US20170154900A1 - Integrated tensile strained silicon nfet and compressive strained silicon-germanium pfet implemented in finfet technology - Google Patents

Integrated tensile strained silicon nfet and compressive strained silicon-germanium pfet implemented in finfet technology Download PDF

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US20170154900A1
US20170154900A1 US15/432,492 US201715432492A US2017154900A1 US 20170154900 A1 US20170154900 A1 US 20170154900A1 US 201715432492 A US201715432492 A US 201715432492A US 2017154900 A1 US2017154900 A1 US 2017154900A1
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strained silicon
semiconductor fins
silicon
fins
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Qing Liu
Pierre Morin
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STMicroelectronics lnc USA
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STMicroelectronics lnc USA
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Priority to US16/180,223 priority patent/US11133331B2/en
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to integrated circuits and, in particular, to a field effect transistor (FET) device fabricated using a fin of semiconductor material wherein NFET devices utilize tensile strained silicon fin material and PFET devices utilize compressive strained silicon-germanium fin material.
  • FET field effect transistor
  • tensile strained silicon (Si) material provides for increased electron mobility and improved performance with respect to n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistor (FET) devices.
  • MOS metal oxide semiconductor
  • FET field effect transistor
  • CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor
  • tensile strained silicon material is detrimental to the operation of p-channel MOSFET devices which instead prefer compressive strained silicon-germanium (SiGe) material to boost hole mobility and improve performance.
  • SiGe compressive strained silicon-germanium
  • the prior art teaches the formation of integrated circuits which utilize FinFET type field effect transistors.
  • the FinFET transistor comprises a channel region which is oriented to conduct an electrical current parallel to the surface of the substrate.
  • the channel region is provided in an elongated section of semiconductor material referred to as a “fin.”
  • the source and drain regions of the transistor are formed in the elongated section on either side of the channel region.
  • a gate is placed to straddle over and on both opposed sides of the elongated section at the location of the channel region to provide control over the conductive state of the transistor.
  • This FinFET design is well suited for manufacturing a multi-channel transistor in which multiple elongated sections are formed in parallel to define neighboring channel regions which are separated from each other by an intermediate gate portion of the transistor gate spanning with a perpendicular orientation over the multiple elongated sections.
  • CMOS circuits with FinFET devices for the elongated section of semiconductor material (i.e., the fin) of the n-channel MOSFET devices to be made of tensile strained silicon material and for the elongated section of semiconductor material (i.e., the fin) of the p-channel MOSFET devices to be made of compressive strained silicon-germanium (SiGe) material. It has proven difficult, however, to obtain relaxation of the tensile strained silicon material on a substrate in order to support the formation of compressive strained silicon-germanium material. In other words, provision of both tensile strained silicon material and compressive strained silicon-germanium material on a substrate for supporting fins of CMOS circuits is challenging.
  • tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins are provided in a first area of the substrate for use in producing finFET transistors of a first conductivity type, while compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins are provided in a second area of the substrate for use in producing finFET transistors of a second conductivity type.
  • an integrated circuit comprises: a substrate including a first area and a second area; a plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate; a plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate; a first metal gate extending over the plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area; and a second metal gate extending over the plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area; wherein said plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins comprise tensile strained silicon semiconductor material that has been relaxed and into which germanium has been driven.
  • an integrated circuit comprises: a substrate including a first area and a second area; a first plurality of semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate; a second plurality of semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate; wherein the first and second pluralities of semiconductor fins are formed from a layer of silicon semiconductor material that is tensile strained and patterned to define the first and second pluralities of semiconductor fins; and wherein the silicon semiconductor material of the second plurality of semiconductor fins has relaxed tensile strain in comparison to the silicon semiconductor material of the first plurality of semiconductor fins and further includes germanium which is not present in the first plurality of semiconductor fins; a first metal gate extending over the first plurality of semiconductor fins in the first area; and a second metal gate extending over the second plurality of semiconductor fins in the second area.
  • an integrated circuit comprises: a substrate including a first area and a second area; a plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate; a plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate; a first metal gate extending over the plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area; and a second metal gate extending over the plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area.
  • FIGS. 1-21B illustrate process steps in the formation of CMOS FinFET devices.
  • FIGS. 1-21B illustrate the process steps in the formation of CMOS FinFET devices. It will be understood that the drawings do not necessarily show features drawn to scale.
  • FIG. 1 shows a silicon on insulator (SOI) semiconductor substrate 10 comprising a semiconductor substrate 12 , an insulating layer 14 and a tensile strained silicon semiconductor layer 16 in a stack of a wafer.
  • SOI silicon on insulator
  • Such a substrate is commonly referred to in the art by the acronym sSOI wherein the lower case “s” refers to the term “strained.”
  • the tensile strained silicon semiconductor layer 16 may be doped in accordance with the application, or alternatively may be un-doped in which case the sSOI substrate 10 is of the “fully-depleted” type.
