US20190049621A1 - Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment - Google Patents

Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment Download PDF

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Publication number
US20190049621A1
US20190049621A1 US16/162,824 US201816162824A US2019049621A1 US 20190049621 A1 US20190049621 A1 US 20190049621A1 US 201816162824 A US201816162824 A US 201816162824A US 2019049621 A1 US2019049621 A1 US 2019049621A1
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Prior art keywords
tool
casing
detectors
detector
borehole
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Abandoned
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US16/162,824
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English (en)
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Philip Teague
Alex Stewart
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Visuray Intech Ltd
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Individual
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Priority to US16/162,824 priority Critical patent/US20190049621A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2018/056230 priority patent/WO2019079407A1/fr
Priority to CA3078646A priority patent/CA3078646C/fr
Priority to AU2018352730A priority patent/AU2018352730B2/en
Publication of US20190049621A1 publication Critical patent/US20190049621A1/en
Assigned to VISURAY INTECH LTD (BVI) reassignment VISURAY INTECH LTD (BVI) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STEWART, ALEX, TEAGUE, PHILIP
Priority to US17/383,058 priority patent/US20210349235A1/en
Priority to US18/109,940 priority patent/US20230194748A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
    • G01V5/12—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using gamma or X-ray sources
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/005—Monitoring or checking of cementation quality or level
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
    • G01V5/10—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
    • G01V5/104—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources and detecting secondary Y-rays as well as reflected or back-scattered neutrons

