US20180327428A1 - Process of making cenicriviroc and related analogs - Google Patents
Process of making cenicriviroc and related analogs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20180327428A1 US20180327428A1 US15/539,279 US201515539279A US2018327428A1 US 20180327428 A1 US20180327428 A1 US 20180327428A1 US 201515539279 A US201515539279 A US 201515539279A US 2018327428 A1 US2018327428 A1 US 2018327428A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- phenyl
- msoh
- azocine
- tetrahydrobenzo
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 152
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 142
- PNDKCRDVVKJPKG-WHERJAGFSA-N cenicriviroc Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCOCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(CC(C)C)CCC\C(=C/2)C(=O)NC=3C=CC(=CC=3)[S@@](=O)CC=3N(C=NC=3)CCC)C\2=C1 PNDKCRDVVKJPKG-WHERJAGFSA-N 0.000 title description 11
- 229950011033 cenicriviroc Drugs 0.000 title description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 582
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 137
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical group CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 78
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 69
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 68
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 65
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N ethyl (e)-3-[3-amino-2-cyano-1-[(e)-3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C\SC(=C(C#N)C(N)=O)S\C=C\C(=O)OCC NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- OBTZDIRUQWFRFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-n-(4-methylphenyl)quinoline-4-carboxamide Chemical compound O1C(C)=CC=C1C1=CC(C(=O)NC=2C=CC(C)=CC=2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=N1 OBTZDIRUQWFRFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 27
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- FEEKYIISTQENRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-3-[5-carboxy-1-(2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocin-8-yl]phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C(CCC)OCCOC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)O)CC(C)C)C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)O)CC(C)C)C=C1 FEEKYIISTQENRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphane Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C COIOYMYWGDAQPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- RFQNPIFBNKVQDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-butyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)O)CCCC)C=C1 RFQNPIFBNKVQDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- -1 mesylate ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000012320 chlorinating reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 16
- OGFONFPNCPQBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dihydro-2h-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCOCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=C2)C(O)=O)C2=C1 OGFONFPNCPQBOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- QPYRLSBRGMJDHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]aniline Chemical compound CCCN1C=NC=C1CS(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 QPYRLSBRGMJDHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012296 anti-solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl borate Chemical compound COB(OC)OC WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical class CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- FIWILGQIZHDAQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N NC1=C(C(=O)NCC2=CC=C(C=C2)OCC(F)(F)F)C=C(C(=N1)N)N1N=C(N=C1)C1(CC1)C(F)(F)F Chemical compound NC1=C(C(=O)NCC2=CC=C(C=C2)OCC(F)(F)F)C=C(C(=N1)N)N1N=C(N=C1)C1(CC1)C(F)(F)F FIWILGQIZHDAQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- CLFXDLCTKPVRAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-3-[1-(2-methylpropyl)-5-[[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocin-8-yl]phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-N-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.CS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCOCCOc1ccc(cc1-c1ccc2N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=Cc2c1)C(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)S(=O)Cc1cncn1CCC)-c1ccc2N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=Cc2c1)C(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)S(=O)Cc1cncn1CCC CLFXDLCTKPVRAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Cs+] XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- MFRIHAYPQRLWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC(C)(C)[O-] MFRIHAYPQRLWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- BWHDROKFUHTORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tritert-butylphosphane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)P(C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C BWHDROKFUHTORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QRQLXVOABMGKQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methylpropyl)-8-[4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCOCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=C2)C(O)=O)C2=C1 QRQLXVOABMGKQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZRNOANWYXNEEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-(2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C(CCC)OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)O)CC(C)C)C=C1 ZRNOANWYXNEEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- GMVYSCSXKLWDOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-N-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfonyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCOCCOc1ccc(cc1)-c1ccc2N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=Cc2c1)C(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)S(=O)(=O)Cc1cncn1CCC GMVYSCSXKLWDOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FSALTXYDDSJMLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-butyl-N-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCOCCOc1ccc(cc1)-c1ccc2N(CCCC)CCCC(=Cc2c1)C(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)S(=O)Cc1cncn1CCC FSALTXYDDSJMLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KWDMSAPYKCHYQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CCOCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=C2N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=CC2=C1)C(O)=O KWDMSAPYKCHYQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BZCGNVVAMKXKDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-N-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.CCCn1cncc1CS(=O)c1ccc(NC(=O)C2=Cc3cc(ccc3N(CC(C)C)CCC2)-c2ccc(OCCOCC)cc2)cc1 BZCGNVVAMKXKDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MZTZTKDQOGPPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CS(=O)(=O)O.C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)SCC2=CN=CN2CCC)CC(C)C)C=C1 Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)O.C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)SCC2=CN=CN2CCC)CC(C)C)C=C1 MZTZTKDQOGPPKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C(Cl)=O CTSLXHKWHWQRSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IXPBPUPDRDCRSY-VDKVIGKMSA-N CS(=O)(=O)O.C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)[S@](=O)CC2=CN=CN2CCC)CC(C)C)C=C1 Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)O.C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC2=C(N(CCCC(=C2)C(=O)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)[S@](=O)CC2=CN=CN2CCC)CC(C)C)C=C1 IXPBPUPDRDCRSY-VDKVIGKMSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012455 biphasic mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000013058 crude material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- MUQXVMLTMAXIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-(2-methylpropyl)-N-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCOc1ccc(cc1)-c1ccc2N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=Cc2c1)C(=O)Nc1ccc(cc1)S(=O)Cc1cncn1CCC MUQXVMLTMAXIQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L caesium carbonate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C([O-])=O FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000024 caesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000160 potassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011009 potassium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- IBXMKLPFLZYRQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one;palladium Chemical compound [Pd].[Pd].C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 IBXMKLPFLZYRQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AKMRVPSOWAPQGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-butoxyethoxy)-4-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]benzene Chemical group C1=CC(OCCOCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(OCCOCCCC)C=C1 AKMRVPSOWAPQGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IXPBPUPDRDCRSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-n-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide;methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.C1=CC(OCCOCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=C2)C(=O)NC=3C=CC(=CC=3)S(=O)CC=3N(C=NC=3)CCC)C2=C1 IXPBPUPDRDCRSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MPKISHBLEBJIGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)B(OC)OC Chemical compound C(CCC)OCCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)B(OC)OC MPKISHBLEBJIGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L palladium(ii) acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Pd+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- UHZYTMXLRWXGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentachloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl UHZYTMXLRWXGPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FAIAAWCVCHQXDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)Cl FAIAAWCVCHQXDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PNDKCRDVVKJPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl]-1-(2-methylpropyl)-n-[4-[(3-propylimidazol-4-yl)methylsulfinyl]phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2h-1-benzazocine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC(OCCOCCCC)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(CC(C)C)CCCC(=C2)C(=O)NC=3C=CC(=CC=3)S(=O)CC=3N(C=NC=3)CCC)C2=C1 PNDKCRDVVKJPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CQDQTZJHBGXURW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-bromo-1-(2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dihydro-2h-1-benzazocine-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CN1CCCC(C(O)=O)=CC2=CC(Br)=CC=C12 CQDQTZJHBGXURW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- MUALRAIOVNYAIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N binap Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C(=C2C=CC=CC2=CC=1)C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 MUALRAIOVNYAIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 2
- WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexylphosphine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1P(C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- BRNULMACUQOKMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomorpholine Chemical compound C1CSCCN1 BRNULMACUQOKMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- XTTGYFREQJCEML-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCOP(OCCCC)OCCCC XTTGYFREQJCEML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXJKFRMDXUJTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylphosphine Chemical compound CCP(CC)CC RXJKFRMDXUJTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007514 turning Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic System
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic System
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/025—Boronic and borinic acid compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D225/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D225/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D225/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings of more than seven members having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to processes for synthesizing compounds having CCR5 and/or CCR2 antagonism, or a salt thereof.
- cenicriviroc inhibits CCR5 and CCR2 receptors and prevents virus from entering into a human cell, such as the HIV virus (U.S. Pat. No. 8,183,273).
- the synthesis of CVC is also previously disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/506,955 and Int. Pat. Pub. No. WO 2001017947.
- the present disclosure provides an industrially advantageous process for preparing CVC, CVC salts, or related analogs, by an optimized amide bond formation process with an amino containing sulfoxide derivative to provide highly pure product.
- Compound I-MsOH methane sulfonic acid salt
- Compound I and Compound I-MsOH are racemic.
- Compound I and Compound I-MsOH comprises an optically active sulfoxide, such as the (S)-isomer denoted as (S)-Compound I-MsOH.
- Compound I-MsOH is synthesized by the addition of methane sulfonic acid (MsOH) to Compound I.
- Compound I is synthesized by a reaction between Compound II where R 1 ⁇ OH (Compound II-OH) and Compound III.
- Compound II-OH is synthesized by a reaction between Compound IV and Compound V:
- R 3 and R 4 are both OMe for Compound V, which is denoted as Compound V-OMe.
- This disclosure in some embodiments, teaches a process route to minimize impurities represented by Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-D, I-MsOH-E, (R)-I-MsOH, VII, VIII, IX, and mesylate esters resulting from MsOH.
- the present disclosure includes a process for preparing 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH).
- Compound I-MsOH includes formation of dimethyl (4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)boronate (Compound V) which is subsequently used in formation of highly pure 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH).
- Compound V is prepared by a) activating magnesium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with heating, b) initiating Grignard formation by the addition of a portion of I-bromo-4-(2-butoxyethoxy)benzene (Compound VI) to a mixture of step a) with heating, c) continuing to add the remaining Compound VI slowly with heating, d) cooling the mixture of step c) to about ⁇ 25° C. and slowly adding trimethoxyborane, and e) stirring the mixture of step d at about ⁇ 25° C. for about 1 hour and then warming up the reaction to about 20° C. for about 1 hour.
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- step c) requires reaction to stir at about 55° C. for about 3 hours to about 5 hours.
- Compound V synthesized as described herein, in one embodiment, is then utilized in the synthesis of Compound II-OH.
- Compound II-OH is prepared by a) forming a biphasic mixture by adding a basic aqueous solution to a solution of Compound V, b) adding a catalyst and a ligand to mixture of step a), c) adding 8-bromo-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IV) to the mixture of step b) and heating the reaction mixture, and d) acidifying the mixture of step c).
- the base used in step a), in some embodiment, is selected from the group consisting of potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, potassium fluoride, potassium hydroxide, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium tert-butoxide, sodium bicarbonate, cesium carbonate, cesium fluoride, and a combination thereof.
- the catalyst used in step b) is selected from the group consisting of palladium acetate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium, tri(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, palladium chloride, palladium acetylacetonate and a combination thereof.
- the ligand used in step b) is selected from the group consisting of tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, triphenylphosphine, tri(t-butyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, pyridine, bipyridine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl and a combination thereof.
- the catalyst system of step b) comprises palladium acetate and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine.
- the ratio of catalyst to ligand is about 1:2.
- the catalyst used in step b) is in an amount from about 0.001 equivalents (equiv) to about 2.500 equiv with respect to Compound IV.
- the catalyst is used in an amount of about 0.001 equiv to about 0.005 equiv with respect to Compound IV.
- nitrogen is bubbled into the reaction after step a) up to step d) or during any steps a) through d).
- Compound V is used in an amount of about 1.5 equiv to about 2.2 equiv with respect to Compound IV in the formation of Compound II-OH.
- the heating of step c) is maintained at ⁇ 65° C. for about 2 hours to about 6 hours and ensured high conversion to Compound II-OH.
- charcoal is added, with or without Celite® to the reaction mixture containing Compound II-OH.
- the mixture containing charcoal and/or Celite® and Compound II-OH is stirred, and then filtered.
- the ratio of charcoal to Celite® is about 1:2.
- Celite® is added to the reaction mixture containing Compound II-OH, stirred, and then filtered.
- the reaction mixture is filtered to remove any solid particulates.
- purification of Compound II-OH involves an antisolvent recrystallization and/or a hot recrystallization.
- the antisolvent used in the antisolvent recrystallization is heptanes, to obtain a crude material.
- hot recrystallization involves the steps of i) dissolving crude material obtained from antisolvent recrystallization with a nonprotic polar solvent and a short-chain alcohol at about 70° C., ii) reducing the temperature of the mixture of step i) to about 20° C. over a period of about 3 hours to about 7 hours, and iii) stirring the mixture of step ii) at about 20° C. for about 2 hours to about 6 hours.
- the nonprotic solvent is ethyl acetate.
- the short-chain alcohol is isopropanol.
- the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH provides Compound II-OH in about >97.5% purity. In another embodiment, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH provides Compound II-OH in about >98.0% purity. In some embodiments, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH provides Compound II-OH in about >99.0% purity.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 4,4′-bis(2-butoxyethoxy)biphenyl (Compound VII) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ⁇ 0.20%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ⁇ 0.05%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ⁇ 0.50%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ⁇ 0.15%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH result in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-A) in about ⁇ 0.20% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-A) in about ⁇ 0.10% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-A) in about ⁇ 0.05% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 1-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-B) in about ⁇ 0.20% in Compound II-OH. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 1-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-B) in about ⁇ 0.10% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 1-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-B) in about ⁇ 0.05% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-C) in about ⁇ 0.50% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound III-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-C) in about ⁇ 0.25% in Compound II-OH.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-C) in about ⁇ 0.10% in Compound II-OH.
- the present disclosure further describes the process for the preparation of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH).
- the disclosed process for synthesizing Compound I-MsOH involves a) reacting Compound II with 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) in the presence of a base to form 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide (Compound I), b) quenching step a) with an aqueous solution, c) adding methanesulfonic acid, and d) crystallizing Compound I-MsOH.