  • the tensile strained semiconductor layer 16 may, for example, have a thickness of 30-50 nm.
  • the insulating layer 14 is commonly referred to in the art as a buried oxide (BOX) layer.
  • the substrate 10 includes an area 18 which is reserved for the formation of first polarity (for example, n-channel) devices (NFET) and an area 20 which is reserved for the formation of second, opposite, polarity (for example, p-channel) devices (PFET).
  • first polarity for example, n-channel
  • PFET p-channel
  • a hard mask 30 comprising a layer of silicon nitride (SiN) 34 is then deposited on the semiconductor layer 16 .
  • the silicon nitride layer 34 may, for example, be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with a thickness of, for example, approximately 20 nm. The result is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • a lithographic process as known in the art is then used to define a plurality of fins 50 from the tensile strained silicon semiconductor layer 16 .
  • the hard mask 30 is patterned to leave mask material 36 at the desired locations of the fins 50 .
  • An etching operation such as an anisotropic dry etch, is then performed through the mask to open apertures 52 in the layer 16 on each side of each fin 50 .
  • the etch defining the fins 50 extends to a depth which reaches the insulating layer 14 .
  • Each fin 50 is accordingly comprised of a tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin region 16 ′ and the mask material 36 .
  • the fins 50 may have a width of 6-12 nm and a pitch of 25-30 nm (with a spacing between adjacent fins of 17-22 nm). The result of the etching process for fin formation is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a conformal deposit of a layer 60 of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) is then made using an atomic layer deposition technique.
  • the layer 60 may have a thickness of approximately 3 nm. See, FIG. 4 .
  • a directional etch, such as a reactive ion etch (RIE), is then performed to define an oxide sidewall spacer 62 on each side of each fin 50 . The result is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • RIE reactive ion etch
  • a conformal deposit of a layer 70 of silicon nitride (SiN) is then made using an atomic layer deposition technique.
  • the layer 70 may have a thickness of approximately 3 nm. See, FIG. 6 .
  • a directional etch, such as a reactive ion etch (ME), is then performed to define a nitride sidewall spacer 72 on each side of each fin 50 . The result is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • ME reactive ion etch
  • a conformal deposit of a layer 80 of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) is then made using an atomic layer deposition technique.
  • the layer 80 may have a thickness of approximately 10 nm. See, FIG. 8 .
  • the wafer is subjected to an anneal (for example, at a temperature of 1050° C. for 30 seconds) in order to effectuate a densification of the deposited oxide sidewall spacers 62 and nitride sidewall spacers 72 . Densification in this case advantageously hardens the silicon oxide material so to make that material more difficult to remove or recess using conventional etch processes such as HF, COR or hot phosphoric acid.
  • the area 18 reserved for the formation of n-channel devices (NFET) is then blocked off with a lithographic masking process and the area 20 reserved for the formation of p-channel devices (PFET) is opened (reference 82 ).
  • This opening of the area 20 includes the removal of the layer 80 and the nitride sidewall spacers 72 . Any resist present from the lithographic process to block off area 18 is then removed. The result is shown in FIG. 9 .
  • an optional conformal deposit of a layer of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) can be made at least with respect to the opened area 20 so as to cover and protect the mask material 36 for each fin 50 .
  • This layer is not explicitly shown in FIG. 9 .
  • a deposition of tensile strained silicon nitride is made to fill the area 20 .
  • the deposit of silicon nitride material can be tuned to provide either tensile or compressive stress by properly selecting the deposition parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.).
  • a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is then performed to planarize the tensile strained silicon nitride deposit at the top of the layer 80 of silicon oxide present in the area 18 .
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • the result is a tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 covering the fins 50 in the area 20 as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • the tensile strain may range from 500 MPa to 1.5 GPa.
  • the layer 80 of silicon oxide in the area 18 is then removed using a BHF/HF etch. The result is shown in FIG. 11 . It will be noted that as a result of the removal of layer 80 in the area 18 , the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 is fully cut-off from contact with the fins 50 in area 18 (i.e., the block 90 is not directly contacting the fins 50 or the sidewall spacers on the fins 50 in the area 18 ).
  • the substrate wafer is then subjected to a high temperature anneal (for example, at a temperature of 1200° C. for 2 minutes) so as to relax the strain in the area 20 .
  • a high temperature anneal for example, at a temperature of 1200° C. for 2 minutes
  • This relaxation occurs due to the applied temperature and the close proximity of the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 to the fins 50 in area 20 (i.e., the separation between materials is only by the thinned thickness of the sidewall spacers 62 ).
  • the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin region 16 ′ of each fin 50 in area 20 is converted to a relaxed silicon semiconductor fin region 116 .
  • the region 16 ′ may have a strain of 1-1.5 GPa, while the region 116 after relaxation may have a strain of about 100 MPa.
