US20180162538A1 - Aircraft nacelle anti-ice systems and methods - Google Patents
Aircraft nacelle anti-ice systems and methods Download PDFInfo
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- US20180162538A1 US20180162538A1 US15/377,287 US201615377287A US2018162538A1 US 20180162538 A1 US20180162538 A1 US 20180162538A1 US 201615377287 A US201615377287 A US 201615377287A US 2018162538 A1 US2018162538 A1 US 2018162538A1
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000003534 oscillatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
- B64D15/20—Means for detecting icing or initiating de-icing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
- B64D15/02—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft by ducted hot gas or liquid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
- B64D15/20—Means for detecting icing or initiating de-icing
- B64D15/22—Automatic initiation by icing detector
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D29/00—Power-plant nacelles, fairings, or cowlings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/04—Air intakes for gas-turbine plants or jet-propulsion plants
- F02C7/047—Heating to prevent icing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D15/00—De-icing or preventing icing on exterior surfaces of aircraft
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D33/00—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
- B64D33/02—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes
- B64D2033/0233—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes comprising de-icing means
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to anti-ice systems for aircrafts structures, and, more specifically, to anti-ice analysis, systems, and methods.
- Nacelles for gas turbine engines typically include an inlet section, a fan section, and a thrust reverser section.
- the inlet section may deliver air into a compressor of the gas turbine engine, and also deliver air outwardly of the compressor as bypass air to the fan section.
- the air is compressed in the compressor and delivered downstream into a combustion section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. Products of this combustion pass downstream to a turbine and over turbine rotors, driving the turbine rotors to rotate. The turbine rotors in turn rotate the compressors and fan.
- ice may form on the nacelle.
- the nacelle may include an anti-ice system to prevent this ice formation.
- Anti-ice systems may undergo certification processes to ensure adequate performance.
- a method for anti-ice performance analysis may comprise cycling a flow of heating air through an aircraft structure, measuring a temperature of the aircraft structure to generating an oscillatory signal, measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal, and calculating anti-ice conditions of the aircraft structure based on the minimum temperature value.
- the cycling may comprise repeatedly opening and closing a valve.
- the method may further comprise determining a first duration for the valve to be open.
- the method may further comprise determining a second duration for the valve to be closed.
- the first duration and the second duration may be configured to maintain the temperature of the aircraft structure above a minimum threshold.
- the first duration and the second duration may be configured to maintain a maximum temperature of the aircraft structure below a maximum threshold.
- the temperature may be measured at a location corresponding to a coldest location of the aircraft structure.
- the method may further comprise measuring a second temperature at a location corresponding to a hottest location of the aircraft structure.
- the minimum temperature value may be used as a constant value signal for calculating a maximum runback ice thickness.
- a method for analyzing anti-ice performance of a nacelle inlet is disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments.
- a method for analyzing anti-ice performance of a nacelle inlet may comprise cycling a flow of heating air through a cavity defined by a lip of the nacelle inlet, measuring a temperature of the nacelle inlet to generate an oscillatory signal, measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal, and calculating a runback ice thickness of the nacelle inlet using the minimum temperature value.
- the cycling may comprise opening and closing a valve.
- the oscillatory signal may increase in response to the valve being opened and the oscillatory signal decreases in response to the valve being closed.
- the method may further comprise determining a first duration for the valve to be open.
- the method may further comprise determining a second duration for the valve to be closed.
- the air may be routed around a circumference of the nacelle inlet.
- the temperature may be measured at a location corresponding to a coldest location of the nacelle inlet.
- the method may further comprise measuring a second temperature at a location where the flow of heating air first impinges on the nacelle inlet.
- An article of manufacture is disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments.
- An article of manufacture may comprise a controller, and a tangible, non-transitory memory configured to communicate with the controller, the tangible, non-transitory memory having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by the controller, cause the controller to perform operations, comprising receiving, by the controller, an oscillatory signal comprising temperature values, measuring, by the controller, a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal, and calculating, by the controller, anti-ice conditions of an aircraft structure based on the minimum temperature value.