- R 1 of Compound II is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, Cl, Br, OR 2 , OCOR 2 , and NHR 2 and R 2 of Compound II is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl.
- R 1 of Compound II is Cl.
- synthesis of Compound II involves the steps of i) dissolving Compound II-OH in a solvent and ii) adding a chlorinating reagent to the mixture of step i).
- the chlorinating reagent is selected from the group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, oxalyl chloride, phosgene, and a combination thereof.
- the chlorinating reagent is thionyl chloride.
- the chlorinating reagent is used in about 1.0 equiv to about 1.2 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- step a) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses dichloromethane as the solvent. In other embodiments, step a) synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses pyridine as the base. In another embodiments, step a) synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses optically pure (S)-Compound III as Compound III.
- the amount of Compound III used is about 1.0 equiv to about 1.2 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- the amount of methane sulfonic acid used is about 0.97 equiv to about 1.02 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- the ratio of methane sulfonic acid and Compound II-OH is about 1:1.
- step b) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses citric acid as the aqueous solution.
- step b) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH further comprises extracting Compound I and drying the extracted solution with 3 ⁇ molecular sieves.
- pure sample of Compound I-MsOH is used to seed in the crystallization step d) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH.
- the seeded crystallization solution of step d), in some embodiments, comprise further steps of stirring at about 0° C. to allow crystallization, collecting formed crystals, and washing collected crystals with chilled ethyl acetate.
- the formed crystals are collected by filtration.
- step d further purification is required by employing hot recrystallization after step d).
- the hot recrystallization of Compound I-MsOH involves i) dissolving crude crystals of Compound I-MsOH obtained in step d) in acetonitrile at about 70° C., ii) reducing the temperature of the mixture of step i) to about 50° C. to about 55° C. over about 1 hour, iii) seeding step ii) with Compound I-MsOH, iv) stirring at about 50° C. to about 55° C. for about 6 hours, v) reducing the temperature of the mixture of step iii to about 20° C., vi) stirring at about 20° C. for about 8 hours, vii) collecting crystals by filtration, and viii) washing crystals with cold acetonitrile.
- the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >96.0% purity.
- the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >97.0% purity.
- the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >98.0% purity.
- the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >98.5% purity.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH) in about ⁇ 1.0%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH) in about ⁇ 0.80% or about ⁇ 0.50%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH) in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ⁇ 0.20%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(l-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ⁇ 0.05%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ⁇ 0.20%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ⁇ 0.05%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ⁇ 0.40%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ⁇ 0.30%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ⁇ 0.20%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ⁇ 0.15%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 0.15%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 2000 ppm.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 1750 ppm.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 1500 ppm.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ⁇ 1250 ppm.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of (S)-4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline ((S)-Compound III) in about ⁇ 1500 ppm.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-A) in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-A) in about ⁇ 0.15%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-A) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of I-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-B) in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of I-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-B) in about ⁇ 0.15%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of I-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-B) in about ⁇ 0.10%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-C) in about ⁇ 0.40%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((l 1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-C) in about ⁇ 0.30%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-C) in about ⁇ 0.20%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-D) in about ⁇ 2.0%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-D) in about ⁇ 1.0%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-D) in about ⁇ 0.50%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-E) in about ⁇ 0.40%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-E) in about ⁇ 0.30%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-E) in about ⁇ 0.20%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ⁇ 0.40%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1 I-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ⁇ 0.30%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ⁇ 0.20%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ⁇ 0.15%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ⁇ 1.0%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ⁇ 0.50%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof, results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ⁇ 20 ppm. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ⁇ 10 ppm. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof, results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ⁇ 5 ppm. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof contains 10 ppm mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in (S)-Compound I-MsOH. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis provides (S)-Compound 1-MsOH in greater than 96% purity or greater than 98.5% purity.
- the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of (R)-8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate ((R)-Compound I-MsOH) in about ⁇ 1.00%.
- the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of (R)-8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate ((R)-Compound I-MsOH) in about ⁇ 0.50%.
- the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of (R)-8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate ((R)-Compound I-MsOH) in about ⁇ 0.25%.
- the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof results in the presence of 5.0% w/w or less or 2.0% w/w or less water content.
- the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ⁇ 3.0% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ⁇ 2.5% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ⁇ 2.3% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ⁇ 2.0% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III.
- FIG. 1 shows a proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) spectrum of (S)-Compound II-OH.
- a or “an” refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a halogen” refers to one or more halogens or at least one halogen.
- a halogen refers to one or more halogens or at least one halogen.
- the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein.
- reference to “an alkyl group” by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the alkyl group is present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the alkyl groups.
- alkyl group refers to a straight chain, a branched chain or a cyclic hydrocarbons having from 1 up to about 10 carbon atoms.
- Non-limiting examples of an alkyl group includes C1-C10 alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like.
- aryl group refers to an aromatic group having from 6 up to 14 carbon atoms.
- Non-limiting examples of an aryl group includes phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, fluorenyl, and the like.
- the phrase “substituent(s)” in the optionally substituted alkyl group and the optionally substituted aryl group includes a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), a nitro group, a cyano group, an optionally substituted hydroxyl group (e.g., a hydroxyl group, C1-C4 alkoxy, etc.), an optionally substituted thiol group (e.g., thiol, C1-C4 alkylthio, etc.), an optionally substituted amino group (e.g., amino, mono-C1-C4 alkylamino, di-C1-C4 alkylamino, a 5- or 6-membered cyclic amino group such as, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrole and imidazole, etc.), an optionally esterified or amidated
- short-chain alcohol refers to alcohol containing 1-8 carbon atoms.
- Non-limiting examples of short-chain alcohol includes methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, and the like.
- nonprotic solvent refers to an organic solvent or mixtures of organic solvents that is not readily deprotonated in the presence of a strongly basic reactant.
- non-protic solvents include ethers, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), formamide, N-methylacetamide, N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propionitrile, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, hexachloroacetone, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, ethyl acetate, sulfolane, N,N-dimethylpropionamide, tetra
- protic solvent refers to a solvent or solvent mixtures that is capable of functioning as an acid for purposes of protonating any unreacted, strongly basic reaction intermediates.
- protic solvents include water, methanol, ethanol, 2-nitroethanol, 2-fluoroethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, i-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol, 1-, 2-, or 3-pentanol, neo-pentyl alcohol, t-pentyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, glycerol, and the like.
- volume of a liquid refers to an approximate estimate of the volume multiplier to a compound, substance, or liquid in which it refers to or which is stated previously.
- 50 parts water with respect to Compound A means water with approximately 50 times the volume of Compound A is used.
- the symbol “ ⁇ ” means “not more than” or “equal to or less than”; “ ⁇ ” means “less than”; “ ⁇ ” means “not less than” or “equal to or more than”; and “>” means “more than”.
- the numerical numbers when used herein in connection with purity or impurity content, include not only the exact number but also the approproximate range around the number. For example, the phrase “purity of 99.0%” denotes a purity of about 99.0%.
- Compound V in some embodiments, represents boronic acids, boronic esters, pinacolboranes, boronic acid dimers, boronic acid trimers, mixtures thereof, or the like. It is commonly understood in the art that Compound V can be presented as various derivatives of boronic acids.
- dimethyl (4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)boronate (Compound V-OMe) is prepared by a Grignard formation of 1-bromo-4-(2-butoxyethoxy)benzene (Compound VI) and a subsequent reaction with trimethoxyborane.
- the activation step of the magnesium turnings, by heating and agitation, prior to the Grignard formation is necessary.
- magnesium turnings were stirred for about 1 hour in about 9 parts of an ethereal solvent, such as THF. Subsequently, the solvent can be reduced to about 3 parts by distillation.
- the Grignard initiation challenges are solved by using neat Compound VI to provide a more concentrated solution than the previous methods.
- approximately 20% of the total amount of Compound VI is added neat to the solution of activated magnesium turnings over a period of at least 15 minutes, while the exotherm is controlled, such that the temperature of the reaction is maintained below the boiling point of the solvent.
- the resulting solution is heated at or around the boiling point of the solvent for about 1 hours to about 4 hours.
- the reaction mixture is then cooled by about 10° C. and diluted with the same solvent as used previously (5 parts).
- This disclosed Grignard initiation step results in the complete omission of iPrMgCl.
- the remaining Compound VI is slowly added neat over a period of about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.
- the addition of Compound VI is exothermic and the reaction mixture is carefully maintained to be well below the boiling point during the addition.
- the resulting mixture is stirred and heated to temperature below the boiling point of the solvent, for example about 55° C. for THF, for about 3 hours to about 4 hours.
- the heating time can be extended until high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicates less than about 1% of Compound VI is remaining. It was noted that prolong heating time had no beneficial effect on the yield of the subsequent step or in the prevention of key impurity formations.
- Grignard mixture once formation is complete is cooled to about ⁇ 25° C. and neat trimethoxyborane is added portion-wise over about 2 hours.
- the reaction mixture was stirred at about ⁇ 25° C. for about 1 hour to about 2 hours upon completion of the trimethoxyborane addition, then warmed up to about 20° C. and stirred for about 1 hour to about 2 hours to provide Compound V-OMe.
- the neat trimethoxyborane was chilled prior to the addition to the Grignard mixture.
- the ratio of magnesium turning, Compound VI, and trimethoxyborane is about 1.08:1:1.
- anhydrous solvents are used in the synthesis of Compound V.
- the reaction for the synthesis of Compound V is maintained under atmospheric pressure of nitrogen or argon and the reaction vessels and equipment are rid of moisture prior to use.
- Compound VI and trimethoxyborane is both used as a neat solution to minimize reactor usage.
- Compound II-OH is prepared by the reaction between Compound IV and Compound V.
- Compound II-OH is prepared by a transition metal-catalyzed process, such as a Suzuki coupling reaction, between Compound IV and Compound V.
- the amount of Compound V used is about 1 equivalent (equiv) to about 3 equiv with respect to Compound IV. In other embodiments, the amount of Compound V used is about 2 equiv with respect to Compound IV.
- aqueous base solution to form a biphasic mixture prior to the addition of the palladium (Pd) catalyst and the ligand is beneficial in reducing Compound VII impurity, resulting from homo-coupling of Compound V.
- a solution of a base in about 6.5 parts water is added to the reaction mixture containing Compound V, prepared as described previously.
- base may be selected from the group consisting of alkali carbonates (potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, etc), alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc), alkaline metal acetates (potassium acetate, sodium acetate, etc), alkaline metal phosphates (potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, etc), alkali metal fluorides (potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, etc), alkaline metal alkoxides (potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, etc), alkali metal hydroxides (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, etc), and organic bases such as alkyl amines (triethylamine, diisopropylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, etc) pyridines (pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, etc), cyclic amines (morpholine, 4-methyl
- aqueous base solution in some embodiments, is carried out over a period of at least 30 minutes to at least 1 hour.
- the slow addition of the base solution was found critical in the yield of the Suzuki coupling reaction. Without being bound to any theory, this is presumably due to the prevention of salt formation during the biphasic mixture formation.
- a Pd-catalyst and a ligand is added to a degassed biphasic reaction mixture containing Compound V.
- Previous synthetic route utilized tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ) catalyst system achieved by adding Pd(OAc) 2 and PPh 3 .
- the yield of the Suzuki reaction using Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 catalyst system was not optimal as represented by the moderate yield of Compound II-OH (about 55% to about 64% yield).
- Pd-catalyst and ligands are added to the reaction biphasic reaction mixture containing Compound V.
- Pd-catalyst can be a Pd(0) species or a Pd(II) species.
- Non-limiting examples of Pd-catalyst include tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ), tri(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium, bis(tri-t-butylphosphine) palladium, bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphophino)ethane] palladium, bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium, palladium acetate (Pd(OAc) 2 ), palladium chloride (PdCl 2 ), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium, palladium acetylacetonate, palladium bromide, palladium iodide, palladium cyanide, palladium hydroxide, palladium nitrate, tetraammine palladium(II) chloride hydrate, dinitrodiammine palladium, di- ⁇ -chlorobis(
- the ligand is selected from the group consisting of phosphine ligands (tritolylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tri-n-butylphosphite, tri-tert-butylphosphine, di-tert-butylmethylphosphine, etc), nitrogen based ligands (pyridine, bipyridine, etc), NHC ligands (N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene etc), and combinations thereof.
- phosphine ligands tritolylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tri-n-butylphosphi
- the Pd-catalyst/ligand system is Pd(OAc) 2 /P(o-tol) 3 .
- the Pd-catalyst and the ligand are added with continuous degassing of the reaction mixture.
- the amount of Pd-catalyst used is about 0.001 mol % to about 10.0 mol % with respect to Compound IV. In one embodiment, the amount of Pd-catalyst used is about 0.05 mol % to about 0.25 mol % with respect to Compound IV.
- the ratio of the ligand to the Pd-catalyst is about 1:1 to about 3:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the ligand to the Pd-catalyst is about 2:1.
- Compound IV is added to the biphasic mixture containing Compound V and Pd-catalyst/ligand system. In one embodiment, Compound IV is added with continuous degassing of the reaction mixture.
- the reaction mixture upon the addition of Compound IV is heated for about 2 hours to about 5 hours and then cooled to ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is heated to no greater than 65° C. It was noted that Pd-catalyst becomes inactive when temperature is raised above 65° C. For example, a Suzuki reaction set at a temperature of 90° C. did not go to completion. In one embodiment, the reaction was heated until HPLC analysis indicates ⁇ 2% Compound IV remaining and indicates formation of Compound II-OH.
