US20180179588A1 - Stoichiometric tuning of nucleic acid hybridization probes by auxiliary oligonucleotide species - Google Patents

Stoichiometric tuning of nucleic acid hybridization probes by auxiliary oligonucleotide species Download PDF

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US20180179588A1
US20180179588A1 US15/784,855 US201715784855A US2018179588A1 US 20180179588 A1 US20180179588 A1 US 20180179588A1 US 201715784855 A US201715784855 A US 201715784855A US 2018179588 A1 US2018179588 A1 US 2018179588A1
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nucleic acid
acid molecule
subsequence
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David Yu Zhang
Ruojia Wu
Juexiao Wang
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William Marsh Rice University
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
    • C12Q1/6832—Enhancement of hybridisation reaction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
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    • C07H1/06—Separation; Purification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
    • C07H21/02—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with ribosyl as saccharide radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
    • C07H21/04—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6811—Selection methods for production or design of target specific oligonucleotides or binding molecules
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes

Definitions

  • Nucleic acids encode vast amounts of biological and clinical information, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a promising family of approaches to improving understanding of biology and informing healthcare decisions.
  • NGS next-generation sequencing
  • the standard NGS platforms (Illumina and IonTorrent) provide roughly 10 million “reads” of subsequences up to 250 nucleotides (nt) long in a single run, for a total of roughly 2 gigabases of information.
  • the DNA from the white blood cells and the RNA from red blood cells contain little clinically useful information; it is the rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA in exomes (cfDNA), or sepsis-causing bacteria that can inform clinical action.
  • CTCs rare circulating tumor cells
  • cfDNA cell-free DNA in exomes
  • sepsis-causing bacteria that can inform clinical action.
  • biopsy margin samples researchers or clinicians may wish to enrich for the sequences of particular genes (or the exome).
  • such “targeted” sequencing represent the dominant majority of current NGS usage.
  • This invention describes a method of controlling the hybridization yield of nucleic acid probes by adjusting the relative concentrations of auxiliary oligonucleotides to the probes and the targets.
  • the auxiliary oligonucleotide is partially or fully complementary to either the probe or the target, and is released upon hybridization of the probe to the target.
  • Enrichment of desired sequences can come in a variety of forms, from simple sample-preparation protocols (e.g. centrifugation), to instruments for capturing specific cells based on morphology, to kits that selectively capture particular nucleic acid sequences.
  • enrichment will refer specifically to last class: molecular techniques that differentially interact with different nucleic acid sequences to result in an enriched sample with higher fraction of the desired set of sequences.
  • Hybrid-capture uses the specificity of Watson-Crick hybridization to “capture” target nucleic acid sequences using complementary “probe” molecules; non-cognate sequences in the sample are not captured and are removed through a washing process.
  • Multiplexed PCR uses a large number of primers to simultaneously amplify all sequences of interest via PCR (typically only 8-10 cycles); non-cognate sequences in the sample are not amplified.
  • Affinity (sensitivity) and selectivity (specificity) of nucleic acid probes/primers are inversely correlated properties; improvement of one metric generally leads to deterioration of the other.
  • Different applications of nucleic acid probes have different requirements of sensitivity and specificity. For example, NGS target enrichment assays require high specificity capture of DNA (e.g. Illumina Nextera, Agilent SureSelect, and IDT xGen); in depletion assays, high yield (sensitivity) is desired (e.g. NEB NuGen). Additionally, highly multiplexed applications need uniform yield of different targets to minimize bias.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for stoichiometric tuning of hybridization probes using competitive auxiliary nucleic acid species. These methods are broadly classified into designs wherein the auxiliary species is complementary to the target (blockers) and designs wherein the auxiliary species is complementary to the probe (protectors). Both implementations offer on-the-fly adjustment of the hybridization yield, provide more predictive and precise control than probe sequence adjustment, and allow iterative tuning for multiplexed assays and for complex target sequences.
