US20170054094A1 - Transition Metal Carbene Complexes and the Electroluminescent Application Thereof - Google Patents
Transition Metal Carbene Complexes and the Electroluminescent Application Thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20170054094A1 US20170054094A1 US15/346,393 US201615346393A US2017054094A1 US 20170054094 A1 US20170054094 A1 US 20170054094A1 US 201615346393 A US201615346393 A US 201615346393A US 2017054094 A1 US2017054094 A1 US 2017054094A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- group
- transition metal
- mpmi
- metal carbene
- iridium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- -1 Transition Metal Carbene Complexes Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 abstract description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 62
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 60
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 60
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 43
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 40
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 40
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 40
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 40
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 39
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 24
- DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC1=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CN=C21 DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 21
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 20
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 20
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 20
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 19
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 18
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 17
- AWXGSYPUMWKTBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-carbazol-9-yl-n,n-bis(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2N1C1=CC=C(N(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)C=C1 AWXGSYPUMWKTBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-[4-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)phenyl]carbazole Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2N1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)C=C1 VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- BRTJBNHSYGCSQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3N(C1=2)C1=CC=C(C=C1)P(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N1C2=CC=CC=C2C=2C=CC=CC1=2 Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3N(C1=2)C1=CC=C(C=C1)P(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=C(C=C1)N1C2=CC=CC=C2C=2C=CC=CC1=2 BRTJBNHSYGCSQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 101000837344 Homo sapiens T-cell leukemia translocation-altered gene protein Proteins 0.000 description 12
- 102100028692 T-cell leukemia translocation-altered gene protein Human genes 0.000 description 12
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 12
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[1-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]cyclohexyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C1(CCCCC1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- RFDGVZHLJCKEPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)borane Chemical compound CC1=C(B(C=2C(=C(C=3C=NC=CC=3)C(C)=CC=2C)C)C=2C(=C(C=3C=NC=CC=3)C(C)=CC=2C)C)C(C)=CC(C)=C1C1=CC=CN=C1 RFDGVZHLJCKEPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000002503 iridium Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 0 C.[1*]N1C([2*])=C([3*])N2C3=C(C([7*])=C([6*])C([5*])=C3[4*])C3(N=CC4=C([10*])C([9*])=C([8*])N43)C12 Chemical compound C.[1*]N1C([2*])=C([3*])N2C3=C(C([7*])=C([6*])C([5*])=C3[4*])C3(N=CC4=C([10*])C([9*])=C([8*])N43)C12 0.000 description 9
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 7
- MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium(3+) Chemical compound [Ir+3] MILUBEOXRNEUHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 5
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazole Chemical compound C=1C=NNC=1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009102 absorption Effects 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 4
- MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexa-1,3-diene Chemical compound C1CC=CC=C1 MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene Chemical compound C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LPIQUOYDBNQMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentene Chemical compound C1CC=CC1 LPIQUOYDBNQMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-DICFDUPASA-N dichloromethane-d2 Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])(Cl)Cl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-DICFDUPASA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 4
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZLTPDFXIESTBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isothiazole Chemical compound C=1C=NSC=1 ZLTPDFXIESTBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxazole Chemical compound C=1C=NOC=1 CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 4
- STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-[4-(n-naphthalen-1-ylanilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=C1 IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- FQJQNLKWTRGIEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-[3-[5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1C1=NN=C(C=2C=C(C=CC=2)C=2OC(=NN=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C(C)(C)C)O1 FQJQNLKWTRGIEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UUNIOFWUJYBVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-10-fluoro-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2]cyclohepta[6,7-d]pyran-3-carbonitrile Chemical compound C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=C1C1C(C#N)=C(N)OC2=C1CCCC1=CC=C(F)C=C12 UUNIOFWUJYBVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZNQVEEAIQZEUHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethanol Chemical compound CCOCCO ZNQVEEAIQZEUHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940093475 2-ethoxyethanol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RSEBUVRVKCANEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyrroline Chemical compound C1CC=CN1 RSEBUVRVKCANEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- INJFPDGDCKCFHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dimethyl-2-(1h-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CN=C1C1=CC=NN1 INJFPDGDCKCFHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYFFSPILVQLRQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-ditert-butyl-9h-carbazole Chemical compound C1=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C2C3=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C3NC2=C1 OYFFSPILVQLRQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003860 C1-C20 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- BGFQFEWRCVRMDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=CN3[Ir-2]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)[C+]43)[N+]2=C1.CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1.CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(F)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=CC=[N+]21.