- the reaction is cooled to ambient temperature and the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to about 2.0 to about 3.0 using aqueous acid solutions.
- hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used.
- Compound V is Compound V-OMe.
- Previous purification process for Compound II-OH required two hot recrystallizations and two charcoal treatments.
- the disclosed purification process in some embodiments, requires one charcoal treatment, one anti-solvent recrystallization, and/or one hot recrystallization.
- the acidified biphasic reaction mixture containing crude Compound II-OH is, in some embodiments, separated into an aqueous layer and an organic layer. In some embodiments, the resulting aqueous layer is extracted with an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the aqueous layer is extracted with toluene (about 10 parts).
- the volume of the combined organic layers is, in some embodiments, reduced to about 6.5 parts. In some embodiments, the volume of the combined organic layer is reduced by distillation.
- the resulting reduced organic layer is, in some embodiments, treated with charcoal. In other embodiments, the resulting reduced organic layer is treated with charcoal and Celite®. In one embodiment, the ratio of charcoal to Celite® is about 1:2 by weight.
- the reaction mixture containing charcoal is, in some embodiment, stirred for about 1 hour to about 5 hours at an ambient temperature. The charcoal is then, in other embodiments, filtered and the volume of the reaction is reduced to about 3 parts. In one embodiment, the volume is reduced by distillation.
- antisolvent recrystallization is used for purification of Compound II-OH.
- polar solvents such as isopropanol and ethyl acetate
- a non-polar antisolvent is added over a period of about 1 hour, portion wise, to the crude oil mixture.
- the resulting suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 hour to about 8 hours.
- the precipitated crystals are then collected by filtration.
- the mother liquor is not recirculated to remove any remaining crystals from the reaction vessels; instead multiple solvent wash may be added using fresh solvents.
- the antisolvent is heptanes.
- the polar solvent is isopropanol or a mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate.
- the product precipitates without the addition of the antisolvent.
- a hot recrystallization is used for purification of Compound II-OH.
- the crude material containing Compound II-OH or crude crystals of Compound II-OH are dissolved in polar solvents such as isopropanol and ethyl acetate at an elevated temperature.
- the temperature of the solution is slowly reduced to ambient temperature and stirred until recrystallization is complete and then the crystals are collected by filtration.
- the polar solvent used is isopropanol or isopropanol and ethyl acetate mixture.
- the crude Compound II-OH is dissolved in mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate in about 9:1 ratio at about 70° C.
- the temperature of the hot solution is decreased by about 10° C. every about 1 hour until it reaches ambient temperature.
- the solution is stirred for about 2 hours to about 6 hours.
- the resulting crystals are, in some embodiments, collected by filtration.
- the mother liquor is not recirculated to remove any remaining crystals from the reaction vessels; instead multiple solvent wash may be added using fresh solvents.
- Recrystallization solvent study revealed that when hot recrystallization is carried out in isopropanol alone, the recovery of Compound II-OH was high (90-93%) and decreased impurity Compound VIII by about 50-60%.
- hot recrystallization is carried out in ethyl acetate alone, the recovery of Compound II-OH was lower (70-75%) than isopropanol system but the reduction in impurity Compound VIII was greater (by 80-83%).
- hot recrystallization is carried out in a mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate, both high recovery of Compound II-OH (90-92%) and effective reduction in impurity Compound VIII (by 75-80%) was obtained.
- both antisolvent recrystallization and hot recrystallization is utilized.
- the combination of antisolvent recrystallization and hot recrystallization reduces impurity Compounds VIII and IX significantly.
- recrystallization steps can be repeated to reach the desired purity.
- the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ⁇ 0.20% of Compound VII, with ⁇ 0.20% of Compound VII, and with ⁇ 0.50% of Compound IX.
- the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ⁇ 0.10% of Compound VII, with ⁇ 0.10% of Compound VIII, and with ⁇ 0.25% of Compound IX. In one embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ⁇ 0.05% of Compound VII, with ⁇ 0.05% of Compound VIII, and with ⁇ 0.15% of Compound IX.
- the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ⁇ 0.20% of Compound II-OH-A, with ⁇ 0.20% of Compound II-OH-B, and with ⁇ 0.50% of Compound II-OH-C.
- the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ⁇ 0.10% of Compound II-OH-A, with ⁇ 0.10% of Compound II-OH-B, and with ⁇ 0.25% of Compound II-OH-C.
- the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ⁇ 0.05% of Compound II-OH-A, with ⁇ 0.05% of Compound II-OH-B, and with ⁇ 0.15% of Compound II-OH-C.
- the purity of Compound II-OH is >98.0%. In one embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >99.0%.
- Compound I is synthesized by a reaction between Compound II and Compound III.
- Compound II-OH is reacted with a chlorinating reagent to form Compound II-Cl.
- Compound II-Cl reacts with Compound III to produce Compound I.
- Compound II-OH is dissolved in a solvent and a chlorinating reagent is added to yield Compound II-Cl.
- the solvent used include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylforamide (DMF), diethylether, and methylene chloride (DCM).
- the solvent is methylene chloride.
- the solution containing Compound II-OH Prior to the addition of the chlorinating reagent, the solution containing Compound II-OH is cooled below ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the solution containing Compound II-OH is cooled to about 10° C. to about 15° C. In some embodiments, the chlorinating reagent is added over about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes while the temperature of the solution was maintained below ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the mixture is maintained at about 10° C. to about 15° C. and stirred for about 2 hours to about 4 hours then cooled to about 0° C. or below. In one embodiment, the reaction was stirred until HPLC analysis indicated ⁇ 3.0% of Compound II-OH is present.
- Non-limiting examples of chlorinating reagents include thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, oxalyl chloride, phosgene, and the like or the combinations thereof.
- the chlorinating reagent is thionyl chloride.
- the chlorinating reagent is used in about 1.0 equiv to about 2.0 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- the chlorinating reagent is used in about 1.0 equivalent to about 1.1 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- the ratio of the chlorinating reagent and the Compound II-OH is about 1:1.
- a separate reaction vessel Compound III is dissolved in a solvent with a base. To the solution of Compound III and a base, a solution of Compound II-Cl is slowly added.
- the solvent used for dissolving Compound III can be tetrahydrofuran, dimethylforamide, diethylether, methylene chloride, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the solvent is methylene chloride.
- the reaction is cooled to about 0° C. before the addition of Compound III. In one embodiment, the reaction is maintained at about 0° C. for about 3 hours to about 7 hours after the addition of Compound III until HPLC analysis indicates ⁇ 0.5% of Compound II-Cl is present.
- Compound III is used in about 1.0 equi to about 1.2 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- the base is used in about 1 equiv to about 4 equiv.
- base includes alkali carbonates (potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, etc), alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc), alkaline metal acetates (potassium acetate, sodium acetate, etc), alkaline metal phosphates (potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, etc), alkali metal fluorides (potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, etc), alkaline metal alkoxides (potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, etc), alkali metal hydroxides (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, etc), and organic bases such as alkyl amines (triethylamine, diisopropylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, etc) pyridines (pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine
- the reaction mixture is, in one embodiment, acidified.
- citric acid solution is used to acidify the reaction mixture containing crude Compound I.
- citric acid is used in about 1.5 equiv to about 2.0 equiv in about 10 parts water with respect to Compound II-OH and added over about 30 minutes to about 1 hour.
- a chilled citric acid aqueous solution is added to a cooled reaction mixture while maintaining an internal temperature of about 0° C.
- the volatile solvent is removed to provide a total volume of about 13 parts.
- a different solvent is added (about 5 parts) to the reduced reaction mixture, and reduced once again to provide a total volume of about 13 parts.
- a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate is used.
- the solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
- the reduced reaction mixture which consists of a majority of an acidic aqueous layer, in some embodiments, is extracted with a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate in about 10 parts.
- a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate in about 10 parts.
- the organic layer containing the desired product, Compound I is washed with aqueous solutions several times, for example with a solution of sodium bicarbonate and brine.
- Water content in the organic layer resulting from the extraction workup is found to have an impact on the overall yield of the salt formation of Compound I (Compound I-MsOH).
- the presence of water during the salt formation increased the hydrolysis of Compound I back to Compound II-OH, thus a rigorous drying process is ideal.
- the organic layer, containing Compound I is dried with 3 ⁇ powdered molecular sieves.
- the resulting slurry is stirred for about 15 hours to about 30 hours at an ambient temperature before the molecular sieves are removed by filtration.
- the filtered molecular sieves are washed with a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate.
- the residual water content is determined by titration.
- the drying step using molecular sieves can be repeated until the residual water is ⁇ 2.5%.
- the solvent is removed to give a total volume of about 3 parts.
- the solvent is removed by distillation.
- the solution is assayed by HPLC before or after the solvent reduction to calculate the amount of Compound I present.
- a solvent is added in about 4 parts.
- the solvent used is acetonitrile.
- methane sulfonic acid (MsOH) is added to the solution containing Compound I.
- MsOH methane sulfonic acid
- MsOH is added in a single portion.
- MsOH is used in about 0.9 equiv to about 1.5 equiv with respect to Compound I as determined by the HPLC assay.
- MsOH is used in about 0.97 equiv to about 1.02 equiv.
- MsOH is washed into solution containing Compound I and MsOH with additional solvent such as acetonitrile or ethyl acetate.
- additional solvent such as acetonitrile or ethyl acetate.
- the reaction mixture is stirred at an ambient temperature for about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. It was discovered that excess MsOH had an adverse effect on the formation of Compound II-OH by hydrolysis of the amide bond of Compound I, therefore an accurate assay of Compound I is critical to determine the exact amount of Compound I present and the exact amount of MsOH required to achieve a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio during salt formation.
- Compound I and MsOH are used in 1:1 ratio to minimize amide bond hydrolysis.
- the solvent used in the step of converting Compound I into Compound I-MsOH is free of alcohol solvents. It was discovered that residual levels of alcohol solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.) in the reaction lead to contamination of Compound I-MsOH with mesylate esters. These resulting mesylate esters are known mutagens.
- alcohol solvents e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.
- the reaction mixture prior to crystallization, was washed with brine and dried using 3 ⁇ molecular sieves. In some cases, it was determined that slight amount of water present in the reaction mixture could prevent crystallization to occur and/or result in lower yield of Compound I-MsOH. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the lower yield resulted in systems with higher water content is due to higher hydrolysis rate to give Compound II-OH which was found in the mother liquor at a higher concentration in a study with higher water content.
- a pure sample of Compound I-MsOH is used as a seed.
- the solution, with or without seeding is in some embodiments, stirred at an ambient temperature for about 6 hours to about 10 hours. Additionally, in some embodiments, the solution is stirred at about 0° C. for about 6 hours to about 10 hours.
- the precipitated crystals are, in some embodiments, collected by filtration. In some embodiments, the crystals are washed with cold solvent such as ethyl acetate to obtain crude Compound I-MsOH.
- the crude crystals of Compound I-MsOH are, in some embodiments, further purified using hot recrystallization technique.
- crystals of Compound I-MsOH are dissolved in solvents (about 10 parts) at an elevated temperature.
- crystals of Compound I-MsOH are dissolved in acetonitrile at about 70° C.
- the hot solution of Compound I-MsOH was slowly cooled to about 50° C. to about 55° C. over a period of about 1 hour.
- the solution of Compound I-MsOH was seeded with pure sample of Compound I-MsOH at about 50° C. to about 55° C.
- the solution, with or without seeding, is stirred at about 50° C.
- the hot solution is, in some embodiments, cooled to an ambient temperature over about 1 hour and stirred at an ambient temperature for about 6 hours to about 10 hours.
- hot recrystallization of Compound I-MsOH from acetonitrile reduces contamination, including mesylate esters.
- the precipitated crystals of Compound I-MsOH are collected by filtration.
- the filtered crystals of Compound I-MsOH are washed with acetonitrile.
- the filtered crystals of Compound I-MsOH are washed with cold acetonitrile.
- the purity of the crystals is assayed by titration and HPLC. If necessary, hot recrystallization can be repeated until the desired purity is obtained.
- the filtered crystals of Compound I-MsOH are dried under reduced pressure. In other embodiments, the dried crystals are further pulverized by a powder mill and a jet mill or the like.
- the hydrolysis of Compound I or Compound I-MsOH is susceptible in the presence of water or acid.
- the reaction mixture should be substantially free of water prior and during purification steps of Compound I-MsOH.
- the reaction mixture should be substantially free of aqueous acid prior and during purification steps of Compound I-MsOH.
- gentle agitation should be maintained through the salt formation and purification steps of Compound I-MsOH.
- Compound III used in the reaction to obtain Compound I or Compound I-MsOH is optically pure. In which case, it will result in an optically pure Compound I or optically pure Compound I-MsOH.
- Compound III is (S)-Compound III.
- Compound I-MsOH is (S)-Compound I-MsOH.
- the disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound II-OH and its subsequent use in the disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in highly pure Compound I-MsOH that is substantially free of Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-D, I-MsOH-E, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, II-OH, III, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and mesylate esters resulting from MsOH.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >96% purity.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >97% purity. In one embodiment, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >98% purity. In another embodiment, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >99% purity.
