US20190107015A1 - Eccentric gears with reduced bearing span - Google Patents
Eccentric gears with reduced bearing span Download PDFInfo
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- US20190107015A1 US20190107015A1 US16/155,125 US201816155125A US2019107015A1 US 20190107015 A1 US20190107015 A1 US 20190107015A1 US 201816155125 A US201816155125 A US 201816155125A US 2019107015 A1 US2019107015 A1 US 2019107015A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- camshaft
- sprocket
- bearing
- eccentric
- electrically
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/34—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift
- F01L1/344—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift changing the angular relationship between crankshaft and camshaft, e.g. using helicoidal gear
- F01L1/348—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift changing the angular relationship between crankshaft and camshaft, e.g. using helicoidal gear by means acting on timing belts or chains
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/34—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift
- F01L1/344—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift changing the angular relationship between crankshaft and camshaft, e.g. using helicoidal gear
- F01L1/352—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear characterised by the provision of means for changing the timing of the valves without changing the duration of opening and without affecting the magnitude of the valve lift changing the angular relationship between crankshaft and camshaft, e.g. using helicoidal gear using bevel or epicyclic gear
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/02—Valve drive
- F01L1/022—Chain drive
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16H—GEARING
- F16H1/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion
- F16H1/28—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with gears having orbital motion
- F16H1/32—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with gears having orbital motion in which the central axis of the gearing lies inside the periphery of an orbital gear
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2250/00—Camshaft drives characterised by their transmission means
- F01L2250/02—Camshaft drives characterised by their transmission means the camshaft being driven by chains
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2250/00—Camshaft drives characterised by their transmission means
- F01L2250/04—Camshaft drives characterised by their transmission means the camshaft being driven by belts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2303/00—Manufacturing of components used in valve arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L2820/00—Details on specific features characterising valve gear arrangements
- F01L2820/03—Auxiliary actuators
- F01L2820/032—Electric motors
Definitions
- the present application relates to camshaft phasers and, more particularly, to electrically-actuated camshaft phasers that use eccentric gears.
- Internal combustion engines include camshafts that open and close valves regulating the combustion of fuel and air within combustion chambers of the engines. The opening and closing of the valves are carefully timed relative to a variety of events, such as the injection and combustion of fuel into the combustion chamber and the location of the piston relative to top-dead center (TDC).
- TDC top-dead center
- Camshaft(s) are driven by the rotation of the crankshaft via a drive member connecting these elements, such as a belt or chain.
- a fixed relationship existed between the rotation of the crankshaft and the rotation of the camshaft.
- internal combustion engines now use camshaft phasers that vary the phase of camshaft rotation relative to crankshaft rotation.
- camshaft phasers rely on hydraulic fluid to adjust the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft while others are actuated by electric motors that advance or retard the opening/closing of valves relative to crankshaft rotation.
- Camshaft phasers that are actuated by electric motors can use a plurality of gears to vary the angular position of a camshaft relative to a crankshaft.
- Vehicle designers work to create vehicle engines that consume less space while producing the same, if not more, horsepower. Designing vehicle engines having smaller physical dimensions can be furthered by reducing the size of engine components, such as camshaft phasers.
- an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser that adjusts phase between a camshaft and a crankshaft and includes a sprocket, configured to connect to the crankshaft and rotate about a center axis, having a sprocket ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; a camshaft plate, configured to connect to the camshaft and rotate about the center axis, having a camshaft ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; an eccentric shaft that includes a crankshaft eccentric section and a camshaft eccentric section; a sprocket bearing that is received by the sprocket and the crankshaft eccentric section; a camshaft bearing, having a different diameter than the sprocket bearing, that is received by the camshaft eccentric section, wherein at least a portion of the sprocket bearing and the camshaft bearing abut each other; and a compound planetary gear including a
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view depicting an implementation of an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser
- FIG. 2 is an exploded view depicting an implementation of an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser
- FIG. 3 is an exploded view depicting an implementation of an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser
- FIG. 4 a is a view of the eccentricity relationship between a cam ring gear and a sprocket ring gear
- FIG. 4 b is another view of the eccentricity relationship between a cam ring gear and a sprocket ring gear with respect to a sprocket bearing and a camshaft bearing;
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view depicting another implementation of an eccentric shaft used with an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an implementation of a sprocket bearing and a camshaft bearing along with an eccentric shaft.
- An electrically-controlled camshaft phaser includes an eccentric shaft, a compound planetary gear, and a plurality of ring gears that vary the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft.
- a sprocket housing or crankshaft sprocket includes a sprocket ring gear having a plurality of inwardly-facing gear teeth and sprocket teeth that connect to the crankshaft via an endless loop, such as a timing chain.
- a bearing opening in an end of the sprocket receives a sprocket bearing.
- a camshaft bearing having a different diameter than the sprocket bearing, can be positioned axially adjacent to the sprocket bearing such that in some implementations a portion of the camshaft bearing abuts or touches the sprocket bearing and in other implementations they are slightly separated by a bearing spacer.
- An eccentric shaft fits within the inner diameter of both the sprocket bearing and the camshaft bearing when inserted from one side of the camshaft phaser and can include one or more features that constrain the bearings from axial movement.
- a compound planet gear having an inner diameter and an outer diameter can attach to an outer diameter surface of the camshaft bearing.
- a camshaft plate connects to a camshaft and includes a camshaft ring gear having a plurality of inwardly-facing gear teeth.
- the compound planet gear engages the sprocket ring gear and the camshaft ring gear.
