US20180287228A1 - Control of current in parallel battery strings - Google Patents
Control of current in parallel battery strings Download PDFInfo
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- US20180287228A1 US20180287228A1 US15/473,684 US201715473684A US2018287228A1 US 20180287228 A1 US20180287228 A1 US 20180287228A1 US 201715473684 A US201715473684 A US 201715473684A US 2018287228 A1 US2018287228 A1 US 2018287228A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4207—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/441—Methods for charging or discharging for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
- H01M10/6556—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
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- H01M2/1077—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
- H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to control of current for battery strings connected in parallel.
- Many uses for electric batteries require multiple dissimilar batteries to be connected in parallel. Batteries connected in parallel may discharge at different rates, with the unequal discharge rates occurring for a variety of reasons.
- a battery assembly includes a first battery string having a first plurality of cells connected in series.
- the first and the second battery strings are operable at a first temperature and a second temperature, respectively.
- the first and the second battery strings are configured to produce a first current and a second current, respectively.
- a second battery string is connected in parallel to the first battery string and has a second plurality of cells connected in series.
- a fluid channel is operatively connected to the first and the second battery strings and includes a fluid flowing within.
- a controller is operatively connected to the first and the second battery strings.
- the controller includes a processor and tangible, non-transitory memory on which is recorded instructions. Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to obtain respective strength status for the first and the second battery strings.
- the controller is configured to determine a desired temperature differential between the first and the second temperatures based at least partially on a respective strength status of the first and the second battery strings.
- the controller is configured to control the first and the second currents, via the fluid in the fluid channel, based at least partially on the desired temperature differential.
- the respective strength status of the first and the second battery strings includes, but is not limited to at least one of a resistance, a capacity and a state of health.
- the assembly may include a heating unit operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to warm a portion of the fluid to produce a warming fluid.
- a cooling unit may be operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to cool another portion of the fluid to produce a cooling fluid.
- a first mixer may be operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to mix the warming fluid and the cooling fluid in a first proportion to make a first thermal mixture.
- a second mixer may be operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to mix the warming fluid and the cooling fluid in a second proportion to make a second thermal mixture.
- a method of controlling the first and second currents produced by the first and second battery strings, respectively includes commanding the first mixer to direct the first thermal mixture to pass through the first battery string such that heat transfer between the first thermal mixture and the first battery string is enabled.
- the controller is configured to command the second mixer to direct the second thermal mixture to pass through the second battery string such that heat transfer between the second thermal mixture and the second battery string is enabled.
- the assembly may include a pump as a source of the fluid.
- the heating unit includes a first condenser directly connected to the pump.
- the cooling unit includes an evaporator directly connected to the pump.
- An auxiliary circuit, circulating an auxiliary substance between the heating unit and the cooling unit, may include a compressor and a second condenser.
- the auxiliary substance is configured to be in thermal communication with the fluid but does not physically mix.
- the controller includes a thermal management unit configured to control the first proportion such that the first temperature is within a first range defined by a first maximum and a first minimum, and control the second proportion such that the second temperature is within a second range defined by a second maximum and a second minimum.
- the controller is configured to maintain a relative temperature difference between the first and the second battery strings, thus instead of heating the first battery string, cooling the second battery string to have the same effect.
- the assembly may include a first housing configured to enclose the first battery string and a second housing configured to enclose the second battery string.
- the fluid channel includes a first portion configured to extend through an interior of the first housing, with the first thermal mixture being configured to flow through the first portion.
- the fluid channel includes a second portion configured to extend through an interior of the second housing, with the second thermal mixture being configured to flow through the second portion.
- the first portion and the second portion may each define a substantially sinusoidal shape.
- the assembly may include at least one sensor operatively connected to the controller and configured to provide sensor feedback.
- the controller is configured to adjust the first and the second proportions based on the sensor feedback.
- the at least one sensor may include a first and a second current sensor configured to measure the first and second currents, respectively.
- the controller may include a closed loop control unit receiving sensor feedback from the first and the second current sensor.
- the controller may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current and the second current converge.
- the first and the second battery strings may define a first strength status and a second strength status, respectively.
- the controller may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current is proportional to the first strength status and the second current is proportional to the second strength status.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a battery assembly having a plurality of battery strings connected in parallel and a controller;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram for a method executable by the controller of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a schematic graph of current over time for two battery strings.
- FIG. 4 is another schematic graph of current over time for the two battery strings of FIG. 3 .
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a battery assembly 10 .
- the assembly 10 may be part of a device 11 .