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to methods and means for detecting anomalies in annular materials, and in a particular though non-limiting embodiment to methods and means for detecting anomalies in the annular materials of single and dual casing string environments and measuring the integrity of the casing immediately surrounding the tool.
  • Prior art teaches a variety of techniques that use x-rays or other radiant energy to inspect or obtain information about the structures within or surrounding the borehole of a water, oil or gas well, yet none teach methods or means capable of accurately analyzing the azimuthal and radial position of anomalies in the annular materials surrounding a wellbore in single or multi-string cased well environments.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,675,029 to Teague et al. teaches an apparatus that permits the measurement of x-ray backscattered photons from any horizontal surface inside of a borehole that refers to two-dimensional imaging techniques.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,481,919 to Teague teaches a method of producing Compton-spectrum radiation in a borehole without the use of radioactive isotopes, and further describes rotating collimators around a fixed source installed internally to the apparatus, but does not have solid-state detectors with collimators. It teaches of the use of conical and radially symmetrical anode arrangements to permit the production of panoramic x-ray radiation.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,634,059 to Wraight discloses an apparatus used to measure two-dimensional x-ray images of the inner surface inside of a borehole without the technical possibility to look inside of the borehole in a radial direction.
  • US 2013/0009049 by Smaardyk discloses an apparatus that allows measurement of backscattered x-rays from the inner layers of a borehole.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,471 to Shedlock discloses a scanning-beam apparatus based on an x-ray source, a rotatable x-ray beam collimator and solid-state radiation detectors enabling the imaging of only the inner surfaces of borehole casings and pipelines.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,970 to Bayless discloses a concept for a tool that aims to measure backscattered x-rays from inner surfaces of a borehole casing with the x-ray source being based on a linear accelerator.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,705,294 to Teague teaches an apparatus that measures backscattered x-rays from the inner layers of a borehole in selected radial directions with the missing segment data being populated through movement of the apparatus through the borehole.
  • the apparatus permits generation of data for a two-dimensional reconstruction of the well or borehole, but the publication does not teach of the necessary geometry for the illuminating x-ray beam to permit discrimination of the depth from which the backscattered photons originated, only their direction.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,611 to Hornby discloses a method of back projection to determine acoustic physical parameters of the earth formation longitudinally along the borehole using a single ultrasonic transducer and a number of receivers distributed along the primary axis of the tool.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,161 to Hillis discloses a method of placing a transmitter in a borehole, and a receiver on the surface of the earth, or a receiver in a borehole and a transmitter on the surface of the earth, used to determine structural information regarding the geological materials between the transmitter and receiver.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,721 to Siddiqui discloses a method of correlating information taken from a core-sample with information from a borehole density log.
  • the core-sample information is derived from a CT scan of the core-sample, whereby the x-ray source and detectors are located on the outside of the sample, and thereby configured as an “outside-looking-in” arrangement.
  • Various kinds of information from the CT scan such as its bulk density is compared to and correlated with the log information.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,569 to Flaum discloses a method of determining the elemental composition of earth formations surrounding a well borehole by processing the detected neutron capture gamma radiation emanating from the earth formation after neutron irradiation of the earth formation by a neutron spectroscopy logging tool.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,240 to Seeman discloses a borehole logging tool that detects natural radiation from the rock of the formation and logs said information so that it may be represented in an intensity versus depth plot format.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,976,879 to Turcotte discloses a borehole logging tool that detects and records the backscattered radiation from the formation surrounding the borehole by means of a pulsed electromagnetic energy or photon source, so that characteristic information may be represented in an intensity versus depth plot format.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 9,012,836 to Wilson et al. discloses a method and means for creating azimuthal neutron porosity images in a wireline environment. Similar to U.S. Pat. No. 8,664,587, this reference discloses an arrangement of azimuthally static detectors which could be implemented in a wireline tool to assist an operator in interpreting logs post-fracking, by subdividing the neutron detectors into a plurality of azimuthally arranged detectors which are shielded within a moderator to infer directionality to incident neutrons and gamma.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,956 to Manente et al. discloses an apparatus and methods for investigation of subsurface earth formations using an apparatus adapted for movement through a borehole.
  • the apparatus may include a natural or artificial radiation source for irradiating the formations with penetrating radiation such as gamma rays, x-rays or neutrons.
  • penetrating radiation such as gamma rays, x-rays or neutrons.
  • the light produced by a scintillator in response to detected radiation is used to generate a signal representative of at least one characteristic of the radiation and this signal is recorded.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,867 to Plumb discloses a method of generating a three-dimensional graphical representation of a borehole, including at least the steps of receiving caliper data relating to the borehole, generating a three-dimensional wire mesh model of the borehole from the caliper data, and color mapping the three-dimensional wire mesh model from the caliper data based on either borehole form, rugosity and/or lithology.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,321,627 to Tittle discloses a system of collimated detectors and collimated gamma-ray sources to determine the density of a formation outside of a borehole, optimally represented in a density versus depth plot format.
  • the reference fails to teach or suggest any method or means used to achieve such through a steel wall of a single or multiple well casings.
  • An x-ray based cement evaluation tool for measurement of the density of material volumes, wherein the tool uses x-rays to illuminate a formation surrounding a borehole and a plurality of detectors are used to measure the density of the cement annuli and variations in density within is provided, the tool including at least: an internal length comprising a sonde section, wherein said sonde section further comprises an x-ray source; a radiation shield for radiation measuring detectors; sonde-dependent electronics; and a plurality of tool logic electronics and PSUs.
  • a method of x-ray based cement evaluation for measuring the density of material volumes within single, dual and multiple-casing wellbore environment including at least: illuminating the formation surrounding a borehole using x-rays; using a plurality of detectors to measure the density of the cement annuli and any variations in density within; and illuminating the casing surrounding a borehole using x-rays and then using a plurality of multi-pixel imaging detectors to measure the thickness of the casing.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an x-ray-based tool being deployed into a borehole via wireline conveyance. Regions of interest within the materials surrounding the borehole are also indicated.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one example of the azimuthal placement of near-field imaging detector arrays, arranged so as to enable imaging of the inner-most casing.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates one example of the axial placement of near-field imaging detector arrays, arranged so as to enable imaging of the inner-most casing while illuminated by a conical beam of x-ray, while an array of longer offset detectors interrogate the materials surrounding the borehole using the same conical x-ray beam.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates how manipulation of an arrangement of collimators/shields can be used to select between a fixed plurality of x-ray beams, or a rotating set of x-ray beams, and further illustrates how the casing imaging detectors would be arranged.