- the disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound II-OH and its subsequent use in the disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in highly pure (S)-Compound I-MsOH that is substantially free of (R)-Compound I-MsOH, R or S versions of (I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-D, I-MsOH-E, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G), II-OH, III, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and mesylate esters resulting from MsOH.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >96% purity. In other embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >97% purity. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >98% purity. In another embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >99% purity.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.2% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1.0%, ⁇ 0.8%, ⁇ 0.6%, or ⁇ 0.4% of each impurities including I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process
- Compound I-MsOH will contain ⁇ 1,500 ppm of Compound III.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.002% (20 ppm) mesylate ester resulting from MsOH.
- Compound I-MsOH contains ⁇ 0.002% (20 ppm) mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH contains ⁇ 15 ppm mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose. In one embodiment, Compound I-MsOH contains ⁇ 0.001% (10 ppm) mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.3% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.5% of each impurities including I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1,000 ppm of Compound III.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.15% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-E, and I-MsOH-F, VII, VIII, and IX. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.001% (10 ppm) mesylate ester resulting from MsOH.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.05% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.30% of each impurities including Compound I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.1% of each impurities including I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX.
- Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.15% of each impurities including Compound I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1.0% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.5% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.25% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.20% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 5.0% w/w water content as measured by U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) ⁇ 921>, method 1C.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 2.5% w/w water content as measured by USP ⁇ 921>, method 1C.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 2.0% w/w water content as measured by USP ⁇ 921>, method 1C.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1.0% w/w water content as measured by USP ⁇ 921>, method 1C.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 20% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 15% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 13% w/w methanesulfonic acid.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain between about 5% to about 15% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain between about 11% to about 13% w/w methanesulfonic acid.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 500 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 425 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 410 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 350 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 7500 ppm ethyl acetate as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 5000 ppm ethyl acetate as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 4000 ppm ethyl acetate as residual solvent.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 300 ppm pyridine as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 200 ppm pyridine as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 100 ppm pyridine as residual solvent.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 750 ppm dichloromethane as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 600 ppm dichloromethane as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 500 ppm dichloromethane as residual solvent.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1.0 ppm elemental impurities of cadmium as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 1.0 ppm lead.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.5 ppm elemental impurities of cadmium as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 0.5 ppm lead.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 0.25 ppm elemental impurities of cadmium as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 0.25 ppm lead.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 2.0 ppm elemental impurities of arsenic as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1.5 ppm elemental impurities of arsenic as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1.0 ppm elemental impurities of arsenic as measured by USP ⁇ 232>.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 10.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP ⁇ 232>and/or ⁇ 10.0 ppm cobalt.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 5.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 5.0 ppm cobalt.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 3.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 2.5 ppm cobalt.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 2.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP ⁇ 232>.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 2.0 ppm elemental impurities of cobalt as measured by USP ⁇ 232>.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 20.0 ppm elemental impurities of vanadium as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 20.0 ppm palladium.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 10.0 ppm elemental impurities of vanadium as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 10.0 ppm palladium.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 5.0 ppm elemental impurities of vanadium as measured by USP ⁇ 232> and/or ⁇ 5.0 ppm palladium.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 30.0 ppm elemental impurities of nickel as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 20.0 ppm elemental impurities of nickel as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 10.0 ppm elemental impurities of nickel as measured by USP ⁇ 232>.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1500 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1250 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1100 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 1000 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP ⁇ 232>.
- (S)-Compound I-MsOH e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 500 ppm elemental impurities of molybdenum as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 300 ppm elemental impurities of molybdenum as measured by USP ⁇ 232>. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ⁇ 250 ppm elemental impurities of molybdenum as measured by USP ⁇ 232>.
- the purity of the compounds was assessed using standard HPLC analysis.
- a Capcellpak C18 column (Shisedo) with the dimensions of 4.6 cm ⁇ 150 cm, 5 micron was used with a PDA 290 nm detector.
- the column temperature was set to 40° C., and the two mobile phases were A: 100% 0.05M NH 4 OAc in water and B: 100% acetonitrile.
- the flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min with the run time of about 45-60 minutes per sample.
- the injection volume was 10 ⁇ L.
- Clark instrument was used with PDA 293 nm detector.
- the injection volume was 20 ⁇ L and the run time was 120 minutes per sample.
- Table 1 describes the optimization efforts for the Suzuki coupling reaction using Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 catalyst system between Compound IV and Compound V-OMe.
- the reaction represented in Table 1 used Compound IV (5 g, 1 equiv), Compound V-OMe (2 equiv), and base (6.3 equiv) in solvent (ratio v/w with respect to Compound IV) and heated at reflux.
- This series of experiments show varying the reaction conditions did result in some reduction of impurity Compound VIII using the Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 system, although stalling or failure to recrystallize product was observed under most conditions.
- Table 2 outlines the optimization efforts for the Suzuki coupling reaction using Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 catalyst system between Compound IV and Compound V-OMe.
- the reaction represented in Table 2 used Compound IV (5 g, 1 equiv), Compound V-OMe (2 equiv), and base (6.3 equiv) in solvent (ratio v/w with respect to Compound IV) and heated at reflux.
- the Pd(OAc) 2 /P(o-tol) 3 system uses significantly less catalyst, significantly less phosphine ligand and generally always proceeded to completion within 2 hours with no stalling observed, even without degassing.
- the Pd(OAc) 2 /P(o-tol) 3 catalyst system produced Compound II-OH in increased yield and increased purity (>99%) when compared to the original Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 catalyst system. Additionally, this series of experiments also show varying the reaction conditions did not result in significant reduction of impurity Compound VIII compared with the Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 systems.
- the reaction mixture was acidified using aqueous hydrochloric acid until the pH was adjusted to about 2.0-3.0. Once acidified, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (10 parts). The combined organic layers were distilled to an approximate volume of 6.5 parts then Celite® (0.6 w/w, 0.720 kg) and Draco KBG (0.3 w/w, 0.360 kg, charcoal) were added and stirred for 3 hours at about 20° C. The charcoal and Celite® were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a volume of about 3 parts.
Abstract
Description
- This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/096,286, filed on Dec. 23, 2014 and entitled “PROCESS OF MAKING CENICRIVIROC AND RELATED ANALOGS”, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
- The present disclosure relates to processes for synthesizing compounds having CCR5 and/or CCR2 antagonism, or a salt thereof.
- It is known that cenicriviroc (CVC) inhibits CCR5 and CCR2 receptors and prevents virus from entering into a human cell, such as the HIV virus (U.S. Pat. No. 8,183,273). The synthesis of CVC is also previously disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/506,955 and Int. Pat. Pub. No. WO 2001017947.
- The present disclosure provides an industrially advantageous process for preparing CVC, CVC salts, or related analogs, by an optimized amide bond formation process with an amino containing sulfoxide derivative to provide highly pure product.
- Conventional methods of synthesizing CVC, CVC salts, and related analogs, resulted in the presence of undesirable impurities. Thus, there is a need for highly pure CVC and process of making the same.
- This disclosure presents a process route for making Compound I, a racemic or optically pure form of CVC, and the formation of its methane sulfonic acid salt (Compound I-MsOH). In some embodiments, Compound I and Compound I-MsOH are racemic. In other embodiments, Compound I and Compound I-MsOH comprises an optically active sulfoxide, such as the (S)-isomer denoted as (S)-Compound I-MsOH.
- In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH is synthesized by the addition of methane sulfonic acid (MsOH) to Compound I.
-
- In some embodiments, Compound I is synthesized by a reaction between Compound II and Compound III:
-
- wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, Cl, Br, OR2, OCOR2, and NHR2; and
- wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl.
- In some embodiments, Compound I is synthesized by a reaction between Compound II where R1═OH (Compound II-OH) and Compound III.
- In some embodiments, Compound II-OH is synthesized by a reaction between Compound IV and Compound V:
-
- wherein R3 is Ar1 or OR5; R4 is Ar2 or OR6; and R5, and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and substituted alkyl; or R5 and R6 together forms an optionally substituted alkyl or an optionally substituted aryl; Ar1 and Ar2 are independently aryl or substituted aryl.
- In some embodiments, R3 and R4 are both OMe for Compound V, which is denoted as Compound V-OMe.
- In some embodiments, Compound V is synthesized from Compound VI.
- This disclosure, in some embodiments, teaches a process route to minimize impurities represented by Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-D, I-MsOH-E, (R)-I-MsOH, VII, VIII, IX, and mesylate esters resulting from MsOH.
- The present disclosure includes a process for preparing 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH). For example, the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH includes formation of dimethyl (4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)boronate (Compound V) which is subsequently used in formation of highly pure 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH).
- In some embodiments, Compound V is prepared by a) activating magnesium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with heating, b) initiating Grignard formation by the addition of a portion of I-bromo-4-(2-butoxyethoxy)benzene (Compound VI) to a mixture of step a) with heating, c) continuing to add the remaining Compound VI slowly with heating, d) cooling the mixture of step c) to about −25° C. and slowly adding trimethoxyborane, and e) stirring the mixture of step d at about −25° C. for about 1 hour and then warming up the reaction to about 20° C. for about 1 hour.
- In some embodiments, the molar ratio of Compound VI and trimethoxyborane used is about 1:1.
- In some embodiments, neat Compound VI is used in steps b) and/or c). In other embodiments, step c) requires reaction to stir at about 55° C. for about 3 hours to about 5 hours.
- Compound V synthesized as described herein, in one embodiment, is then utilized in the synthesis of Compound II-OH. In some embodiments, Compound II-OH is prepared by a) forming a biphasic mixture by adding a basic aqueous solution to a solution of Compound V, b) adding a catalyst and a ligand to mixture of step a), c) adding 8-bromo-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IV) to the mixture of step b) and heating the reaction mixture, and d) acidifying the mixture of step c). The base used in step a), in some embodiment, is selected from the group consisting of potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, potassium fluoride, potassium hydroxide, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium tert-butoxide, sodium bicarbonate, cesium carbonate, cesium fluoride, and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the catalyst used in step b) is selected from the group consisting of palladium acetate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium, tri(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, palladium chloride, palladium acetylacetonate and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ligand used in step b) is selected from the group consisting of tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, triphenylphosphine, tri(t-butyl)phosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, pyridine, bipyridine, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl and a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the catalyst system of step b) comprises palladium acetate and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine.
- In some embodiments, the ratio of catalyst to ligand is about 1:2. In other embodiments, the catalyst used in step b) is in an amount from about 0.001 equivalents (equiv) to about 2.500 equiv with respect to Compound IV. In a further embodiment, the catalyst is used in an amount of about 0.001 equiv to about 0.005 equiv with respect to Compound IV. In some embodiments, nitrogen is bubbled into the reaction after step a) up to step d) or during any steps a) through d).
- In some embodiments, Compound V is used in an amount of about 1.5 equiv to about 2.2 equiv with respect to Compound IV in the formation of Compound II-OH. In another embodiment, the heating of step c) is maintained at ≤65° C. for about 2 hours to about 6 hours and ensured high conversion to Compound II-OH.
- In other embodiments, during purification step after step d), charcoal is added, with or without Celite® to the reaction mixture containing Compound II-OH. In another embodiment, the mixture containing charcoal and/or Celite® and Compound II-OH is stirred, and then filtered. In one embodiment, the ratio of charcoal to Celite® is about 1:2.
- In another embodiment, during purification step after step d), Celite® is added to the reaction mixture containing Compound II-OH, stirred, and then filtered. In one embodiment, during the purification step after step d), the reaction mixture is filtered to remove any solid particulates.
- In some embodiments, purification of Compound II-OH involves an antisolvent recrystallization and/or a hot recrystallization. In some embodiments, the antisolvent used in the antisolvent recrystallization is heptanes, to obtain a crude material. In other embodiments, hot recrystallization involves the steps of i) dissolving crude material obtained from antisolvent recrystallization with a nonprotic polar solvent and a short-chain alcohol at about 70° C., ii) reducing the temperature of the mixture of step i) to about 20° C. over a period of about 3 hours to about 7 hours, and iii) stirring the mixture of step ii) at about 20° C. for about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In one embodiment, the nonprotic solvent is ethyl acetate. In another embodiment, the short-chain alcohol is isopropanol.
- The disclosed process, in some embodiments, for the synthesis of Compound II-OH provides Compound II-OH in about >97.5% purity. In another embodiment, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH provides Compound II-OH in about >98.0% purity. In some embodiments, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH provides Compound II-OH in about >99.0% purity.
- In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 4,4′-bis(2-butoxyethoxy)biphenyl (Compound VII) in about ≤0.10%.
- In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ≤0.20%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ≤0.10%. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ≤0.05%.
- In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ≤0.50%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ≤0.25%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ≤0.15%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH result in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-A) in about ≤0.20% in Compound II-OH. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-A) in about ≤0.10% in Compound II-OH. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-A) in about ≤0.05% in Compound II-OH.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 1-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-B) in about ≤0.20% in Compound II-OH. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 1-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-B) in about ≤0.10% in Compound II-OH. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 1-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-B) in about ≤0.05% in Compound II-OH.
- In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-C) in about ≤0.50% in Compound II-OH. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound III-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-C) in about ≤0.25% in Compound II-OH. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound II-OH results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH-C) in about ≤0.10% in Compound II-OH.
- The present disclosure further describes the process for the preparation of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH). The disclosed process for synthesizing Compound I-MsOH involves a) reacting Compound II with 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) in the presence of a base to form 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide (Compound I), b) quenching step a) with an aqueous solution, c) adding methanesulfonic acid, and d) crystallizing Compound I-MsOH. In some embodiments, R1 of Compound II is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, Cl, Br, OR2, OCOR2, and NHR2 and R2 of Compound II is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl.