  • a method for providing a nucleic acid probe for selective capture or enrichment of a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence with a desired yield comprising contacting a first sample containing the nucleic acid molecule bearing the target nucleic acid sequence with a test solution comprising the nucleic acid probe at a temperature and a buffer condition conducive to hybridization of the target nucleic acid sequence to the nucleic acid probe.
  • the nucleic acid probe includes a first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule. The first and second nucleic acid molecules are present in the nucleic acid probe at a first concentration and a second concentration, respectively, and the second concentration is greater than the first concentration.
  • the first nucleic acid sequence includes a first probe subsequence and a second probe subsequence which are complementary to a first target subsequence and a second target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule, respectively.
  • the second nucleic acid sequence includes a third probe subsequence that is complementary to at least a subsequence of the first probe subsequence.
  • the method then includes a step for determining an experimental yield, the experimental yield being the proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • a third concentration [P]′ 0 of the second nucleic acid molecule is determined according to Equation 1, where [P] 0 is the second concentration, ⁇ 1 is the experimental yield and ⁇ 2 is the desired yield which is the desired proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • the method further includes the step of providing instructions to use the third concentration of the second nucleic acid molecule for preparation of the nucleic acid probe or preparing the nucleic acid probe with the second nucleic acid molecule at the third concentration.
  • a method for providing a nucleic acid probe for selective capture or enrichment of a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence with a desired yield comprising contacting a first sample containing the nucleic acid molecule bearing the target nucleic acid sequence with a test solution comprising the nucleic acid probe at a temperature and a buffer condition conducive to hybridization of the target nucleic acid sequence to the nucleic acid probe.
  • the nucleic acid probe includes a first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule. The first and second nucleic acid molecules are present in the nucleic acid probe at a first concentration and a second concentration, respectively.
  • the first nucleic acid sequence includes a first probe subsequence and a second probe subsequence which are complementary to a first target subsequence and a second target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule, respectively.
  • the first target subsequence includes at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence.
  • the second nucleic acid sequence includes a third probe subsequence that is complementary to the first target subsequence.
  • the second nucleic acid molecule does not contain a subsequence that is complementary to the second target subsequence.
  • the method then includes a step for determining an experimental yield, the experimental yield being the proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • a third concentration [B]′ 0 of the second nucleic acid molecule is determined according to Equation 2, where [B] 0 is the second concentration, ⁇ 1 is the experimental yield and ⁇ 2 is the desired yield which is the the desired proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • the method further includes the step of providing instructions to use the third concentration of the second nucleic acid molecule for preparation of the nucleic acid probe or preparing the nucleic acid probe with the second nucleic acid molecule at the third concentration.
  • a nucleic acid probe composition for selectively capturing or enriching a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence.
  • the nucleic acid probe composition includes a first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule at a first concentration and a second concentration, respectively.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule includes a first probe subsequence that is complementary to a first target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule and a second probe subsequence that is complementary to a second target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the first target subsequence includes at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence.
  • the second nucleic acid molecule includes a third probe subsequence and a fourth probe subsequence.
  • the third probe subsequence is complementary to the first target subsequence or a subsequence contained within the first target subsequence.
  • the fourth probe subsequence is complementary to a third target subsequence that is separate from the first and second target subsequences, but is within 30 nucleotides of the first or second target subsequences.
  • FIG. 1A depicts an example embodiment of the Protector (PC) implementation.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule is referred to as C, and may be functionalized to allow capture or detection. Yield is calculated as the fraction of target T bound to C.
  • C comprises a second region (denoted as “2”), a first region (denoted as “1”), and a fourth region (denoted as “4”).
  • the second nucleic acid molecule is referred to as the Protector P, which comprises the fifth region (denoted as “5”) and the third region (denoted as “3”).
  • the third region is complementary to the first region
  • the fifth region is complementary to the fourth region.
  • P is released upon hybridization of PC to the target T.
  • P is in higher concentration than C, and the yield is adjusted by initial P concentration.
  • FIG. 1B depicts an example embodiment of the Blocker (BD) implementation.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule is referred to as D, and may be functionalized to allow capture or detection. Yield is calculated as the fraction of target bound to D.
  • D comprises a second region (denoted as “7”) and a first region (denoted as “6”).