- An electric motor is coupled to the eccentric shaft, which rotates the compound planet gear to vary the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft.
- the electrically-controlled camshaft phaser uses bearings having different diameters that are axially close together or abutting so that, during assembly, the phaser bearings and the eccentric shaft are inserted into the camshaft phaser from one side.
- the close or abutting relationship between the phaser bearings can minimize moment loading on the phaser bearings from the eccentric shaft.
- the camshaft bearing and the sprocket bearing prevent excessive tipping of the eccentric shaft.
- the phaser bearings implemented as single row bearings, can transmit the load radially as needed. By single row bearings, this means that the bearings use a single row of ball bearings.
- the eccentric shaft can allow a larger inner diameter that provides additional clearance for a bolt that attaches the camshaft phaser to the camshaft or use of a larger bolt.
- past camshaft phasers use eccentric shafts that receive one phaser bearing on one end of the eccentric shaft and another phaser bearing on an opposite end. These bearings are installed on opposite sides of the eccentric shaft because of a shoulder having a larger diameter than the eccentric shaft located in between the phaser bearings. Assembling such a camshaft phaser involves accessing both sides of the camshaft phaser or at least both sides of the eccentric shaft, which makes assembly more challenging. Also, separating the bearings with the eccentric shaft shoulder can increase the overall axial length of the camshaft phaser as well as the moment loading relative to the camshaft phaser.
- FIGS. 1-2 An embodiment of an electrically-controlled camshaft phaser that is controlled using an electric motor and an eccentric shaft is shown in FIGS. 1-2 .
- the camshaft phaser 10 includes a crankshaft sprocket 12 that connects to a crankshaft and includes a sprocket ring gear 14 and a sprocket bearing 16 .
- the sprocket ring gear 14 includes a set of inwardly-facing gear teeth 18 .
- a camshaft plate 20 attaches to a camshaft and includes a camshaft ring gear 22 comprising a separate set of inwardly-facing gear teeth 24 .
- a compound planetary gear 26 uses two sets of outwardly facing gear teeth that each engage with the camshaft ring gear 22 and the sprocket ring gear 14 .
- An eccentric shaft 28 connects to the crankshaft sprocket 12 or the camshaft plate 20 such that a portion of the eccentric shaft 28 rotates about the axis (x).
- the eccentric shaft 28 also connects to the compound planetary gear 26 along an eccentric axis (e x ).
- the crankshaft sprocket 12 and the camshaft plate 20 each rotate about axis (x).
- a portion of the eccentric shaft 28 is rotationally driven by an electric motor 30 about axis x according to desired phasing such that the compound planetary gear 26 rotates about the eccentric axis e x .
- the eccentric shaft 28 rotates the compound planetary gear 26 relative to the sprocket ring gear 14 and the camshaft ring gear 22 thereby displacing the camshaft plate 20 relative to the crankshaft sprocket 12 to advance the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft.
- the eccentric shaft 28 rotates the compound planetary gear 26 relative to the sprocket ring gear 14 and the camshaft ring gear 22 thereby displacing the camshaft plate 20 relative to the camshaft sprocket 12 to retard the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft.
- the crankshaft sprocket 12 receives rotational drive input from the engine's crankshaft and rotates about the axis x.
- An endless loop power transmission member such as a timing chain or a timing belt, can be looped around the sprocket 12 and around the crankshaft so that rotation of the crankshaft translates into rotation of the sprocket 12 via the member.
- Other techniques for transferring rotation between the sprocket 12 and crankshaft are possible.
- the sprocket 12 has a plurality of sprocket teeth 34 for mating with the timing chain, with the timing belt, or with another component. As shown, the sprocket 12 has a housing 36 spanning axially from the sprocket teeth 34 .
- the housing 36 includes the sprocket ring gear 14 within the housing 36 spaced axially and radially inward from the teeth 34 .
- the sprocket ring gear 14 includes a plurality of inwardly-facing gear teeth 18 and an end plate 38 at least partially closing one end of the sprocket 12 .
- the end plate 38 includes a bearing opening 40 that is roughly the same diameter as the sprocket bearing 16 .
- the sprocket bearing 16 is received by the sprocket 12 in the bearing opening 40 and abuts a bearing shoulder 44 .
- the gear teeth 18 of the sprocket ring gear 14 can be offset axially from the sprocket teeth 34 and the sprocket bearing 16 .
- all of the components of the camshaft phaser 10 are located in the axial space of the housing 36 .
- the eccentric shaft 28 includes a crankshaft portion 52 and a camshaft portion 54 one of which is eccentric to the other.
- the crankshaft portion 52 and the camshaft portion 54 are not separated by a shoulder having an outer diameter larger than either the crankshaft portion 52 or the camshaft portion 54 that would separate the phaser bearings. Instead, the crankshaft portion 52 and the camshaft portion 54 are each sized to permit the phaser bearings to both slide over the eccentric shaft 28 from one end and, in some implementations, abut each other when the camshaft phaser 10 is assembled.
- the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 can both be inserted into the sprocket 12 and the eccentric shaft 28 can then be inserted into the inner diameters of both bearings at the same time from one side of the eccentric phaser 10 .
- the crankshaft portion 52 can be substantially annular having an outside surface that closely conforms to an inner diameter of the sprocket bearing 16 .
- the camshaft portion 54 can be eccentric relative to the crankshaft portion 52 .
- An outer surface of the camshaft portion 54 may be smaller in diameter relative to a camshaft bearing 64 and includes a recess 69 (shown in FIG. 5 ) for receiving a planetary biasing member 68 .