  • the result is shown in FIG. 12 . It will be noted that the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin region 16 ′ of each fin 50 in area 18 is not relaxed (or to the extent relaxation occurs, such relaxation is minimal (for example, it will retain greater than 80% of its original strain) because there is no direct contact of the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 to the fins 50 in area 18 .
  • a deposition of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) is made to fill the area 18 .
  • This deposition is made using a flowable oxide process.
  • a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is then performed to planarize the silicon oxide deposit at the top of the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 present in the area 20 .
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 is then removed from covering the fins 50 in area 20 .
  • This removal is accomplished, for example, using a hot phosphorus etch that is selective to silicon oxide.
  • An HF or COR etch process is then performed to remove silicon oxide. This process will remove all of the sidewall spacers 62 and mask material 36 from the fins 50 in area 20 , thus leaving the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 , as well as remove all, or substantially all, of the silicon oxide block 92 covering the fins 50 in the area 18 .
  • the result is shown in FIG. 14 .
  • the mask material 36 , sidewall spacers 72 and sidewall spacers 62 covering the fins 50 in the area 18 remain in place to protect the fins 50 in area 18 during the next processing operations performed on the fins 50 in area 20 .
  • an epitaxial growth process is performed to grow an epitaxial silicon-germanium region 120 on the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 as shown in FIG. 15A .
  • a non-selective epitaxy process is used to deposit an amorphous silicon-germanium layer 122 to cover the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 as shown in FIG. 15B .
  • the amorphous layer 122 will also cover the fins 50 in the area 18 , it will be noted that the mask material 36 , sidewall spacers 72 and sidewall spacers 62 remain in place to cover the fins 50 .
  • a condensation process is then performed to drive germanium from the region 120 or layer 122 into the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 and produce compressively strained silicon germanium fin regions 216 .
  • the condensation may, for example, comprise an oxidation process using a 900° C. oxidation followed by a 1000° C. N 2 anneal.
  • the silicon oxide and/or germanium oxide produced from the condensation process are then removed. The result is shown in FIG. 16 .
  • the mask material 36 , sidewall spacers 72 and sidewall spacers 62 for the fins 50 in the area 18 are removed.
  • the result is shown in FIG. 17 with the area 18 including tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin regions 16 ′ and the area 20 including compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216 .
  • the compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216 may first be protected by a thin layer of silicon oxide (approximately 5 nm), with the silicon oxide layer lithographically processed and removed from area 18 .
  • the hot phosphoric acid wash is then used to remove the silicon nitride mask and spacer.
  • the hydrofluoric acid wash is then used to remove silicon dioxide spacer and protection layer.
  • a sacrificial polysilicon material 240 is deposited using a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process to cover the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin regions 16 ′ and the compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216 .
  • the polysilicon material 240 may, in an alternative implementation, instead comprise amorphous silicon.
  • a conformal oxide (not explicitly shown) may be formed on the exposed surfaces of the fin regions 16 ′ and 216 prior to deposition of the polysilicon material 240 .
  • the polysilicon material (with the oxide) is associated with the formation of structures commonly referred to as “dummy gate” structures.
  • the polysilicon material of the dummy gate structures will be subsequently removed later in the fabrication process and replaced with a metal gate stack defining the actual operating gate electrode for the transistor devices (this process referred to in the art as a “replacement metal gate (RMG)” process).
  • RMG replacement metal gate
  • the deposit of the polysilicon material 240 will have a height in excess of the height of the fin regions 16 ′ and 216 so that the fins will be completely covered.
  • the material 240 may have a thickness, for example, of 60-100 nm.
  • the top surface of the polysilicon material 240 deposit is planarized using conventional chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques to provide a planar top surface.
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • a hard mask layer 242 with a thickness of 20-40 nm is deposited on the planar top surface of the polysilicon material 240 using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process.
  • the layer 242 is lithographically patterned in a manner well known to those skilled in the art to leave mask material 244 at desired locations for the dummy gate structures.
  • a reactive ion etch (ME) is then performed to open apertures 246 in the polysilicon material on either side of the dummy gate 248 .
  • the structure of the dummy gate 248 may be considered to straddle over each of the fin regions 16 ′ and 216 , or over a plurality of adjacent fin regions, at a channel region (see, FIG. 18A ).
  • a silicon nitride material is then conformally deposited, for example, using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique as known in the art, and subsequently etched preferentially on the horizontal surfaces to leave sidewall spacers 250 on the side walls of the polysilicon dummy gates 248 (see, FIGS. 18B and 18C ).
  • ALD atomic layer deposition
  • the dummy gate structure accordingly comprises a patterned polysilicon (or amorphous silicon) dummy gate 248 , an overlying silicon nitride cap (formed by the mask material 244 ) and sidewall spacers 250 .
  • dummy gate structures may also be formed at the ends of each of the fin regions 16 ′ and 216 in accordance with the known technique of gate tuck-under.
  • an epitaxial growth 270 of a silicon-based semiconductor material is made.