  • the second nucleic acid molecule is referred to as the Blocker B, which comprises a fourth region (denoted as “9”) and a third region (denoted as “8”).
  • the third region is identical in sequence to the second region.
  • FIG. 2A depicts the nucleic acid sequences of T, P, C (SEQ ID NOS 1-3, respectively) and the intended reaction for an experimental demonstration of the Protector implementation.
  • the arrangement of subsequences on P and C is shown in FIG. 1 a.
  • C is modified by a TAMRA fluorophore on 3′ end, and P by an Iowa Black® RQ quencher on 5′ end. The release of P results in an increase in fluorescence.
  • FIG. 2B depicts the experimental results of stoichiometric tuning.
  • FIG. 3A depicts the target reaction with X-probe. 31 distinct probes were designed to target 31 DNA targets with G/C content ranging from 0% to 100%.
  • FIG. 4A depicts the difference in binding yield between two SNP variants results from the ⁇ G° of their respective hybridization to a probe.
  • FIG. 4B depicts a theoretical graph showing that the same ⁇ G° value produces different yield differences based on the value of [P] 0 /[PC] 0 .
  • FIG. 4D depicts the yields after stoichiometric tuning (SEQ ID NO: 6). Different [P] 0 /[PC] 0 ranging from 3.74 to 29.5 were used for each SNP pair. The range of yield difference was improved from 17.2-83.3% to 47.0-88.6% through the course of stoichiometric tuning.
  • FIG. 5A depicts a scheme for an example demonstration of the BD implementation including the nucleic acid sequences of T, B, D (SEQ ID NOS 7-9, respectively) and the intended reaction.
  • the arrangement of subsequences on B and D is shown in FIG. 1B .
  • T is modified by a TAMRA fluorophore on 3′ end, and D by an Iowa Black® RQ quencher on 5′ end.
  • the hybridization between T and D results in a decrease in fluorescence.
  • FIG. 5B depicts the experimental results of stoichiometric tuning according to the scheme in FIG. 5A .
  • Each data point shows the observed fluorescence and corresponding yield at a particular [B] 0 /[D] 0 value.
  • FIG. 6A depicts a variant architecture of the PC embodiment where P comprises 2 oligonucleotides, which are bound together by an additional region.
  • FIG. 6B depicts a variant architecture of the PC embodiment known as X-probe architecture.
  • P and C both comprise 2 oligonucleotides.
  • FIG. 6C depicts a variant architecture of the BD embodiment where D comprises 2 pre-hybridized oligonucleotides.
  • FIG. 6D depicts a variant architecture of the BD embodiment where B comprises an additional complementary strand which is release upon hybridization of B to the target.
  • FIG. 7A depicts the simulated yield at different reaction times for pre-equilibrium stoichiometric tuning of the PC implementation.
  • ODE simulations of reaction PC+T ⁇ >TC+P show that pre-equilibrium yield can be tuned by stoichiometry similarly to equilibrium yield.
  • FIG. 7B depicts the % maximum signal as a function of t ⁇ k f ⁇ [PC] 0 to establish criteria of pre-equilibrium stoichiometric tuning.
  • the change of percentage maximum signal becomes less sensitive to stoichiometry when t ⁇ k f ⁇ [PC] 0 becomes smaller.
  • the criterion t ⁇ k f ⁇ [PC] 0 >1 indicates that the stoichiometric tuning can be implemented using the equilibrium method.
  • FIG. 7C depicts a linear fit of 1/ ⁇ to [P] 0 .
  • the reaction time lengths that satisfy t ⁇ k f ⁇ [PC] 0 >1 show high linearity (r 2 >0.999).
  • FIG. 8A depicts a simulation of pre-equilibrium stoichiometric tuning of BD implementation showing the simulated yield at different reaction times.
  • FIG. 8B depicts a linear fit of 1/ ⁇ to [B] 0 .
  • the Protector implementation involves a probe nucleic acid molecule (denoted as C) comprising a first and a second subsequence that are complementary to adjacent subsequences of the target, and an auxiliary nucleic acid molecule (denoted as the Protector or P) comprising a third subsequence that is complementary to the first subsequence; P has higher initial concentration than C.
