and secondarticulable joints acid injection wand 42 is provided withend nozzles 46 for injection of acid into portions of theformation 16 surrounding thewellbore 10. This configuration is preferred for acid tunneling because the acid flow through theend nozzles 46 will be directed generally in the direction of intended tunnel creation (i.e., the direction toward which theacid injection wand 42 is pointing. - The acid tunneling
bottom hole assembly 36 also preferably includes acaliper 48 which is capable of measuring or detecting the diameter or shape or size of a borehole surrounding thebottom hole assembly 36. Thecaliper 48 includes at least onefinger 50 which protrudes radially outwardly from thecaliper body 52 to make contact with the surrounding wall. Preferably, thecaliper 48 is an imaging caliper which can provide a real-time, detailed visual representation of the shape and topology features of a surrounding surface. A suitable caliper device for use in this application is the Baker Hughes Imaging Caliper which is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex. Information provided by thecaliper 48 is useful to balance acid concentration versus tunnel creation. For instance, it is usually unknown whether acid injected from an acid tunneling tool is dissolving rock in front (i.e., distal end) of the tool, contributing to increased tunnel length, or is flowing toward the back (i.e., proximal end) of the tool, contributing to tunnel width (diameter) only. Information provided by thecaliper 48 could be used to improve the acid pumping rate and coiled tubing tripping speed while creating tunnels. Incorporation of thecaliper 48 into the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 36 allows operators to obtain such tunnel data in real time and adjust the operational parameters (i.e., acid pumping rate and coiled tubing tripping speed) on the fly. Also, this tunnel data could be used to create a database which includes identification of the tunnel(s) being created, reservoir properties, acid strength, pumping rate(s), and tripping speed. - The acid tunneling
bottom hole assembly 36 also preferably includes adata sub 54. Thedata sub 54 includes electronics storage ormemory 56 to receive and store information received from sensor(s) 58. The one ormore sensors 58 are preferably disposed upon thewand 42 of theacid tunneling tool 38 and are interconnected with the storage ormemory 56 by adata conduit 60. The one ormore sensors 58 will preferably include an inclinometer which will detect or measure the inclination of the wand 42 (with respect to vertical) within thewellbore 10. In addition, the one ormore sensors 58 also preferably include a compass or azimuth measurement device which will identify the angular orientation of thewand 42 with respect to azimuthal directions (N, E, S, etc.). - A
data communications conduit 62, such as tube-wire, is preferably used to transmit the received information to a surface-based controller andstorage medium 64 from the data storage ormemory 56. Telecoil® is a preferred arrangement for this application and is coiled tubing which incorporates tube-wire that can transmit power and data. Tube-wire is available commercially from manufacturers such as Canada Tech Corporation of Calgary, Canada.Conduit 62 is shown within theflowbore 34 of the runningstring 32 and is operably interconnected with the controller/storage medium 64 atsurface 14 as well as thecaliper 48 anddata storage 56 within the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30. - The controller/
storage medium 64 may be programmable, and preferably includes suitable programming to use mathematical modeling to determine the location and orientation of thewand 42 within thewellbore 10. Suitable programming for this application includes CIRCA™ RT modeling software for coiled tubing applications. CIRCA™ Tools software may be used for geometric setup of tool angle, and CIRCA™ software may be used to model forces and pressures in coiled tubing. Each of these software packages is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex. When CIRCA™ RT is used for modeling, a current coiled tubing force analysis is extended to take into account the tri-dimensional tunnel length extension by considering the chemical reaction between acid and formation rock and the mechanical erosion due to the fluid jet fromnozzle 46 within thetunnel 74. Information provided by sensor(s) 58 is thereby used to model or map thetunnel 74 and other tunnels by generating and displaying a representation of these tunnels within theformation 16. - It is currently preferred that
articulable joints 66 be used between theacid tunneling tool 38, thecaliper 48 and thedata sub 54 components within the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30. The use ofarticulable joints 66 between some or all of these adjacent components will aid disposal of thebottom hole assembly 30 into tunnels that are created by acid tunneling. However, articulable joints are not necessary to operation of the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30 and, depending upon the angle of departure for thedirection 72 of intended tunnel development, may be omitted. - During acid tunneling, acid is flowed from an
acid supply 68 atsurface 14 bypump 70 through the flow bore 22 of the runningstring 20 to thebottom hole assembly 26. Thepump 70 is preferably a variable speed or variable capacity pump. - In the depicted embodiment, the acid tunneling
bottom hole assembly 30 includes a pulsatingtool 76 which is shown located between thecaliper 48 and thedata sub 54. A suitable pulsating tool for use in this application is an EasyReach Extended Reach Tool which is available commercially from Baker Hughes, a GE company, LLC of Houston, Tex. The pulsatingtool 76 uses water hammer effect to create pressure waves within acid that is pumped down to theacid tunneling tool 38 fromsurface 14. - Preferred methods of operation, are illustrated in