- the device 11 may be a mobile platform, such as, but not limited to, standard passenger car, sport utility vehicle, light truck, heavy duty vehicle, ATV, minivan, bus, transit vehicle, bicycle, robot, farm implement, sports-related equipment, boat, plane, train or other transportation device.
- the device 11 may be a non-mobile platform and may take many different forms and include multiple and/or alternate components and facilities.
- the assembly 10 has a plurality of battery strings 12 , such as first battery string 14 and second battery string 16 , connected in parallel relative to one another. While two battery strings are shown in FIG. 1 , it is understood that the number of battery strings may vary based on the application at hand.
- the first battery string 14 includes a first plurality of cells 18 , i.e. individual batteries, connected in series.
- the second battery string 16 includes a second plurality of cells 20 connected in series.
- the assembly 10 may include a pump 22 configured to deliver a fluid 24 .
- the fluid 24 is configured to flow within a fluid channel 26 operatively connected to the first and the second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 are at a first temperature (T 1 ) and a second temperature (T 2 ), respectively, measurable via respective first and second temperature sensors 28 , 30 .
- the first and the second battery strings 14 , 16 produce a first current and a second current, respectively.
- a first and a second current sensor 32 , 34 is configured to measure the first and second currents, respectively.
- a controller C is operatively connected to the first and the second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the controller C includes a processor P and tangible, non-transitory memory M on which is recorded instructions for executing a method 100 (discussed in detail below with respect to FIG. 2 ) for controlling the respective current outputs of the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the memory M can store controller-executable instruction sets, and the processor P can execute the controller-executable instruction sets stored in the memory M.
- the controller C of FIG. 1 is specifically programmed to execute the steps of the method 100 .
- the method 100 allows an individually adjustable mixture of the fluid 24 to be passed through the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the method 100 includes adjusting the temperature differential (T 2 ⁇ T 1 ) between the first and second temperatures (T 1 , T 2 ) to modify their respective internal resistances and balance their respective current contribution.
- the internal resistance of a battery is dependent on its size, chemical properties, age, temperature, the discharge current and many other factors.
- the method 100 provides a technical advantage over a system controlling absolute temperatures. For example, in method 100 , instead of heating the first battery string 14 , cooling the second battery string 16 may be pursued in order to increase the temperature differential (T 2 ⁇ T 1 ).
- the assembly 10 may include a heating unit 36 operatively connected to the fluid channel 26 and configured to warm a portion of the fluid 24 to produce a warming fluid 38 .
- a cooling unit 40 may be operatively connected to the fluid channel 26 and configured to cool another portion of the fluid 24 to produce a cooling fluid 42 .
- the assembly 10 may include a single cooling/heating loop where the first battery string 14 is cooled relative to the second battery string 16 by selectively restricting flow rate.
- the assembly 10 may include any number of heating and cooling units/loops.
- a first mixer 44 may be operatively connected to the fluid channel 26 and configured to mix the warming fluid 38 and the cooling fluid 42 in a first proportion (or ratio) to make a first thermal mixture 46 .
- the first thermal mixture 46 is configured to be in fluid communication with the first battery string 14 such that heat transfer between the first thermal mixture 46 and the first battery string 14 is enabled.
- a second mixer 50 may be operatively connected to the fluid channel 26 and configured to mix the warming fluid 38 and the cooling fluid 42 in a second proportion to make a second thermal mixture 52 .
- the second thermal mixture 52 is configured to be in fluid communication with the second battery string 16 such that heat transfer between the second thermal mixture 52 and the second battery string 16 is enabled.
- the first and second mixers 44 , 50 are operatively connected to the controller C and have respective adjustable valves that function (i.e. allow a portion of warming and cooling fluid to pass through in the first and second proportions, respectively) based on commands from the controller C.
- the heating unit 36 may include a first condenser 56 directly connected to the pump 22 .
- the cooling unit 40 may include an evaporator 58 directly connected to the pump 22 .
- the heating unit 36 and the cooling unit 40 may be connected via an auxiliary circuit 60 .
- the auxiliary circuit 60 may include a compressor 62 , a second condenser 64 and a mixer 66 .
- An auxiliary substance 68 is configured to flow in the auxiliary circuit 60 .
- the auxiliary substance 68 is a freon.
- the auxiliary circuit 60 is configured to be in thermal communication with the fluid channel 26 but is physically separate.
- the auxiliary substance 68 does not physically mix with the fluid 24 , however, the fluid 24 is warmed or cooled based on the reactions or phase transitions of the auxiliary substance 68 .
- the heating unit 36 may include the first condenser 56 .
- the first condenser 56 is configured to condense the auxiliary substance 68 from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. As the auxiliary substance 68 is condensed, it rejects heat energy.