- the camshaft bearing 64 can have a larger inner and outer diameter than the sprocket bearing 16 .
- the increased diameter size of the camshaft bearing 64 can permit insertion of the eccentric shaft 28 even after the sprocket bearing 16 has been inserted into the bearing opening 40 and the sprocket bearing 16 has been placed into the sprocket 12 .
- the planetary biasing member 68 can help forcibly engage the compound planetary gear 26 with the sprocket ring gear 14 and the camshaft ring gear 22 .
- One end of the planetary biasing member 68 can engage the eccentric shaft 28 at the recess 69 and another end of the member 68 can direct force radially outwardly and toward an internal surface 70 of the camshaft bearing 64 .
- the recess 69 is located on the outer surface of the camshaft portion 54 and includes a reduced diameter section that can prevent movement of the planetary biasing member 68 .
- the compound planetary gear 26 includes a sprocket planetary gear 72 and a camshaft planetary gear 74 .
- the sprocket planetary gear 72 and the camshaft planetary gear 74 include a set of outwardly-facing sprocket planetary gear teeth 76 that engage with the sprocket ring gear 14 and a set of outwardly-facing camshaft planetary gear teeth 78 that engage with the camshaft ring gear 22 , respectively.
- the number of gear teeth 76 used by the sprocket planetary gear 72 is different than the number of gear teeth 18 used by the sprocket ring gear 14 by more than one.
- the camshaft ring gear 22 includes one or more additional gear teeth 24 relative to number of gear teeth 78 on the camshaft planetary gear 74 . In one implementation, the number of gear teeth differ by two.
- the camshaft plate 20 is configured to be attached to the camshaft and includes the camshaft ring gear 22 .
- a camshaft plate end 80 substantially closes one end of the camshaft plate 20 and includes a bolt aperture 82 through which a retention bolt 84 passes and couples the camshaft to the camshaft plate 20 . While in this embodiment a single retention bolt 84 is shown, other implementations could use a plurality of retention bolts.
- the camshaft plate 20 includes an outer surface 86 that abuts the inwardly-facing surface 48 of the sprocket 12 so that the outer surface 86 of the camshaft plate 20 is radially-inward from the inwardly-facing surface 48 of the sprocket 12 .
- the sprocket 12 includes a feature 17 that is formed after the sprocket bearing 16 has been inserted into the bearing opening 40 .
- the feature 17 prevents the axial movement of the sprocket bearing 16 .
- the feature 17 can be created from the sprocket 12 shown in FIGS. 1-2 after the sprocket bearing 16 has been inserted into the bearing opening 40 .
- a portion of the bearing opening 40 can be roller formed in a radially-inwardly direction to create a diameter-reduced portion that secures the sprocket bearing 16 against the bearing shoulder 44 .
- the camshaft bearing 64 After the camshaft bearing 64 is installed in the camshaft phaser 10 , it can be axially separated from the sprocket bearing 16 to allow space for feature 17 .
- the sprocket bearing 64 may be separated from the camshaft bearing 64 by as much as 1.0 mm.
- the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 have different diameters, one larger than the other, as discussed above.
- the camshaft bearing 64 is larger in diameter than the sprocket bearing 16 by at least two times the eccentricity of the eccentric shaft 28 .
- this relates to the relationship between the camshaft ring gear 22 having radius r c and the sprocket ring gear 14 having radius r s as well as the sprocket planetary gear 72 having radius r p1 and the camshaft planetary gear 74 having radius r p2 .
- a first line 402 is drawn through the center (C p1 ) of the camshaft planetary gear 74 and the center (C p2 ) of the crankshaft planetary gear 72 .
- a second line 404 is drawn through the center (C c ) of the camshaft ring gear 22 and the center (C s ) of the crankshaft ring gear 14 .
- the eccentricity (e) of the sprocket ring gear 14 relative to the crankshaft ring gear 22 is indicated by the distance between the first line 402 and the second line 404 .
- e represents the difference between r p2 and r c as well as the difference between r p1 and r s .
- the diameter of the camshaft bearing 64 is sized relative to the diameter of the camshaft bearing 16 by a value of 2e or greater. This relationship can be appreciated from FIG. 4 b in which the sprocket bearing 16 rotates about a central axis (x) while the camshaft bearing 64 rotates about an eccentric axis (e x ).
- a compact design can be realized when a positive gear ratio exists between the sprocket gear 14 having radius r s and the camshaft gear 22 having radius r c .
- a positive gear ratio occurs when r s is larger than r c .
- Such a relationship facilitates fitting the camshaft plate 20 radially inward from the sprocket 12 thereby reducing the overall axial length of the camshaft phaser 10 .
- the gear ratios (gr) and eccentricity (e) can be determined for the case of identical gear module among all the gears by using the following formulas, wherein Ns represents the number of gear teeth on the sprocket ring gear 14 , N C represent the number of gear teeth on the camshaft ring gear 22 , N p1 represents the number of gear teeth on the sprocket planetary gear 72 , and N p2 represents the number of gear teeth on the camshaft planetary gear 74 :
- the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 are rolling element bearings and can be implemented in a variety of ways.
- the bearings could be single-row ball bearings or needle bearings.
- the bearings could be crossed-roller bearings or four-point contact bearings to provide increased moment carrying capacity over the single-row bearings.
- the sprocket bearing 16 , the camshaft bearing 64 , or both to have an inner race and outer race of different widths.
- the inner races of the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 can be slightly larger than the outer races of the bearings. The varied widths of the inner race and the outer race can help ensure that the races and/or cages do not interfere with one another. This will be discussed below in more detail.
