US20180106268A1 - Blade component - Google Patents
Blade component Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20180106268A1 US20180106268A1 US15/785,522 US201715785522A US2018106268A1 US 20180106268 A1 US20180106268 A1 US 20180106268A1 US 201715785522 A US201715785522 A US 201715785522A US 2018106268 A1 US2018106268 A1 US 2018106268A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- plies
- component
- axis
- fibres
- blade
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000009954 braiding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000596926 Sparaxis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- B29D99/0025—Producing blades or the like, e.g. blades for turbines, propellers, or wings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
- F04D29/32—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
- F04D29/38—Blades
- F04D29/388—Blades characterised by construction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
- B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
- B29C70/16—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
- B29C70/20—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in a single direction, e.g. roofing or other parallel fibres
- B29C70/202—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in a single direction, e.g. roofing or other parallel fibres arranged in parallel planes or structures of fibres crossing at substantial angles, e.g. cross-moulding compound [XMC]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
- B29K2105/10—Cords, strands or rovings, e.g. oriented cords, strands or rovings
- B29K2105/101—Oriented
- B29K2105/108—Oriented arranged in parallel planes and crossing at substantial angles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0094—Geometrical properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/08—Blades for rotors, stators, fans, turbines or the like, e.g. screw propellers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/08—Blades for rotors, stators, fans, turbines or the like, e.g. screw propellers
- B29L2031/082—Blades, e.g. for helicopters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/08—Blades for rotors, stators, fans, turbines or the like, e.g. screw propellers
- B29L2031/087—Propellers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D19/00—Axial-flow pumps
- F04D19/002—Axial flow fans
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/20—Rotors
- F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to blade components such as propeller blade structural spars.
- Blade components such as propeller blade structural spars may include a laminate structure to provide improved mechanical characteristics of the component.
- the laminate structure may be formed from several layers or plies, each ply comprising fibres aligned in the same direction across their respective surfaces.
- a first ply 12 has fibres aligned with the axis 11 of the component, i.e. a 0° orientation and second and third plies 14 , 16 oriented at +/ ⁇ 45° from the axis 11 of the component.
- centrifugal loads and aero bending moment resistance and stiffness are sustained by the 0° fibres of the first ply 12
- the torsional loading and torsional stiffness are sustained by the +/ ⁇ 45° fibres of the second and third pliers 14 , 16 .
- the +/ ⁇ 45° plies 14 , 16 and 0° pliers 12 should be mixed and equally distributed along the lay-up thickness to avoid interlaminar shear overstresses.
- the lay-up should also be arranged symmetrically about the axis to avoid thermal overstresses and material distortion of the component.
- equal distribution and exact symmetry can be difficult to attain.
- the 0° and +/ ⁇ 45° layers require two different braiding machines. Each machine requires different configurations to manufacture these two different angles.
- a blade component having a longitudinal axis and extending between a root end and a tip end, the component comprising a composite laminate structure.
- the laminate structure comprises a plurality of plies of fibres in a matrix, wherein all the plies are arranged such that the fibres in respective plies are oriented symmetrically relative to the component axis at respective layup angles.
- the layup angles are in the range of 19° to 25° and ⁇ 19° to ⁇ 25° respectively relative to the component axis.
- the plurality of plies may comprise one or more first plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle ⁇ relative to the component axis and one or more second plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of ⁇ relative to the component axis.
- the plurality of plies may further comprise one or more third plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of ⁇ relative to the component axis and one or more fourth plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of ⁇ relative to the component axis and wherein ⁇ is different from ⁇ and wherein ⁇ and ⁇ are both in the range of 19° to 25° and ⁇ 19° to ⁇ 25°.
- Alternating plies may be arranged symmetrically relative to the component axis.
- the layup angle may be in the range ⁇ 20° to 23°.
- the method comprises laying a plurality of plies of fibres on a core, all the plies being arranged such that the fibres in the plies are oriented symmetrically relative to the component axis at respective layup angles, the layup angles being in the range of 19° to 25° and ⁇ 19° to ⁇ 25° respectively relative to the component axis.
- the method further comprises curing the component with the plies to form a laminated structure on the core.
- the plurality of plies may comprise one or more first plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle ⁇ relative to the component axis and one or more second plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of ⁇ relative to the component axis.
