US20180180765A1 - Detecting Anomalies in Annular Materials of Single and Dual Casing String Environments - Google Patents

Detecting Anomalies in Annular Materials of Single and Dual Casing String Environments Download PDF

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US20180180765A1
US20180180765A1 US15/903,155 US201815903155A US2018180765A1 US 20180180765 A1 US20180180765 A1 US 20180180765A1 US 201815903155 A US201815903155 A US 201815903155A US 2018180765 A1 US2018180765 A1 US 2018180765A1
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Prior art keywords
tool
detectors
detector
casing
density
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US15/903,155
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Philip Teague
Alex Stewart
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Visuray Intech Ltd
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Visuray Intech Ltd
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Priority to BR112019017496-6A priority Critical patent/BR112019017496B1/pt
Application filed by Visuray Intech Ltd filed Critical Visuray Intech Ltd
Priority to CA3171852A priority patent/CA3171852C/en
Priority to JP2019546335A priority patent/JP2020510826A/ja
Priority to MX2019010016A priority patent/MX2019010016A/es
Priority to AU2018225203A priority patent/AU2018225203B2/en
Priority to PCT/US2018/019359 priority patent/WO2018156857A1/en
Priority to US15/903,155 priority patent/US20180180765A1/en
Priority to RU2019128800A priority patent/RU2019128800A/ru
Priority to CA3054562A priority patent/CA3054562C/en
Assigned to VISURAY INTECH LTD (BVI) reassignment VISURAY INTECH LTD (BVI) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STEWART, ALEX, TEAGUE, PHILIP
Publication of US20180180765A1 publication Critical patent/US20180180765A1/en
Priority to US17/383,010 priority patent/US20210349234A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
    • G01V5/12—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using gamma or X-ray sources
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/24—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity by observing the transmission of wave or particle radiation through the material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V1/44—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging using generators and receivers in the same well
    • G01V1/46—Data acquisition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V13/00—Manufacturing, calibrating, cleaning, or repairing instruments or devices covered by groups G01V1/00 – G01V11/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
    • G21K1/10—Scattering devices; Absorbing devices; Ionising radiation filters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/02—Constructional details

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to methods and means for detecting anomalies in annular materials, and in a particular though non-limiting embodiment to methods and means for detecting anomalies in the annular materials of single and dual casing string environments.
  • ultrasonic tools are run within the well-to determine whether cement is bonded to the outside of the casing, thereby indicating the presence of cement in the annulus between the casing and formation, or between the casing and an outer casing.
  • a pressure test is required to ensure that zonal isolation has been achieved as ultrasonic tools are highly dependent upon quality of the casing, the bond between the casing and the material in the annulus, and the mechanical properties of the material in the annulus to be able to work correctly.
  • ultrasonic tools treat the material in the annulus as a single isotropic and homogenous volume, any actual deviation away from this ideal leads to inaccuracies in the measurement.
  • Prior art teaches a variety of techniques that use x-rays or other radiant energy to inspect or obtain information about the structures within or surrounding the borehole of a water, oil or gas well, yet none teach methods or means capable of accurately analyzing the azimuthal and radial position of anomalies in the annular materials surrounding a well-bore in single or multi-string cased well environments.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,251 to Youmans discloses the use of a azimuthally scanning collimated x-ray beam that is used to produce an attenuated signal at a detector for the purposes of producing a spiral-formed log of the inside of a casing or borehole surface immediately surrounding the tool, effectively embodied as an x-ray caliper.
  • the reference fails to disclose either a means or method to achieve such through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings, and is therefore unable to discriminate the signal from behind said casings from annular materials, such as cement.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,675,029 to Teague et al. teaches an apparatus that permits the measurement of x-ray backscattered photons from any horizontal surface inside of a borehole that refers to two-dimensional imaging techniques.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,634,059 to Wraight provides a concept and apparatus that may be used to measure two-dimensional x-ray images of the inner surface inside of a borehole without the technical possibility to look inside of the borehole in a radial direction.