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=CN3[Ir-2]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)[C+]43)[N+]2=C1.CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1.CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(F)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=CC=[N+]21.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=[N+]21 BGFQFEWRCVRMDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OLSDWCNPZCLSKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=C3C=CC=CC3=[N+]21.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=C3C=CC=CC3=[N+]21.CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21 OLSDWCNPZCLSKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005428 anthryl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C3C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C3=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzarone Chemical compound CCC=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethylene Natural products C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005561 phenanthryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000103 photoluminescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- ZVJHJDDKYZXRJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrroline Natural products C1CC=NC1 ZVJHJDDKYZXRJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 2
- DETFWTCLAIIJRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl-(4-triphenylsilylphenyl)silane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[Si](C=1C=CC(=CC=1)[Si](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 DETFWTCLAIIJRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- IWZZBBJTIUYDPZ-DVACKJPTSA-N (z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;iridium;2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound [Ir].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.[C-]1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1.[C-]1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 IWZZBBJTIUYDPZ-DVACKJPTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UMXFUJBBQVMBNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1h-pyrrol-2-yl)isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CNC(C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CN=2)=C1 UMXFUJBBQVMBNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIVGNFFSHOZLNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylimidazol-3-ium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CN1C=C[N+](C=2C=CC(F)=CC=2)=C1 RIVGNFFSHOZLNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PBYYWAXZQAQATA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[3,5-bis(3-phenyl-2h-benzimidazol-1-yl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-2h-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2N1C(C=1)=CC(N2C3=CC=CC=C3N(C2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC=1N(C1=CC=CC=C11)CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 PBYYWAXZQAQATA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LPCWDYWZIWDTCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenylisoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 LPCWDYWZIWDTCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEQBRULPNIVQPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3,5-bis(1-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-1-phenylbenzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N1C2=CC=CC=C2N=C1C1=CC(C=2N(C3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC(C=2N(C3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 GEQBRULPNIVQPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YNFBMDWHEHETJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyridin-2-yl-1h-benzimidazole Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N1 YNFBMDWHEHETJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004211 3,5-difluorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C(F)C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1F 0.000 description 1
- MCSXGCZMEPXKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-4-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-N-(3-nitrophenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound Cc1ccc(N=Nc2c(O)c(cc3ccccc23)C(=O)Nc2cccc(c2)[N+]([O-])=O)c(c1)[N+]([O-])=O MCSXGCZMEPXKIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001255 4-fluorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C1F 0.000 description 1
- SWUBEMMFTUPINB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-[3-carbazol-9-yl-5-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl]carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC(C=2C=C(C=C(C=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)=N1 SWUBEMMFTUPINB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRAVYYOJYSCRNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=CN3[Ir-2]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)[C+]43)[N+]2=C1 Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=CN3[Ir-2]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)[C+]43)[N+]2=C1 IRAVYYOJYSCRNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFMVJBMJJYAJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C(F)=CC(F)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1 Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C(F)=CC(F)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1 DFMVJBMJJYAJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KSOHPFPLTQZBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1 Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(C)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1 KSOHPFPLTQZBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEQPGZOGRPUAJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(F)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1 Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=C2C3=CC=NN3[Ir]3(C4=C(C=CC(F)=C4)N4C=CN(C)C43)N2=C1 HEQPGZOGRPUAJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJRMYOXQIMOSEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21 AJRMYOXQIMOSEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVNNQWPPUNXAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=C3C=CC=CC3=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=C3C=CC=CC3=[N+]21 BVNNQWPPUNXAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BBBJWZUAHAZZQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CC=CC=[N+]21 BBBJWZUAHAZZQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SONBEBLTSDEUSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CN=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C(=NC3=C2C=CC=C3)C2=CN=CC=[N+]21 SONBEBLTSDEUSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWKUVZYWSWQOJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=C3C=CC=CC3=CC=[N+]21 GWKUVZYWSWQOJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QMDDZIKAKAZKFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=[N+]21 Chemical compound CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N1C=CN(C)[C+]1[Ir-2]21N2C=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=[N+]21 QMDDZIKAKAZKFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QZSYYZGRJVZHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC=N2C(=C1)C1=CC=NN1[Ir]21C2=C(C(F)=CC(F)=C2)N2C=CN(C)C21 Chemical compound CC1=CC=N2C(=C1)C1=CC=NN1[Ir]21C2=C(C(F)=CC(F)=C2)N2C=CN(C)C21 QZSYYZGRJVZHKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OXDSICKTTXIMCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC1=CC=N2C(=C1)C1=CC=NN1[Ir]21C2=C(C=CC(F)=C2)N2C=CN(C)C21 Chemical compound CC1=CC=N2C(=C1)C1=CC=NN1[Ir]21C2=C(C=CC(F)=C2)N2C=CN(C)C21 OXDSICKTTXIMCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXHDZOUJQGIHKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N CN1C=CN2C3=C(C=C(F)C=C3)[Ir]3(C12)N1N=CC=C1C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=N13 Chemical compound CN1C=CN2C3=C(C=C(F)C=C3)[Ir]3(C12)N1N=CC=C1C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=N13 KXHDZOUJQGIHKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHSJCONOUGMSSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N CN1C=CN2C3=C(C=C(F)C=C3F)[Ir]3(C12)N1N=CC=C1C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=N13 Chemical compound CN1C=CN2C3=C(C=C(F)C=C3F)[Ir]3(C12)N1N=CC=C1C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=N13 WHSJCONOUGMSSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003775 Density Functional Theory Methods 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OTIAWGGEDNEFTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ir].C=C Chemical compound [Ir].C=C OTIAWGGEDNEFTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMLYKRGQBSVSGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ir].Fc1cc(cc(F)c1C#N)-c1ccccn1.Fc1cc(cc(F)c1C#N)-c1ccccn1.Fc1cc(cc(F)c1C#N)-c1ccccn1 Chemical compound [Ir].Fc1cc(cc(F)c1C#N)-c1ccccn1.Fc1cc(cc(F)c1C#N)-c1ccccn1.Fc1cc(cc(F)c1C#N)-c1ccccn1 NMLYKRGQBSVSGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001460 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 1
- CECAIMUJVYQLKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium 1-phenylisoquinoline Chemical compound [Ir].C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12.C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12.C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 CECAIMUJVYQLKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEEXRMUCXBPYOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium;2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound [Ir].C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1.C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1.C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 UEEXRMUCXBPYOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOLNUNVVUJULQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J iridium;tetrachloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ir] YOLNUNVVUJULQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004776 molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001037 p-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M picolinate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=N1 SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004467 single crystal X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H01L51/0085—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
- H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/10—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of electroluminescent light sources
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1003—Carbocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1007—Non-condensed systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1003—Carbocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1011—Condensed systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1029—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing one nitrogen atom as the heteroatom
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1044—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing two nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/18—Metal complexes
- C09K2211/185—Metal complexes of the platinum group, i.e. Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh or Pd
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- H01L51/5012—
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
- H10K2101/10—Triplet emission
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
Definitions
- the present invention is generally related to transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof, and more particularly to transition metal biscarbene complexes and the electroluminescent application thereof.
- C,N-heteroaromatic ( ⁇ N) ligand for wide-range altering of the emission wavelength and color.
- fac-Ir(ppy) 3 fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium
- Ir(piq) 3 tris[1-phenylisoquinolinato-C2,N]iridium
- the emission of the iridium complex shifts from green to deep red.
- FIrpic iridium(III) bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C 2′ )picolinate
- Ir(ppy) 2 (acac) bis(2-phenylpyridine) (acetylacetonate)iridium(III)
- Iridium tris(carbene) complexes are known to have high triplet energy gaps and can be used as blue phosphorescent emitters. Kido et al. have reported a triscarbene iridium complex-based device having a high external quantum efficiency of 18.6% with CIE coordinate of (0.15, 0.19).
- the present invention provides a novel transition metal carbene complex and its application as emitting material in luminescent device.
- One object of the present invention is to provide a transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof, through changing the functional group on the transition metal carbene complexes, the luminescent performance of the transition metal carbene complexes can be efficiently improved.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof, through employing the transition metal carbene complexes in the luminescent material of a luminescent device, the luminescent device displays wide-range color tuning ability with high phosphorescent efficiency.
- the present invention discloses a transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof.
- the general structure of the transition metal carbene complexes is as the following:
- the mentioned transition metal carbene complex can provide great luminescent performance. Through modifying the ligand of the mentioned transition metal carbene complex, the transition metal carbene complex shows wide-range color tuning ability with high phosphorescent efficiency.
- the transition metal carbene complex can be employed in the luminescent material of a luminescent device. More preferably, through modifying the ligand of the mentioned transition metal carbene complex, the luminescent device shows wide-range color tuning ability with high phosphorescent efficiency.