- the fluid 24 in the portion of the fluid channel 26 adjacent to the heating unit 36 takes a portion of the rejected heat energy and becomes warmer, producing the warming fluid 38 .
- the cooling unit 40 may include the evaporator 58 .
- the evaporator 58 is used to turn the liquid form of the auxiliary substance 68 into its gaseous form. As the auxiliary substance 68 is evaporated, it takes heat energy away from the portion of the fluid channel 26 adjacent to the cooling unit 40 , producing the cooling fluid 42 .
- the evaporator 58 supplies the auxiliary substance 68 (now in a gaseous form) at a low pressure to the compressor 62 . Upon being compressed, the temperature and pressure of the auxiliary substance 68 are increased.
- the auxiliary substance 68 (still in a gaseous form) is delivered to the second condenser 64 at a pressure at which condensation occur (at a predefined temperature).
- the auxiliary substance 68 is re-circulated to the first condenser 56 and the cycle is repeated.
- the assembly 10 may include a first housing 70 configured to enclose the first battery string 14 and a second housing 72 configured to enclose the second battery string 16 .
- the fluid channel 26 includes a first portion 74 configured to extend through an interior of the first housing 70 , with the first thermal mixture 46 being configured to flow through the first portion 74 .
- the first portion 74 may define a substantially sinusoidal shape.
- the fluid channel 26 includes a second portion 76 configured to extend through an interior of the second housing 72 , with the second thermal mixture 52 being configured to flow through the second portion 76 .
- the second portion 76 may define a substantially sinusoidal shape.
- the controller C may include a thermal management unit 80 configured to control the first proportion such that the first temperature (T 1 ) is within a first range defined by a first maximum and a first minimum, and control the second proportion such that the second temperature (T 2 ) is within a second range defined by a second maximum and a second minimum.
- the first and second maximum may be selected to provide the maximum life span for the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the method 100 allows control of individual charge and discharge current of the plurality of battery strings 12 , so that the strings 12 are charged or discharged at a rate that is optimal for their respective condition, yet still meets the total power and energy demands.
- the method 100 provides smooth control of total current output of the assembly 10 , especially at the end of charge or discharge, which would not be achievable with contactors alone.
- the controller C is programmed to obtain respective strength status of the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the respective strength status of the first and the second battery strings 14 , 16 includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a state of health, resistance and a capacity.
- the state of charge of the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 may be obtained via state-of-charge sensors 84 , 86 , shown in FIG. 1 .
- the controller C is programmed to determine a desired temperature differential between the first and the second battery strings 14 , 16 , based at least partially on the respective strength status and other factors.
- the desired temperature differential may be based on predefined respective target currents of the first and the second battery strings 14 , 16 .
- the controller C is configured to determine the first proportion and the second proportion based at least partially on the desired temperature differential (from block 104 ).
- the desired temperature differential There are multiple ways to maintain a temperature differential (T 2 ⁇ T 1 ).
- the first battery string 14 may be heated or cooled by X 1 degrees
- X 1 and X 2 have positive values for heating and negative values for cooling.
- the current balancing control is constrained to operate such that the first temperature is within a first range defined by a first maximum and a first minimum (T 1,mm , T 1,max ), and the second temperature is within a second range defined by a second maximum and a second minimum (T 2,min , T 2,max ).
- the respective ranges may be selected to offer the optimal life span for the first and second battery strings 14 , 16 , respectively.
- the controller C may be configured to operate such that:
- the controller C is configured to control the first and second currents by commanding the first and second mixers 44 , 50 to direct the warming and cooling fluids 38 , 42 to pass through in the first and second proportions, respectively, (determined in block 106 ).
- the controller C is configured to command the first mixer 44 to direct the first thermal mixture 46 to pass through the first battery string 14 such that heat transfer between the first thermal mixture 46 and the first battery string 14 is enabled.
- the controller C is configured to command the second mixer 50 to direct the second thermal mixture 52 to pass through the second battery string 16 such that heat transfer between the second thermal mixture 52 and the second battery string 16 is enabled.
- controller C is programmed to obtain sensor feedback from various sensors (including the first and second temperature sensors 28 , 30 and first and second current sensors 32 , 34 ) and adjust the first and second proportions.
- the controller C may include a closed loop control unit 82 receiving the sensor feedback and adjusting the first and second proportions.
- the closed loop control unit 82 may be a proportional-integral (PI) control unit configured to continuously calculate an error value as the difference between a desired set-point and a measured process variable.
- the error value may be the difference between the desired temperature differential and a measured temperature differential (the difference between the measurements obtained by the first and second temperature sensors 28 , 30 ).