  • it fails to teach a method or means of achieving such through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings, and is therefore unable to discriminate the signal from behind said casings, from annular materials, such as cement.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,481,919 to Teague discloses a method of producing Compton-spectrum radiation in a borehole without the use of radioactive isotopes, and further describes rotating collimators around a fixed source installed internally to the apparatus, but does not have solid-state detectors with collimators. It teaches of the use of conical and radially symmetrical anode arrangements to permit the production of panoramic x-ray radiation.
  • the reference fails to teach of a means or method to achieve such through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings, thereby is unable to discriminate the signal from behind said casings, from annular materials, such as cement.
  • the reference also fails to teach of a non-padded (i.e. concentric) tooling technique within a single or multi-string cased hole environment.
  • US 2013/0009049 by Smaardyk discloses an apparatus that allows measurement of backscattered x-rays from the inner layers of a borehole.
  • a means or method to achieve such through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings thereby is unable to discriminate the signal from behind said casings, from annular materials, such as cement.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,471 to Shedlock discloses a scanning-beam apparatus based on an x-ray source, a rotatable x-ray beam collimator and solid-state radiation detectors enabling the imaging of only the inner surfaces of borehole casings and pipelines.
  • the reference fails to teach a method or means of achieving such through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings, and is therefore unable to discriminate the signal-from behind said casings from annular materials, such as cement.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,970 to Bayless discloses a concept for a tool that aims to measure backscattered x-rays from inner surfaces of a borehole casing with the x-ray source being based on a linear accelerator.
  • the reference fails to teach of a means or method to measure scatter through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings, thereby is unable to discriminate the signal from behind said casings from annular materials, such as cement.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 7,705,294 to Teague teaches an apparatus that aims to measure backscattered x-rays from the inner layers of a borehole in selected radial directions with the missing segment data being populated through movement of the apparatus through the borehole.
  • the apparatus permits generation of data for a two-dimensional reconstruction of the well or borehole, but the publication does not teach of the necessary geometry for the illuminating x-ray beam to permit discrimination of the depth from which the backscattered photons originated, only their direction.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,611 to Hornby discloses a method of back projection to determine acoustic physical parameters of the earth formation longitudinally along the borehole using a single ultrasonic transducer and a number of receivers, which are distributed along the primary axis of the tool.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,725,161 to Hillis teaches a method of placing a transmitter in a borehole, and a receiver on the surface of the earth, or a receiver in a borehole and a transmitter on the surface of the earth, with the aim to determine structural information regarding the geological materials between the transmitter and receiver.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,721 to Siddiqui teaches a method of correlating information taken from a core-sample with information from a borehole density log.
  • the core-sample information is derived from a CT scan of the core-sample, whereby the x-ray source and detectors are located on the outside of the sample, and thereby configured as an outside-looking-in arrangement.
  • Various kinds of information from the CT scan such as its bulk density is compared to and correlated with the log information.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,569 to Flaum discloses a method of determining the elemental composition of earth formations surrounding a well borehole by processing the detected neutron capture gamma radiation emanating from the earth formation after neutron irradiation of the earth formation by a neutron spectroscopy logging tool.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,240 to Seeman discloses a borehole logging tool that detects natural radiation from the rock of the formation and logs said information so that it may be represented in an intensity versus depth plot format.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,976,879 to Turcotte discloses a borehole logging tool that detects and records the backscattered radiation from the formation surrounding the borehole by means of a pulsed electromagnetic energy or photon source, so that characteristic information may be represented in an intensity versus depth plot format.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 9,012,836 to Wilson et al. discloses a method and means for creating azimuthal neutron porosity images in a wireline environment. Similar to U.S. Pat. No. 8,664,587, the reference discloses an arrangement of azimuthally static detectors which could be implemented in a wireline tool to assist an operator in interpreting logs post-fracking, by subdividing the neutron detectors into a plurality of azimuthally arranged detectors which are shielded within a moderator to infer directionality to incident neutrons and gamma.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,956 to Manente et al. provides an apparatus and methods for investigation of subsurface earth formations using an apparatus adapted for movement through a borehole.