  • the epitaxial growth 270 extends above the top surface of the fins to regions adjacent the sidewall spacers 250 on either side of the dummy gate structures.
  • the silicon-based epitaxial growth 270 may be in situ doped as needed for a given application.
  • raised source and drain regions 272 and 274 are formed on either side of the dummy gate structures. The result is shown in FIGS. 19A-19B .
  • the epitaxial growth 70 may comprise, for example: silicon or silicon-carbide doped with phosphorous or arsenic to a doping concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 20 to 5 ⁇ 10 20 at/cm 3 for the fin regions 16 ′ in the NFET area 18 .
  • the epitaxial growth 70 may comprise, for example: silicon-germanium doped with boron to a doping concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 20 to 5 ⁇ 10 20 at/cm 3 for the fin regions 216 in the PFET area 20 .
  • Appropriate lithographic masking processes as known in the art are used to separately open the areas 18 and 20 to accommodate selective epitaxial growth in each region.
  • a silicon dioxide material 280 is deposited to cover the substrate.
  • the material 280 may be further processed using conventional chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques to provide a planar top surface that stops at the top of each dummy gate structure.
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • the dummy gates 248 are removed.
  • the removed dummy gates 248 are then replaced with a metal gate structure 290 .
  • the metal gate structure may comprise a high-K dielectric liner (forming the gate dielectric for the transistor) deposited using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process with a thickness of 1-2 nm, a work function metal deposited using a chemical vapor deposition process and a contact metal fill deposited using a chemical vapor deposition process.
  • ALD atomic layer deposition
  • An insulating cap 292 covers the metal gate structure 290 . The result is shown in FIGS. 21A-21B .
  • MO gate structure 290 Further processing well known to those skilled in the art is then performed to produce the metal contacts to the gate (metal gate structure 290 ), source region 272 and drain region 274 .
  • additional silicon dioxide material may be deposited to complete the formation of a pre-metallization dielectric (PMD) level for the integrated circuit.
  • PMD pre-metallization dielectric
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • a hard mask layer for example an organic planarization layer (OPL) is then deposited on the planar top surface of the PMD layer using a coating process.
  • OPL is then lithographically patterned in a manner well known to those skilled in the art to form openings at desired locations for making electrical contact to the gate, source region and drain region.
  • a reactive ion etch (ME) is then performed to open and extend apertures completely through the pre-metallization dielectric (PMD) to expose a top surface of the gate metal and the epitaxial growth of the source and drain regions.
  • the OPL is then removed.
  • the apertures are then filled with metal material(s) to define a contact made to each of the gate, source region and drain region of the transistor.
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • the metal materials defining the contacts may, for example, comprise tungsten deposited using a chemical vapor deposition process.
  • the fabrication process is compatible with the formation of a silicide at the bottom of the source and drain contacts.
  • the techniques for salicidation are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the silicide may, for example, comprise a typical nickel platinum silicide or alternatively a silicide arising from the use of a titanium nitride liner for the contact.
  • FEOL front end of line
  • BEOL back end of line

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Abstract

A tensile strained silicon layer is patterned to form a first group of fins in a first substrate area and a second group of fins in a second substrate area. The second group of fins is covered with a tensile strained material, and an anneal is performed to relax the tensile strained silicon semiconductor material in the second group of fins and produce relaxed silicon semiconductor fins in the second area. The first group of fins is covered with a mask, and silicon-germanium material is provided on the relaxed silicon semiconductor fins. Germanium from the silicon germanium material is then driven into the relaxed silicon semiconductor fins to produce compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second substrate area (from which p-channel finFET devices are formed). The mask is removed to reveal tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first substrate area (from which n-channel finFET devices are formed).

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/705,291 filed May 6, 2015, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
    • TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention relates to integrated circuits and, in particular, to a field effect transistor (FET) device fabricated using a fin of semiconductor material wherein NFET devices utilize tensile strained silicon fin material and PFET devices utilize compressive strained silicon-germanium fin material.
    • BACKGROUND
  • It is recognized by those skilled in the art that tensile strained silicon (Si) material provides for increased electron mobility and improved performance with respect to n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistor (FET) devices. However, many integrated circuit designs require the use of p-channel MOSFET devices as well. Circuits of this type are commonly referred to as complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. Unfortunately, tensile strained silicon material is detrimental to the operation of p-channel MOSFET devices which instead prefer compressive strained silicon-germanium (SiGe) material to boost hole mobility and improve performance. The integration of tensile strained silicon material and compressive strained silicon-germanium material on a common substrate in support of the fabrication of CMOS circuits has proven to be a challenge.