  • C further comprises a fourth subsequence that is not complementary to the target sequence
  • P further comprises a fifth subsequence that is complementary to the fourth subsequence.
  • C and P are each an oligonucleotide, and the mixture of C and P is known as a toehold probe; an example of this embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1A . More information on toehold probes can be found in WO 2015/094429 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • sequence refers to a sequence of at least 5 contiguous base pairs.
  • [TC] t refers to the concentration of TC at time t
  • [PC] 0 and [T] 0 refer to the initial concentrations of PC and T, respectively.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for tuning this reaction to achieve a desired yield either at equilibrium or at a particular time before equilibrium.
  • the initial concentration of P ([P] 0 ) has material impact on both equilibrium and pre-equilibrium yield, such that for reasonably well-designed sequences of P and C, capture yield can be continuously tuned between essentially 0.01% and 99.9%.
  • reaction standard free energy can be calculated based on literature parameters or using bioinformatics software, and have been described in detail in WO 2015/094429 A1.
  • [ P ] 0 e - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ G o / Rr , 1 - ⁇ ⁇ , ( [ PC ] 0 - ⁇ ⁇ [ T ] 0 ) - ⁇ ⁇ [ T ] 0
  • R represents the gas constant
  • ⁇ represents temperature in Kelvin
  • [ P ] 0 ′ ⁇ 1 1 - ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ P ] 0 + ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ T ] 0 [ PC ] 0 - ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ T ] 0 ⁇ 1 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ( [ PC ] 0 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ [ T ] 0 ) - ⁇ 2 ⁇ [ T ] 0
  • [ P ] 0 ′ ⁇ 1 1 - ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ P ] 0 + ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ PC ] 0 [ T ] 0 - ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ PC ] 0 ⁇ 1 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ( [ T ] 0 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ [ PC ] 0 ) - ⁇ 2 ⁇ [ PC ] 0
  • the toehold probe is functionalized with a TAMRA fluorophore at 3′ end of C, and an Iowa Black RQ quencher at the 5′ end of P.
  • P and C are pre-hybridized and form a dark probe.
  • P hybridizes to the dark probe, P is displaced, and the fluorescence signal increases ( FIG. 2A ).
  • Target was allowed to react with the probe mixture for 12-24 hours, after which fluorescence is measured. According to our knowledge of kinetics, equilibrium is reached within 4 hours at the experimental conditions. Experimental results were consistent with our analytical predictions.
  • both P and C can be complexes that comprise 2 or more oligonucleotides formed through Watson-Crick hybridization reactions.
  • An exemplary such PC implementation is illustrated in FIG. 3A , known as an X-Probe.
  • FIG. 3B Before Tuning
  • yields varied between 57.3% and 13.4%, corresponding to errors in predicted ⁇ G°.
  • SNP discrimination Another example application of the PC implementation is SNP discrimination. Many SNP detection methods are based on the differential yields of SNP variants to a probe that specifically targets one variant [ref]. SNP probes exemplify the challenge of balancing yield and selectivity because of the small thermodynamic change ( ⁇ G°) associated with a single nucleotide mismatch ( FIG. 4A ). Based on a simple reaction analysis, maximum yield difference ( ⁇ ) is achieved when
  • FIG. 4C shows the fluorescence signal produced by a toehold probe when reacted with its DNA target and 11 SNPs. Based on these results, we calculated the ⁇ G° of the toehold probe with the intended target and each SNP, from which we numerically calculated the ⁇ G° of each SNP pair.
  • the second implementation involves a probe nucleic acid molecule (denoted as D) comprising a first and a second subsequence that are complementary to adjacent subsequences of the target, and an auxiliary nucleic acid molecule (denoted as the Blocker or B) comprising a third subsequence that is homologous to the second subsequence but not the first subsequence; B has higher initial concentration than D.
  • B further comprises a fourth subsequence that is complementary to the target sequence and not homologous to the first or the second subsequence.