FIGS. 1-6 . Referring first toFIGS. 1 and 2 ,whipstock 18 is run into thewellbore 10 and retained at a desired depth or location by settingpacker 20 within thewellbore 10. The landing face 22 of thewhipstock 18 is oriented in a desired azimuthal direction (i.e., east, west, etc.).FIG. 3 shows the steerableacid tunneling arrangement 30 being disposed within thewellbore 10. InFIG. 4 , thewand 42 of theacid tunneling tool 38 contacts thelanding surface 22 of thewhipstock 18 and is deflected so that theend nozzles 46 of thewand 42 are oriented to inject acid into theformation 16 in an initial desiredtunneling direction 72 which is determined by the azimuthal orientation of the landing surface (i.e., toward the east) and the angle of thelanding surface 22 with respect to the vertical. Therefore, thewand 42 and direction of acid tunneling is steered by the initial selection and orientation of thelanding surface 22 of thewhipstock 18. - To begin tunneling, acid is then flowed by the
pump 70 from theacid supply 68 to theacid tunneling tool 38 in order to exit theend nozzle 42, as illustrated inFIG. 4 . As acid is pumped, alateral tunnel 74 begins to form. Injected acid interacts with the rock within theformation 16, creatingtunnel 74 that increases reservoir conductivity. The shape, direction and length of thetunnel 74 depends on tool length and inclination angles, thenozzle 46 properties (shape, number, etc.), the coiled tubing yield radius, and the acid/rock interaction (type of acid and rock, pumping rate, etc.). -
FIG. 5 shows a subsequent time during tunneling wherein the length of thelateral tunnel 74 has advanced. Thewand 42 and then a significant portion of the remainder of the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30 have now entered thelateral tunnel 74. During tunneling, sensor(s) 58 detect inclination of thewand 42 and signals indicative of this are sent to thecontroller 64 atsurface 14.FIG. 6 illustrates a subsequent time wherein acid tunneling has substantially been completed. At this point, the entire acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30 is located within thelateral tunnel 74. Thecaliper 48 can measure the diameter and topological features of thelateral tunnel 74. Theacid tunneling arrangement 30 provides real-time information to thecontroller 64 atsurface 14 regarding the direction oftunnel 74 development as well astunnel 74 diameter and topology features. - In order to form the
lateral tunnel 74, at least some portion of the process of formingtunnel 74 within theformation 16 is preferably controlled based upon information sensed by the sensor(s) 58 relating to the angular and azimuthal orientation of thewand 42. Data sent to thecontroller 64 atsurface 14 is used to control theacid tunneling tool 38. For example, acid flow to theacid tunneling tool 38 may be increased by thepump 70 and/or actuation of the pulsatingtool 76 to increase tunnel length. Alternatively, if thecaliper 48 detects that the diameter of thetunnel 74 being created is too small, then the nature of the acid being used or its flow rate or the location of thewand 42 within thetunnel 74 may be altered to cause thetunnel 74 diameter to be increased. - One method of increasing diameter of the
tunnel 74 is to increase the acid concentration while continuing to create new tunnel length (i.e., acid injection). Only so much acid is used to react against theformation 16 prior to being displaced back toward thewellbore 10. An operator could then displaceformation 16 material at the same pump rate but with a higher acid concentration leaving more acid available to react on thesmaller tunnel 74 and increasing its diameter. - An alternative method of increasing tunnel diameter is illustrated in
FIG. 7 , thenozzle 46 could be pulled back a short distance 78 (say one foot or so) from thedistal end 80 of thetunnel 74 during tunneling so that little or no acid jetting is occurring at thedistal end 80 thereby allowing a greater concentration of acid proximate thenozzle 46 and a lesser concentration near thedistal tunnel end 80 causing thetunnel 74 to be enlarged radially (see 82) proximate thenozzle 46.FIG. 7 depicts the initial position of theacid tunneling tool 38 in phantom lines and the pulled-back position in solid lines. - In order to optimize tunneling processes, most if not all, injected acid should be used to extend the tunnel length. If too much acid is pumped too fast, some of it will not have time to react with the
formation 16 rock at thedistal tunnel end 80 and it will flow back towards themain wellbore 10. There it could uncontrollably enlarge the tunnel and/or create wormholes without knowing how much acid is used to extend the tunnel lengths and how much acid is increasing tunnel diameter. Tunnel length can be optimized by determining and pumping an amount of acid that is sufficient to extend tunnel length without wasting excess acid which would diametrically enlarge thetunnel 74. By using real-time telemetry, software modeling and acaliper 48, the pumped acid volume can be optimized to reduce job cost and logistics. - Directional control and steering for the acid tunneling