- the sprocket 12 When the camshaft phaser 10 is assembled, the sprocket 12 can be articulated so that the end plate 38 is facing downward before assembly begins and remains in this position until after assembly is complete. In the downward position, the sprocket bearing 16 can be inserted, from a side 42 of the sprocket 12 that is open during assembly, into the bearing opening 40 until it abuts the bearing shoulder 44 and is prevented from further downward axial movement. The camshaft bearing 64 can then be placed on top of and axially adjacent to the sprocket bearing 16 .
- the eccentric shaft 28 can then be inserted into the inner diameter of the sprocket bearing 16 an axial distance that can be defined by a side of the camshaft portion 54 that is eccentric to the crankshaft portion 52 and abuts the sprocket bearing 16 .
- a shoulder 29 included on one end of the eccentric shaft 28 can axially constrain the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 after insertion along an inner diameter of the camshaft bearing 64 .
- the compound planetary gear 28 can then be fit over the outside diameter of the camshaft bearing 64 .
- the compound planetary gear 26 includes an inner diameter having a shoulder 46 that axially constrains the camshaft bearing 64 along the outer diameter of the bearing 64 .
- the planetary biasing member 68 can be compressed and inserted between the camshaft bearing 64 and the camshaft portion 54 of the eccentric shaft 28 .
- the camshaft plate 20 is fit in close proximity to the compound planetary gear 26 so that the gear teeth 24 of the camshaft ring gear 22 contact the camshaft planetary gear 74 and are located radially outwardly from gear 74 .
- the sprocket bearing 16 , the eccentric shaft 28 , the planet bearing 64 , the compound planetary gear 26 , and the camshaft plate 20 can be located within the sprocket housing 36 .
- a cam ring 90 can be forcibly fit into a radial groove in the sprocket 12 to axially constrain the elements of the camshaft phaser 10 within the sprocket housing 36 .
- FIG. 5 another implementation of the eccentric shaft 28 is shown that includes an integral bearing spacer 31 that prevents the sprocket bearing 16 from abutting the camshaft bearing 64 .
- the bearing spacer 31 extends in an axial direction (x) away from the camshaft eccentric portion 54 .
- the bearing spacer 31 can extend from the camshaft eccentric portion 54 as much as 1.0 mm.
- the integral bearing spacer 31 can be a solid uninterrupted element that extends the entire side of the eccentric portion 54 or it could be segmented such that one or more protuberances extend from the side of the eccentric portion 54 .
- the bearing spacer 31 does not extend radially outwardly from the eccentric shaft 28 beyond the surface of the camshaft eccentric portion 54 .
- the bearing spacer 31 maintains space between the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 thereby minimizing the possibility of interference between the bearing races.
- the bearing spacer 31 shown in FIG. 5 as an integral part of the eccentric shaft 28 , it should be understood that other implementations of bearing spacers are possible. For example, it is possible to create space between the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 using a separate element, such as a washer, that is inserted between the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 .
- the bearing spacer between the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 can be implemented in other ways as well.
- FIG. 6 another implementation of a bearing spacer 31 ′ is shown.
- an inner race 92 of the camshaft bearing 16 can be wider than the outer race 94 of the camshaft bearing 16 .
- the difference in width between the inner race and the outer race of the camshaft bearing can create a gap between the sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 .
- the inner race 92 has a width (W i ) and the outer race 94 has an outer race 94 (W o ) such that W i is greater than W 0 .
- the inner race 92 can abut or contact a side of the eccentric shaft 28 thereby creating an axial space along axis x equal to W i ⁇ W o .
- the embodiment shown includes a sprocket bearing 16 received by the sprocket 12 and a camshaft bearing 64 received by a planetary gear 26 .
- a sprocket bearing 16 received by a planetary gear 26 and a camshaft bearing 64 received by a camshaft plate 20 could also be realized with a sprocket bearing 16 received by a planetary gear 26 and a camshaft bearing 64 received by a camshaft plate 20 .
- the terms “e.g.,” “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” and “like,” and the verbs “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and their other verb forms, when used in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or other items, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that the listing is not to be considered as excluding other, additional components or items.
- Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonable meaning unless they are used in a context that requires a different interpretation.
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Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 62/570,254 filed on Oct. 10, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- The present application relates to camshaft phasers and, more particularly, to electrically-actuated camshaft phasers that use eccentric gears.
- Internal combustion engines include camshafts that open and close valves regulating the combustion of fuel and air within combustion chambers of the engines. The opening and closing of the valves are carefully timed relative to a variety of events, such as the injection and combustion of fuel into the combustion chamber and the location of the piston relative to top-dead center (TDC). Camshaft(s) are driven by the rotation of the crankshaft via a drive member connecting these elements, such as a belt or chain. In the past, a fixed relationship existed between the rotation of the crankshaft and the rotation of the camshaft. Increasingly, internal combustion engines now use camshaft phasers that vary the phase of camshaft rotation relative to crankshaft rotation.
- A variety of different camshaft phaser designs exist. Some camshaft phasers rely on hydraulic fluid to adjust the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft while others are actuated by electric motors that advance or retard the opening/closing of valves relative to crankshaft rotation. Camshaft phasers that are actuated by electric motors can use a plurality of gears to vary the angular position of a camshaft relative to a crankshaft. Vehicle designers work to create vehicle engines that consume less space while producing the same, if not more, horsepower. Designing vehicle engines having smaller physical dimensions can be furthered by reducing the size of engine components, such as camshaft phasers.