- the instructions may cause the controller to perform operations further comprising determining a first duration for supplying heating air to the aircraft structure.
- the instructions may cause the controller to perform operations further comprising determining a second duration for supplying heating air to the aircraft structure.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary gas turbine engine, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a conduit configured to supply a flow of heating air to an inlet section, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic view of a controller in electronic communication with inlet section components and conduit components, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a nacelle inlet section, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of the nacelle inlet section with the outer barrel removed, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a flow of heating air flowing through a lip of a nacelle section, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 7 illustrates a plot of oscillatory signals comprising temperature values versus time, in accordance with various embodiments
- FIG. 8 illustrates a method for analyzing anti-ice performance, in accordance with various embodiments.
- FIG. 9 illustrates a method for analyzing anti-ice performance, in accordance with various embodiments.
- any reference to attached, fixed, connected or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full and/or any other possible attachment option. Additionally, any reference to without contact (or similar phrases) may also include reduced contact or minimal contact. Surface shading lines may be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but not necessarily to denote the same or different materials. In some cases, reference coordinates may be specific to each figure.
- tail refers to the direction associated with the tail (e.g., the back end) of an aircraft, or generally, to the direction of exhaust of the gas turbine.
- forward refers to the direction associated with the nose (e.g., the front end) of an aircraft, or generally, to the direction of flight or motion.
- a heating air cycle profile may be determined using temperature sensors during certification. During aircraft operation, the temperature sensors may be omitted in place of the predetermined heating air cycle profile.
- Anti-ice performance analysis may be cumbersome using temperature profiles which do not comprise a constant value.
- systems and methods described herein provide a method for converting an oscillatory signal into a constant value signal for steady state anti-ice performance analysis which may simplify the analysis while also ensuring superior performance of the anti-ice system.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view of a gas turbine engine, in accordance with various embodiments.
- Gas turbine engine 110 may include core engine 120 .
- Core air flow C flows through core engine 120 and is expelled through exhaust outlet 118 surrounding tail cone 122 .
- Core engine 120 drives a fan 114 arranged in a bypass flow path B.
- Air in bypass flow-path B flows in the aft direction (z-direction) along bypass flow-path B.
- At least a portion of bypass flow path B may be defined by nacelle 112 and inner fixed structure (IFS) 126 .
- Fan case 132 may surround fan 114 .
- Fan case 132 may be housed within nacelle 112 .
- Nacelle 112 typically comprises two halves which are typically mounted to a pylon. According to various embodiments, multiple guide vanes 116 may extend radially between core engine 120 and intermediary case (IMC) 134 . Upper bifurcation 144 and lower bifurcation 142 may extend radially between the nacelle 112 and IFS 126 in locations opposite one another to accommodate engine components such as wires and fluids, for example.
- IMC intermediary case
- Inner fixed structure 126 surrounds core engine 120 and provides core compartments 128 .
- Various components may be provided in core compartment 128 such as fluid conduits and/or a compressed air duct, for example.
- Compressed air ducts may be under high pressure and may supply compressed air from a compressor stage to a nacelle inlet, for example.
- FIG. 2 elements with like element numbering as depicted in FIG. 1 are intended to be the same and will not necessarily be repeated for the sake of clarity.
- FIG. 3 , FIG. 4 , and FIG. 5 elements with like element numbering as depicted in FIG. 2 are intended to be the same and will not necessarily be repeated for the sake of clarity.
- Nacelle 112 may comprise an inlet section 202 and a fan section 206 .
- Inlet section 202 may include a lip 204 .
- Lip 204 may comprise a forward extending portion of inlet section 202 .
- a conduit 210 may extend through fan section 206 , inlet section 202 , and into lip 204 .
- Conduit 210 may comprise a spray manifold 212 having apertures for heating air to exit conduit 210 and enter cavity 214 defined by lip 204 .