bottom hole assembly 30 are primarily achieved by virtue of thewhipstock 18 and itsangled landing surface 22. Once the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30, and primarily thewand 42, become oriented in the desiredtunneling direction 72, acid injection will continue to develop thetunnel 74 in that desireddirection 72. The procedure of simultaneously jetting acid (via nozzle 46) and pushing force upon thebottom hole assembly 30 in the desireddirection 72 extends the length of thelateral tunnel 74 in the desireddirection 72. In contrast to tunneling techniques which have formed curved or arched tunnels, tunnels created using the systems and methods of the present invention tend to be substantially linear or straight rather than curved. - The direction of tunnel creation and the dimensions of the tunnel being created can be monitored in real-time as the
lateral tunnel 74 is developed. As a result, operators atsurface 14 can develop three-dimensional maps or representations which include the shape, direction and topological features oflateral tunnel 74 and other tunnels which are developed using the systems and methods of the present invention. - It should be understood that the invention provides systems for conducting acid tunneling within a wellbore. An exemplary system includes a
whipstock 18 having anangled landing surface 22, thewhipstock 18 being secured within awellbore 10. The system would also include a steerableacid tunneling arrangement 30 which has anacid tunneling tool 38 that is azimuthally oriented within thewellbore 10 by thewhipstock landing surface 22. Theacid tunneling tool 38 has awand 42 which presents anozzle 46 to inject acid in the desiredtunneling direction 72, and thewand 42 is angularly oriented (with respect to vertical) by thelanding surface 22 of thewhipstock 18. Sensor(s) 58 are associated with thewand 42 to detect angular inclination and azimuthal direction of thewand 42 which is indicative of the direction oftunnel 74 development. The sensor(s) 58 provided a signal indicative of the sensed information to thecontroller 64 atsurface 14. In particular embodiments, theacid tunneling tool 38 is included within an acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30 which also includes acaliper 48 which is configured to measure the diameter and/or topology of thetunnel 74. Also in particular embodiments, the acid tunnelingbottom hole assembly 30 includes pulsatingtool 76. The pulsatingtool 76 will temporarily and intermittently restrict flow of acid which is flowing toward theacid tunneling tool 38 to create pressure pulses which could minimize the acid volume further. For pressure peaks developed by the pulsatingtool 76, the acid flow rate, and so that acid volume, can be reduced to obtain essentially the same pressures as with higher acid flow rates used without a pulsating tool. In preferred embodiments, tube wire is used to transmit detected information about tunnel direction and/or diameter and/or topology to acontroller 64 atsurface 14. - Additionally, the invention provides methods for acid tunneling wherein a
whipstock 18 is first secured within awellbore 10, thewhipstock 18 presenting anangled landing surface 22. Thereafter, anacid tunneling arrangement 30 having anacid tunneling tool 38 is run into thewellbore 10. Theacid tunneling tool 38 contacts thewhipstock 18 and thelanding surface 22 azimuthally orients theacid tunneling tool 38. Thelanding surface 22 of thewhipstock 18 also angularly orients awand 42 of theacid tunneling tool 38 with respect to vertical as thewand 42 is lowered further onto thelanding surface 22. Acid is pumped through theacid tunneling tool 38 to inject acid in a desired tunneling direction and form alateral tunnel 74. During tunneling, the angular inclination and azimuthal direction of thewand 42 is detected by one ormore sensors 58. The detected information is transmitted to acontroller 64, and the information is used to steer theacid tunneling tool 38 and/or create a map or representation of thetunnel 74. In some embodiments, the information is used to create a map or representation of thetunnel 74. -
FIG. 8 depicts anexemplary method 84 for conducting acid tunneling within aformation 16 which surrounds awellbore 10. Instep 86, anacid tunneling tool 38 is run into thewellbore 10. In step 88, theacid tunneling tool 38 contacts alanding surface 22 of thewhipstock 18 and is steered or oriented azimuthally and angularly. Acid is injected through thewand 42 of theacid tunneling tool 38 to create atunnel 74 which is developed in a desired tunneling direction 72 (step 90). Instep 92, angular and azimuthal orientation of thewand 42 are detected by sensor(s) 58. Instep 94, tunnel diameter and/or tunnel topology is detected using thecaliper 48. Tunnel diameter can be enlarged instep 96 using techniques described previously. Instep 98, acid pump rate and/or acid concentration are adjusted for maximize tunnel length creation. Instep 100, thelateral tunnel 74 is mapped or modeled by thecontroller 64 by creating a three-dimensional representation of thetunnel 74 within theformation 16.
Claims (14)
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US15/891,905 US20190242241A1 (en) | 2018-02-08 | 2018-02-08 | Steerable Acid Tunneling System |
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CN111577237A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-08-25 | 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 | Water hammer composite fracturing process method for low-permeability oil field |
IT202200020175A1 (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2024-03-30 | Crm Costruzioni Romane Macch S R L | Procedure and equipment for measuring diameters of soil columns treated with jet grouting technology |
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IT202200020175A1 (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2024-03-30 | Crm Costruzioni Romane Macch S R L | Procedure and equipment for measuring diameters of soil columns treated with jet grouting technology |
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