- In one embodiment, an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser that adjusts phase between a camshaft and a crankshaft and includes a sprocket, configured to connect to the crankshaft and rotate about a center axis, having a sprocket ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; a camshaft plate, configured to connect to the camshaft and rotate about the center axis, having a camshaft ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; an eccentric shaft that includes a crankshaft eccentric section and a camshaft eccentric section; a sprocket bearing that is received by the sprocket and the crankshaft eccentric section; a camshaft bearing, having a different diameter than the sprocket bearing, that is received by the camshaft eccentric section, wherein at least a portion of the sprocket bearing and the camshaft bearing abut each other; and a compound planetary gear including a sprocket planetary gear engaging the sprocket ring gear and a camshaft planetary gear engaging the camshaft ring gear.
- In another embodiment, an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser that adjusts phase between a camshaft and a crankshaft includes a sprocket, configured to connect to the crankshaft and rotate about a center axis, having a sprocket ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; a sprocket bearing that is received via an axial side of the sprocket and abuts the sprocket ring gear; a camshaft bearing, having a different diameter than the sprocket bearing, that is received via the axial side; a camshaft plate, including a camshaft ring gear axially spaced from the sprocket ring gear, configured to rotationally couple with the camshaft and rotate about the center axis, includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; an eccentric shaft including a crankshaft eccentric section that is engaged with an inner diameter of the sprocket bearing and a camshaft eccentric section that is engaged with an inner diameter of the camshaft bearing, wherein the eccentric shaft is adapted for insertion into the camshaft phaser via the axial side of the sprocket passing through the inner diameter of the sprocket bearing and the inner diameter of the camshaft bearing; and a compound planetary gear including a sprocket planetary gear engaging the sprocket ring gear and a camshaft planetary gear engaging the camshaft ring gear.
- In yet another embodiment, an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser that adjusts phase between a camshaft and a crankshaft includes a sprocket, configured to connect to the crankshaft and rotate about a center axis (x), having a sprocket ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; a camshaft plate, configured to connect to the camshaft and rotate about the center axis (x), having a camshaft ring gear that includes a plurality of radially-inwardly facing gear teeth; a sprocket bearing that is received by the sprocket; a camshaft bearing, having a different diameter than the sprocket bearing, received by the camshaft plate; a compound planetary gear including a sprocket planetary gear engaging the sprocket ring gear and a camshaft planetary gear engaging the camshaft ring gear; and an eccentric shaft that includes a crankshaft eccentric portion engaging the sprocket bearing, a camshaft eccentric portion engaging the camshaft bearing, and a bearing spacer, wherein the bearing spacer does not extend radially-outwardly beyond the camshaft eccentric portion.
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view depicting an implementation of an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser; -
FIG. 2 is an exploded view depicting an implementation of an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser; -
FIG. 3 is an exploded view depicting an implementation of an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser; -
FIG. 4a is a view of the eccentricity relationship between a cam ring gear and a sprocket ring gear; -
FIG. 4b is another view of the eccentricity relationship between a cam ring gear and a sprocket ring gear with respect to a sprocket bearing and a camshaft bearing; -
FIG. 5 is a perspective view depicting another implementation of an eccentric shaft used with an electrically-controlled eccentric camshaft phaser; and -
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an implementation of a sprocket bearing and a camshaft bearing along with an eccentric shaft. - An electrically-controlled camshaft phaser includes an eccentric shaft, a compound planetary gear, and a plurality of ring gears that vary the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. A sprocket housing or crankshaft sprocket includes a sprocket ring gear having a plurality of inwardly-facing gear teeth and sprocket teeth that connect to the crankshaft via an endless loop, such as a timing chain. A bearing opening in an end of the sprocket receives a sprocket bearing. A camshaft bearing, having a different diameter than the sprocket bearing, can be positioned axially adjacent to the sprocket bearing such that in some implementations a portion of the camshaft bearing abuts or touches the sprocket bearing and in other implementations they are slightly separated by a bearing spacer. An eccentric shaft fits within the inner diameter of both the sprocket bearing and the camshaft bearing when inserted from one side of the camshaft phaser and can include one or more features that constrain the bearings from axial movement. A compound planet gear having an inner diameter and an outer diameter can attach to an outer diameter surface of the camshaft bearing. A camshaft plate connects to a camshaft and includes a camshaft ring gear having a plurality of inwardly-facing gear teeth. The compound planet gear engages the sprocket ring gear and the camshaft ring gear. An electric motor is coupled to the eccentric shaft, which rotates the compound planet gear to vary the angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft.
- The electrically-controlled camshaft phaser uses bearings having different diameters that are axially close together or abutting so that, during assembly, the phaser bearings and the eccentric shaft are inserted into the camshaft phaser from one side. The close or abutting relationship between the phaser bearings can minimize moment loading on the phaser bearings from the eccentric shaft. When the gears of the eccentric camshaft phaser are loaded, the camshaft bearing and the sprocket bearing prevent excessive tipping of the eccentric shaft. The phaser bearings, implemented as single row bearings, can transmit the load radially as needed. By single row bearings, this means that the bearings use a single row of ball bearings. Further, the eccentric shaft can allow a larger inner diameter that provides additional clearance for a bolt that attaches the camshaft phaser to the camshaft or use of a larger bolt. In contrast, past camshaft phasers use eccentric shafts that receive one phaser bearing on one end of the eccentric shaft and another phaser bearing on an opposite end. These bearings are installed on opposite sides of the eccentric shaft because of a shoulder having a larger diameter than the eccentric shaft located in between the phaser bearings. Assembling such a camshaft phaser involves accessing both sides of the camshaft phaser or at least both sides of the eccentric shaft, which makes assembly more challenging. Also, separating the bearings with the eccentric shaft shoulder can increase the overall axial length of the camshaft phaser as well as the moment loading relative to the camshaft phaser.