- conduit 210 may be coupled to a high pressure compressor.
- Conduit 210 may receive heating air from the high pressure compressor.
- Conduit 210 may extend from the high pressure compressor, through a firewall (i.e., a lower bifurcation firewall), and into fan section 206 and inlet section 202 , with momentary reference to FIG. 2 .
- a dual element pressure regulated shut-off valve (SOV) 302 may be connected in-line with conduit 210 .
- Controller 300 may be operatively coupled to SOV 302 .
- a controller may comprise a processor configured to implement various logical operations in response to execution of instructions, for example, instructions stored on a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium and/or memory configured to communicate with the controller 300 .
- An article of manufacture may also comprise a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon to be communicated to a controller.
- the instructions may cause the controller 300 to perform certain operations, as described herein.
- Controller 300 may control one or more solenoids which regulate pressure supplied to SOV 302 for opening and closing the SOV 302 .
- controller 300 may comprise an electronic engine controller (EEC).
- Inlet section 202 may comprise lip 204 , inner barrel 412 , and outer barrel 414 .
- outer barrel 414 may comprise a first half and a second half.
- conduit 210 may enter lip 204 at location 502 .
- a method 800 for anti-ice performance analysis may include coupling one or more temperature sensors, such as first temperature sensor 601 and second temperature sensor 602 to inlet section 202 .
- First temperature sensor 601 may be coupled in close proximity to an exhaust port for the heating air 600 . In this manner, first temperature sensor 601 may be configured to measure what may be the coldest location of inlet section 202 .
- Second temperature sensor 602 may be coupled in close proximity to an inlet port for the heating air 600 , such as location 502 for example. Second temperature sensor 602 may be disposed at a location where heating air 600 impinges on inlet section 202 . In this manner, second temperature sensor 602 may be configured to measure what may be the hottest portion of inlet section 202 .
- method 800 may include cycling the flow of heating air through an aircraft structure (step 810 ). Although it is contemplated that method 800 may be performed in relation to any portion of a vehicle, as illustrated in FIG. 6 , step 810 may include cycling the flow of heating air 600 through inlet section 202 . The cycling may be performed by repeatedly opening and closing SOV 302 , with momentary reference to FIG. 3 .
- method 800 may include measuring the temperature of the aircraft structure to generate an oscillatory signal (step 820 ).
- step 820 may include measuring the temperature, via first temperature sensor 601 and/or second temperature sensor 602 to generate one or more oscillatory signals, such as first signal 720 and/or second signal 730 .
- First signal 720 may be generated via first temperature sensor 601 .
- Second signal 730 may be generated via second temperature sensor 602 . As shown in FIG.
- the temperature of inlet section 202 may increase in response to SOV 302 being open and heating air 600 being supplied to inlet section 202 and the temperature of inlet section 202 may decrease in response to SOV 302 being closed and the supply of heating air 600 being cut off to inlet section 202 , thus creating an oscillatory signal.
- the cycling may be configured to maintain the coldest temperature of inlet section 202 (i.e., the minimum value of first signal 720 ) above a minimum temperature value 740 .
- the cycling may be configured to maintain the hottest temperature of inlet section 202 (i.e., the maximum value of second signal 730 ) below a maximum temperature value 750 .
- method 800 may include measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal (step 830 ).
- Step 830 may include measuring minimum temperature value 740 of first signal 720 .
- the measuring may be performed by a controller, such as controller 300 for example, with momentary reference to FIG. 3 .
- method 800 may include calculating anti-ice conditions of the aircraft structure based on the minimum temperature value (step 840 ).
- Step 840 may include using minimum temperature value 740 to determine anti-ice conditions of inlet section 202 .
- inlet section 202 remains at a constant temperature of the minimum temperature value 740 over a period of time which anti-ice analysis is performed.
- Using the minimum temperature value as a fixed value may simplify the anti-ice performance analysis.