- In some embodiments, R1 of Compound II is Cl. In one embodiment, synthesis of Compound II involves the steps of i) dissolving Compound II-OH in a solvent and ii) adding a chlorinating reagent to the mixture of step i). In some embodiments, the chlorinating reagent is selected from the group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, oxalyl chloride, phosgene, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the chlorinating reagent is thionyl chloride. In some embodiments, the chlorinating reagent is used in about 1.0 equiv to about 1.2 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- In some embodiments, step a) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses dichloromethane as the solvent. In other embodiments, step a) synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses pyridine as the base. In another embodiments, step a) synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses optically pure (S)-Compound III as Compound III.
- In some embodiments, the amount of Compound III used is about 1.0 equiv to about 1.2 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH. In some embodiments, the amount of methane sulfonic acid used is about 0.97 equiv to about 1.02 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH. In other embodiments, the ratio of methane sulfonic acid and Compound II-OH is about 1:1.
- In some embodiments, step b) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH uses citric acid as the aqueous solution. In other embodiments, step b) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH further comprises extracting Compound I and drying the extracted solution with 3 Å molecular sieves.
- In some embodiments, pure sample of Compound I-MsOH is used to seed in the crystallization step d) of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH. The seeded crystallization solution of step d), in some embodiments, comprise further steps of stirring at about 0° C. to allow crystallization, collecting formed crystals, and washing collected crystals with chilled ethyl acetate. In one embodiment, the formed crystals are collected by filtration.
- In other embodiments, further purification is required by employing hot recrystallization after step d). The hot recrystallization of Compound I-MsOH involves i) dissolving crude crystals of Compound I-MsOH obtained in step d) in acetonitrile at about 70° C., ii) reducing the temperature of the mixture of step i) to about 50° C. to about 55° C. over about 1 hour, iii) seeding step ii) with Compound I-MsOH, iv) stirring at about 50° C. to about 55° C. for about 6 hours, v) reducing the temperature of the mixture of step iii to about 20° C., vi) stirring at about 20° C. for about 8 hours, vii) collecting crystals by filtration, and viii) washing crystals with cold acetonitrile.
- The disclosed process, in some embodiments, the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >96.0% purity. In another embodiment, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >97.0% purity. In one embodiment, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >98.0% purity. In some embodiments, the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH provides Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about >98.5% purity.
- In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH) in about ≤1.0%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH) in about ≤0.80% or about ≤0.50%. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound II-OH) in about ≤0.25%.
- In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ≤0.20%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ≤0.10%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(l-isobutyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid) (Compound VIII) in about ≤0.05%.
- In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ≤0.20%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ≤0.10%. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxylic acid (Compound IX) in about ≤0.05%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ≤0.40%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ≤0.30%. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ≤0.20%. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ≤0.15%. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8,8′-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)-1,3-phenylene)bis(1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide) dimethanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-G) in about ≤0.10%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤0.25%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤0.15%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤0.10%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤2000 ppm. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤1750 ppm. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤1500 ppm. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline (Compound III) or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, in about ≤1250 ppm.
- In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of (S)-4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)aniline ((S)-Compound III) in about ≤1500 ppm.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-A) in about ≤0.25%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-A) in about ≤0.15%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-A) in about ≤0.10%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of I-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-B) in about ≤0.25%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of I-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-B) in about ≤0.15%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of I-isobutyl-8-(4-(2-propoxyethoxy)phenyl)-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-B) in about ≤0.10%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-C) in about ≤0.40%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((l 1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-C) in about ≤0.30%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-C) in about ≤0.20%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-D) in about ≤2.0%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-D) in about ≤1.0%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-D) in about ≤0.50%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-E) in about ≤0.40%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-E) in about ≤0.30%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-E) in about ≤0.20%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ≤0.40%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1 I-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ≤0.30%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ≤0.20%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-butyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate (Compound I-MsOH-F) in about ≤0.15%.
- In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof, results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ≤1.0%. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ≤0.50%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof, results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ≤0.25%.
- In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof, results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ≤20 ppm. In other embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ≤10 ppm. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or combinations thereof, results in the presence of mesylate esters, resulting from MsOH, in about ≤5 ppm. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof contains 10 ppm mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose.
- In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH results in (S)-Compound I-MsOH. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis provides (S)-Compound 1-MsOH in greater than 96% purity or greater than 98.5% purity.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of (R)-8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate ((R)-Compound I-MsOH) in about ≤1.00%. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of (R)-8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate ((R)-Compound I-MsOH) in about ≤0.50%. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of (R)-8-(4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)-1-isobutyl-N-(4-(((1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[b]azocine-5-carboxamide methanesulfonate ((R)-Compound I-MsOH) in about ≤0.25%.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of Compound I-MsOH or an enantiomer, a stereoisomer, or a combinations thereof, results in the presence of 5.0% w/w or less or 2.0% w/w or less water content.
- In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ≤3.0% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III. In one embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ≤2.5% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III. In another embodiment, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ≤2.3% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III. In some embodiments, the disclosed synthesis of (S)-Compound I-MsOH results in the presence of ≤2.0% impurity including (R)-Compound I-MsOH but excluding (S)-Compound III.
-
FIG. 1 . shows a proton NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) spectrum of (S)-Compound II-OH. - While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter.
- The term “a” or “an” refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a halogen” refers to one or more halogens or at least one halogen. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein. In addition, reference to “an alkyl group” by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the alkyl group is present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the alkyl groups.
- As used herein, the verb “comprise” as is used in this description and in the claims and its conjugations are used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded.
- As used herein, the phrase “alkyl group” refers to a straight chain, a branched chain or a cyclic hydrocarbons having from 1 up to about 10 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of an alkyl group includes C1-C10 alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like.
- As used herein the phrase “aryl group” refers to an aromatic group having from 6 up to 14 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of an aryl group includes phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, fluorenyl, and the like.
- As used herein, the phrase “substituent(s)” in the optionally substituted alkyl group and the optionally substituted aryl group includes a halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), a nitro group, a cyano group, an optionally substituted hydroxyl group (e.g., a hydroxyl group, C1-C4 alkoxy, etc.), an optionally substituted thiol group (e.g., thiol, C1-C4 alkylthio, etc.), an optionally substituted amino group (e.g., amino, mono-C1-C4 alkylamino, di-C1-C4 alkylamino, a 5- or 6-membered cyclic amino group such as, pyrrolidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyrrole and imidazole, etc.), an optionally esterified or amidated carboxyl group (e.g., carboxyl, C1-C4 alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, mono-C1-C4 alkylcarbamoyl, di-C1-C4 alkylcarbamoyl, etc.), an optionally halogenated C1-C4 alkoxy group (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, etc.), an optionally halogenated C1-C4 alkoxy-C1-C4 alkoxy group (e.g., methoxymethoxy, methoxyethoxy, ethoxyethoxy, trifluoromethoxyethoxy, trifluoroethoxyethoxy, etc.), a formyl group, a C2-C4 alkanoyl group (e.g., acetyl, propionyl, etc.) and a C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl group (e.g., methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, etc.).
- As used herein, the phrase “short-chain alcohol” refers to alcohol containing 1-8 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of short-chain alcohol includes methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, and the like.
- As used herein, the phrase “nonprotic solvent” or “non-protic solvent” refers to an organic solvent or mixtures of organic solvents that is not readily deprotonated in the presence of a strongly basic reactant. Non-limiting examples of non-protic solvents include ethers, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), formamide, N-methylacetamide, N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, propionitrile, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, hexachloroacetone, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, ethyl acetate, sulfolane, N,N-dimethylpropionamide, tetramethylurea, nitromethane, nitrobenzene, or hexamethylphosphoramide, diethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, furan, diethyl ether, tetrahydropyran, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, anisole, t-butyl methyl ether, and the like.
- As used herein, the phrase “protic solvent” refers to a solvent or solvent mixtures that is capable of functioning as an acid for purposes of protonating any unreacted, strongly basic reaction intermediates. Non-limiting examples of protic solvents include water, methanol, ethanol, 2-nitroethanol, 2-fluoroethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, i-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol, 1-, 2-, or 3-pentanol, neo-pentyl alcohol, t-pentyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol, glycerol, and the like.
- As used herein, the phrase “part(s)” when used to describe volume of a liquid refers to an approximate estimate of the volume multiplier to a compound, substance, or liquid in which it refers to or which is stated previously. For example, 50 parts water with respect to Compound A means water with approximately 50 times the volume of Compound A is used.
- As used herein, the symbol “≤” means “not more than” or “equal to or less than”; “<” means “less than”; “≥” means “not less than” or “equal to or more than”; and “>” means “more than”. Furthermore, the numerical numbers, when used herein in connection with purity or impurity content, include not only the exact number but also the approproximate range around the number. For example, the phrase “purity of 99.0%” denotes a purity of about 99.0%.
- Compound V, in some embodiments, represents boronic acids, boronic esters, pinacolboranes, boronic acid dimers, boronic acid trimers, mixtures thereof, or the like. It is commonly understood in the art that Compound V can be presented as various derivatives of boronic acids.
- In some embodiments, dimethyl (4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl)boronate (Compound V-OMe) is prepared by a Grignard formation of 1-bromo-4-(2-butoxyethoxy)benzene (Compound VI) and a subsequent reaction with trimethoxyborane.
- It was discovered in a large scale batch that Grignard initiation was difficult. The previous process employed a dilute solution of Compound VI, approximately 50-70 parts tetrahydrofuran (THF) with respect to Compound VI. The initiation was very slow in the dilute solution of Compound VI with isopropylmagensium chloride (iPrMgCl), which only occurred after prolonged reflux and addition of increased amounts of Compound VI, bringing the concentration to approximately 25 parts THF with respect to Compound VI. In addition to the difficulties in initiating the Grignard, it was found that the use of iPrMgCl had an adverse effect in the subsequent step (lower conversion of the Suzuki coupling step; see section Process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH).
- To overcome the Grignard initiation issues, in some embodiments, the activation step of the magnesium turnings, by heating and agitation, prior to the Grignard formation is necessary. In some embodiments, magnesium turnings were stirred for about 1 hour in about 9 parts of an ethereal solvent, such as THF. Subsequently, the solvent can be reduced to about 3 parts by distillation.
- The Grignard initiation challenges, in some embodiments, are solved by using neat Compound VI to provide a more concentrated solution than the previous methods. In some embodiments, approximately 20% of the total amount of Compound VI is added neat to the solution of activated magnesium turnings over a period of at least 15 minutes, while the exotherm is controlled, such that the temperature of the reaction is maintained below the boiling point of the solvent. The resulting solution is heated at or around the boiling point of the solvent for about 1 hours to about 4 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled by about 10° C. and diluted with the same solvent as used previously (5 parts). This disclosed Grignard initiation step, in some embodiments, results in the complete omission of iPrMgCl.
- In some embodiments, to the hot initiated Grignard solution, which is further diluted, the remaining Compound VI is slowly added neat over a period of about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. The addition of Compound VI is exothermic and the reaction mixture is carefully maintained to be well below the boiling point during the addition. In some embodiments, the resulting mixture is stirred and heated to temperature below the boiling point of the solvent, for example about 55° C. for THF, for about 3 hours to about 4 hours. In some embodiments, the heating time can be extended until high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicates less than about 1% of Compound VI is remaining. It was noted that prolong heating time had no beneficial effect on the yield of the subsequent step or in the prevention of key impurity formations.
- Previous process route for the synthesis of Compound V-OMe involved cooling the Grignard mixture to about −15° C. and adding a solution of trimethoxyborane in THF. The inventors discovered that this temperature range was not optimal and lead to lower yields and higher impurities. Also, it was found that the reaction was sensitive to the rate of addition of trimethoxyborane.
- Considering the above findings, in some embodiments, Grignard mixture (once formation is complete) is cooled to about −25° C. and neat trimethoxyborane is added portion-wise over about 2 hours. The reaction mixture was stirred at about −25° C. for about 1 hour to about 2 hours upon completion of the trimethoxyborane addition, then warmed up to about 20° C. and stirred for about 1 hour to about 2 hours to provide Compound V-OMe. In some embodiments, the neat trimethoxyborane was chilled prior to the addition to the Grignard mixture.
- In some embodiments, the ratio of magnesium turning, Compound VI, and trimethoxyborane is about 1.08:1:1.
- In some embodiments, anhydrous solvents are used in the synthesis of Compound V. In other embodiments, the reaction for the synthesis of Compound V is maintained under atmospheric pressure of nitrogen or argon and the reaction vessels and equipment are rid of moisture prior to use.
- In some embodiments, Compound VI and trimethoxyborane is both used as a neat solution to minimize reactor usage.
- It was noted that filtration of the crude Compound V-OMe to remove excess magnesium and magnesium salts is not necessary as it had no effect on the subsequent step in terms of preventing key impurity formation.
- In some embodiments, Compound II-OH is prepared by the reaction between Compound IV and Compound V. In other embodiments, Compound II-OH is prepared by a transition metal-catalyzed process, such as a Suzuki coupling reaction, between Compound IV and Compound V. In one embodiment, the amount of Compound V used is about 1 equivalent (equiv) to about 3 equiv with respect to Compound IV. In other embodiments, the amount of Compound V used is about 2 equiv with respect to Compound IV.
- Previous process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH also involved a Suzuki coupling reaction where the reaction mixture containing Compound V was charged with palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)2) catalyst and triphenylphosphine ligand (PPh3), prior to the addition of aqueous base solution (water and solid base). This synthetic route yielded Compound II-OH in a moderate yield of about 55% to about 64% yield with purity ranging from about 92% to about 99%.