- An embodiment of an electrically-controlled camshaft phaser that is controlled using an electric motor and an eccentric shaft is shown in
FIGS. 1-2 . Thecamshaft phaser 10 includes acrankshaft sprocket 12 that connects to a crankshaft and includes asprocket ring gear 14 and a sprocket bearing 16. Thesprocket ring gear 14 includes a set of inwardly-facinggear teeth 18. Acamshaft plate 20 attaches to a camshaft and includes acamshaft ring gear 22 comprising a separate set of inwardly-facinggear teeth 24. A compoundplanetary gear 26 uses two sets of outwardly facing gear teeth that each engage with thecamshaft ring gear 22 and thesprocket ring gear 14. Aneccentric shaft 28 connects to thecrankshaft sprocket 12 or thecamshaft plate 20 such that a portion of theeccentric shaft 28 rotates about the axis (x). Theeccentric shaft 28 also connects to the compoundplanetary gear 26 along an eccentric axis (ex). The crankshaft sprocket 12 and thecamshaft plate 20 each rotate about axis (x). A portion of theeccentric shaft 28 is rotationally driven by anelectric motor 30 about axis x according to desired phasing such that the compoundplanetary gear 26 rotates about the eccentric axis ex. - Operating the
electric motor 30 so that anoutput shaft 32 rotates theeccentric shaft 28 at the same speed as thecrankshaft sprocket 12 maintains an existing angular position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. Changing the rate at which theoutput shaft 32 rotates relative to the rate at which thecrankshaft sprocket 12 rotates changes the angular position (also called “phase”) of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. For example, when theoutput shaft 32 rotates faster than the crankshaft sprocket 12, theeccentric shaft 28 rotates the compoundplanetary gear 26 relative to thesprocket ring gear 14 and thecamshaft ring gear 22 thereby displacing thecamshaft plate 20 relative to thecrankshaft sprocket 12 to advance the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. And when theoutput shaft 32 rotates slower than the crankshaft, theeccentric shaft 28 rotates the compoundplanetary gear 26 relative to thesprocket ring gear 14 and thecamshaft ring gear 22 thereby displacing thecamshaft plate 20 relative to thecamshaft sprocket 12 to retard the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. - The
crankshaft sprocket 12 receives rotational drive input from the engine's crankshaft and rotates about the axis x. An endless loop power transmission member, such as a timing chain or a timing belt, can be looped around thesprocket 12 and around the crankshaft so that rotation of the crankshaft translates into rotation of thesprocket 12 via the member. Other techniques for transferring rotation between thesprocket 12 and crankshaft are possible. Along an outer surface, thesprocket 12 has a plurality ofsprocket teeth 34 for mating with the timing chain, with the timing belt, or with another component. As shown, thesprocket 12 has ahousing 36 spanning axially from thesprocket teeth 34. Thehousing 36 includes thesprocket ring gear 14 within thehousing 36 spaced axially and radially inward from theteeth 34. Thesprocket ring gear 14 includes a plurality of inwardly-facinggear teeth 18 and anend plate 38 at least partially closing one end of thesprocket 12. Theend plate 38 includes a bearing opening 40 that is roughly the same diameter as thesprocket bearing 16. Thesprocket bearing 16 is received by thesprocket 12 in thebearing opening 40 and abuts a bearingshoulder 44. Thegear teeth 18 of thesprocket ring gear 14 can be offset axially from thesprocket teeth 34 and thesprocket bearing 16. In one implementation, all of the components of thecamshaft phaser 10 are located in the axial space of thehousing 36. - The
eccentric shaft 28 includes acrankshaft portion 52 and acamshaft portion 54 one of which is eccentric to the other. Thecrankshaft portion 52 and thecamshaft portion 54 are not separated by a shoulder having an outer diameter larger than either thecrankshaft portion 52 or thecamshaft portion 54 that would separate the phaser bearings. Instead, thecrankshaft portion 52 and thecamshaft portion 54 are each sized to permit the phaser bearings to both slide over theeccentric shaft 28 from one end and, in some implementations, abut each other when thecamshaft phaser 10 is assembled. Put differently, thesprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 can both be inserted into thesprocket 12 and theeccentric shaft 28 can then be inserted into the inner diameters of both bearings at the same time from one side of theeccentric phaser 10. - The
crankshaft portion 52 can be substantially annular having an outside surface that closely conforms to an inner diameter of thesprocket bearing 16. Thecamshaft portion 54 can be eccentric relative to thecrankshaft portion 52. An outer surface of thecamshaft portion 54 may be smaller in diameter relative to acamshaft bearing 64 and includes a recess 69 (shown inFIG. 5 ) for receiving aplanetary biasing member 68. Thecamshaft bearing 64 can have a larger inner and outer diameter than thesprocket bearing 16. The increased diameter size of the camshaft bearing 64 can permit insertion of theeccentric shaft 28 even after the sprocket bearing 16 has been inserted into thebearing opening 40 and the sprocket bearing 16 has been placed into thesprocket 12. Theplanetary biasing member 68 can help forcibly engage the compoundplanetary gear 26 with thesprocket ring gear 14 and thecamshaft ring gear 22. One end of the planetary biasingmember 68 can engage theeccentric shaft 28 at therecess 69 and another end of themember 68 can direct force radially outwardly and toward aninternal surface 70 of thecamshaft bearing 64. Therecess 69 is located on the outer surface of thecamshaft portion 54 and includes a reduced diameter section that can prevent movement of the planetary biasingmember 68. - The compound