- the closed loop control unit 82 is configured to apply a correction factor based on proportional and integral terms, i.e. accounting for present and past values of the error, and minimize the error over time. For example, if the error is large and positive, the correction will be large and negative.
- example graphs of current (“A” in the vertical axis) versus time (“T” in the horizontal axis) are shown for two battery strings, a relatively stronger string 202 and a relatively weaker string 204 .
- the strength status may be based on a state of health or a capacity.
- the current limit of individual strings is indicated by line L.
- both the relatively stronger string 202 and the relatively weaker string 204 have a temperature of 23° C. With both strings being at an equal temperature, the relatively stronger string 202 sources and sinks more current (see portions 206 , 208 , respectively).
- a relatively large difference in state of health between the strings may result in the relatively stronger string 202 breaching the individual current limit indicated by line L (see portion 210 ).
- a relatively stronger string 302 is maintained at 20° C. and a relatively weaker string 304 is maintained at 23° C.
- adjusting the temperature of the relatively stronger string 302 to be 3° C. lower is sufficient to balance the currents and avoid exceeding the individual current limit indicated by line L.
- the controller C may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current and the second current converge, i.e., are about the same.
- the first and the second battery strings may define a first strength status and a second strength status, respectively.
- the controller may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current is proportional to the first strength status and the second current is proportional to the second strength status.
- the method 100 includes adjusting the temperature differential (T 2 ⁇ T 1 ) between the first and second temperatures (T 1 , T 2 ) to modify their respective internal resistances and balance their respective current contribution.
- This can maximize the power from the assembly 10 , which may be limited by the battery string with the highest charge/discharge rate, or maximize energy from the assembly 10 , which may be limited by divergence of capacity between the plurality of battery strings 12 .
- the controller C and execution of the method 100 ) improves the functioning of the assembly 10 .
- the controller C of FIG. 1 may be an integral portion of, or a separate module operatively connected to, other controllers of the device 11 .
- the controller C includes a computer-readable medium (also referred to as a processor-readable medium), including a non-transitory (e.g., tangible) medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions) that may be read by a computer (e.g., by a processor of a computer).
- a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media.
- Non-volatile media may include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory.
- Volatile media may include, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which may constitute a main memory.
- DRAM dynamic random access memory
- Such instructions may be transmitted by one or more transmission media, including coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to a processor of a computer.
- Some forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, other magnetic media, a CD-ROM, DVD, other optical media, punch cards, paper tape, other physical media with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, other memory chips or cartridges, or other media from which a computer can read.
- Look-up tables, databases, data repositories or other data stores described herein may include various kinds of mechanisms for storing, accessing, and retrieving various kinds of data, including a hierarchical database, a set of files in a file system, an application database in a proprietary format, a relational database management system (RDBMS), etc.
- Each such data store may be included within a computing device employing a computer operating system such as one of those mentioned above, and may be accessed via a network in one or more of a variety of manners.
- a file system may be accessible from a computer operating system, and may include files stored in various formats.
- An RDBMS may employ the Structured Query Language (SQL) in addition to a language for creating, storing, editing, and executing stored procedures, such as the PL/SQL language mentioned above.
- SQL Structured Query Language
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Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates generally to control of current for battery strings connected in parallel. Many uses for electric batteries require multiple dissimilar batteries to be connected in parallel. Batteries connected in parallel may discharge at different rates, with the unequal discharge rates occurring for a variety of reasons.
- A battery assembly includes a first battery string having a first plurality of cells connected in series. The first and the second battery strings are operable at a first temperature and a second temperature, respectively. The first and the second battery strings are configured to produce a first current and a second current, respectively. A second battery string is connected in parallel to the first battery string and has a second plurality of cells connected in series. A fluid channel is operatively connected to the first and the second battery strings and includes a fluid flowing within. A controller is operatively connected to the first and the second battery strings. The controller includes a processor and tangible, non-transitory memory on which is recorded instructions. Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to obtain respective strength status for the first and the second battery strings.
- The controller is configured to determine a desired temperature differential between the first and the second temperatures based at least partially on a respective strength status of the first and the second battery strings. The controller is configured to control the first and the second currents, via the fluid in the fluid channel, based at least partially on the desired temperature differential. The respective strength status of the first and the second battery strings includes, but is not limited to at least one of a resistance, a capacity and a state of health.
- The assembly may include a heating unit operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to warm a portion of the fluid to produce a warming fluid. A cooling unit may be operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to cool another portion of the fluid to produce a cooling fluid. A first mixer may be operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to mix the warming fluid and the cooling fluid in a first proportion to make a first thermal mixture. A second mixer may be operatively connected to the fluid channel and configured to mix the warming fluid and the cooling fluid in a second proportion to make a second thermal mixture.