- the plurality of plies may further comprise one or more third plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of ⁇ relative to the component axis and one or more fourth plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of ⁇ relative to the component axis.
- Alternating plies may be oriented symmetrically relative to the component axis.
- the layup angle may be in the range ⁇ 20° to 23°
- the plies may be formed from sheets or tapes of fibre material.
- the plies may be pre-impregnated with a resin or wherein a resin is applied to the plies for curing.
- the blade component may be a propeller blade component or a fan blade component.
- the blade component may be a blade spar.
- the laminate structure may be provided on a core of the spar.
- FIG. 1 shows a lay-up of fibre plies for a propeller blade component according to the prior art
- FIG. 2 shows a lay-up of fibre plies for a propeller blade component according to this disclosure
- FIG. 3 shows a propeller blade component and plies oriented at different angles relative to the component axis
- FIG. 4 shows a propeller blade component and composite tapes oriented at different angles relative to the component axis.
- FIG. 2 shows an exemplary laminate structure 20 for a propeller blade component such as a structural spar 30 as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
- the structural spar 30 includes a root 32 and a tip 34 and a body 33 extending from the root 32 to the tip 34 .
- the body 33 extends along an axis 100 defining 0° orientation with respect to the ply lay-up.
- the axis may be in the perpendicular plane of the propeller blade rotation axis or, in the case of curved blades, may have a local blade axis at any given point defined perpendicular to the local blade section.
- the root 32 comprises or is attached to a retention element 35 which retains the blade in a hub in use.
- the blade is usually rotatable about the axis 100 , for example to allow the blade to be feathered.
- the laminate structure 20 includes a first ply 22 and a second ply 24 .
- the first ply 22 comprises a plurality of fibres shown schematically at 26 .
- the fibres 26 may, for example, comprise carbon fibres, glass fibres, aramid fibres or the like.
- the fibres 26 of the first ply 22 are aligned along a single direction shown by the arrow 23 . That is, a majority of or substantially all the fibres 26 are aligned in the same direction throughout the first ply 22 . For example, at least 90% of the fibres are aligned in the same direction and up to 10% of the fibres might be arranged at about 90° to the remaining fibres.
- the first ply 22 is oriented relative to a central axis 21 such that a layup angle + ⁇ is defined between the central axis 21 and the direction 23 of the fibres 26 .
- the axis 21 is aligned with a longitudinal axis of the component, for example the axis 100 of the spar 30 as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
- the second ply 24 comprised a plurality of fibres shown schematically at 28 .
- the fibres 28 may also, for example, comprise carbon fibres, glass fibres, aramid fibres.
- the fibres 28 of the second ply 24 are substantially the same as the fibres 26 of the first ply 22 .
- the fibres 28 of the second ply 24 are aligned along a single direction shown by the arrow 25 . That is a majority of or substantially all the fibres 28 are aligned in the same direction throughout the second ply 24 .
- the second ply 24 is oriented relative to the central axis 21 such that a layup angle ⁇ (i.e. the opposite of angle ⁇ ) is defined between the central axis 21 and the direction 25 of the fibres 28 .
- first ply 22 and the second ply 24 are arranged symmetrically relative to the central axis 21 of the structure.
- the plies may be applied to a core to form the laminated structure.
- the pliers 22 , 24 may be applied to a lightweight core, for example a foam core.
- the first and second pliers 22 , 24 may then be braided on to or otherwise attached to the core.
- the plies 22 , 24 might include dry fibres, such as carbon fibres, braided onto the outer surface of the core. Resin may be subsequently injected into the pliers 22 , 24 .
- the pliers 22 , 24 may be formed from a pre-impregnated fabric material, such as a resin impregnated carbon fibre fabric.
- the pliers 22 , 24 might be attached to the core in the form of sheets 38 or tapes 138 .
- the pliers 22 , 24 may be attached to the core such that they surround the entire circumference of the core.
- the laminate structure 20 has a uniform thickness for a given cross section along the spar 30 .
- the first and second pliers 22 , 24 may also have the same thickness. It will be appreciated, however, that the thickness of the laminate structure 20 might be varied achieved by applying plies of uniform thickness only in specific areas on the core, for example.
- the spar 30 is heated or cured to set the laminate structure 20 .