  • The prior art teaches the formation of integrated circuits which utilize FinFET type field effect transistors. The FinFET transistor comprises a channel region which is oriented to conduct an electrical current parallel to the surface of the substrate. The channel region is provided in an elongated section of semiconductor material referred to as a “fin.” The source and drain regions of the transistor are formed in the elongated section on either side of the channel region. A gate is placed to straddle over and on both opposed sides of the elongated section at the location of the channel region to provide control over the conductive state of the transistor. This FinFET design is well suited for manufacturing a multi-channel transistor in which multiple elongated sections are formed in parallel to define neighboring channel regions which are separated from each other by an intermediate gate portion of the transistor gate spanning with a perpendicular orientation over the multiple elongated sections.
  • It is preferred for the fabrication of CMOS circuits with FinFET devices for the elongated section of semiconductor material (i.e., the fin) of the n-channel MOSFET devices to be made of tensile strained silicon material and for the elongated section of semiconductor material (i.e., the fin) of the p-channel MOSFET devices to be made of compressive strained silicon-germanium (SiGe) material. It has proven difficult, however, to obtain relaxation of the tensile strained silicon material on a substrate in order to support the formation of compressive strained silicon-germanium material. In other words, provision of both tensile strained silicon material and compressive strained silicon-germanium material on a substrate for supporting fins of CMOS circuits is challenging.
  • A need accordingly exists in the art for a method of manufacture which can integrate both tensile strained silicon material and compressive strained silicon-germanium material for the formation of CMOS FinFET devices.
    • SUMMARY
  • In an embodiment, tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins are provided in a first area of the substrate for use in producing finFET transistors of a first conductivity type, while compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins are provided in a second area of the substrate for use in producing finFET transistors of a second conductivity type.
  • In an embodiment, an integrated circuit comprises: a substrate including a first area and a second area; a plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate; a plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate; a first metal gate extending over the plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area; and a second metal gate extending over the plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area; wherein said plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins comprise tensile strained silicon semiconductor material that has been relaxed and into which germanium has been driven.
  • In an embodiment, an integrated circuit comprises: a substrate including a first area and a second area; a first plurality of semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate; a second plurality of semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate; wherein the first and second pluralities of semiconductor fins are formed from a layer of silicon semiconductor material that is tensile strained and patterned to define the first and second pluralities of semiconductor fins; and wherein the silicon semiconductor material of the second plurality of semiconductor fins has relaxed tensile strain in comparison to the silicon semiconductor material of the first plurality of semiconductor fins and further includes germanium which is not present in the first plurality of semiconductor fins; a first metal gate extending over the first plurality of semiconductor fins in the first area; and a second metal gate extending over the second plurality of semiconductor fins in the second area.
  • In an embodiment, an integrated circuit comprises: a substrate including a first area and a second area; a plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate; a plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate; a first metal gate extending over the plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area; and a second metal gate extending over the plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • For a better understanding of the embodiments, reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying figures in which:
  • FIGS. 1-21B illustrate process steps in the formation of CMOS FinFET devices.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • Reference is now made to FIGS. 1-21B which illustrate the process steps in the formation of CMOS FinFET devices. It will be understood that the drawings do not necessarily show features drawn to scale.
  • FIG. 1 shows a silicon on insulator (SOI) semiconductor substrate 10 comprising a semiconductor substrate 12, an insulating layer 14 and a tensile strained silicon semiconductor layer 16 in a stack of a wafer. Such a substrate is commonly referred to in the art by the acronym sSOI wherein the lower case “s” refers to the term “strained.” The tensile strained silicon semiconductor layer 16 may be doped in accordance with the application, or alternatively may be un-doped in which case the sSOI substrate 10 is of the “fully-depleted” type. The tensile strained semiconductor layer 16 may, for example, have a thickness of 30-50 nm. The insulating layer 14 is commonly referred to in the art as a buried oxide (BOX) layer. The substrate 10 includes an area 18 which is reserved for the formation of first polarity (for example, n-channel) devices (NFET) and an area 20 which is reserved for the formation of second, opposite, polarity (for example, p-channel) devices (PFET).
  • A hard mask 30 comprising a layer of silicon nitride (SiN) 34 is then deposited on the semiconductor layer 16. The silicon nitride layer 34 may, for example, be deposited using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with a thickness of, for example, approximately 20 nm. The result is shown in FIG. 2.
  • A lithographic process as known in the art is then used to define a plurality of fins 50 from the tensile strained silicon semiconductor layer 16. The hard mask 30 is patterned to leave mask material 36 at the desired locations of the fins 50. An etching operation, such as an anisotropic dry etch, is then performed through the mask to open apertures 52 in the layer 16 on each side of each fin 50. In a preferred embodiment with the sSOI substrate, for example, the etch defining the fins 50 extends to a depth which reaches the insulating layer 14. Each fin 50 is accordingly comprised of a tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin region 16′ and the mask material 36. The fins 50 may have a width of 6-12 nm and a pitch of 25-30 nm (with a spacing between adjacent fins of 17-22 nm). The result of the etching process for fin formation is shown in FIG. 3.