- Calculating anti-ice conditions may be performed under wet conditions. Parameters such as liquid water content, droplet size, exposure time, and the minimum temperature value 740 may be used as inputs into a formula to determine maximum runback ice thickness.
- step 840 may include calculating, by a controller, the maximum runback ice thickness over lip 204 using minimum temperature value 740 as an input parameter.
- method 800 may include determining a duration for heating air to be supplied to an aircraft structure. Stated differently, method 800 may include determining a first duration T ON for SOV 302 , with momentary reference to FIG. 3 , to be open to supply heating air 600 to inlet section 202 . Method 800 may include determining a duration for heating air to be cut off from an aircraft structure. Stated differently, method 800 may include determining a second duration T OFF for SOV 302 , with momentary reference to FIG. 3 , to be closed to prevent the supply of heating air 600 to inlet section 202 . In this manner, a heating air cycle profile, or cycle mode, may be determined for cycling SOV 302 .
- This cycle mode may be configured to maintain the minimum temperature of inlet section 202 above minimum temperature value 740 and maintain the maximum temperature of inlet section 202 below maximum temperature value 750 .
- cycling SOV 302 may comprise repeatedly opening and closing SOV 302 for predetermined durations.
- Method 900 may include receiving an oscillatory signal comprising temperature values (step 910 ).
- Method 900 may include measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal (step 920 ).
- Method 900 may include calculating anti-ice conditions of an aircraft structure (step 930 ).
- step 910 may include receiving, by controller 300 , first signal 720 .
- Step 910 may include receiving, by controller 300 , second signal 730 .
- Step 920 may include measuring, by controller 300 , minimum temperature value 740 of first signal 720 .
- Step 930 may include calculating anti-ice conditions of inlet section 202 using a constant value comprising the minimum temperature value 740 .
- Step 930 may include calculating anti-ice conditions, for example, runback ice thickness, as a steady state analysis.
- method 900 may be performed by any suitable controller or processor.
- references to “various embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc. indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments.
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Abstract
Description
- The present disclosure relates to anti-ice systems for aircrafts structures, and, more specifically, to anti-ice analysis, systems, and methods.
- Nacelles for gas turbine engines are known, and typically include an inlet section, a fan section, and a thrust reverser section. The inlet section may deliver air into a compressor of the gas turbine engine, and also deliver air outwardly of the compressor as bypass air to the fan section. The air is compressed in the compressor and delivered downstream into a combustion section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. Products of this combustion pass downstream to a turbine and over turbine rotors, driving the turbine rotors to rotate. The turbine rotors in turn rotate the compressors and fan.
- Under various conditions, ice may form on the nacelle. The nacelle may include an anti-ice system to prevent this ice formation. Anti-ice systems may undergo certification processes to ensure adequate performance.
- A method for anti-ice performance analysis is disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments. A method for anti-ice performance analysis may comprise cycling a flow of heating air through an aircraft structure, measuring a temperature of the aircraft structure to generating an oscillatory signal, measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal, and calculating anti-ice conditions of the aircraft structure based on the minimum temperature value.
- In various embodiments, the cycling may comprise repeatedly opening and closing a valve. The method may further comprise determining a first duration for the valve to be open. The method may further comprise determining a second duration for the valve to be closed. The first duration and the second duration may be configured to maintain the temperature of the aircraft structure above a minimum threshold. The first duration and the second duration may be configured to maintain a maximum temperature of the aircraft structure below a maximum threshold. The temperature may be measured at a location corresponding to a coldest location of the aircraft structure. The method may further comprise measuring a second temperature at a location corresponding to a hottest location of the aircraft structure. The minimum temperature value may be used as a constant value signal for calculating a maximum runback ice thickness.
- A method for analyzing anti-ice performance of a nacelle inlet is disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments. A method for analyzing anti-ice performance of a nacelle inlet may comprise cycling a flow of heating air through a cavity defined by a lip of the nacelle inlet, measuring a temperature of the nacelle inlet to generate an oscillatory signal, measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal, and calculating a runback ice thickness of the nacelle inlet using the minimum temperature value.