  • the apparatus may include a natural or artificial radiation source for irradiating the formations with penetrating radiation such as gamma rays, x-rays or neutrons.
  • penetrating radiation such as gamma rays, x-rays or neutrons.
  • the light produced by a scintillator in response to detected radiation is used to generate a signal representative of at least one characteristic of the radiation and this signal is recorded.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,867 to Plumb discloses a method of generating a three-dimensional graphical representation of a borehole, including at least the steps of receiving caliper data relating to the borehole, generating a three-dimensional wire mesh model of the borehole from the caliper data, and color mapping the three-dimensional wire mesh model from the caliper data based on either borehole form, rugosity and/or lithology.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,321,627 to Tittle discloses a system of collimated detectors and collimated gamma-ray sources to determine the density of a formation outside of a borehole, optimally represented in a density versus depth plot format.
  • the reference fails to teach of a means or method to achieve such through the steel wall of a single or multiple well casings.
  • An x-ray based cement evaluation tool for measurement of the density of material volumes within single, dual and multiple-casing wellbore environments, the tool including at least an internal length comprising a sonde section, wherein said sonde section further comprises an x-ray source; a radiation shield for radiation measuring detectors; sonde-dependent electronics; and a plurality of tool logic electronics and PSUs, wherein the tool uses x-rays to illuminate the formation surrounding a borehole and a plurality of detectors are used to directly measure the density of the cement annuli and any variations in density within.
  • Detectors used to measure casing standoff such that other detector responses are compensated for tool stand-off and centralization a plurality of reference detectors is used to monitor the output of the x-ray source, and a shortest-axial offset detector is configured to distribute incoming photons into energy classifications such that photoelectric measurements may be made.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an x-ray based cement evaluation tool deployed by wireline conveyance into a borehole, wherein the density of the cemented annuli is measured by the tool.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an azimuthal plurality of x-ray beams made to create a pseudo-cone of x-ray.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an x-ray source and detectors located within a tool housing.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an x-ray source and detectors located within a tool housing.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an x-ray source and detectors located within a tool housing.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a photoelectric measurement of the casing resulting from the interaction of the x-ray beam with the wellbore fluid and casing may be taken by the 2nd order detectors or the 1 st order detectors to ascertain the general quantity of materials associated with corrosion within the casing materials.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the energy of the output x-ray beam modulated and optimum axial offset changes with respect to sensitivity for each detector group as a function of depth of investigation.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a spectral representation of a 1 st order detector showing intensity versus photon energy.
  • This invention describes a method and means to improve the resolution and determination of the density of the materials surrounding a wellbore in a package that does not require direct physical contact with the well casings (i.e., non-padded).
  • the invention described and claimed herein consists of a method and means to use a pseudo-conical x-ray beam, located within a non-padded, concentrically-located borehole logging tool, for the purpose of detecting density variations within the annular materials surrounding a borehole within single or multi-string cased-hole environments.
  • the arrangement of the collimated detectors permits the collection of data that relates specifically to known azimuthal and radially located regions of interaction (azimuthally distributed depths of investigation).
  • a three-dimensional map of the densities of the annular materials surrounding the borehole can be created such that variations in the density of the annular materials may be analyzed to look for issues with cement integrity and zonal isolation, such as channels, or holes in the annular materials that could transmit pressure.
  • An example method comprises a combination of known and new technology in a new application with respect to radiation physics and cement and casing measurements for use within the oil and gas industry. Such methods are further embodied by a means, which may be used to practice the method for use in a water, oil or gas well. This example method benefits the monitoring and determination of cement integrity, zonal isolation, and well integrity, within cemented single or multi-string wellbore environments.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an x-ray based cement evaluation tool [ 101 ] deployed by wireline conveyance [ 102 , 103 ] into a borehole [ 105 ], wherein the density of the cemented annuli [ 104 ] is measured by the fool [ 101 ].