  • A conformal deposit of a layer 60 of silicon oxide (SiO2) is then made using an atomic layer deposition technique. The layer 60 may have a thickness of approximately 3 nm. See, FIG. 4. A directional etch, such as a reactive ion etch (RIE), is then performed to define an oxide sidewall spacer 62 on each side of each fin 50. The result is shown in FIG. 5.
  • A conformal deposit of a layer 70 of silicon nitride (SiN) is then made using an atomic layer deposition technique. The layer 70 may have a thickness of approximately 3 nm. See, FIG. 6. A directional etch, such as a reactive ion etch (ME), is then performed to define a nitride sidewall spacer 72 on each side of each fin 50. The result is shown in FIG. 7.
  • A conformal deposit of a layer 80 of silicon oxide (SiO2) is then made using an atomic layer deposition technique. The layer 80 may have a thickness of approximately 10 nm. See, FIG. 8. Following the deposit of layer 80, the wafer is subjected to an anneal (for example, at a temperature of 1050° C. for 30 seconds) in order to effectuate a densification of the deposited oxide sidewall spacers 62 and nitride sidewall spacers 72. Densification in this case advantageously hardens the silicon oxide material so to make that material more difficult to remove or recess using conventional etch processes such as HF, COR or hot phosphoric acid.
  • The area 18 reserved for the formation of n-channel devices (NFET) is then blocked off with a lithographic masking process and the area 20 reserved for the formation of p-channel devices (PFET) is opened (reference 82). This opening of the area 20 includes the removal of the layer 80 and the nitride sidewall spacers 72. Any resist present from the lithographic process to block off area 18 is then removed. The result is shown in FIG. 9.
  • It will be noted that an optional conformal deposit of a layer of silicon oxide (SiO2) can be made at least with respect to the opened area 20 so as to cover and protect the mask material 36 for each fin 50. This layer is not explicitly shown in FIG. 9.
  • Next, a deposition of tensile strained silicon nitride (SiN) is made to fill the area 20. The deposit of silicon nitride material, as known in the art, can be tuned to provide either tensile or compressive stress by properly selecting the deposition parameters (temperature, pressure, etc.). A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is then performed to planarize the tensile strained silicon nitride deposit at the top of the layer 80 of silicon oxide present in the area 18. The result is a tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 covering the fins 50 in the area 20 as shown in FIG. 10. For example, the tensile strain may range from 500 MPa to 1.5 GPa.
  • The layer 80 of silicon oxide in the area 18 is then removed using a BHF/HF etch. The result is shown in FIG. 11. It will be noted that as a result of the removal of layer 80 in the area 18, the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 is fully cut-off from contact with the fins 50 in area 18 (i.e., the block 90 is not directly contacting the fins 50 or the sidewall spacers on the fins 50 in the area 18).
  • The substrate wafer is then subjected to a high temperature anneal (for example, at a temperature of 1200° C. for 2 minutes) so as to relax the strain in the area 20. This relaxation occurs due to the applied temperature and the close proximity of the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 to the fins 50 in area 20 (i.e., the separation between materials is only by the thinned thickness of the sidewall spacers 62). As a result, the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin region 16′ of each fin 50 in area 20 is converted to a relaxed silicon semiconductor fin region 116. Depending on initial strain, the region 16′ may have a strain of 1-1.5 GPa, while the region 116 after relaxation may have a strain of about 100 MPa. The result is shown in FIG. 12. It will be noted that the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin region 16′ of each fin 50 in area 18 is not relaxed (or to the extent relaxation occurs, such relaxation is minimal (for example, it will retain greater than 80% of its original strain) because there is no direct contact of the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 to the fins 50 in area 18.
  • Next, a deposition of silicon oxide (SiO2) is made to fill the area 18. This deposition is made using a flowable oxide process. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) operation is then performed to planarize the silicon oxide deposit at the top of the tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 present in the area 20. The result is a silicon oxide block 92 covering the fins 50 in the area 18 as shown in FIG. 13.
  • The tensile strained silicon nitride block 90 is then removed from covering the fins 50 in area 20. This removal is accomplished, for example, using a hot phosphorus etch that is selective to silicon oxide. An HF or COR etch process is then performed to remove silicon oxide. This process will remove all of the sidewall spacers 62 and mask material 36 from the fins 50 in area 20, thus leaving the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116, as well as remove all, or substantially all, of the silicon oxide block 92 covering the fins 50 in the area 18. The result is shown in FIG. 14. It will be noted, however, that the mask material 36, sidewall spacers 72 and sidewall spacers 62 covering the fins 50 in the area 18 remain in place to protect the fins 50 in area 18 during the next processing operations performed on the fins 50 in area 20.