- the laminate structure 20 illustrated includes two pliers 22 , 24 , it is envisaged that any number of plies may be used.
- the laminate structure 20 may include between 15 and 30 plies.
- a laminate structure for use in a fan blade may include up to and in excess of 80 plies.
- the plies are arranged such that the fibres of all the plies are oriented at an angle of between 19° and 25° from the axis of the spar 30 in either direction.
- the fibres may be oriented at an angle of 20°, 22° or 23° from the central axis 21 . None of the plies is arranged such that the fibres are aligned with the axis 21 (i.e. at 0°).
- first and second plies 22 , 24 having fibres 26 , 28 arranged at the same angle relative to the central axis at respective layup angles of ⁇ , to the central axis 21 .
- the orientation of the plies relative to the central axis 21 may alternate (for example, ⁇ ). In other multiple ply arrangements, the order may not alternate between adjacent plies (for example ⁇ )
- Embodiments having pliers 22 , 24 that are oriented at just one angle around the axis 21 may be easier to form. In particular it may be easier to maintain the symmetry of the lay-up throughout the pliers 22 , 24 , particularly when compared to structures containing 0° fibres.
- the laminate structure 20 might include one or more first pliers 22 oriented at an angle ⁇ , one or more second pliers 24 oriented at ⁇ , one or more third plies (not shown) oriented at an angle ⁇ and one or more fourth plies (not shown) oriented at ⁇ , ⁇ being different from ⁇ .
- Having the fibres 26 , 28 of all the pliers 22 , 24 oriented at an angle of between 19° and 25° from the axis 21 may improve the inter-laminar shear strength of the laminate structure 20 as the maximum angle between two fibres of the structure is less than 90°.
- the curing thermal stressing between plies may be reduced or even eliminated in the case of interlacing fibres.
- a further advantage of embodiments having the plies oriented at angles between 19 and 25° is that cutting of pliers 22 , 24 during application to a core, will result in lower scrap material when compares to plies that are oriented at 45°, for example.
- This is best shown in FIG. 3 in which a first ply 38 is shown oriented at 19-25° from the blade axis and a second ply 36 , outside the scope of the disclosure, is oriented at 45° from the blade axis.
- the first ply 38 requires less cutting of the ply material and thus less waste may be produced.
- FIG. 4 An embodiments where the plies are formed from tapes, is illustrated in FIG. 4 .
- a first tape 136 is arranged at 45° relative to the axis 100 and a second tape 138 is arranged at between 19 and 25° relative to the axis 100 .
- the tapes may be automatically laid on a core surface using a tape-laying apparatus.
- the angle between the tape 138 and the central axis 100 reduced, for example when the fibres of the tape are aligned along the length of the tape, fibre deposit speed can be increased and the steering of the apparatus across the surface of the core may be simplified and reduced.
- the second tape 136 extends along a greater length of the core structure and therefore fewer tapes and less steering of the deposition apparatus may be required than in laying down tapes 136 at a greater angle, outside the scope of this disclosure.
- the plies are braided, only one braiding machine may be needed to lay the plies, particularly in embodiments where the fibres are aligned symmetrically about the spar axis 100 .
- While the disclosure has been particularly directed to a structural spar of a propeller blade, it may be used for other blade components, for example an external skin for a propeller blade.
- the principles of the invention may also be applied to fan blades, particularly those manufactures by Automatic Fibre Placement (AFP) process.
- AFP Automatic Fibre Placement
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 16306365.4 filed Oct. 17, 2016, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- The present disclosure relates to blade components such as propeller blade structural spars.
- Blade components such as propeller blade structural spars may include a laminate structure to provide improved mechanical characteristics of the component. The laminate structure may be formed from several layers or plies, each ply comprising fibres aligned in the same direction across their respective surfaces.