- In various embodiments, the cycling may comprise opening and closing a valve. The oscillatory signal may increase in response to the valve being opened and the oscillatory signal decreases in response to the valve being closed. The method may further comprise determining a first duration for the valve to be open. The method may further comprise determining a second duration for the valve to be closed. The air may be routed around a circumference of the nacelle inlet. The temperature may be measured at a location corresponding to a coldest location of the nacelle inlet. The method may further comprise measuring a second temperature at a location where the flow of heating air first impinges on the nacelle inlet.
- An article of manufacture is disclosed herein, in accordance with various embodiments. An article of manufacture may comprise a controller, and a tangible, non-transitory memory configured to communicate with the controller, the tangible, non-transitory memory having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by the controller, cause the controller to perform operations, comprising receiving, by the controller, an oscillatory signal comprising temperature values, measuring, by the controller, a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal, and calculating, by the controller, anti-ice conditions of an aircraft structure based on the minimum temperature value.
- In various embodiments, the instructions may cause the controller to perform operations further comprising determining a first duration for supplying heating air to the aircraft structure. The instructions may cause the controller to perform operations further comprising determining a second duration for supplying heating air to the aircraft structure.
- The forgoing features and elements may be combined in various combinations without exclusivity, unless expressly indicated herein otherwise. These features and elements as well as the operation of the disclosed embodiments will become more apparent in light of the following description and accompanying drawings.
- The subject matter of the present disclosure is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. A more complete understanding of the present disclosure, however, may best be obtained by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements.
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FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary gas turbine engine, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a conduit configured to supply a flow of heating air to an inlet section, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic view of a controller in electronic communication with inlet section components and conduit components, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a nacelle inlet section, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of the nacelle inlet section with the outer barrel removed, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a flow of heating air flowing through a lip of a nacelle section, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 7 illustrates a plot of oscillatory signals comprising temperature values versus time, in accordance with various embodiments; -
FIG. 8 illustrates a method for analyzing anti-ice performance, in accordance with various embodiments; and -
FIG. 9 illustrates a method for analyzing anti-ice performance, in accordance with various embodiments. - The detailed description of exemplary embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. While these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the inventions, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical changes and adaptations in design and construction may be made in accordance with this invention and the teachings herein. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process descriptions may be executed in any order and are not necessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also, any reference to attached, fixed, connected or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full and/or any other possible attachment option. Additionally, any reference to without contact (or similar phrases) may also include reduced contact or minimal contact. Surface shading lines may be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but not necessarily to denote the same or different materials. In some cases, reference coordinates may be specific to each figure.
- As used herein, “aft” refers to the direction associated with the tail (e.g., the back end) of an aircraft, or generally, to the direction of exhaust of the gas turbine. As used herein, “forward” refers to the direction associated with the nose (e.g., the front end) of an aircraft, or generally, to the direction of flight or motion.
- Systems and methods for analyzing anti-ice performance of an aircraft structure are described herein, in accordance with various embodiments. These methods may be performed for anti-ice system certification. A heating air cycle profile may be determined using temperature sensors during certification. During aircraft operation, the temperature sensors may be omitted in place of the predetermined heating air cycle profile.