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an azimuthal plurality of x-ray beams [ 201 ] made to create a pseudo-cone of x-ray.
  • the separate fingers of the pseudo-cone [ 201 ] can be employed to reduce the amount cross-talk in signal- between detectors [ 203 ] i.e. anomalies [ 204 ] in the annular materials [ 202 ] surrounding the borehole and casings [ 205 ] will be detected by different azimuthally located detectors [ 203 ] at different rates, such that the most probable azimuthal location of the anomaly can be determined.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an x-ray source and detectors [ 307 , 308 ] located within a tool housing [ 310 ].
  • the tool is located within a fluid [ 306 ] filled cased borehole.
  • the first casing [ 305 ] is bonded to a second casing [ 303 ] by a cement [ 304 ] filled annulus.
  • the second casing [ 303 ] is bonded to the formation [ 301 ] by a second cement [ 302 ] filled annulus.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an x-ray source and detectors [ 410 , 411 , 412 , 413 , 414 , 415 ] located within a tool housing [ 407 ].
  • the tool is located within a fluid [ 406 ] filled cased borehole.
  • the first casing [ 405 ] is bonded to a second casing [ 403 ] by a cement [ 404 ] filled annulus.
  • the second casing [ 403 ] is bonded to the formation [ 401 ] by a second cement [ 402 ] filled annulus.
  • the counts that are detected at each axially offset group of detectors [ 410 , 411 , 412 , 413 , 414 , 415 ] is a convolution of the various attenuation factor summations of the detected photons as they travelled through and back through each ‘layer’ of the tool surroundings [ 401 , 402 , 403 , 404 , 405 , 406 ].
  • the axial offset (from the source) for the detector group increases, so does the amount of convolution of the detected signal.
  • 1st order detector [ 410 ] data will be mostly attributable to single-event scatter mechanisms, whereas 3rd-nth order [ 412 through 415 ] detector group data will be mostly comprised of multiple (Compton) scatter event mechanisms.
  • the data from each detector may be de-convolved through the use of the data collected by the corresponding azimuthally-coherent detector with a lower axial offset (lower radial depth of investigation). Using a multi-step approach, the signal from each detector may be deconvolved such that the result is a measure of the density of the material within the depth of investigation (region of interest) of a specific detector.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an x-ray source and detectors [ 510 , 511 , 512 , 513 , 514 , 515 ] located within a tool housing [ 507 ].
  • the tool is located within a fluid [ 506 ] filled cased borehole.
  • the first casing [ 505 ] is bonded to a second casing [ 503 ] by a cement [ 504 ] filled annulus.
  • the second casing [ 503 ] is bonded to the formation [ 501 ] by a second cement [ 502 ] filled annulus.
  • the counts that are detected at each axially offset group of detectors [ 510 , 511 , 512 , 513 , 514 , 515 ] is a convolution of the various attenuation factor summations of the detected photons as they travelled through and back through each ‘layer’ of the tool surroundings [ 501 , 502 , 503 , 504 , 505 , 506 ].
  • the data from each detector may be deconvolved through the use of the data collected by the 1st order detector group [ 510 ], to compensate for fluid-thickness [ 506 ] and casing [ 505 ] variations alone.
  • the signal from each detector may be compensated such that the result is a measure of the density of the material within the depth of investigation (region of interest) combined with a function of the attenuations and scattering cross-sections of the materials in lower depths of investigations (or lower axial offsets).
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a photoelectric measurement of the casing [ 603 ], resulting from the interaction of the x-ray beam [ 601 ] with the wellbore fluid [ 604 ] and casing [ 603 ] may be taken by the 2nd order detectors [ 606 ] or the 1 st order detectors [ 605 ] to ascertain the general quantity of materials associated with corrosion [ 607 ] within the casing materials. This measurement could also be combined with the radial offset measurement contributed by the 1st order detector to determine a ‘casing quality’ index measurement.