- It was discovered that, in some embodiments, the addition of the aqueous base solution to form a biphasic mixture prior to the addition of the palladium (Pd) catalyst and the ligand is beneficial in reducing Compound VII impurity, resulting from homo-coupling of Compound V. In some embodiments, a solution of a base in about 6.5 parts water is added to the reaction mixture containing Compound V, prepared as described previously. In other embodiments, base may be selected from the group consisting of alkali carbonates (potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, etc), alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc), alkaline metal acetates (potassium acetate, sodium acetate, etc), alkaline metal phosphates (potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, etc), alkali metal fluorides (potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, etc), alkaline metal alkoxides (potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, etc), alkali metal hydroxides (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, etc), and organic bases such as alkyl amines (triethylamine, diisopropylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, etc) pyridines (pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, etc), cyclic amines (morpholine, 4-methylmorpholine, etc), and the combination thereof. In one embodiment, the base is potassium carbonate (K2CO3). In some embodiments, the equivalent of base is about 1 equiv to about 8 equiv with respect to Compound IV.
- The addition of the aqueous base solution, in some embodiments, is carried out over a period of at least 30 minutes to at least 1 hour. The slow addition of the base solution was found critical in the yield of the Suzuki coupling reaction. Without being bound to any theory, this is presumably due to the prevention of salt formation during the biphasic mixture formation.
- Previous synthetic routes of the Suzuki coupling reaction raised issues regarding reaction conversion when carried out in a large scale. It was discovered that purging the biphasic reaction mixture with nitrogen (N2), by bubbling N2 directly into the reaction mixture, for about 1 hour to rid air content, such as oxygen, provided the desired reaction conversion. This process is known as the degassing. Degassing the reaction mixture was also found beneficial in reducing Compound VII impurities from the Suzuki coupling step.
- In some embodiments, to a degassed biphasic reaction mixture containing Compound V, a Pd-catalyst and a ligand is added. Previous synthetic route utilized tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh3)4) catalyst system achieved by adding Pd(OAc)2 and PPh3. The yield of the Suzuki reaction using Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst system was not optimal as represented by the moderate yield of Compound II-OH (about 55% to about 64% yield).
- Further optimization of the catalyst system was undertaken to improve yields and to lower Compound VIII impurity. As described in Example 1 and Table 1, optimization of the Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst system demonstrated that good conversion was achieved only when catalyst loading was significantly increased (from about 2 mol % to about 10 mol %, Table 1 entry 6) or when the reaction was refluxed substantially longer time (about 27 hours, entry 5).
- It was also noted that when high catalyst loading was employed, the amount of Compound VIII impurity was significantly lower (0.04%, entry 6); however, high catalyst loading interfered with the crystallization of the product. Also, lowering the temperature for the Suzuki coupling reaction showed unsuccessful in preventing Compound VIII impurity.
- Next, different catalyst systems were considered as shown in Example 2 and Table 2. Removal of the phosphine ligands (Table 2, entry 1) was shown detrimental to the reaction conversion. The inventors discovered that catalyst system of Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 increased reaction yield (about 80-85%) and product purity (>99%) compared to the previous Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst system. Furthermore, with the newly discovered Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 catalyst system, the catalyst loading could be minimized significantly from about 2 mol % to about 0.25 mol %. It was also noted that with the disclosed catalyst system, degassing the reaction did not affect conversion rate, purity of the product, or the amount of Compound VIII. The catalyst optimization study from Examples 1-2 both indicate the amount of Compound VIII impurity has very little to no correlation with the Suzuki coupling reaction conditions.
- In some embodiments, Pd-catalyst and ligands are added to the reaction biphasic reaction mixture containing Compound V. In some embodiments, Pd-catalyst can be a Pd(0) species or a Pd(II) species. Non-limiting examples of Pd-catalyst include tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh3)4), tri(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium, bis(tri-t-butylphosphine) palladium, bis[1,2-bis(diphenylphophino)ethane] palladium, bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium, palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)2), palladium chloride (PdCl2), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium, palladium acetylacetonate, palladium bromide, palladium iodide, palladium cyanide, palladium hydroxide, palladium nitrate, tetraammine palladium(II) chloride hydrate, dinitrodiammine palladium, di-μ-chlorobis(η-allyl) palladium, dichlorobis(benzonitrile) palladium, dichlorobis(acetonitrile) palladium, palladium propionate, [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) chloride, tetrakis(tri-o-tolylphosphine) palladium, tetrakis(tri-t-butylphosphine) palladium, bis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) palladium, bis(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) palladium, tetrakis(triethylphosphite) palladium, and combinations thereof.
- In some embodiments, the ligand is selected from the group consisting of phosphine ligands (tritolylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tri-n-butylphosphite, tri-tert-butylphosphine, di-tert-butylmethylphosphine, etc), nitrogen based ligands (pyridine, bipyridine, etc), NHC ligands (N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene etc), and combinations thereof.
- In some embodiments, the Pd-catalyst/ligand system is Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3. In other embodiments, the Pd-catalyst and the ligand are added with continuous degassing of the reaction mixture.
- In some embodiments, the amount of Pd-catalyst used is about 0.001 mol % to about 10.0 mol % with respect to Compound IV. In one embodiment, the amount of Pd-catalyst used is about 0.05 mol % to about 0.25 mol % with respect to Compound IV.
- In some embodiments, the ratio of the ligand to the Pd-catalyst is about 1:1 to about 3:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the ligand to the Pd-catalyst is about 2:1.
- In some embodiments, Compound IV is added to the biphasic mixture containing Compound V and Pd-catalyst/ligand system. In one embodiment, Compound IV is added with continuous degassing of the reaction mixture.
- In some embodiments, the reaction mixture upon the addition of Compound IV is heated for about 2 hours to about 5 hours and then cooled to ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is heated to no greater than 65° C. It was noted that Pd-catalyst becomes inactive when temperature is raised above 65° C. For example, a Suzuki reaction set at a temperature of 90° C. did not go to completion. In one embodiment, the reaction was heated until HPLC analysis indicates ≤2% Compound IV remaining and indicates formation of Compound II-OH.
- Once the reaction was deemed complete by HPLC, in some embodiments, the reaction is cooled to ambient temperature and the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to about 2.0 to about 3.0 using aqueous acid solutions. In some embodiment, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used.
- In some embodiment, Compound V is Compound V-OMe.
- Previous purification process for Compound II-OH required two hot recrystallizations and two charcoal treatments. The disclosed purification process, in some embodiments, requires one charcoal treatment, one anti-solvent recrystallization, and/or one hot recrystallization.
- The acidified biphasic reaction mixture containing crude Compound II-OH is, in some embodiments, separated into an aqueous layer and an organic layer. In some embodiments, the resulting aqueous layer is extracted with an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the aqueous layer is extracted with toluene (about 10 parts).
- The volume of the combined organic layers is, in some embodiments, reduced to about 6.5 parts. In some embodiments, the volume of the combined organic layer is reduced by distillation. The resulting reduced organic layer is, in some embodiments, treated with charcoal. In other embodiments, the resulting reduced organic layer is treated with charcoal and Celite®. In one embodiment, the ratio of charcoal to Celite® is about 1:2 by weight. The reaction mixture containing charcoal is, in some embodiment, stirred for about 1 hour to about 5 hours at an ambient temperature. The charcoal is then, in other embodiments, filtered and the volume of the reaction is reduced to about 3 parts. In one embodiment, the volume is reduced by distillation.
- In some embodiments, antisolvent recrystallization is used for purification of Compound II-OH. To the reduced crude mixture, polar solvents, such as isopropanol and ethyl acetate, is added and concentrated to an oil. In one embodiment, a non-polar antisolvent is added over a period of about 1 hour, portion wise, to the crude oil mixture. The resulting suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 hour to about 8 hours. In some embodiments, the precipitated crystals are then collected by filtration. In some embodiments, the mother liquor is not recirculated to remove any remaining crystals from the reaction vessels; instead multiple solvent wash may be added using fresh solvents.
- In some embodiments, the antisolvent is heptanes. In other embodiments, the polar solvent is isopropanol or a mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the product precipitates without the addition of the antisolvent.
- In some embodiments, a hot recrystallization is used for purification of Compound II-OH. The crude material containing Compound II-OH or crude crystals of Compound II-OH are dissolved in polar solvents such as isopropanol and ethyl acetate at an elevated temperature. The temperature of the solution is slowly reduced to ambient temperature and stirred until recrystallization is complete and then the crystals are collected by filtration.
- In some embodiments, the polar solvent used is isopropanol or isopropanol and ethyl acetate mixture. In some embodiments, the crude Compound II-OH is dissolved in mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate in about 9:1 ratio at about 70° C. In other embodiments, the temperature of the hot solution is decreased by about 10° C. every about 1 hour until it reaches ambient temperature. In some embodiments, once the solvent is cooled to an ambient temperature, the solution is stirred for about 2 hours to about 6 hours. The resulting crystals are, in some embodiments, collected by filtration. In some embodiments, the mother liquor is not recirculated to remove any remaining crystals from the reaction vessels; instead multiple solvent wash may be added using fresh solvents.
- Recrystallization solvent study revealed that when hot recrystallization is carried out in isopropanol alone, the recovery of Compound II-OH was high (90-93%) and decreased impurity Compound VIII by about 50-60%. When hot recrystallization is carried out in ethyl acetate alone, the recovery of Compound II-OH was lower (70-75%) than isopropanol system but the reduction in impurity Compound VIII was greater (by 80-83%). When hot recrystallization is carried out in a mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate, both high recovery of Compound II-OH (90-92%) and effective reduction in impurity Compound VIII (by 75-80%) was obtained.
- In some embodiments, both antisolvent recrystallization and hot recrystallization is utilized. In some embodiments, the combination of antisolvent recrystallization and hot recrystallization reduces impurity Compounds VIII and IX significantly. In some embodiments, recrystallization steps can be repeated to reach the desired purity. In other embodiments, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ≤0.20% of Compound VII, with ≤0.20% of Compound VII, and with ≤0.50% of Compound IX. In some embodiments, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ≤0.10% of Compound VII, with ≤0.10% of Compound VIII, and with ≤0.25% of Compound IX. In one embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ≤0.05% of Compound VII, with ≤0.05% of Compound VIII, and with ≤0.15% of Compound IX.
- In one embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ≤0.20% of Compound II-OH-A, with ≤0.20% of Compound II-OH-B, and with ≤0.50% of Compound II-OH-C. In another embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ≤0.10% of Compound II-OH-A, with ≤0.10% of Compound II-OH-B, and with ≤0.25% of Compound II-OH-C. In some embodiments, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >97.5% with ≤0.05% of Compound II-OH-A, with ≤0.05% of Compound II-OH-B, and with ≤0.15% of Compound II-OH-C.
- In one embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >98.0%. In one embodiment, following the disclosed process for the synthesis of Compound II-OH as described herein, the purity of Compound II-OH is >99.0%.
- The previous process for preparing Compound I and subsequently Compound I-MsOH presented challenges with the presence of Compound II-OH (starting material) in the final product. It was discovered that the formation of Compound II-OH is dependent on several steps or features of the reaction. First, the formation of acid chloride Compound II-Cl (Compound II where R1═Cl). Second, the solvent choice of the reaction affected the amount of Compound II-OH produced. Third, is regarding the salt formation step. The disclosed process, described herein, addresses these challenges and describes protocols that reduce the formation of Compound II-OH significantly.
- In some embodiments, Compound I is synthesized by a reaction between Compound II and Compound III. In some embodiments, Compound II-OH is reacted with a chlorinating reagent to form Compound II-Cl. In some embodiments, Compound II-Cl reacts with Compound III to produce Compound I.
- In some embodiments, Compound II-OH is dissolved in a solvent and a chlorinating reagent is added to yield Compound II-Cl. In some embodiments, the solvent used include, but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylforamide (DMF), diethylether, and methylene chloride (DCM). In one embodiment, the solvent is methylene chloride.
- Previous process utilized THF as the solvent for the acid chloride formation with the addition of DMF. It was discovered that the formation of Compound II-OH could be minimized when DCM is used as the solvent for the acid chloride formation.
- Prior to the addition of the chlorinating reagent, the solution containing Compound II-OH is cooled below ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the solution containing Compound II-OH is cooled to about 10° C. to about 15° C. In some embodiments, the chlorinating reagent is added over about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes while the temperature of the solution was maintained below ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the mixture is maintained at about 10° C. to about 15° C. and stirred for about 2 hours to about 4 hours then cooled to about 0° C. or below. In one embodiment, the reaction was stirred until HPLC analysis indicated ≤3.0% of Compound II-OH is present.
- Non-limiting examples of chlorinating reagents include thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, oxalyl chloride, phosgene, and the like or the combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the chlorinating reagent is thionyl chloride. In another embodiment, the chlorinating reagent is used in about 1.0 equiv to about 2.0 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH. In one embodiment, the chlorinating reagent is used in about 1.0 equivalent to about 1.1 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH. In another embodiment, the ratio of the chlorinating reagent and the Compound II-OH is about 1:1.
- In a separate reaction vessel, Compound III is dissolved in a solvent with a base. To the solution of Compound III and a base, a solution of Compound II-Cl is slowly added. In some embodiment, the solvent used for dissolving Compound III can be tetrahydrofuran, dimethylforamide, diethylether, methylene chloride, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the solvent is methylene chloride. In some embodiments, the reaction is cooled to about 0° C. before the addition of Compound III. In one embodiment, the reaction is maintained at about 0° C. for about 3 hours to about 7 hours after the addition of Compound III until HPLC analysis indicates ≤0.5% of Compound II-Cl is present. In another embodiment, Compound III is used in about 1.0 equi to about 1.2 equiv with respect to Compound II-OH.