- Anti-ice performance analysis may be cumbersome using temperature profiles which do not comprise a constant value. Thus, systems and methods described herein provide a method for converting an oscillatory signal into a constant value signal for steady state anti-ice performance analysis which may simplify the analysis while also ensuring superior performance of the anti-ice system.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view of a gas turbine engine, in accordance with various embodiments.Gas turbine engine 110 may includecore engine 120. Core air flow C flows throughcore engine 120 and is expelled throughexhaust outlet 118 surroundingtail cone 122. -
Core engine 120 drives afan 114 arranged in a bypass flow path B. Air in bypass flow-path B flows in the aft direction (z-direction) along bypass flow-path B. At least a portion of bypass flow path B may be defined bynacelle 112 and inner fixed structure (IFS) 126.Fan case 132 may surroundfan 114.Fan case 132 may be housed withinnacelle 112. -
Nacelle 112 typically comprises two halves which are typically mounted to a pylon. According to various embodiments,multiple guide vanes 116 may extend radially betweencore engine 120 and intermediary case (IMC) 134.Upper bifurcation 144 andlower bifurcation 142 may extend radially between thenacelle 112 andIFS 126 in locations opposite one another to accommodate engine components such as wires and fluids, for example. - Inner
fixed structure 126 surroundscore engine 120 and provides core compartments 128. Various components may be provided incore compartment 128 such as fluid conduits and/or a compressed air duct, for example. Compressed air ducts may be under high pressure and may supply compressed air from a compressor stage to a nacelle inlet, for example. - With respect to
FIG. 2 , elements with like element numbering as depicted inFIG. 1 are intended to be the same and will not necessarily be repeated for the sake of clarity. With respect toFIG. 3 ,FIG. 4 , andFIG. 5 , elements with like element numbering as depicted inFIG. 2 are intended to be the same and will not necessarily be repeated for the sake of clarity. - With reference to
FIG. 2 , a cross-section view of a portion ofnacelle 112 is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments.Nacelle 112 may comprise aninlet section 202 and afan section 206.Inlet section 202 may include alip 204.Lip 204 may comprise a forward extending portion ofinlet section 202. Aconduit 210 may extend throughfan section 206,inlet section 202, and intolip 204.Conduit 210 may comprise aspray manifold 212 having apertures for heating air to exitconduit 210 and entercavity 214 defined bylip 204. - With reference to
FIG. 3 ,conduit 210 may be coupled to a high pressure compressor.Conduit 210 may receive heating air from the high pressure compressor.Conduit 210 may extend from the high pressure compressor, through a firewall (i.e., a lower bifurcation firewall), and intofan section 206 andinlet section 202, with momentary reference toFIG. 2 . A dual element pressure regulated shut-off valve (SOV) 302 may be connected in-line withconduit 210.Controller 300 may be operatively coupled toSOV 302. A controller may comprise a processor configured to implement various logical operations in response to execution of instructions, for example, instructions stored on a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium and/or memory configured to communicate with thecontroller 300. An article of manufacture may also comprise a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon to be communicated to a controller. The instructions may cause thecontroller 300 to perform certain operations, as described herein.Controller 300 may control one or more solenoids which regulate pressure supplied toSOV 302 for opening and closing theSOV 302. In various embodiments,controller 300 may comprise an electronic engine controller (EEC). - With reference to
FIG. 4 , a perspective view of the forward side ofnacelle inlet section 202 is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments.Inlet section 202 may compriselip 204,inner barrel 412, andouter barrel 414. In various embodiments,outer barrel 414 may comprise a first half and a second half. - With combined reference to
FIG. 5 , a perspective view of the aft side ofnacelle inlet section 202 with the outer barrel 414 (seeFIG. 4 ) removed is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. As illustrated inFIG. 5 ,conduit 210 may enterlip 204 atlocation 502. - With reference to
FIG. 6 , an aft looking forward cross-section view ofinlet section 202 is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments.Arrows 600 represent the flow of heating air introduced intocavity 214 oflip 204 byconduit 210.Heating air 600 may be routed circumferentially aroundinlet section 202. With combined reference toFIG. 6 andFIG. 8 , amethod 800 for anti-ice performance analysis may include coupling one or more temperature sensors, such asfirst temperature sensor 601 andsecond temperature sensor 602 toinlet section 202.First temperature sensor 601 may be coupled in close proximity to an exhaust port for theheating air 600. In this manner,first temperature sensor 601 may be configured to measure what may be the coldest location ofinlet section 202. For example, it may be expected thatinlet section 202 will be the coldest at the exhaust port forheating air 600.Second temperature sensor 602 may be coupled in close proximity to an inlet port for theheating air 600, such aslocation 502 for example.Second temperature sensor 602 may be disposed at a location whereheating air 600 impinges oninlet section 202. In this manner,second temperature sensor 602 may be configured to measure what may be the hottest portion ofinlet section 202. - In various embodiments,