  • Casings are typically graded into dimensional groups by their outer diameter, and by weight per unit length. The dimensional variability of the casing is exhibited by the inner diameter.
  • corrosion of the inner casing surface, facing the wellbore fluids can be determined by inner-diameter measurements alone using the measured intensity (by the 1 st order detectors [ 605 ]) of the x-ray beam [ 601 ] moving back and forth axially on the inner surface of the casing as the inner diameter varies.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the energy of the output x-ray beam [ 701 ] modulated and optimum axial offset changes with respect to sensitivity for each detector group [ 707 ], as a function of depth of investigation.
  • a lowering of the x-ray beam's energy [ 708 ] will result in a reduction of the optimum axial offset of the detector groups [ 709 ].
  • the collected information relating from the modulation of x-ray beam can be used to ascertain varying levels of sensitivity functions for the region surrounding the borehole. In effect, acting like a synthetic aperture, and increasing radial resolution.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the spectral representation of a 1 st order detector showing intensity [ 801 ] versus photon energy [ 802 ].
  • the 1 St order detector can be used to collect a spectrum of incoming photons, or to collect based upon energy thresholds, wherein specific energy windows [ 803 , 804 ] are used to separate between counts originating from Compton scattering events, and those originating from photoelectric. In this respect, photo electric energies would be represented by the counts within the low energy window [ 803 ], and Compton within the higher energy window [ 804 ]. The ratio of the counts collected within the two windows gives the basis of the photo electric measurement.
  • an x-ray based cement evaluation tool [ 101 ] is deployed by wireline conveyance [ 102 , 103 ] into a borehole [ 105 ], wherein the density of the cemented annuli [ 104 ] is measured by the tool [ 101 ].
  • cylindrical collimators are used to give directionality to the output of an x-ray source that is located within the pressure housing of a borehole logging tool [ 101 ].
  • An azimuthal plurality of x-ray beams [ 201 ] can be made to create a pseudo-cone of x-ray.
  • the separate fingers of the pseudo-cone [ 201 ] can be employed to reduce the amount cross-talk in signal between detectors [ 203 ] i.e.
  • anomalies [ 204 ] in the annular materials [ 202 ] surrounding the borehole and casings [ 205 ] will be detected by different azimuthally located detectors [ 203 ] at different rates, such that the most probable azimuthal location of the anomaly can be determined.
  • the x-ray source and detectors [ 307 , 308 ] are located within a tool housing [ 310 ].
  • the tool is located within a fluid [ 306 ] filled cased borehole.
  • the first casing [ 305 ] is bonded to a second casing [ 303 ] by a cement [ 304 ] filled annulus.
  • the second casing [ 303 ] is bonded to the formation [ 301 ] by a second cement [ 302 ] filled annulus.
  • the counts are detected at each axially offset group of detectors [ 307 , 308 ].
  • Fluid and casing detector [ 308 ] data will be mostly attributable to single-event scatter mechanisms, whereas anomaly detector group [ 307 ] data will be mostly comprised-of multiple scatter event mechanisms.
  • the x-ray source and detectors [ 410 , 411 , 412 , 413 , 414 , 415 ] are located within a tool housing [ 407 ].
  • the counts that are detected at each axially offset group of detectors [ 410 , 411 , 412 , 413 , 414 , 415 ] is a convolution of the various attenuation factor summations of the detected photons as they travelled through and back through each radial layer of the tool surroundings [ 401 , 402 , 403 , 404 , 405 , 406 ].
  • the axial offset (from the source) for the detector group increases, so does the amount of convolution of the detected signal.
  • the data from each detector is deconvolved through the use of the data collected by the corresponding azimuthally-coherent detector with a lower axial offset (lower radial depth of investigation).
  • the signal from each detector may be deconvolved such that the result is a measure of the density of the material within the depth of investigation (region of interest) of a specific detector.
  • the data from each detector may be deconvolved through the use of the data collected by the 1st order detector group [ 510 ], to compensate for fluid-thickness [ 506 ] and casing [ 505 ] variations alone.