- A method of controlling the first and second currents produced by the first and second battery strings, respectively, includes commanding the first mixer to direct the first thermal mixture to pass through the first battery string such that heat transfer between the first thermal mixture and the first battery string is enabled. The controller is configured to command the second mixer to direct the second thermal mixture to pass through the second battery string such that heat transfer between the second thermal mixture and the second battery string is enabled.
- The assembly may include a pump as a source of the fluid. The heating unit includes a first condenser directly connected to the pump. The cooling unit includes an evaporator directly connected to the pump. An auxiliary circuit, circulating an auxiliary substance between the heating unit and the cooling unit, may include a compressor and a second condenser. The auxiliary substance is configured to be in thermal communication with the fluid but does not physically mix.
- The controller includes a thermal management unit configured to control the first proportion such that the first temperature is within a first range defined by a first maximum and a first minimum, and control the second proportion such that the second temperature is within a second range defined by a second maximum and a second minimum. The controller is configured to maintain a relative temperature difference between the first and the second battery strings, thus instead of heating the first battery string, cooling the second battery string to have the same effect.
- The assembly may include a first housing configured to enclose the first battery string and a second housing configured to enclose the second battery string. The fluid channel includes a first portion configured to extend through an interior of the first housing, with the first thermal mixture being configured to flow through the first portion. The fluid channel includes a second portion configured to extend through an interior of the second housing, with the second thermal mixture being configured to flow through the second portion. The first portion and the second portion may each define a substantially sinusoidal shape.
- The assembly may include at least one sensor operatively connected to the controller and configured to provide sensor feedback. The controller is configured to adjust the first and the second proportions based on the sensor feedback. The at least one sensor may include a first and a second current sensor configured to measure the first and second currents, respectively. The controller may include a closed loop control unit receiving sensor feedback from the first and the second current sensor.
- The controller may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current and the second current converge. The first and the second battery strings may define a first strength status and a second strength status, respectively. The controller may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current is proportional to the first strength status and the second current is proportional to the second strength status.
- The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present disclosure are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the disclosure when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a battery assembly having a plurality of battery strings connected in parallel and a controller; -
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram for a method executable by the controller ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic graph of current over time for two battery strings; and -
FIG. 4 is another schematic graph of current over time for the two battery strings ofFIG. 3 . - Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers refer to like components,
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates abattery assembly 10. Theassembly 10 may be part of adevice 11. Thedevice 11 may be a mobile platform, such as, but not limited to, standard passenger car, sport utility vehicle, light truck, heavy duty vehicle, ATV, minivan, bus, transit vehicle, bicycle, robot, farm implement, sports-related equipment, boat, plane, train or other transportation device. Thedevice 11 may be a non-mobile platform and may take many different forms and include multiple and/or alternate components and facilities. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , theassembly 10 has a plurality of battery strings 12, such as first battery string 14 andsecond battery string 16, connected in parallel relative to one another. While two battery strings are shown inFIG. 1 , it is understood that the number of battery strings may vary based on the application at hand. The first battery string 14 includes a first plurality ofcells 18, i.e. individual batteries, connected in series. Thesecond battery string 16 includes a second plurality ofcells 20 connected in series. Theassembly 10 may include apump 22 configured to deliver afluid 24. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , thefluid 24 is configured to flow within afluid channel 26 operatively connected to the first and thesecond battery strings 14, 16. The first andsecond battery strings 14, 16 are at a first temperature (T1) and a second temperature (T2), respectively, measurable via respective first andsecond temperature sensors second battery strings 14, 16 produce a first current and a second current, respectively. A first and a secondcurrent sensor - Referring to
FIG. 1 , a controller C is operatively connected to the first and thesecond battery strings 14, 16. The controller C includes a processor P and tangible, non-transitory memory M on which is recorded instructions for executing a method 100 (discussed in detail below with respect toFIG. 2 ) for controlling the respective current outputs of the first andsecond battery strings 14, 16. The memory M can store controller-executable instruction sets, and the processor P can execute the controller-executable instruction sets stored in the memory M. The controller C ofFIG. 1 is specifically programmed to execute the steps of themethod 100. - The