  • Two options are provided at this point with respect to the provision of silicon-germanium material in the region 20. In a first option, an epitaxial growth process is performed to grow an epitaxial silicon-germanium region 120 on the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 as shown in FIG. 15A. In a second option, a non-selective epitaxy process is used to deposit an amorphous silicon-germanium layer 122 to cover the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 as shown in FIG. 15B. Although the amorphous layer 122 will also cover the fins 50 in the area 18, it will be noted that the mask material 36, sidewall spacers 72 and sidewall spacers 62 remain in place to cover the fins 50. A condensation process is then performed to drive germanium from the region 120 or layer 122 into the relaxed silicon semiconductor fin regions 116 and produce compressively strained silicon germanium fin regions 216. The condensation may, for example, comprise an oxidation process using a 900° C. oxidation followed by a 1000° C. N2 anneal. The silicon oxide and/or germanium oxide produced from the condensation process are then removed. The result is shown in FIG. 16.
  • Using a sequence of hot phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid and hot phosphoric acid washes, the mask material 36, sidewall spacers 72 and sidewall spacers 62 for the fins 50 in the area 18 are removed. The result is shown in FIG. 17 with the area 18 including tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin regions 16′ and the area 20 including compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216. It will be noted that if a concern exists with respect to consumption of the silicon germanium material of the compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216 during the sequence of hot phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid and hot phosphoric acid washes, the compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216 may first be protected by a thin layer of silicon oxide (approximately 5 nm), with the silicon oxide layer lithographically processed and removed from area 18. The hot phosphoric acid wash is then used to remove the silicon nitride mask and spacer. The hydrofluoric acid wash is then used to remove silicon dioxide spacer and protection layer.
  • A sacrificial polysilicon material 240 is deposited using a conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process to cover the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fin regions 16′ and the compressive strained silicon germanium fin regions 216. The polysilicon material 240 may, in an alternative implementation, instead comprise amorphous silicon. A conformal oxide (not explicitly shown) may be formed on the exposed surfaces of the fin regions 16′ and 216 prior to deposition of the polysilicon material 240. As understood by those skilled in the art, the polysilicon material (with the oxide) is associated with the formation of structures commonly referred to as “dummy gate” structures. The polysilicon material of the dummy gate structures will be subsequently removed later in the fabrication process and replaced with a metal gate stack defining the actual operating gate electrode for the transistor devices (this process referred to in the art as a “replacement metal gate (RMG)” process). Thus, there is no need to dope the polysilicon material 240. The deposit of the polysilicon material 240 will have a height in excess of the height of the fin regions 16′ and 216 so that the fins will be completely covered. The material 240 may have a thickness, for example, of 60-100 nm. The top surface of the polysilicon material 240 deposit is planarized using conventional chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques to provide a planar top surface.
  • A hard mask layer 242 with a thickness of 20-40 nm is deposited on the planar top surface of the polysilicon material 240 using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The layer 242 is lithographically patterned in a manner well known to those skilled in the art to leave mask material 244 at desired locations for the dummy gate structures. A reactive ion etch (ME) is then performed to open apertures 246 in the polysilicon material on either side of the dummy gate 248. The structure of the dummy gate 248 may be considered to straddle over each of the fin regions 16′ and 216, or over a plurality of adjacent fin regions, at a channel region (see, FIG. 18A).
  • A silicon nitride material is then conformally deposited, for example, using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique as known in the art, and subsequently etched preferentially on the horizontal surfaces to leave sidewall spacers 250 on the side walls of the polysilicon dummy gates 248 (see, FIGS. 18B and 18C).
  • The dummy gate structure accordingly comprises a patterned polysilicon (or amorphous silicon) dummy gate 248, an overlying silicon nitride cap (formed by the mask material 244) and sidewall spacers 250. Although not specifically shown in FIGS. 18B and 18C, dummy gate structures may also be formed at the ends of each of the fin regions 16′ and 216 in accordance with the known technique of gate tuck-under.
  • Using an epitaxial process tool and starting from the exposed surfaces of the fin regions 16′ and 216, an epitaxial growth 270 of a silicon-based semiconductor material is made. The epitaxial growth 270 extends above the top surface of the fins to regions adjacent the sidewall spacers 250 on either side of the dummy gate structures. The silicon-based epitaxial growth 270 may be in situ doped as needed for a given application. As a result of the epitaxial growth 270, raised source and drain regions 272 and 274, respectively, are formed on either side of the dummy gate structures. The result is shown in FIGS. 19A-19B. The epitaxial growth 70 may comprise, for example: silicon or silicon-carbide doped with phosphorous or arsenic to a doping concentration of 1×1020 to 5×1020 at/cm3 for the fin regions 16′ in the NFET area 18. The epitaxial growth 70 may comprise, for example: silicon-germanium doped with boron to a doping concentration of 1×1020 to 5×1020 at/cm3 for the fin regions 216 in the PFET area 20. Appropriate lithographic masking processes as known in the art are used to separately open the areas 18 and 20 to accommodate selective epitaxial growth in each region.
  • Reference is now made to FIGS. 20A-20B. A silicon dioxide material 280 is deposited to cover the substrate. The material 280 may be further processed using conventional chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques to provide a planar top surface that stops at the top of each dummy gate structure.