  • the signal from each detector may be compensated such that the result is a measure of the density of the material within the depth of investigation (region of interest) combined with a function of the attenuations and scattering cross-sections of the materials in lower depths of investigations (or lower axial offsets).
  • the 1st order detector group's single scatter bias makes the group ideal for measuring offset between the tool housing and the casing through the well-fluids.
  • the tool As the tool is to be located mostly coaxially with the well-casing (i.e. not padded), it can be anticipated that the tool will remain mostly centralized. However, any slight variation in well casing diameter (ovality) or inefficiencies in the tool's centralizer mechanisms will result in a longer path length for the x-rays through the wellbore fluid. For this reason, the 1st order detectors are the primary compensating mechanism for changes in path-length and attenuation for the higher order detectors.
  • each of the azimuthally distributed 1st order detectors can be employed, such that the physical location of the tool within the casing (as a function of offset from the centerline) can be determined.
  • the signal from one side of an eccentered tool will be different from the opposite side of the tool
  • the use of three or more detectors azimuthally in the group can help determine whether to tool is centered or not (as useful infatuation)
  • the use of 5 or more detectors can achieve the same, but with the additional benefit of providing the means to create an elliptical function to determine the ovality of the casing.
  • a similar technique can be applied to the higher order detector groups. Where in, those detector groups that are associated with a region of interest (or radii of interest) associated with an ‘outer’ well casing, can be used to ascribe an elliptical function to determine where the inner-most casing is located compared to the outer-most casing, and hence, a metric of multi-string casing eccentricity may be solved.
  • Comparison of axially offset azimuthal groupings of detectors can also be used to determine the radial position of prospective ‘density anomalies. ’
  • an anomaly is located within the outer annulus, between an outer casing and the formation, then only higher order detector groups should detect a change in incoming photon intensity/counts, whereas lower order detector groups' depth of investigation would be too low to detect said anomaly.
  • An anomaly detected by a lower order detector group would be detected by both the lower order anomaly detectors and the higher order detectors, as the x-ray beam passes through all of those regions of interest.
  • An anomaly located at a lower (inner) depth of investigation will have convoluting impact on the higher order detectors. This difference between the impact on higher and lower order detectors serves the basis for determining the radial position of a density anomaly located within the annular materials surrounding a borehole.
  • the data collected from each azimuthal plane can be processed to create a two-dimensional density map (pixels) of the materials extending out from the surface of the tool to a significant distance into the formation surrounding the borehole, thereby capturing all of the density data for the materials as a function of axial position and radial position.
  • the data collected from each ‘azimuth’ can be compared with neighboring azimuths to ascertain the azimuthal position of an anomaly, such that the two-dimensional maps can be amalgamated into a three-dimensional map (voxels) of the density data for the materials as a function of axial position, azimuthal and radial position.
  • a photo-electric measurement of the casing [ 603 ], resulting from the interaction of the x-ray beam [ 601 ] with the wellbore fluid [ 604 ] and casing [ 603 ] may be taken by the 2nd order detectors [ 606 ] or the 1 st order detectors [ 605 ] to ascertain the general quantity of materials associated with corrosion [ 607 ] within the casing materials.
  • This measurement could also be combined with the radial offset measurement contributed by the 1st order detector [ 605 ] to determine a ‘casing quality’ index measurement.
  • Casings are typically graded into dimensional groups by their outer diameter, and by weight per unit length.
  • the dimensional variability of the casing is exhibited by the inner diameter. Consequently, corrosion of the inner casing surface, facing the wellbore fluids, can be determined by inner-diameter measurements alone using the measured intensity (by the 1 st order detectors [ 605 ]) of the x-ray beam [ 601 ] moving back and forth axially on the inner surface of the casing as the inner diameter varies.
  • the 1 st order detector can be used to collect a spectrum of incoming photons, or to collect based upon energy thresholds, wherein specific energy windows [ 803 , 804 ] are used to separate between counts originating from Compton scattering events, and those originating from photoelectric.