method 800 may include cycling the flow of heating air through an aircraft structure (step 810). Although it is contemplated thatmethod 800 may be performed in relation to any portion of a vehicle, as illustrated inFIG. 6 , step 810 may include cycling the flow ofheating air 600 throughinlet section 202. The cycling may be performed by repeatedly opening andclosing SOV 302, with momentary reference toFIG. 3 . - In various embodiments,
method 800 may include measuring the temperature of the aircraft structure to generate an oscillatory signal (step 820). With additional reference toFIG. 7 , step 820 may include measuring the temperature, viafirst temperature sensor 601 and/orsecond temperature sensor 602 to generate one or more oscillatory signals, such asfirst signal 720 and/orsecond signal 730. First signal 720 may be generated viafirst temperature sensor 601.Second signal 730 may be generated viasecond temperature sensor 602. As shown inFIG. 7 , the temperature ofinlet section 202 may increase in response toSOV 302 being open andheating air 600 being supplied toinlet section 202 and the temperature ofinlet section 202 may decrease in response toSOV 302 being closed and the supply ofheating air 600 being cut off toinlet section 202, thus creating an oscillatory signal. In various embodiments, the cycling may be configured to maintain the coldest temperature of inlet section 202 (i.e., the minimum value of first signal 720) above aminimum temperature value 740. In various embodiments, the cycling may be configured to maintain the hottest temperature of inlet section 202 (i.e., the maximum value of second signal 730) below amaximum temperature value 750. - In various embodiments,
method 800 may include measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal (step 830). Step 830 may include measuringminimum temperature value 740 offirst signal 720. In various embodiments, the measuring may be performed by a controller, such ascontroller 300 for example, with momentary reference toFIG. 3 . - In various embodiments,
method 800 may include calculating anti-ice conditions of the aircraft structure based on the minimum temperature value (step 840). Step 840 may include usingminimum temperature value 740 to determine anti-ice conditions ofinlet section 202. For example, it may be assumed thatinlet section 202 remains at a constant temperature of theminimum temperature value 740 over a period of time which anti-ice analysis is performed. Using the minimum temperature value as a fixed value may simplify the anti-ice performance analysis. Calculating anti-ice conditions may be performed under wet conditions. Parameters such as liquid water content, droplet size, exposure time, and theminimum temperature value 740 may be used as inputs into a formula to determine maximum runback ice thickness. Then, it may be determine if theminimum temperature value 740 will prevent the maximum runback ice thickness from building up to or above a threshold value. In this regard,step 840 may include calculating, by a controller, the maximum runback ice thickness overlip 204 usingminimum temperature value 740 as an input parameter. - In various embodiments,
method 800 may include determining a duration for heating air to be supplied to an aircraft structure. Stated differently,method 800 may include determining a first duration TON forSOV 302, with momentary reference toFIG. 3 , to be open to supplyheating air 600 toinlet section 202.Method 800 may include determining a duration for heating air to be cut off from an aircraft structure. Stated differently,method 800 may include determining a second duration TOFF forSOV 302, with momentary reference toFIG. 3 , to be closed to prevent the supply ofheating air 600 toinlet section 202. In this manner, a heating air cycle profile, or cycle mode, may be determined forcycling SOV 302. This cycle mode may be configured to maintain the minimum temperature ofinlet section 202 aboveminimum temperature value 740 and maintain the maximum temperature ofinlet section 202 belowmaximum temperature value 750. In this regard,cycling SOV 302 may comprise repeatedly opening andclosing SOV 302 for predetermined durations. - With reference to
FIG. 9 , amethod 900 for analyzing anti-ice performance is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments.Method 900 may include receiving an oscillatory signal comprising temperature values (step 910).Method 900 may include measuring a minimum temperature value of the oscillatory signal (step 920).Method 900 may include calculating anti-ice conditions of an aircraft structure (step 930). - With combined reference to
FIG. 3 andFIG. 9 , step 910 may include receiving, bycontroller 300,first signal 720. Step 910 may include receiving, bycontroller 300,second signal 730. Step 920 may include measuring, bycontroller 300,minimum temperature value 740 offirst signal 720. Step 930 may include calculating anti-ice conditions ofinlet section 202 using a constant value comprising theminimum temperature value 740. Step 930 may include calculating anti-ice conditions, for example, runback ice thickness, as a steady state analysis. Although described with respect tocontroller 300,method 900 may be performed by any suitable controller or processor. - Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of the inventions. The scope of the inventions is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C.