- In order to accommodate the various loads in the structure, the orientation of the fibres typically differs in the plies. In a known lay-up, as shown in
FIG. 1 afirst ply 12 has fibres aligned with the axis 11 of the component, i.e. a 0° orientation and second andthird plies - In such an arrangement, centrifugal loads and aero bending moment resistance and stiffness are sustained by the 0° fibres of the
first ply 12, while the torsional loading and torsional stiffness are sustained by the +/−45° fibres of the second andthird pliers - However, in order to provide optimum performance the +/−45°
plies pliers 12 should be mixed and equally distributed along the lay-up thickness to avoid interlaminar shear overstresses. The lay-up should also be arranged symmetrically about the axis to avoid thermal overstresses and material distortion of the component. However, during manufacture, equal distribution and exact symmetry can be difficult to attain. Furthermore, when braiding the layers, the 0° and +/−45° layers require two different braiding machines. Each machine requires different configurations to manufacture these two different angles. - In accordance with the disclosure, there is provided a blade component having a longitudinal axis and extending between a root end and a tip end, the component comprising a composite laminate structure. The laminate structure comprises a plurality of plies of fibres in a matrix, wherein all the plies are arranged such that the fibres in respective plies are oriented symmetrically relative to the component axis at respective layup angles. The layup angles are in the range of 19° to 25° and −19° to −25° respectively relative to the component axis.
- The plurality of plies may comprise one or more first plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle α relative to the component axis and one or more second plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of −α relative to the component axis.
- The plurality of plies may further comprise one or more third plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of β relative to the component axis and one or more fourth plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of −β relative to the component axis and wherein β is different from α and wherein α and β are both in the range of 19° to 25° and −19° to −25°.
- Alternating plies may be arranged symmetrically relative to the component axis.
- The layup angle may be in the range ±20° to 23°.
- There is also provided a method of manufacturing a blade component having a longitudinal axis and extending between a root end and a tip end. The method comprises laying a plurality of plies of fibres on a core, all the plies being arranged such that the fibres in the plies are oriented symmetrically relative to the component axis at respective layup angles, the layup angles being in the range of 19° to 25° and −19° to −25° respectively relative to the component axis. The method further comprises curing the component with the plies to form a laminated structure on the core.
- The plurality of plies may comprise one or more first plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle α relative to the component axis and one or more second plies each comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of −α relative to the component axis.
- The plurality of plies may further comprise one or more third plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of β relative to the component axis and one or more fourth plies comprising fibres aligned at a layup angle of −β relative to the component axis.
- Alternating plies may be oriented symmetrically relative to the component axis.
- The layup angle may be in the range ±20° to 23°
- The plies may be formed from sheets or tapes of fibre material.
- The plies may be pre-impregnated with a resin or wherein a resin is applied to the plies for curing.
- The blade component may be a propeller blade component or a fan blade component. For example, the blade component may be a blade spar. The laminate structure may be provided on a core of the spar.
- Some embodiments of the disclosure will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 shows a lay-up of fibre plies for a propeller blade component according to the prior art; -
FIG. 2 shows a lay-up of fibre plies for a propeller blade component according to this disclosure; -
FIG. 3 shows a propeller blade component and plies oriented at different angles relative to the component axis; and -
FIG. 4 shows a propeller blade component and composite tapes oriented at different angles relative to the component axis. - With reference to
FIGS. 2 to 4 ,FIG. 2 shows anexemplary laminate structure 20 for a propeller blade component such as astructural spar 30 as illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4 . - With reference to
FIG. 3 , thestructural spar 30 includes aroot 32 and atip 34 and abody 33 extending from theroot 32 to thetip 34. Thebody 33 extends along anaxis 100 defining 0° orientation with respect to the ply lay-up. The axis may be in the perpendicular plane of the propeller blade rotation axis or, in the case of curved blades, may have a local blade axis at any given point defined perpendicular to the local blade section. Theroot 32 comprises or is attached to aretention element 35 which retains the blade in a hub in use. The blade is usually rotatable about theaxis 100, for example to allow the blade to be feathered. - Returning to