  • B and D are each an oligonucleotide; an example of this embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1B .
  • the sequence design of B and D, relative to a target sequence T are such that the preponderance of B and D molecules are mutually exclusive in hybridization to T, with only a small concentration of trimolecular intermediate species TBD existing at any given point of time. Additionally, B and D are both designed to bind stably to T, with only a small concentration of free T existing at any given point of time when the sum of the concentrations of B and D exceed that of T.
  • the system can be simply expressed by the chemical reaction D+TB ⁇ TD+B.
  • [ B ] 0 e - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ G o / R ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1 - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( [ D ] 0 - ⁇ ⁇ [ T ] 0 ) - ⁇ ⁇ [ T ] 0 + [ T ] 0
  • [ B ] 0 ′ ⁇ 1 1 - ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ B ] 0 - [ T ] 0 + ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ T ] 0 [ D ] 0 - ⁇ 1 ⁇ [ T ] 0 ⁇ 1 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ( [ D ] 0 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ [ T ] 0 ) + [ T ] 0 - ⁇ 2 ⁇ [ T ] 0
  • the probe (C or D) and the auxiliary species (P or B) are all single-stranded.
  • any of these molecules may comprise additional pre-hybridized oligonucleotides for ease of attaching chemical modifications, capture, or controlling kinetics/thermodynamics.
  • At least 2 data points (2 different [P] 0 and corresponding I s or ⁇ t ) are needed to obtain k and b values.
  • FIGS. 8A-8C indicates that some pre-equilibrium conditions can be tuned using a linear fit similar to equilibrium tuning method.
  • nucleic acid molecule is complementary to another if the nucleotides of each can simultaneously form several Watson-Crick base pairs with each other.
  • complementary can mean fully and/or partially complementary and can include mismatched base pairs.
  • the present disclosure provides for minor sequence differences between nucleic acid molecule subsequences.
  • the first probe subsequence of the first nucleic acid molecule and the second probe subsequence of the first nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to a first target subsequence and a second target subsequence, respectively.
  • FIG. 4C depicts an example of such complementarity despite mismatches.
  • the probes can form several Watson-Crick base pairs with the target, the resulting probes maintain consistency with the principles of probe construction described herein.
  • a method for providing a nucleic acid probe for selective capture or enrichment of a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence with a desired yield comprising contacting a first sample containing the nucleic acid molecule bearing the target nucleic acid sequence with a test solution comprising the nucleic acid probe at a temperature and a buffer condition conducive to hybridization of the target nucleic acid sequence to the nucleic acid probe.
  • the nucleic acid probe includes a first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule. The first and second nucleic acid molecules are present in the nucleic acid probe at a first concentration and a second concentration, respectively, and the second concentration is greater than the first concentration.
  • the first nucleic acid sequence includes a first probe subsequence and a second probe subsequence which are complementary to a first target subsequence and a second target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule, respectively.
  • the second nucleic acid sequence includes a third probe subsequence that is complementary to at least a subsequence of the first probe subsequence.
  • the method then includes a step for determining an experimental yield, the experimental yield being the proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • a third concentration [P]′ 0 of the second nucleic acid molecule is determined according to Equation 1, where [P] 0 is the second concentration, ⁇ 1 is the experimental yield and ⁇ 2 is the desired yield which is the desired proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • the method further includes the step of providing instructions to use the third concentration of the second nucleic acid molecule for preparation of the nucleic acid probe or preparing the nucleic acid probe with the second nucleic acid molecule at the third concentration.
  • the first nucleic acid can further include a fourth probe subsequence that is not complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence nor is complementary to any sequence on the nucleic acid molecule within 30 nucleotides of the target nucleic acid sequence
  • the second nucleic acid molecule can further include a fifth probe subsequence that is at least 80% complementary to the fourth probe subsequence.
  • the second concentration in the nucleic acid probes can be between 1.1 and 10,000 times the first concentration.
  • a method for providing a nucleic acid probe for selective capture or enrichment of a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence with a desired yield comprising contacting a first sample containing the nucleic acid molecule bearing the target nucleic acid sequence with a test solution comprising the nucleic acid probe at a temperature and a buffer condition conducive to hybridization of the target nucleic acid sequence to the nucleic acid probe.