- Systems, methods and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “various embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments.
- Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(f), unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
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US15/377,287 US9994327B1 (en) | 2016-12-13 | 2016-12-13 | Aircraft nacelle anti-ice systems and methods |
EP17207136.7A EP3335993B1 (en) | 2016-12-13 | 2017-12-13 | Aircraft nacelle anti-ice systems and methods |
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US15/377,287 US9994327B1 (en) | 2016-12-13 | 2016-12-13 | Aircraft nacelle anti-ice systems and methods |
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US20180162538A1 true US20180162538A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
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GB2550427B (en) * | 2016-05-20 | 2019-10-02 | Gkn Aerospace Services Ltd | Ice test devices |
US11130583B2 (en) | 2018-11-02 | 2021-09-28 | Rohr, Inc. | Control system for aircraft anti-icing |
CN111332477B (en) * | 2020-02-21 | 2022-09-20 | 中国电子科技集团公司第二十九研究所 | Reverse boosting turbine bypass control device and method |
CN111737892B (en) * | 2020-05-20 | 2024-03-29 | 南京航空航天大学 | Equivalent safety-based ice impact engine fan rotor coincidence analysis method |
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US4738416A (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1988-04-19 | Quiet Nacelle Corporation | Nacelle anti-icing system |
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US5011098A (en) * | 1988-12-30 | 1991-04-30 | The Boeing Company | Thermal anti-icing system for aircraft |
US5521584A (en) * | 1993-10-13 | 1996-05-28 | Eaton Corporation | Apparatus and method for detecting ice |
NO307723B1 (en) * | 1997-11-05 | 2000-05-15 | Futuris As | Method and apparatus for detection |
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JP2008546945A (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2008-12-25 | エアバス・フランス | Anti-icing and deicing system for aircraft engine compartment with resistance mat |
US7575196B2 (en) | 2006-12-19 | 2009-08-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Ice protection system and method including a plurality of segmented sub-areas and a cyclic diverter valve |
FR2914906B1 (en) * | 2007-04-11 | 2009-10-30 | Intertechnique Soc Par Actions | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETECTING FROST AND / OR GIVING CONDITIONS ON AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT |
EP2532047A4 (en) * | 2010-02-05 | 2018-01-10 | Saab AB | An air heater for an air inlet of an electronic system |
US8746622B2 (en) * | 2010-06-08 | 2014-06-10 | Textron Innovations Inc. | Aircraft de-icing system and method |
FR2978123B1 (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2013-08-23 | Snecma | SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND MONITORING AN AIRCRAFT |
CN102490905A (en) * | 2011-12-27 | 2012-06-13 | 东南大学 | Novel anti-icing and deicing device for airfoils of airplane |
US9764847B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2017-09-19 | The Boeing Company | Anti-icing system for aircraft |
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US10421551B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2019-09-24 | United Technologies Corporation | Aircraft anti-icing system |
US10017262B2 (en) | 2015-09-22 | 2018-07-10 | Rohr, Inc. | Pulsed deicing system |
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