method 100 allows an individually adjustable mixture of thefluid 24 to be passed through the first andsecond battery strings 14, 16. Themethod 100 includes adjusting the temperature differential (T2−T1) between the first and second temperatures (T1, T2) to modify their respective internal resistances and balance their respective current contribution. The internal resistance of a battery is dependent on its size, chemical properties, age, temperature, the discharge current and many other factors. Themethod 100 provides a technical advantage over a system controlling absolute temperatures. For example, inmethod 100, instead of heating the first battery string 14, cooling thesecond battery string 16 may be pursued in order to increase the temperature differential (T2−T1). - Referring to
FIG. 1 , theassembly 10 may include aheating unit 36 operatively connected to thefluid channel 26 and configured to warm a portion of the fluid 24 to produce a warmingfluid 38. A coolingunit 40 may be operatively connected to thefluid channel 26 and configured to cool another portion of the fluid 24 to produce a coolingfluid 42. Alternatively, theassembly 10 may include a single cooling/heating loop where the first battery string 14 is cooled relative to thesecond battery string 16 by selectively restricting flow rate. Theassembly 10 may include any number of heating and cooling units/loops. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , afirst mixer 44 may be operatively connected to thefluid channel 26 and configured to mix the warmingfluid 38 and the coolingfluid 42 in a first proportion (or ratio) to make a firstthermal mixture 46. The firstthermal mixture 46 is configured to be in fluid communication with the first battery string 14 such that heat transfer between the firstthermal mixture 46 and the first battery string 14 is enabled. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , asecond mixer 50 may be operatively connected to thefluid channel 26 and configured to mix the warmingfluid 38 and the coolingfluid 42 in a second proportion to make a secondthermal mixture 52. The secondthermal mixture 52 is configured to be in fluid communication with thesecond battery string 16 such that heat transfer between the secondthermal mixture 52 and thesecond battery string 16 is enabled. The first andsecond mixers - Referring to
FIG. 1 , theheating unit 36 may include afirst condenser 56 directly connected to thepump 22. The coolingunit 40 may include anevaporator 58 directly connected to thepump 22. Theheating unit 36 and thecooling unit 40 may be connected via anauxiliary circuit 60. Theauxiliary circuit 60 may include acompressor 62, asecond condenser 64 and amixer 66. Anauxiliary substance 68 is configured to flow in theauxiliary circuit 60. In one example, theauxiliary substance 68 is a freon. - The
auxiliary circuit 60 is configured to be in thermal communication with thefluid channel 26 but is physically separate. In other words, theauxiliary substance 68 does not physically mix with the fluid 24, however, the fluid 24 is warmed or cooled based on the reactions or phase transitions of theauxiliary substance 68. As noted above, theheating unit 36 may include thefirst condenser 56. Thefirst condenser 56 is configured to condense theauxiliary substance 68 from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. As theauxiliary substance 68 is condensed, it rejects heat energy. The fluid 24 in the portion of thefluid channel 26 adjacent to theheating unit 36 takes a portion of the rejected heat energy and becomes warmer, producing the warmingfluid 38. - As noted above, the cooling
unit 40 may include theevaporator 58. Theevaporator 58 is used to turn the liquid form of theauxiliary substance 68 into its gaseous form. As theauxiliary substance 68 is evaporated, it takes heat energy away from the portion of thefluid channel 26 adjacent to thecooling unit 40, producing the coolingfluid 42. Theevaporator 58 supplies the auxiliary substance 68 (now in a gaseous form) at a low pressure to thecompressor 62. Upon being compressed, the temperature and pressure of theauxiliary substance 68 are increased. The auxiliary substance 68 (still in a gaseous form) is delivered to thesecond condenser 64 at a pressure at which condensation occur (at a predefined temperature). Theauxiliary substance 68 is re-circulated to thefirst condenser 56 and the cycle is repeated. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , theassembly 10 may include a first housing 70 configured to enclose the first battery string 14 and asecond housing 72 configured to enclose thesecond battery string 16. Thefluid channel 26 includes afirst portion 74 configured to extend through an interior of the first housing 70, with the firstthermal mixture 46 being configured to flow through thefirst portion 74. As shown inFIG. 1 , thefirst portion 74 may define a substantially sinusoidal shape. Thefluid channel 26 includes asecond portion 76 configured to extend through an interior of thesecond housing 72, with the secondthermal mixture 52 being configured to flow through thesecond portion 76. As shown inFIG. 1 , thesecond portion 76 may define a substantially sinusoidal shape. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , the controller C may include athermal management unit 80 configured to control the first proportion such that the first temperature (T1) is within a first range defined by a first maximum and a first minimum, and control the second proportion such that the second temperature (T2) is within a second range defined by a second maximum and a second minimum. The first and second maximum may be selected to provide the maximum life span for the first and second battery strings 14, 16. - The
method 100 allows control of individual charge and discharge current of the plurality of battery strings 12, so that the strings 12 are charged or discharged at a rate that is optimal for their respective condition, yet still meets the total power and energy demands. Themethod 100 provides smooth control of total current output of theassembly 10, especially at the end of charge or discharge, which would not be achievable with contactors alone. - Referring now to