  • the nucleic acid probe includes the first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule. The first and second nucleic acid molecules are present in the nucleic acid probe at a first concentration and a second concentration, respectively.
  • the first nucleic acid sequence includes a first probe subsequence and a second probe subsequence which are complementary to a first target subsequence and a second target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule, respectively.
  • the first target subsequence includes at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence.
  • the second nucleic acid sequence includes a third probe subsequence that is complementary to the first target subsequence.
  • the second nucleic acid molecule does not contain a subsequence that is complementary to the second target subsequence.
  • the method then includes a step for determining an experimental yield, the experimental yield being the proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • a third concentration [B]′ 0 of the second nucleic acid molecule is determined according to Equation 2, where [B] 0 is the second concentration, ⁇ 1 is the experimental yield and ⁇ 2 is the desired yield which is the the desired proportion of the target nucleic acid sequence that is hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule.
  • the method further includes the step of providing instructions to use the third concentration of the second nucleic acid molecule for preparation of the nucleic acid probe or preparing the nucleic acid probe with the second nucleic acid molecule at the third concentration.
  • the second nucleic acid can further include a fourth probe subsequence that is complementary to a third target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the third target subsequence is separate from the first and second target subsequence and within 30 nucleotides of the first or second target subsequences.
  • the second concentration in the nucleic acid probes can be between 0.001 and 1,000 times the first concentration.
  • the first nucleic acid molecules of the nucleic acid probes of the foregoing embodiments can comprise, by way of example but not limitation, a DNA oligonucleotide, deoxyuridines, RNA nucleotides, or a photocleavable linker moiety.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule is a DNA oligonucleotide.
  • the second nucleic acid molecule of the nucleic acid probes is a DNA oligonucleotide.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule of the nucleic acid probes can further comprise a functional moiety capable of interacting with a binding partner.
  • the step of determining the experimental yield can be performed by capturing the first nucleic acid molecule through interaction of the functional moiety and binding partner.
  • the foregoing methods can further include, prior to determining the experimental yield, capturing nucleic acid molecules hybridized to the first nucleic acid molecule through solid-phase separation. In some embodiments, the foregoing methods can further include, prior to determining the experimental yield, selectively degrading the first nucleic acid molecule after capturing through solid-phase separation. In some instances, the selective degradation of the first nucleic acid can be through a nuclease. In some aspects, the first nucleic acid molecule can include a photocleavable linker moiety. In some instances, where the first nucleic acid molecule comprises a photocleavable linker moiety, the selective degradation of the first nucleic acid is through illumination by light of a wavelength sufficient to cleave the photocleavable linker moiety.
  • a method for selective capture or enrichment of a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence with a desired yield comprises contacting a sample containing the nucleic acid molecule bearing the target nucleic acid sequence with the nucleic acid probe of any of the foregoing embodiments.
  • a nucleic acid probe composition for selectively capturing or enriching a nucleic acid molecule bearing a target nucleic acid sequence.
  • the nucleic acid probe composition includes a first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule at a first concentration and a second concentration, respectively.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule includes a first probe subsequence that is complementary to a first target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule and a second probe subsequence that is complementary to a second target subsequence of the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the first target subsequence includes at least a portion of the target nucleic acid sequence.
  • the second nucleic acid molecule includes a third probe subsequence and a fourth probe subsequence.
  • the third probe subsequence is complementary to the first target subsequence or a subsequence contained within the first target subsequence.
  • the fourth probe subsequence is complementary to a third target subsequence that is separate from the first and second target subsequences, but is within 30 nucleotides of the first or second target subsequences.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule can further comprises a functional moiety capable of interacting with a binding partner.
  • the second concentration is between 0.001 and 1,000 times the first concentration.
  • the first and/or second nucleic acid molecules can be DNA oligonucleotides.
  • the first nucleic acid molecule can also include deoxyuridines, RNA nucleotides, or a photocleavable linker moiety.

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