- In some embodiments, the base is used in about 1 equiv to about 4 equiv. Non-limiting example of base includes alkali carbonates (potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, etc), alkali metal hydrogen carbonates (potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc), alkaline metal acetates (potassium acetate, sodium acetate, etc), alkaline metal phosphates (potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, etc), alkali metal fluorides (potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, etc), alkaline metal alkoxides (potassium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, etc), alkali metal hydroxides (potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, etc), and organic bases such as alkyl amines (triethylamine, diisopropylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, etc) pyridines (pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, etc), cyclic amines (morpholine, 4-methylmorpholine, etc), and the combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the base is pyridine. In some embodiments, pyridine reacts with Compound II-Cl to form pyridine-HCl salt and vigorous agitation may be necessary to prevent aggregation of the salt.
- Upon the indication of the conversion of Compound II-Cl to Compound I, the reaction mixture is, in one embodiment, acidified. In some embodiments, citric acid solution is used to acidify the reaction mixture containing crude Compound I. In one embodiment, citric acid is used in about 1.5 equiv to about 2.0 equiv in about 10 parts water with respect to Compound II-OH and added over about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. In one embodiment, a chilled citric acid aqueous solution is added to a cooled reaction mixture while maintaining an internal temperature of about 0° C.
- In some embodiments, the volatile solvent is removed to provide a total volume of about 13 parts. In other embodiments, a different solvent is added (about 5 parts) to the reduced reaction mixture, and reduced once again to provide a total volume of about 13 parts.
- In some embodiment, a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate is used. In other embodiment, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
- The reduced reaction mixture which consists of a majority of an acidic aqueous layer, in some embodiments, is extracted with a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate in about 10 parts. In some embodiments, the organic layer containing the desired product, Compound I, is washed with aqueous solutions several times, for example with a solution of sodium bicarbonate and brine.
- The stability of Compound I during workup procedure was studied. It was demonstrated that Compound I is not particularly sensitive to light during workup and the use of clear reaction vessel or an amber reaction vessel did not display increased hydrolysis of Compound I to Compound II-OH. Additionally, Compound I was studied in various pH and temperature during workup procedures; however, no correlation was discovered for increased hydrolysis of Compound I to Compound II-OH. Although it is still a possibility that Compound I can hydrolyze to Compound II-OH during workup, the amide bond is fairly stable under the workup conditions.
- Water content in the organic layer resulting from the extraction workup is found to have an impact on the overall yield of the salt formation of Compound I (Compound I-MsOH). In some embodiments, the presence of water during the salt formation increased the hydrolysis of Compound I back to Compound II-OH, thus a rigorous drying process is ideal. In some embodiments, the organic layer, containing Compound I, is dried with 3 Å powdered molecular sieves. In some embodiments, the resulting slurry is stirred for about 15 hours to about 30 hours at an ambient temperature before the molecular sieves are removed by filtration. The filtered molecular sieves are washed with a polar solvent such as ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the residual water content is determined by titration. In some embodiments, the drying step using molecular sieves can be repeated until the residual water is ≤2.5%.
- Once the organic layer containing Compound I is dried and determined to be substantially free of water, in some embodiments, the solvent is removed to give a total volume of about 3 parts. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed by distillation. In other embodiment, the solution is assayed by HPLC before or after the solvent reduction to calculate the amount of Compound I present.
- To the concentrated crude solution of Compound I, in some embodiments, a solvent is added in about 4 parts. In one embodiment, the solvent used is acetonitrile. To the solution containing Compound I, methane sulfonic acid (MsOH) is added. In some embodiment, MsOH is added in a single portion. In other embodiments, MsOH is used in about 0.9 equiv to about 1.5 equiv with respect to Compound I as determined by the HPLC assay. In one embodiment, MsOH is used in about 0.97 equiv to about 1.02 equiv.
- In some embodiments, MsOH is washed into solution containing Compound I and MsOH with additional solvent such as acetonitrile or ethyl acetate. The reaction mixture is stirred at an ambient temperature for about 30 minutes to about 1 hour. It was discovered that excess MsOH had an adverse effect on the formation of Compound II-OH by hydrolysis of the amide bond of Compound I, therefore an accurate assay of Compound I is critical to determine the exact amount of Compound I present and the exact amount of MsOH required to achieve a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio during salt formation. In one embodiment, Compound I and MsOH are used in 1:1 ratio to minimize amide bond hydrolysis.
- In one embodiment, the solvent used in the step of converting Compound I into Compound I-MsOH, is free of alcohol solvents. It was discovered that residual levels of alcohol solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.) in the reaction lead to contamination of Compound I-MsOH with mesylate esters. These resulting mesylate esters are known mutagens.
- In some embodiments, prior to crystallization, the reaction mixture was washed with brine and dried using 3 Å molecular sieves. In some cases, it was determined that slight amount of water present in the reaction mixture could prevent crystallization to occur and/or result in lower yield of Compound I-MsOH. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the lower yield resulted in systems with higher water content is due to higher hydrolysis rate to give Compound II-OH which was found in the mother liquor at a higher concentration in a study with higher water content.
- To crystalize Compound I-MsOH from the reaction mixture, in some embodiment, a pure sample of Compound I-MsOH is used as a seed. The solution, with or without seeding, is in some embodiments, stirred at an ambient temperature for about 6 hours to about 10 hours. Additionally, in some embodiments, the solution is stirred at about 0° C. for about 6 hours to about 10 hours. The precipitated crystals are, in some embodiments, collected by filtration. In some embodiments, the crystals are washed with cold solvent such as ethyl acetate to obtain crude Compound I-MsOH.
- The crude crystals of Compound I-MsOH are, in some embodiments, further purified using hot recrystallization technique. In some embodiments, crystals of Compound I-MsOH are dissolved in solvents (about 10 parts) at an elevated temperature. In other embodiments, crystals of Compound I-MsOH are dissolved in acetonitrile at about 70° C. The hot solution of Compound I-MsOH was slowly cooled to about 50° C. to about 55° C. over a period of about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the solution of Compound I-MsOH was seeded with pure sample of Compound I-MsOH at about 50° C. to about 55° C. The solution, with or without seeding, is stirred at about 50° C. to about 55° C. for about 4 hours to about 8 hours, in some embodiments. The hot solution is, in some embodiments, cooled to an ambient temperature over about 1 hour and stirred at an ambient temperature for about 6 hours to about 10 hours. In one embodiment, hot recrystallization of Compound I-MsOH from acetonitrile reduces contamination, including mesylate esters.
- The precipitated crystals of Compound I-MsOH, in some embodiments, are collected by filtration. In other embodiments, the filtered crystals of Compound I-MsOH are washed with acetonitrile. In one embodiment, the filtered crystals of Compound I-MsOH are washed with cold acetonitrile. The purity of the crystals is assayed by titration and HPLC. If necessary, hot recrystallization can be repeated until the desired purity is obtained. In some embodiments, the filtered crystals of Compound I-MsOH are dried under reduced pressure. In other embodiments, the dried crystals are further pulverized by a powder mill and a jet mill or the like.
- The study of the Compound I-MsOH crystals under a microscope revealed that the surface of the crystals became oily with time, which is identified as a result of hydrolysis on the surface of the crystals. Acetonitrile was found to be a solvent that Compound II-OH is more soluble in than Compound I-MsOH. Therefore, upon recrystallization, it is beneficial to wash the filtered crystals with acetonitrile. Due to Compound I-MsOH also being soluble in acetonitrile to some degree, in some embodiments, cold acetonitrile should be used to wash the crystals, and the volume and the frequency of the wash should be limited to about twice with about 2 parts volume to about 3 parts volume.
- The hydrolysis of Compound I or Compound I-MsOH is susceptible in the presence of water or acid. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture should be substantially free of water prior and during purification steps of Compound I-MsOH. In other embodiments, the reaction mixture should be substantially free of aqueous acid prior and during purification steps of Compound I-MsOH. In some embodiments, gentle agitation should be maintained through the salt formation and purification steps of Compound I-MsOH.
- In some embodiments, Compound III used in the reaction to obtain Compound I or Compound I-MsOH is optically pure. In which case, it will result in an optically pure Compound I or optically pure Compound I-MsOH. In one embodiment, Compound III is (S)-Compound III. In another embodiment, Compound I-MsOH is (S)-Compound I-MsOH.
- The disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound II-OH and its subsequent use in the disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH, in some embodiment, results in highly pure Compound I-MsOH that is substantially free of Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-D, I-MsOH-E, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, II-OH, III, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and mesylate esters resulting from MsOH. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >96% purity. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >97% purity. In one embodiment, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >98% purity. In another embodiment, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >99% purity.
- The disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound II-OH and its subsequent use in the disclosed process of the synthesis of Compound I-MsOH, in some embodiment, results in highly pure (S)-Compound I-MsOH that is substantially free of (R)-Compound I-MsOH, R or S versions of (I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-D, I-MsOH-E, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G), II-OH, III, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and mesylate esters resulting from MsOH. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >96% purity. In other embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >97% purity. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >98% purity. In another embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, disclosed herein will result in >99% purity.
- In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.2% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1.0%, ≤0.8%, ≤0.6%, or ≤0.4% of each impurities including I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1,500 ppm of Compound III. In another embodiment, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.3% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-E, and I-MsOH-F. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.002% (20 ppm) mesylate ester resulting from MsOH. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH contains ≤0.002% (20 ppm) mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH contains ≤15 ppm mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose. In one embodiment, Compound I-MsOH contains ≤0.001% (10 ppm) mesylate ester for a 150 mg dose.
- In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.3% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.5% of each impurities including I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1,000 ppm of Compound III. In another embodiment, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.15% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-E, and I-MsOH-F, VII, VIII, and IX. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.001% (10 ppm) mesylate ester resulting from MsOH.
- In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.05% of each impurities including Compounds I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.30% of each impurities including Compound I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH. In some embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.1% of each impurities including I-MsOH-A, I-MsOH-B, I-MsOH-C, I-MsOH-F, I-MsOH-G, VII, VIII, and IX. In other embodiments, Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.15% of each impurities including Compound I-MsOH-D and Compound II-OH. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1.0% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH. In another embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.5% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.25% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.20% of (R)-Compound I-MsOH.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤5.0% w/w water content as measured by U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) <921>, method 1C. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤2.5% w/w water content as measured by USP <921>, method 1C. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤2.0% w/w water content as measured by USP <921>, method 1C. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1.0% w/w water content as measured by USP <921>, method 1C.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤20% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤15% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤13% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain between about 5% to about 15% w/w methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain between about 11% to about 13% w/w methanesulfonic acid.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤500 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤425 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤410 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤350 ppm acetonitrile as residual solvent.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤7500 ppm ethyl acetate as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤5000 ppm ethyl acetate as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤4000 ppm ethyl acetate as residual solvent.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤300 ppm pyridine as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤200 ppm pyridine as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤100 ppm pyridine as residual solvent.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤750 ppm dichloromethane as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤600 ppm dichloromethane as residual solvent. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤500 ppm dichloromethane as residual solvent.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1.0 ppm elemental impurities of cadmium as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤1.0 ppm lead. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.5 ppm elemental impurities of cadmium as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤0.5 ppm lead. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤0.25 ppm elemental impurities of cadmium as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤0.25 ppm lead.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤2.0 ppm elemental impurities of arsenic as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1.5 ppm elemental impurities of arsenic as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1.0 ppm elemental impurities of arsenic as measured by USP <232>.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤10.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP <232>and/or ≤10.0 ppm cobalt. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤5.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤5.0 ppm cobalt. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤3.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤2.5 ppm cobalt. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤2.0 ppm elemental impurities of mercury as measured by USP <232>. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤2.0 ppm elemental impurities of cobalt as measured by USP <232>.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤20.0 ppm elemental impurities of vanadium as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤20.0 ppm palladium. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤10.0 ppm elemental impurities of vanadium as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤10.0 ppm palladium. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤5.0 ppm elemental impurities of vanadium as measured by USP <232> and/or ≤5.0 ppm palladium.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤30.0 ppm elemental impurities of nickel as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤20.0 ppm elemental impurities of nickel as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤10.0 ppm elemental impurities of nickel as measured by USP <232>.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1500 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1250 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1100 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP <232>. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤1000 ppm elemental impurities of chromium as measured by USP <232>.
- In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤500 ppm elemental impurities of molybdenum as measured by USP <232>. In some embodiments, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤300 ppm elemental impurities of molybdenum as measured by USP <232>. In one embodiment, (S)-Compound I-MsOH, e.g., synthesized by the disclosed process, will contain ≤250 ppm elemental impurities of molybdenum as measured by USP <232>.
- Unless otherwise noted, the purity of the compounds was assessed using standard HPLC analysis. For example, a Capcellpak C18 column (Shisedo) with the dimensions of 4.6 cm×150 cm, 5 micron was used with a PDA 290 nm detector. The column temperature was set to 40° C., and the two mobile phases were A: 100% 0.05M NH4OAc in water and B: 100% acetonitrile. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min with the run time of about 45-60 minutes per sample. The injection volume was 10 μL. In a different system, Clark instrument was used with PDA 293 nm detector. The injection volume was 20 μL and the run time was 120 minutes per sample.