planetary gear 26 includes a sprocketplanetary gear 72 and a camshaftplanetary gear 74. The sprocketplanetary gear 72 and the camshaftplanetary gear 74 include a set of outwardly-facing sprocketplanetary gear teeth 76 that engage with thesprocket ring gear 14 and a set of outwardly-facing camshaftplanetary gear teeth 78 that engage with thecamshaft ring gear 22, respectively. The number ofgear teeth 76 used by the sprocketplanetary gear 72 is different than the number ofgear teeth 18 used by thesprocket ring gear 14 by more than one. And thecamshaft ring gear 22 includes one or moreadditional gear teeth 24 relative to number ofgear teeth 78 on the camshaftplanetary gear 74. In one implementation, the number of gear teeth differ by two. - The
camshaft plate 20 is configured to be attached to the camshaft and includes thecamshaft ring gear 22. Acamshaft plate end 80 substantially closes one end of thecamshaft plate 20 and includes abolt aperture 82 through which aretention bolt 84 passes and couples the camshaft to thecamshaft plate 20. While in this embodiment asingle retention bolt 84 is shown, other implementations could use a plurality of retention bolts. In addition, thecamshaft plate 20 includes anouter surface 86 that abuts the inwardly-facingsurface 48 of thesprocket 12 so that theouter surface 86 of thecamshaft plate 20 is radially-inward from the inwardly-facingsurface 48 of thesprocket 12. - Another implementation of the
camshaft phaser 10 is shown inFIG. 3 . In this implementation, thesprocket 12 includes afeature 17 that is formed after the sprocket bearing 16 has been inserted into thebearing opening 40. Thefeature 17 then prevents the axial movement of thesprocket bearing 16. Thefeature 17 can be created from thesprocket 12 shown inFIGS. 1-2 after the sprocket bearing 16 has been inserted into thebearing opening 40. A portion of the bearing opening 40 can be roller formed in a radially-inwardly direction to create a diameter-reduced portion that secures the sprocket bearing 16 against the bearingshoulder 44. After the camshaft bearing 64 is installed in thecamshaft phaser 10, it can be axially separated from the sprocket bearing 16 to allow space forfeature 17. Thesprocket bearing 64 may be separated from the camshaft bearing 64 by as much as 1.0 mm. - Turning to
FIGS. 4a-4b , thesprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 have different diameters, one larger than the other, as discussed above. And in one implementation, the camshaft bearing 64 is larger in diameter than the sprocket bearing 16 by at least two times the eccentricity of theeccentric shaft 28. As shown inFIG. 4a , this relates to the relationship between thecamshaft ring gear 22 having radius rc and thesprocket ring gear 14 having radius rs as well as the sprocketplanetary gear 72 having radius rp1 and the camshaftplanetary gear 74 having radius rp2. The diameters of thecamshaft ring gear 22 and thesprocket ring gear 14 as well as the camshaftplanetary gear 74 and the sprocketplanetary gear 72 are shown. A first line 402 is drawn through the center (Cp1) of the camshaftplanetary gear 74 and the center (Cp2) of the crankshaftplanetary gear 72. Asecond line 404 is drawn through the center (Cc) of thecamshaft ring gear 22 and the center (Cs) of thecrankshaft ring gear 14. The eccentricity (e) of thesprocket ring gear 14 relative to thecrankshaft ring gear 22 is indicated by the distance between the first line 402 and thesecond line 404. Given that first line 402 and thesecond line 404 are parallel, e represents the difference between rp2 and rc as well as the difference between rp1 and rs. These differences of radial dimensions result in 2e, a diameter constraint. The diameter of the camshaft bearing 64 is sized relative to the diameter of the camshaft bearing 16 by a value of 2e or greater. This relationship can be appreciated fromFIG. 4b in which the sprocket bearing 16 rotates about a central axis (x) while the camshaft bearing 64 rotates about an eccentric axis (ex). - A compact design can be realized when a positive gear ratio exists between the
sprocket gear 14 having radius rs and thecamshaft gear 22 having radius rc. A positive gear ratio occurs when rs is larger than rc. Such a relationship facilitates fitting thecamshaft plate 20 radially inward from thesprocket 12 thereby reducing the overall axial length of thecamshaft phaser 10. The gear ratios (gr) and eccentricity (e) can be determined for the case of identical gear module among all the gears by using the following formulas, wherein Ns represents the number of gear teeth on thesprocket ring gear 14, NC represent the number of gear teeth on thecamshaft ring gear 22, Np1 represents the number of gear teeth on the sprocketplanetary gear 72, and Np2 represents the number of gear teeth on the camshaft planetary gear 74: -
- The
sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 are rolling element bearings and can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the bearings could be single-row ball bearings or needle bearings. Or the bearings could be crossed-roller bearings or four-point contact bearings to provide increased moment carrying capacity over the single-row bearings. And it is possible for the sprocket bearing 16, the camshaft bearing 64, or both to have an inner race and outer race of different widths. For example, the inner races of thesprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 can be slightly larger than the outer races of the bearings. The varied widths of the inner race and the outer race can help ensure that the races and/or cages do not interfere with one another. This will be discussed below in more detail. - When the