FIG. 2 , a flowchart of themethod 100 stored on and executable by the controller C ofFIG. 1 is shown.Method 100 need not be applied in the specific order recited herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that some steps may be eliminated. Referring toFIG. 2 , inblock 102, the controller C is programmed to obtain respective strength status of the first and second battery strings 14, 16. The respective strength status of the first and the second battery strings 14, 16 includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a state of health, resistance and a capacity. The state of charge of the first and second battery strings 14, 16 may be obtained via state-of-charge sensors FIG. 1 . Other estimation methods employed by those skilled in the art may be used. The capacity of the first and second battery strings 14, 16 may be based on the rate of discharge divided by the difference in state of charge. For example, if the first battery string 14 is at an 80% state of charge at an initial time, delivers 10 Ampere hours of charge and is then at 60% state of charge at a final time, the capacity is determined as: 10/(0.8−0.6)=10/0.2=50 Amp hours. - In
block 104 ofFIG. 2 , the controller C is programmed to determine a desired temperature differential between the first and the second battery strings 14, 16, based at least partially on the respective strength status and other factors. For example, the desired temperature differential may be based on predefined respective target currents of the first and the second battery strings 14, 16. - In
block 106, the controller C is configured to determine the first proportion and the second proportion based at least partially on the desired temperature differential (from block 104). There are multiple ways to maintain a temperature differential (T2−T1). For example, the first battery string 14 may be heated or cooled by X1 degrees, while thesecond battery string 16 may be heated or cooled by X2 degrees, such that (X2−X1)=(T2−T1). Note that X1 and X2 have positive values for heating and negative values for cooling. In one embodiment, the current balancing control is constrained to operate such that the first temperature is within a first range defined by a first maximum and a first minimum (T1,mm, T1,max), and the second temperature is within a second range defined by a second maximum and a second minimum (T2,min, T2,max). The respective ranges may be selected to offer the optimal life span for the first and second battery strings 14, 16, respectively. Thus, the controller C may be configured to operate such that: -
T 1,min<(T 1 +X 1)<T 1,max -
T 2,min<(T 2 +X 2)<T 2,max - In
block 108, the controller C is configured to control the first and second currents by commanding the first andsecond mixers fluids first mixer 44 to direct the firstthermal mixture 46 to pass through the first battery string 14 such that heat transfer between the firstthermal mixture 46 and the first battery string 14 is enabled. The controller C is configured to command thesecond mixer 50 to direct the secondthermal mixture 52 to pass through thesecond battery string 16 such that heat transfer between the secondthermal mixture 52 and thesecond battery string 16 is enabled. - In
block 110, controller C is programmed to obtain sensor feedback from various sensors (including the first andsecond temperature sensors current sensors 32, 34) and adjust the first and second proportions. The controller C may include a closedloop control unit 82 receiving the sensor feedback and adjusting the first and second proportions. The closedloop control unit 82 may be a proportional-integral (PI) control unit configured to continuously calculate an error value as the difference between a desired set-point and a measured process variable. For example, the error value may be the difference between the desired temperature differential and a measured temperature differential (the difference between the measurements obtained by the first andsecond temperature sensors 28, 30). The closedloop control unit 82 is configured to apply a correction factor based on proportional and integral terms, i.e. accounting for present and past values of the error, and minimize the error over time. For example, if the error is large and positive, the correction will be large and negative. - Referring now to
FIGS. 3-4 , example graphs of current (“A” in the vertical axis) versus time (“T” in the horizontal axis) are shown for two battery strings, a relativelystronger string 202 and a relativelyweaker string 204. The strength status may be based on a state of health or a capacity. The current limit of individual strings is indicated by line L. InFIG. 3 , both the relativelystronger string 202 and the relativelyweaker string 204 have a temperature of 23° C. With both strings being at an equal temperature, the relativelystronger string 202 sources and sinks more current (seeportions stronger string 202 breaching the individual current limit indicated by line L (see portion 210). - In the example illustrated in
FIG. 4 , a relativelystronger string 302 is maintained at 20° C. and a relativelyweaker string 304 is maintained at 23° C. As shown inFIG. 4 , adjusting the temperature of the relativelystronger string 302 to be 3° C. lower is sufficient to balance the currents and avoid exceeding the individual current limit indicated by line L. The controller C may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current and the second current converge, i.e., are about the same. The first and the second battery strings may define a first strength status and a second strength status, respectively. The controller may be configured to adjust the first and second proportions such that the first current is proportional to the first strength status and the second current is proportional to the second strength status. - In summary, the