  • Using a selective removal process (such as an ammonium hydroxide etch), the dummy gates 248 are removed. The removed dummy gates 248 are then replaced with a metal gate structure 290. In an example, the metal gate structure may comprise a high-K dielectric liner (forming the gate dielectric for the transistor) deposited using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process with a thickness of 1-2 nm, a work function metal deposited using a chemical vapor deposition process and a contact metal fill deposited using a chemical vapor deposition process. An insulating cap 292 covers the metal gate structure 290. The result is shown in FIGS. 21A-21B.
  • Further processing well known to those skilled in the art is then performed to produce the metal contacts to the gate (metal gate structure 290), source region 272 and drain region 274. For example, additional silicon dioxide material may be deposited to complete the formation of a pre-metallization dielectric (PMD) level for the integrated circuit. This material may be further processed using conventional chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques to provide a planar top surface. A hard mask layer, for example an organic planarization layer (OPL), is then deposited on the planar top surface of the PMD layer using a coating process. The OPL is then lithographically patterned in a manner well known to those skilled in the art to form openings at desired locations for making electrical contact to the gate, source region and drain region. A reactive ion etch (ME) is then performed to open and extend apertures completely through the pre-metallization dielectric (PMD) to expose a top surface of the gate metal and the epitaxial growth of the source and drain regions. The OPL is then removed. The apertures are then filled with metal material(s) to define a contact made to each of the gate, source region and drain region of the transistor. As necessary, a conventional chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) technique may be used to remove excess metal so as to provide a planar top surface. The metal materials defining the contacts may, for example, comprise tungsten deposited using a chemical vapor deposition process. The fabrication process is compatible with the formation of a silicide at the bottom of the source and drain contacts. The techniques for salicidation are well known to those skilled in the art. The silicide may, for example, comprise a typical nickel platinum silicide or alternatively a silicide arising from the use of a titanium nitride liner for the contact.
  • At this point, front end of line (FEOL) fabrication of the integrated circuit is complete. Further back end of line (BEOL) processing to fabricate metallizations and interconnects may then be performed as well known to those skilled in the art.
  • The foregoing description has provided by way of exemplary and non-limiting examples a full and informative description of the exemplary embodiment of this invention. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this invention will still fall within the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (12)

What is claimed is:
1. An integrated circuit, comprising:
a substrate including a first area and a second area;
a plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate;
a plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate, wherein said plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins comprise tensile strained silicon semiconductor material modified to relax tensile strain and include germanium;
a first metal gate extending over the plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area; and
a second metal gate extending over the plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area.
2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a silicon on insulator type substrate.
3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein:
the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins and first metal gate form finFET transistors of a first conductivity type; and
the compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins and second metal gate form finFET transistors of a second conductivity type.
4. The integrated circuit of claim 3, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type.
5. An integrated circuit, comprising:
a substrate including a first area and a second area;
a first plurality of semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate;
a second plurality of semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate;
wherein the first and second pluralities of semiconductor fins are formed from a layer of silicon semiconductor material that is tensile strained and patterned to define the first and second pluralities of semiconductor fins; and
wherein the silicon semiconductor material of the second plurality of semiconductor fins has relaxed tensile strain in comparison to the silicon semiconductor material of the first plurality of semiconductor fins and further includes germanium which is not present in the first plurality of semiconductor fins;
a first metal gate extending over the first plurality of semiconductor fins in the first area; and
a second metal gate extending over the second plurality of semiconductor fins in the second area.
6. The integrated circuit of claim 5, wherein the substrate is a silicon on insulator type substrate and the layer of silicon semiconductor material is a top layer of said silicon on insulator type substrate.
7. The integrated circuit of claim 5, wherein:
the first plurality of semiconductor fins and first metal gate form finFET transistors of a first conductivity type; and
the second plurality of semiconductor fins and second metal gate form finFET transistors of a second conductivity type.
8. The integrated circuit of claim 7, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type.
9. An integrated circuit, comprising:
a substrate including a first area and a second area;
a plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area of the substrate;
a plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area of the substrate;
a first metal gate extending over the plurality of tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins in the first area; and
a second metal gate extending over the plurality of compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins in the second area.
10. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein the substrate is a silicon on insulator type substrate.
11. The integrated circuit of claim 9, wherein:
the tensile strained silicon semiconductor fins and first metal gate form finFET transistors of a first conductivity type; and
the compressive strained silicon-germanium semiconductor fins and second metal gate form finFET transistors of a second conductivity type.
12. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein the first conductivity type is n-type and the second conductivity type is p-type.
US15/432,492 2015-05-06 2017-02-14 Integrated tensile strained silicon nfet and compressive strained silicon-germanium pfet implemented in finfet technology Abandoned US20170154900A1 (en)

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