camshaft phaser 10 is assembled, thesprocket 12 can be articulated so that theend plate 38 is facing downward before assembly begins and remains in this position until after assembly is complete. In the downward position, the sprocket bearing 16 can be inserted, from aside 42 of thesprocket 12 that is open during assembly, into the bearing opening 40 until it abuts the bearingshoulder 44 and is prevented from further downward axial movement. Thecamshaft bearing 64 can then be placed on top of and axially adjacent to thesprocket bearing 16. Theeccentric shaft 28 can then be inserted into the inner diameter of the sprocket bearing 16 an axial distance that can be defined by a side of thecamshaft portion 54 that is eccentric to thecrankshaft portion 52 and abuts thesprocket bearing 16. Ashoulder 29 included on one end of theeccentric shaft 28 can axially constrain thesprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 after insertion along an inner diameter of thecamshaft bearing 64. The compoundplanetary gear 28 can then be fit over the outside diameter of thecamshaft bearing 64. In this implementation, the compoundplanetary gear 26 includes an inner diameter having ashoulder 46 that axially constrains the camshaft bearing 64 along the outer diameter of thebearing 64. Theplanetary biasing member 68 can be compressed and inserted between thecamshaft bearing 64 and thecamshaft portion 54 of theeccentric shaft 28. Thecamshaft plate 20 is fit in close proximity to the compoundplanetary gear 26 so that thegear teeth 24 of thecamshaft ring gear 22 contact the camshaftplanetary gear 74 and are located radially outwardly fromgear 74. Thesprocket bearing 16, theeccentric shaft 28, the planet bearing 64, the compoundplanetary gear 26, and thecamshaft plate 20 can be located within thesprocket housing 36. Acam ring 90 can be forcibly fit into a radial groove in thesprocket 12 to axially constrain the elements of thecamshaft phaser 10 within thesprocket housing 36. - Turning to
FIG. 5 , another implementation of theeccentric shaft 28 is shown that includes anintegral bearing spacer 31 that prevents the sprocket bearing 16 from abutting thecamshaft bearing 64. In this implementation, the bearingspacer 31 extends in an axial direction (x) away from the camshafteccentric portion 54. In some implementations, the bearingspacer 31 can extend from the camshafteccentric portion 54 as much as 1.0 mm. Theintegral bearing spacer 31 can be a solid uninterrupted element that extends the entire side of theeccentric portion 54 or it could be segmented such that one or more protuberances extend from the side of theeccentric portion 54. And it should be appreciated that the bearingspacer 31 does not extend radially outwardly from theeccentric shaft 28 beyond the surface of the camshafteccentric portion 54. The bearingspacer 31 maintains space between thesprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 thereby minimizing the possibility of interference between the bearing races. While the bearingspacer 31 shown inFIG. 5 as an integral part of theeccentric shaft 28, it should be understood that other implementations of bearing spacers are possible. For example, it is possible to create space between thesprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 using a separate element, such as a washer, that is inserted between thesprocket bearing 16 and thecamshaft bearing 64. - The bearing spacer between the
sprocket bearing 16 and the camshaft bearing 64 can be implemented in other ways as well. Turning toFIG. 6 , another implementation of a bearingspacer 31′ is shown. There, aninner race 92 of the camshaft bearing 16 can be wider than theouter race 94 of thecamshaft bearing 16. The difference in width between the inner race and the outer race of the camshaft bearing can create a gap between thesprocket bearing 16 and thecamshaft bearing 64. In this implementation, theinner race 92 has a width (Wi) and theouter race 94 has an outer race 94 (Wo) such that Wi is greater than W0. Theinner race 92 can abut or contact a side of theeccentric shaft 28 thereby creating an axial space along axis x equal to Wi−Wo. The embodiment shown includes a sprocket bearing 16 received by thesprocket 12 and a camshaft bearing 64 received by aplanetary gear 26. However, it should be appreciated that other implementations could also be realized with a sprocket bearing 16 received by aplanetary gear 26 and a camshaft bearing 64 received by acamshaft plate 20. - It is to be understood that the foregoing is a description of one or more embodiments of the invention. The invention is not limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed herein, but rather is defined solely by the claims below. Furthermore, the statements contained in the foregoing description relate to particular embodiments and are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or on the definition of terms used in the claims, except where a term or phrase is expressly defined above. Various other embodiments and various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments) will become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such other embodiments, changes, and modifications are intended to come within the scope of the appended claims.
- As used in this specification and claims, the terms “e.g.,” “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” and “like,” and the verbs “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and their other verb forms, when used in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or other items, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that the listing is not to be considered as excluding other, additional components or items. Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonable meaning unless they are used in a context that requires a different interpretation.
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US16/155,125 US10648375B2 (en) | 2017-10-10 | 2018-10-09 | Eccentric gears with reduced bearing span |
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US201762570254P | 2017-10-10 | 2017-10-10 | |
US16/155,125 US10648375B2 (en) | 2017-10-10 | 2018-10-09 | Eccentric gears with reduced bearing span |
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US20190107015A1 true US20190107015A1 (en) | 2019-04-11 |
US10648375B2 US10648375B2 (en) | 2020-05-12 |
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KR102234524B1 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2021-04-01 | 경창산업주식회사 | Actuator for SBW |
CN112943402A (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2021-06-11 | 杰锋汽车动力系统股份有限公司 | Variable valve timing electric phase modulation transmission device |
CN112943403A (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2021-06-11 | 杰锋汽车动力系统股份有限公司 | Variable valve timing electric phase modulation transmission device |
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Also Published As
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CN109653828B (en) | 2022-02-22 |
CN109653828A (en) | 2019-04-19 |
DE102018124882A1 (en) | 2019-04-11 |
US10648375B2 (en) | 2020-05-12 |
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