method 100 includes adjusting the temperature differential (T2−T1) between the first and second temperatures (T1, T2) to modify their respective internal resistances and balance their respective current contribution. This can maximize the power from theassembly 10, which may be limited by the battery string with the highest charge/discharge rate, or maximize energy from theassembly 10, which may be limited by divergence of capacity between the plurality of battery strings 12. By controlling the temperature differential of a plurality of battery strings 12 having dissimilar capacity, their individual contributions can be adjusted to achieve a number of system level goals. Thus, the controller C (and execution of the method 100) improves the functioning of theassembly 10. - The controller C of
FIG. 1 may be an integral portion of, or a separate module operatively connected to, other controllers of thedevice 11. The controller C includes a computer-readable medium (also referred to as a processor-readable medium), including a non-transitory (e.g., tangible) medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions) that may be read by a computer (e.g., by a processor of a computer). Such a medium may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media may include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media may include, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which may constitute a main memory. Such instructions may be transmitted by one or more transmission media, including coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to a processor of a computer. Some forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, other magnetic media, a CD-ROM, DVD, other optical media, punch cards, paper tape, other physical media with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, other memory chips or cartridges, or other media from which a computer can read. - Look-up tables, databases, data repositories or other data stores described herein may include various kinds of mechanisms for storing, accessing, and retrieving various kinds of data, including a hierarchical database, a set of files in a file system, an application database in a proprietary format, a relational database management system (RDBMS), etc. Each such data store may be included within a computing device employing a computer operating system such as one of those mentioned above, and may be accessed via a network in one or more of a variety of manners. A file system may be accessible from a computer operating system, and may include files stored in various formats. An RDBMS may employ the Structured Query Language (SQL) in addition to a language for creating, storing, editing, and executing stored procedures, such as the PL/SQL language mentioned above.
- The detailed description and the drawings are supportive and descriptive of the disclosure, but the scope of the disclosure is defined solely by the claims. While some of the best modes and other embodiments for carrying out the claimed disclosure have been described in detail, various alternative designs and embodiments exist for practicing the disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, the embodiments shown in the drawings or the characteristics of various embodiments mentioned in the present description are not necessarily to be understood as embodiments independent of each other. Rather, it is possible that each of the characteristics described in one of the examples of an embodiment can be combined with one or a plurality of other desired characteristics from other embodiments, resulting in other embodiments not described in words or by reference to the drawings. Accordingly, such other embodiments fall within the framework of the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (18)
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US15/473,684 US10109899B1 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2017-03-30 | Control of current in parallel battery strings |
CN201810185761.7A CN108695567B (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-03-07 | Control of current in parallel battery strings |
DE102018106908.1A DE102018106908A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-03-22 | Control of the current in parallel-connected battery strings |
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US15/473,684 US10109899B1 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2017-03-30 | Control of current in parallel battery strings |
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US20150280294A1 (en) * | 2014-04-01 | 2015-10-01 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Real-Time Battery Thermal Management For Electric Vehicles |
US20160204478A1 (en) * | 2013-09-06 | 2016-07-14 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Battery pack cooling system |
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JP5343512B2 (en) * | 2008-10-30 | 2013-11-13 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Battery pack input / output control device |
JP2011187227A (en) * | 2010-03-05 | 2011-09-22 | Sony Corp | Battery pack, electronic equipment, equipment system, control method for battery pack cooling unit, and program |
CN103123992B (en) * | 2011-11-17 | 2015-07-29 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | Battery pack and method for controlling charge and discharge of battery pack by thermoelectric characteristics thereof |
US20140308551A1 (en) * | 2013-04-15 | 2014-10-16 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Series cooled module cooling fin |
CN105119025B (en) * | 2015-08-21 | 2018-01-30 | 东莞市联洲知识产权运营管理有限公司 | A kind of batteries of electric automobile pack heat dissipation device |
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US20160204478A1 (en) * | 2013-09-06 | 2016-07-14 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Battery pack cooling system |
US20150280294A1 (en) * | 2014-04-01 | 2015-10-01 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Real-Time Battery Thermal Management For Electric Vehicles |
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Li, Y and Han, Y, A New Perspective on Battery Cell Balancing: Thermal Balancing and Relative Temperature Control. 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Sept. 2016 [retrieved on 2018-07-03]. Retrieved from the Internet:< URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7854719> <DOI:10.1109/ECCE.2016.7854719 >. >. * |
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CN108695567B (en) | 2021-04-16 |
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