- Table 1 describes the optimization efforts for the Suzuki coupling reaction using Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst system between Compound IV and Compound V-OMe. The reaction represented in Table 1 used Compound IV (5 g, 1 equiv), Compound V-OMe (2 equiv), and base (6.3 equiv) in solvent (ratio v/w with respect to Compound IV) and heated at reflux. This series of experiments show varying the reaction conditions did result in some reduction of impurity Compound VIII using the Pd(PPh3)4 system, although stalling or failure to recrystallize product was observed under most conditions.
-
TABLE 1 Base Exp. Solvents # Catalyst (ratio) Comments 1 Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 K3PO4 3 h: 50% conversion 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water 6 h: 75% conversion (25:8) Compound VIII: 0.25% 2 Pd(PPh3)4 K3PO4 4 h: 65% conversion 2.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.135% (25:8) 3 Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 K3PO4 Grignard refluxed 27 h 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water 4 h: 64% conversion (25:8) Compound VIII: 0.22% 4 Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 K3PO4 Using 1 equiv. boronic ester 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water 8 h: 50% conversion (25:8) Compound VIII: 0.11% 5 Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 K3PO4 At 45° C. instead of refluxing 27 h: 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water 100% conversion (25:8) Compound VIII: 0.15% 6 Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 K3PO4 4 h: 100% conversion 10.0/40.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.04% (25:8) Trituration failed to produce crystals - Table 2 outlines the optimization efforts for the Suzuki coupling reaction using Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst system between Compound IV and Compound V-OMe. The reaction represented in Table 2 used Compound IV (5 g, 1 equiv), Compound V-OMe (2 equiv), and base (6.3 equiv) in solvent (ratio v/w with respect to Compound IV) and heated at reflux. According to the results from Table 2, the Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 system uses significantly less catalyst, significantly less phosphine ligand and generally always proceeded to completion within 2 hours with no stalling observed, even without degassing. The Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 catalyst system produced Compound II-OH in increased yield and increased purity (>99%) when compared to the original Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst system. Additionally, this series of experiments also show varying the reaction conditions did not result in significant reduction of impurity Compound VIII compared with the Pd(PPh3)4 systems.
-
TABLE 2 Base Exp. Solvents # Catalyst (ratio) Comments 1 Pd(OAc)2 K2CO3 27 h: 17% conversion 10.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.15% (25:8) 2 Pd(dba)2/PtBu3 K3PO4 4 h: 100% conversion 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.15% (25:8) Trituration failed to produce crystals 3 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 2 h: 100% conversion 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.08% (25:8) Compound II-OH2 > 99 % purity 4 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 1 h: 100% conversion 2.0/8.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.06% (25:8) Compound II-OH2 > 99% purity 5 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 100% conversion 1.0/2.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.15% (25:8) Compound II-OH2 > 99% purity. 6 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 1.5 h. 100% conversion 0.5/1.0 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.13% (25:8) Compound II-OH2 > 99% purity 7 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 2 h: 100% conversion 0.25/0.5 mol % THF:water Compound VIII: 0.17%, 0.38%1 (25:8) Compound II-OH2 > 99 % purity 8 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 Reaction was degassed for 4 h 2 h: 0.25/0.5 mol % THF:water 100% conversion (25:8) Compound VIII: 0.28% Compound II-OH2 > 99% purity 9 Pd(OAc)2/P(o-tol)3 K2CO3 Reaction was not degassed 0.25/0.5 mol % THF:water 2 h: 100% conversion (25:8) Compound VIII: 0.29% Compound II-OH2 > 99% purity 1Showing results of two different trials. 2Compound II-OH was triturated. - Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 9 parts) was added to magnesium (0.185 kg, 2.15 equiv) and the solution was stirred for 1 hour. THF was removed by distillation until the total volume of the solution was about 3 parts. To that, neat Compound VI (0.775 kg, 0.4 equiv) was added and the solution was heated to about 66° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to about 55° C. and additional anhydrous THF (5 parts) was added. To the hot solution, neat Compound VI (1.163 kg, 1.6 equiv) was added over 1 hour and the mixture was stirred at about 55° C. for about 4 hours to form the Grignard reagent. After HPLC analysis indicated less than about 1% of Compound VI was remaining, the reaction mixture was cooled to about −25° C. To the cooled reaction mixture, neat trimethoxyborane (0.739 kg, 2.0 equiv) was added portion-wise over 2 hours. The resulting mixture was stirred at −25° C. for 1 hour then warmed up to about 20° C. and stirred for 1 hour to yield Compound V-OMe.
- To the reaction mixture containing compound V-OMe, a solution of potassium carbonate (3.64 kg, 6.25 equiv) in water (25 mL) was portion-wise added over 1 hour. The biphasic solution was degassed with nitrogen for 1 hour then palladium acetate (0.002 kg, 0.0025 equiv) and tri-o-tolylphosphine (0.0054 kg, 0.0050 equiv) was added, while degassing continued. Subsequently, Compound IV (1.200 kg, 1.0 equiv) was added while degassing continued. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at or below 65° C. for 4 hours or until HPLC analysis indicated ≤2% Compound IV was remaining. Once the reaction was deemed complete, it was cooled to an ambient temperature.
- The reaction mixture was acidified using aqueous hydrochloric acid until the pH was adjusted to about 2.0-3.0. Once acidified, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (10 parts). The combined organic layers were distilled to an approximate volume of 6.5 parts then Celite® (0.6 w/w, 0.720 kg) and Draco KBG (0.3 w/w, 0.360 kg, charcoal) were added and stirred for 3 hours at about 20° C. The charcoal and Celite® were removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a volume of about 3 parts.
- To the reduced solution, isopropanol (5 parts) was added and the mixture was again concentrated to a volume of 3 parts. To the resulting oil, heptanes (12 parts) were added portion-wise over 1 hour. The resulting suspension was stirred at about 20° C. for 6 hours and the crystals were collected by filtration.
- The crude crystals collected by the filtration were then dissolved in ethyl acetate (0.4 parts) and isopropanol (3.6 parts) at 70° C. The temperature of the solution was reduced by 10° C. every 1 hour until the temperature reached 20° C. The solution was stirred at 20° C. for 4 hours and the crystals were collected by filtration and washed with heptanes. Compound II-OH was dried to yield 0.938 kg of yellow solid (58.5% yield, 99.42% purity).
- HPLC Purity Method:
-
- Column: Capcellpak C18, Shisedo, 4.6×150 cm, 5 micron
- Detector wavelength: PDA 290 nm
- Column temperature: 40° C.
- Mobile phase: A: 100% 0.05M NH40Ac in water
- B: 100% ACN
- Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
- Run time: 45 minutes.
- Injection volume: 10 μL
- Gradient Table:
-
Time (min) % A % B 0 90 10 5 90 10 8 10 90 10 10 90 11.01 90 10 20 90 10
Compound VI=8.3 minute
Compound V=2.3-2.6 minutes (three species in the mixture: Compound V-(OMe)2, - Compound IV=3.0 minute
Compound II-OH=8.3 minute; purity=99.42%. - Compound II-OH (34.7 kg, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 parts) and cooled to about 10-15° C. Neat thionyl chloride (10.1 kg, 1.10 equiv) was added portion-wise over 10 minutes and the mixture was stirred at about 10-15° C. for 3 hours. After HPLC analysis indicated ≤3% Compound II-OH was remaining, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. A solution of (S)-Compound III (21.2 kg, 1.05 equiv) and pyridine (21.3 kg, 3.5 equiv) in dichloromethane (6 parts) was separately prepared and cooled to 0° C. To the solution of (S)-Compound III, the acid chloride solution was slowly added at 0° C. and stirred for 5 hours.
- Upon completion of the reaction as indicated by HPLC analysis showing Compound II-Cl is ≤0.5%, a chilled solution of citric acid (27.7 kg, 1.7 equiv) in water (10 parts) was added over 30 minutes while maintaining an internal temperature of 0° C. Dichloromethane was removed under reduced pressure to a total volume of about 13 parts then ethyl acetate (5 parts) was added and the volume was again reduced under pressure to about 13 parts. The resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate (10 parts) and the organic layer was washed with aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (41.7 kg, 6.45 equiv) in water (10 parts) and the wash was repeated. The organic layer is further washed with brine (10 parts).
- To the resulting organic layer was added 3 Å powdered molecular sieves (100% w/w, 34.8 kg) and the slurry was stirred for 20 hours then filtered. The filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate (2 parts). The dried organic layer containing Compound I was assayed by HPLC to determine the amount present. To the solution, acetonitrile (4 parts) was added then methanesulfonic acid (6.9 kg, 1.01 equiv) was added in one portion. Ethyl acetate (1 part) was used to transfer all of the methane sulfonic acid. The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for about 30 minutes.
- The reaction mixture was then seeded with (S)-Compound I-MsOH and the mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 8 hours. The precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and washed with chilled ethyl acetate (1 part). The crude crystals were dissolved in acetonitrile (10 parts) at 70° C. and the solution was cooled to 50-55° C. over 1 hour and seeded with (S)-Compound I-MsOH. The solution was stirred at 50-55° C. for 6 hours then cooled to 20° C. over 1 hour then stirred for 8 hours. The precipitated crystals were collected by filtration and washed twice with chilled acetonitrile (2.5 parts each). The crystals were dried to provide 47.72 kg of (S)-Compound I-MsOH as a bright yellow solid (78% yield, 99.10% purity). The dried crystals were then pulverized by a powder mill and jet mill to give the final product composition.
- It should be understood that the above description is only representative of illustrative embodiments and examples. For the convenience of the reader, the above description has focused on a limited number of representative examples of all possible embodiments, examples that teach the principles of the disclosure. The description has not attempted to exhaustively enumerate all possible variations or even combinations of those variations described. That alternate embodiments may not have been presented for a specific portion of the disclosure, or that further undescribed alternate embodiments may be available for a portion, is not to be considered a disclaimer of those alternate embodiments. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that many of those undescribed embodiments, involve differences in technology and materials rather than differences in the application of the principles of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to less than the scope set forth in the following claims.
- HPLC purity method:
-
- Column: Capcellpak C18, Shisedo, 4.6×150 cm, 5 micron
- Detector wavelength: PDA290 nm
- Column temperature: 40° C.
- Mobile phase: A: 100% 0.05M NH4OAc in water
- B: 100% ACN
- Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
- Run time: 60 minutes
- Injection volume: 10 μL
- Gradient Table:
-
Time (min) % A % B 0 55 45 20 55 45 25 95 5 48 95 5 50 55 45 60 55 45 61 55 45 62 55 45 - All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not be taken as acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world.
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WO2017223155A1 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2017-12-28 | Tobira Therapeutics, Inc. | Purified cenicriviroc and purified intermediates for making cenicriviroc |
BR112019003987A2 (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2019-05-28 | Tobira Therapeutics Inc | cenicriviroc mesylate solid forms and production processes of cenicriviroc mesylate solid forms |
CN111630047B (en) * | 2018-02-02 | 2023-05-23 | 四川科伦博泰生物医药股份有限公司 | Benzazepine compounds containing carboxylic acid groups, and preparation method and application thereof |
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JPS62265270A (en) | 1986-05-13 | 1987-11-18 | Zeria Shinyaku Kogyo Kk | Novel imidazole derivative and antiulcer agent containing said derivative as active component |
EP0769015B1 (en) | 1994-07-04 | 2001-03-14 | Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Phosphonic acid compounds, their production and use |
CA2304959A1 (en) | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Pharmaceutical composition for antagonizing ccr5 comprising anilide derivative |
AU5301599A (en) | 1998-08-20 | 2000-03-14 | Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd. | Quaternary ammonium salts and their use |
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WO2003076411A1 (en) | 2002-03-12 | 2003-09-18 | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited | Process for producing optically active sulfoxide derivative |
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JPWO2005089716A1 (en) | 2004-03-24 | 2008-01-31 | 武田薬品工業株式会社 | High content formulation |
JP2007269628A (en) * | 2004-05-28 | 2007-10-18 | Takeda Chem Ind Ltd | Crystal of pharmaceutical compound |
US20080031942A1 (en) | 2004-12-03 | 2008-02-07 | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited | Solid Preparation |
US9562038B2 (en) * | 2010-11-18 | 2017-02-07 | Yale University | Bifunctional molecules with antibody-recruiting and entry inhibitory activity against the human immunodeficiency virus |
WO2014085808A1 (en) * | 2012-11-30 | 2014-06-05 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Methods for improving thymic recovery and preventing and treating graft versus host disease using ccr2 and ccr5 antagonists |
MY180145A (en) | 2013-05-15 | 2020-11-23 | Tobira Therapeutics Inc | Cenicriviroc compositions and methods of making and using the same |
EP3119401A4 (en) | 2014-03-21 | 2017-12-13 | Tobira Therapeutics, Inc. | Cenicriviroc for the treatment of fibrosis |
MX2017008280A (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2017-12-07 | Tobira Therapeutics Inc | Process of making cenicriviroc and related analogs. |
CN107405403B (en) | 2015-02-10 | 2021-04-20 | 妥必徕疗治公司 | Cenicriviroc for treating fibrosis and peritonitis |
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RU2725888C2 (en) | 2020-07-07 |
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RU2020121461A (en) | 2020-08-03 |
US10526349B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 |
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CN107207538A (en) | 2017-09-26 |
SG11201704837VA (en) | 2017-07-28 |
CA2971093A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
JP2020158516A (en) | 2020-10-01 |
JP6716568B2 (en) | 2020-07-01 |
KR20170097735A (en) | 2017-08-28 |
IL252985A0 (en) | 2017-08-31 |
CN112266392A (en) | 2021-01-26 |
AU2015371250B2 (en) | 2021-01-28 |
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