  • photo electric energies would be represented by the counts within the low energy window [ 803 ], and Compton within the higher energy window [ 804 ].
  • the ratio of the counts collected within the two windows gives the basis of the photo electric measurement.
  • all detectors are configured to measure energy spectra, such that the spectral information could be used to perform spectroscopic analysis of the materials surrounding the borehole for improved materials recognition.
  • machine learning would be employed to automatically analyze the spectral (photo electric or characteristic energy) content of the logged data to identify key features, such as corrosion, holes, cracks, scratches, and/or scale-buildup.
  • machine learning would be employed to automatically analyze the resulting data from historical logs produced by the same tool in order to better determine the most optimum location to perform fracturing of the formation.
  • the data collected can either be presented as traditional 2D logs (as a function of depth), as a voxelated three-dimensional density model, as slices or sections of such.
  • the data is further processed through machine learning, such that a neural network is trained to look for signal abnormalities, or by setting simple discriminators on the (calibrated) gradients and differences between axially offset detector group data collections. This technique is particularly powerful when combined with source voltage modulation, i.e., changing sensitivity functions.
  • the tool is used to determine the position, distribution and volume of fractures, either natural or artificial, within the formation surrounding the cased wellbore.
  • the tool [ 101 ] is located within a logging-while-drilling (LWD) string, rather than conveyed by wireline.
  • LWD logging-while-drilling
  • the LWD provisioned tool [ 101 ] would be powered by mud turbines.
  • the LWD provisioned tool would be powered by batteries.
  • the LWD provisioned tool would be used to determine the position, distribution and volume of fractures, either natural or artificial, within the formation surrounding the wellbore. In yet another embodiment, the LWD provisioned tool would be used to determine whether the bottom-hole-assembly of the drilling apparatus is remaining within its desired geological bed by constantly measuring the azimuthal distribution of formation densities.
  • the tool [ 101 ] is combinable with other measurement tools such as neutron-porosity, natural gamma and/or array induction tools.
  • an azimuthally segmented acoustic measurement (such as to measure cement bond azimuthally) could be integrated into the tool, such that the quality of the cement bond to the first casing could be ascertained without the need for an additional tool or logging run.
  • An associated example method resolves the radial and azimuthal location of density variations in the materials surrounding a borehole without the use of pads. Additionally, the method requires no pre-modelling of the materials surrounding the borehole (as with acoustic tools).
  • the technique does not rely upon the quality of the physical bond between various annular materials, such as with acoustic methods. Moreover, the technique can be used with multiple casing strings to determine whether any anomalies exist that could reduce well integrity, zonal isolation or cement integrity.
  • the data collected is a direct measurement, rather than inferred through a model.
  • the technique is not padded, i.e., the source and detectors do not need to be in physical contact with the well casings. In some embodiments, the technique works independently of the fluid currently in the well.

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CA3171852A CA3171852C (en) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Detecting anomalies in annular materials of single and dual casing string environments
JP2019546335A JP2020510826A (ja) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 １重及び２重ケーシング・ストリング環境の環状材料における異常の検出
MX2019010016A MX2019010016A (es) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Detección de anomalías en materiales anulares de entornos con sartas de revestimiento sencillas y dobles.
AU2018225203A AU2018225203B2 (en) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Detecting anomalies in annular materials of single and dual casing string environments
BR112019017496-6A BR112019017496B1 (pt) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Detecção de anomalias em materiais anulares de ambientes de coluna de revestimento único e duplo
US15/903,155 US20180180765A1 (en) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Detecting Anomalies in Annular Materials of Single and Dual Casing String Environments
RU2019128800A RU2019128800A (ru) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Обнаружение аномалий в материалах кольцевой формы в условиях с одной и двумя обсадными колоннами
CA3054562A CA3054562C (en) 2017-02-27 2018-02-23 Detecting anomalies in annular materials of single and dual casing string environments
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