FIG. 2 , thelaminate structure 20 includes afirst ply 22 and asecond ply 24. Thefirst ply 22 comprises a plurality of fibres shown schematically at 26. Thefibres 26 may, for example, comprise carbon fibres, glass fibres, aramid fibres or the like. Thefibres 26 of thefirst ply 22 are aligned along a single direction shown by thearrow 23. That is, a majority of or substantially all thefibres 26 are aligned in the same direction throughout thefirst ply 22. For example, at least 90% of the fibres are aligned in the same direction and up to 10% of the fibres might be arranged at about 90° to the remaining fibres. Thefirst ply 22 is oriented relative to a central axis 21 such that a layup angle +α is defined between the central axis 21 and thedirection 23 of thefibres 26. The axis 21 is aligned with a longitudinal axis of the component, for example theaxis 100 of thespar 30 as illustrated inFIGS. 3 and 4 . - The
second ply 24 comprised a plurality of fibres shown schematically at 28. Thefibres 28 may also, for example, comprise carbon fibres, glass fibres, aramid fibres. In the embodiment, thefibres 28 of thesecond ply 24 are substantially the same as thefibres 26 of thefirst ply 22. Thefibres 28 of thesecond ply 24 are aligned along a single direction shown by thearrow 25. That is a majority of or substantially all thefibres 28 are aligned in the same direction throughout thesecond ply 24. Thesecond ply 24 is oriented relative to the central axis 21 such that a layup angle −α (i.e. the opposite of angle α) is defined between the central axis 21 and thedirection 25 of thefibres 28. - Thus the
first ply 22 and thesecond ply 24 are arranged symmetrically relative to the central axis 21 of the structure. - The plies may be applied to a core to form the laminated structure. In the case of a spar as illustrated in
FIG. 3 , thepliers second pliers plies pliers pliers - As shown in
FIGS. 3 and 4 , thepliers sheets 38 ortapes 138. Thepliers - In embodiments, the
laminate structure 20 has a uniform thickness for a given cross section along thespar 30. The first andsecond pliers laminate structure 20 might be varied achieved by applying plies of uniform thickness only in specific areas on the core, for example. - After resin injection or application of pre-impregnated material, the
spar 30 is heated or cured to set thelaminate structure 20. - Although the
laminate structure 20 illustrated includes twopliers laminate structure 20 may include between 15 and 30 plies. In another example, a laminate structure for use in a fan blade may include up to and in excess of 80 plies. - The plies are arranged such that the fibres of all the plies are oriented at an angle of between 19° and 25° from the axis of the
spar 30 in either direction. In embodiments, the fibres may be oriented at an angle of 20°, 22° or 23° from the central axis 21. None of the plies is arranged such that the fibres are aligned with the axis 21 (i.e. at 0°). - In particular embodiments, there may only be first and
second plies fibres - In some multiple ply arrangements, the orientation of the plies relative to the central axis 21 may alternate (for example, α−αα−α). In other multiple ply arrangements, the order may not alternate between adjacent plies (for example αα−α−α)
-
Embodiments having pliers pliers - In yet further embodiments however, the
laminate structure 20 might include one or morefirst pliers 22 oriented at an angle α, one or moresecond pliers 24 oriented at −α, one or more third plies (not shown) oriented at an angle β and one or more fourth plies (not shown) oriented at −β, β being different from α. - Having the
fibres pliers laminate structure 20 as the maximum angle between two fibres of the structure is less than 90°. - Moreover, the curing thermal stressing between plies may be reduced or even eliminated in the case of interlacing fibres.
- A further advantage of embodiments having the plies oriented at angles between 19 and 25° is that cutting of
pliers FIG. 3 in which afirst ply 38 is shown oriented at 19-25° from the blade axis and asecond ply 36, outside the scope of the disclosure, is oriented at 45° from the blade axis. As can be seen from the lay-up of both plies, thefirst ply 38 requires less cutting of the ply material and thus less waste may be produced. - An embodiments where the plies are formed from tapes, is illustrated in
FIG. 4 . As shown, afirst tape 136 is arranged at 45° relative to theaxis 100 and asecond tape 138 is arranged at between 19 and 25° relative to theaxis 100. The tapes may be automatically laid on a core surface using a tape-laying apparatus. By having the angle between thetape 138 and thecentral axis 100 reduced, for example when the fibres of the tape are aligned along the length of the tape, fibre deposit speed can be increased and the steering of the apparatus across the surface of the core may be simplified and reduced. Moreover, it will be seen that thesecond tape 136 extends along a greater length of the core structure and therefore fewer tapes and less steering of the deposition apparatus may be required than in laying downtapes 136 at a greater angle, outside the scope of this disclosure. - In embodiments where the plies are braided, only one braiding machine may be needed to lay the plies, particularly in embodiments where the fibres are aligned symmetrically about the
spar axis 100. - From the above, it will be recognised that there is proposed a laminate structure wherein plies have fibres oriented at opposite angles relative to a central axis, the angle being in the range of 19° to 25°. In particular embodiments, the fibres within the plies are oriented at a single angle either side of the axis of the component to form a symmetrical laminate structure. The mechanical characteristics of such laminate structures have to been found to be comparable to the known 0°±45° lay-up and further have considerable performance and manufacturing advantages as described above. Table 1 shows a number of mechanical characteristics of components having laminate structures in accordance with the disclosure compared to the characteristics of components having the conventional 0°±45° lay-up. The characteristics of the components according to this disclosure were found to be comparable within acceptable limits for a variety of applications.