  • the methods and means described herein for simultaneous casing integrity evaluation, through x-ray backscatter imaging combined with x-ray-based cement inspection in a multiple-casing wellbore environment, is deployed in a package that does not require direct physical contact with the well casings (i.e., non-padded).
  • the method and means employ an actuated combination of collimators, located cylindrically around an X-ray source within a non-padded concentrically-located borehole logging tool, together with a single or plurality of two dimensional per-pixel collimated imaging detector array(s) used in certain embodiments as the primary fluid/offset compensation detectors.
  • the capability of actuation of the collimators permits the operator, the opportunity between a fixed collimator mode, that provides the output of an azimuthal array of a plurality of x-ray beams (from said x-ray source), or to select through actuation, a mode that produces a single or plurality of individual azimuthally arranged x-ray beams that ‘scan’ azimuthally, through the rotation of one of the collimators.
  • an electronic-source-based borehole logging tool [ 101 ] is deployed by wireline conveyance [ 104 ] into a cased borehole [ 102 ], wherein the density of materials surrounding the borehole [ 103 ] are measured by the tool.
  • the tool is enclosed in a pressure housing, which ensures that well fluids are maintained outside of the housing.
  • FIG. 2 further illustrates how an azimuthal plurality of per-pixel collimated two-dimensional detectors [ 201 ] can be used to create a plurality of two-dimensional images of the well casing [ 202 ] as the tool [ 203 ] is logged.
  • the output from each pixel can be summated as a function of depth to provide tool offset (eccentricity) data which acts as a key-input into the fluid compensation of the detectors that possess a larger axial offset (cement evaluation detectors), and hence, a deeper depth of investigation into the materials surrounding the borehole.
  • tool offset eccentricity
  • FIG. 3 illustrates that as the x-ray beam [ 309 ] (shown as a cone) interacts with the media surrounding the tool [ 307 ] within the borehole [ 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 ], the counts that are detected at each axially offset group of detectors [ 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 ] is a convolution of the various attenuation factor summations of the detected photons as they travelled through and back through each ‘layer’ of the borehole surroundings [ 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 , 305 ].
  • the data each detector may be deconvoluted through the use of the data collected by the 1st order detector group [ 310 ], to compensate for fluid-thickness and casing variations alone.
  • the first order detector [ 310 ] is a per-pixel collimated imaging detector array
  • the detectors are also capable of creating backscatter images of the casing [ 305 ] itself.
  • the images, collected as a function of axial offset/depth can be tessellated to produce long two-dimensional x-ray backscatter images of the casing [ 305 ].
  • the backscatter images may also contain spectral information, such that a photo-electric or characteristic-energy measurement may be taken, such that the imaged material may be analyzed for scale-build up or corrosion, etc.
  • cylindrical collimators are used to provide directionality to the output of an x-ray source located within the pressure housing of a borehole logging tool.
  • An x-ray beam or plurality of beams rotating azimuthally around the major axis of the bore tool, interacts with the annular materials surrounding the wellbore within a single or multi-string cased hole environment to produce both single and multi-scatter responses, depending upon the axial offset of a plurality of fixed detectors that are employed to measure the incoming photons resulting from said scatter.
  • an azimuthal plurality of per-pixel collimated two-dimensional detectors can be used to create a plurality of two-dimensional images of the well casing as the tool is logged.
  • FIG. 4 further illustrates the rotation of the collimator [ 404 ], which permits an increase of the discrete resolving power of the azimuthal location of density variations in the annular materials surrounding the wellbore in multi-string cased-hole environments.
  • An axial plurality of fixed collimated detector-sets [ 401 ] can be used to measure the multiple-scatter signal resulting from the interaction of the beam with the casings and annular materials.
  • the collimator sleeves [ 405 ] may be actuated to enable the selection of varying x-ray beam output modes [ 402 , 403 ].
  • a non-rotating plurality of azimuthally located x-ray beams [ 402 ] is provided, wherein each beam is accompanied by an axially-paired two dimensional per-pixel collimated imaging detector array [ 401 ].
  • the axial actuation of one sleeve [ 405 ] and the rotation of another [ 404 ] produce a single or multi-element azimuthally rotating beam [ 403 ] (similar to a lighthouse).
  • the azimuthal plurality of detectors [ 401 ] rotates with the source collimation sleeve, such that the result is a multi-helical ribbon image that can be re-formatted to create a complete image of the 360 degrees of the casing as a function of depth/axial-distance.
  • the collimators are used to provide directionality to the output of an x-ray source are square, formed tubes disposed within a shielding material. In a further embodiment, the collimators are used to give directionality to the output of an x-ray source are rectangular formed tubes within a shielding material.
  • the output from each pixel is summated as a function of depth to provide tool offset (i.e., eccentricity) data which acts as a key-input into the fluid compensation of the detectors that possess a larger axial offset (cement evaluation detectors), and hence, a deeper depth of investigation into the materials surrounding the borehole.
  • tool offset i.e., eccentricity
  • the backscatter images may also contain spectral information, such that a photo-electric or characteristic-energy measurement may be taken, such that the imaged material can be analyzed for scale-build up or casing corrosion, etc.
  • machine learning would be employed to automatically analyze the spectral (photo electric or characteristic energy) content of the images to identify key features, such as corrosion, holes, cracks, scratches, and/or scale-buildup.
  • the per-pixel collimated imaging detector array would be a single ‘strip’ array (i.e., one pixel wide) and multiple pixels long—the imaging result is a ‘helical’ ribbon image, that can be re-formatted to create a complete image of the 360 degrees of the casing as a function of depth/axial-distance.
  • the tool is maintained stationary in the well, and the source collimator would be rotated, the per-pixel collimated imaging detector array would be a single ‘strip’ array (i.e., one pixel wide) and multiple pixels long—the imaging result would be a ‘cylindrical’ ribbon image. Further passes of the rotating source/detector collimator could be accumulated such that the statistical accuracy (and therefore resolution) of the image is improved for each pass.
  • the tool is maintained stationary in the well, and the source collimator would be rotated, the per-pixel collimated imaging detector array would be a single ‘strip’ array i.e. one pixel wide, and multiple pixels long—the imaging result is a ‘cylindrical’ ribbon image.
  • the tool could be moved axially (for example, by either a wireline-winch or with a stroker) and a new image set taken, such that a section of casing could be imaged by stacking cylindrical ribbon images/logs.
  • machine learning is employed to automatically reformat (or re-tesselate) the resulting images as a function of depth and varying logging speeds or logging steps, such that the finalized casing and/or cement image is accurately correlated for azimuthal direction and axial depth, by comparing with CCL, wireline run-in measurements, and/or other pressure/depth data.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
US16/162,824 2017-10-17 2018-10-17 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment Abandoned US20190049621A1 (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US16/162,824 US20190049621A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2018-10-17 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment
PCT/US2018/056230 WO2019079407A1 (fr) 2017-10-17 2018-10-17 Procédés et moyens d'évaluation d'intégrité de tubage et d'inspection de ciment simultanées dans un environnement de puits de forage à plusieurs tubages
CA3078646A CA3078646C (fr) 2017-10-17 2018-10-17 Procedes et moyens d'evaluation d'integrite de tubage et d'inspection de ciment simultanees dans un environnement de puits de forage a plusieurs tubages
AU2018352730A AU2018352730B2 (en) 2017-10-17 2018-10-17 Methods and means for simultaneous casing integrity evaluation and cement inspection in a multiple-casing wellbore environment
US17/383,058 US20210349235A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2021-07-22 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment
US18/109,940 US20230194748A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2023-02-15 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment

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US201762573401P 2017-10-17 2017-10-17
US16/162,824 US20190049621A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2018-10-17 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment

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US17/383,058 Abandoned US20210349235A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2021-07-22 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment
US18/109,940 Abandoned US20230194748A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2023-02-15 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment

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US18/109,940 Abandoned US20230194748A1 (en) 2017-10-17 2023-02-15 Methods and Means for Simultaneous Casing Integrity Evaluation and Cement Inspection in a Multiple-Casing Wellbore Environment

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US20190187325A1 (en) * 2018-02-14 2019-06-20 Philip Teague Methods and means for neutron imaging within a borehole
WO2019169282A1 (fr) 2018-03-01 2019-09-06 Philip Teague Procédés et moyens pour la mesure par imagerie de tubage, de caisson, de perforation et de tamis à sable à l'aide d'un rayonnement de rayons x rétrodiffusé dans un environnement de puits de forage
WO2019222730A1 (fr) 2018-05-18 2019-11-21 Philip Teague Procédés et moyens de mesure de plusieurs épaisseurs de paroi de tubage à l'aide d'un rayonnement de rayons x dans un environnement de puits foré
CN111287731A (zh) * 2019-12-18 2020-06-16 大庆石油管理局有限公司 一种固井水泥环完整性评价装置及方法
US11698473B2 (en) 2021-01-19 2023-07-11 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Systems and methods for workflow to perform well logging operations tracking and efficiency assessment
WO2024030160A1 (fr) 2022-08-03 2024-02-08 Visuray Intech Ltd (Bvi) Procédés et moyens de mesure d'images de colonne de production, de tubage, de perforation et de crible à sable par rayonnement x rétrodiffusé dans un environnement de puits de forage

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US20230194748A1 (en) 2023-06-22
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