-
TABLE 1 [0°, +/−45°] [0°, +/−45°] [0°, +/−45°] [0°, +/−45°] Lamination Type (50%/50%) [+/−23°] (50%/50%) [+/−22°] (60%/40%) [+/−20°] (50%/50%) [+/−20°] Type of Fibre Carbon HR Carbon HR Carbon IM Carbon IM Carbon HR Carbon HR Carbon IM Carbon IM Volume of Fibre 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 60% 1. Rigidity E1 (blade axis) 83 80 96 94 97 95 112 107 E2 (chord direction) 24 10 26 9.4 22 10 23 10 G12 (torsional stiffness) 21 22 24 24 18 19 21 21 Poisson's Ratio 0.7 1.5 0.75 1.7 0.68 1.4 0.72 1.6 2. Strength (Static Force) Ultimate blade axis (MPa) 680 490 1473 950 820 630 1770 1140 First Ply Failure blade axis (Mpa) 470 490 770 950 550 630 895 1140 Ultimate chord direction (Mpa) 290 47 379 47 240 46 340 46 First Ply Failure chord direction 110 47 131 47 100 46 114 46 (Mpa) 3. Coefficient of Expansion Blade Axis −1.7 −3.5 −0.23 −2.15 −0.7 −2.9 −0.25 −1.84 Chord Axis 23.5 22.7 5.23 16.4 9.8 24.2 6.3 17.1 - While the disclosure has been particularly directed to a structural spar of a propeller blade, it may be used for other blade components, for example an external skin for a propeller blade. The principles of the invention may also be applied to fan blades, particularly those manufactures by Automatic Fibre Placement (AFP) process.
Claims (17)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP16306365.4 | 2016-10-17 | ||
EP16306365.4A EP3308947A1 (en) | 2016-10-17 | 2016-10-17 | Blade component |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20180106268A1 true US20180106268A1 (en) | 2018-04-19 |
Family
ID=57189993
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/785,522 Abandoned US20180106268A1 (en) | 2016-10-17 | 2017-10-17 | Blade component |
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US (1) | US20180106268A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3308947A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100062238A1 (en) * | 2006-07-19 | 2010-03-11 | Adrian Doyle | Composite Articles Comprising In-Situ-Polymerisable Thermoplastic Material and Processes for their Construction |
US20110052408A1 (en) * | 2009-08-25 | 2011-03-03 | Zuteck Michael D | Swept blades utilizing asymmetric double biased fabrics |
EP2772351A1 (en) * | 2013-02-28 | 2014-09-03 | The Boeing Company | Composite laminated plate having reduced crossply angle |
US20150030805A1 (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2015-01-29 | Compagnie Chomarat | Composite bi-angle and thin-ply laminate tapes and methods for manufacturing and using the same |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2489477B (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2013-04-24 | Gurit Uk Ltd | Spar for a turbine blade and manufacture thereof |
-
2016
- 2016-10-17 EP EP16306365.4A patent/EP3308947A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2017
- 2017-10-17 US US15/785,522 patent/US20180106268A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100062238A1 (en) * | 2006-07-19 | 2010-03-11 | Adrian Doyle | Composite Articles Comprising In-Situ-Polymerisable Thermoplastic Material and Processes for their Construction |
US20110052408A1 (en) * | 2009-08-25 | 2011-03-03 | Zuteck Michael D | Swept blades utilizing asymmetric double biased fabrics |
EP2772351A1 (en) * | 2013-02-28 | 2014-09-03 | The Boeing Company | Composite laminated plate having reduced crossply angle |
US20150030805A1 (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2015-01-29 | Compagnie Chomarat | Composite bi-angle and thin-ply laminate tapes and methods for manufacturing and using the same |
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