- FIG. 1 shows the absorption and photoluminescence spectra of (fpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi), and (mpmi) 2 Ir(priq) of this invention
- FIG. 2 shows the luminance and current density versus voltage for devices B1, B2, G, and R of this invention
- FIG. 3 shows the EQE versus luminance for devices B1, B2, G, and R of this invention
- FIG. 4 shows the ORTEP diagram of complex (fpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz);
- FIG. 5 shows the ORTEP diagram of complex (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz);
- FIG. 6 shows the ORTEP diagram of complex (mpmi) 2 Ir(priq);
- FIG. 7 shows the HOMO and LUMO surfaces of (fpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi), and (mpmi) 2 Ir(priq) from DFT calculations;
- FIG. 8 shows the photoluminescence spectra of iridium biscarbene complexes at room temperature and 77K;
- FIG. 9 shows the cyclic voltammograms of (fpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi), and (mpmi) 2 Ir(priq);
- FIG. 10 shows the chemical structures and energy levels of the materials used for blue devices.
- FIG. 11 shows the chemical structures and energy levels of the materials used in green and red devices.
- transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- M is a transition metal and is selected from the group consisting of the following: ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper.
- Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: nitrogen (N), carbon (C), oxygen (O), sulfur (S).
- Q is a moiety comprising at least 3 atoms which contributes to a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, wherein Q comprises atom(s) selected from the group consisting of the following, or any combination thereof: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur.
- the nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally comprises one or more substituent.
- the substitutent(s) can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom such as fluorine (Fl), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (Id), aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, aryl substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, and cyclohexyl group), C1-C20 alkoxy group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, substituted arylamino group (for example aniline), nitrile group, nitro group, carbonyl group, cyano group (—CN), halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group (for example trifluoromethyl group,
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of the following: C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, cycloalkenyl group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- R 2 ⁇ R 10 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycl
- At least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R 2 -R 3 , R 3 -R 4 , R 4 -R 5 , R 5 -R 6 , R 6 -R 7 , R 8 -R 9 , R 9 -R 10 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group.
- the mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring.
- these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent.
- the mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- the remaining ones of R 2 ⁇ R 10 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- the mentioned aryl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: phenyl, naphthyl, diphenyl, anthryl, pyrenyl, phenanthryl, and fluorenyl group.
- the above-mentioned heterocyclic aromatic group is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyrane, pyrroline, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline.
- the mentioned cycloalkenyl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene.
- the nitrogen-containing heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline.
- the transition metal carbene complex can be formed by a reaction with a halid-brided dimmer.
- the reaction is represented as the following:
- X is halid atom, such as Cl, Br, I.
- the transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- R 11 -R 14 can be identical or different, and can be independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, I
- C1-C20 alkyl group C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group
- the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R 10 -R 11 , R 11 -R 12 , R 12 -R 13 , R 13 -R 14 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group.
- the mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring.
- these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent.
- the mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- R 10 ⁇ R 14 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- R 11 -R 13 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, I
- C1-C20 alkyl group C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group
- the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R 10 -R 11 , R 11 -R 12 , R 12 -R 13 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group.
- the mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring.
- these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent.
- the mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- R 10 ⁇ R 13 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- the above-mentioned transition metal carbene complex can be used in electroluminescent devices and/or phosphorescent devices, especially be used as the emitting material, electron transport material, or hole transport material in electroluminescent/phosphorescent devices.
- the disclosed transition metal complex can also be used as the electron transport material or hole transport material in other organic electronic devices, such as organic solar cells, organic thin-film transistors, organic photo-conductors or other organic semiconductor devices known to those skilled in the art.
- an electroluminescent device which comprises a pair of electrodes and at least one organic layer disposed between said electrodes.
- the above at least one organic layer comprises an emitting layer and a transition metal complex with carbene ligand, wherein the transition metal complex is represented by the following formula:
- M is a transition metal and is selected from the group consisting of the following: ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper.
- Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: nitrogen (N), carbon (C), oxygen (O), sulfur (S).
- Q is a moiety comprising at least 3 atoms which contributes to a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, wherein Q comprises atom(s) selected from the group consisting of the following, or any combination thereof: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur.
- the nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally comprises one or more substituent.
- the substitutent(s) can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom such as fluorine (Fl), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (Id), aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, aryl substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, electron donating group such as C1-C20 alkyl group and C1-C20 cycloalkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, and cyclohexyl group), C1-C20 alkoxy group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, substituted arylamino group (for example aniline), or electron withdrawing group such as halogen atoms, nitrile group, nitro group, carbonyl group, cyano
- R 1 is selected from the group consisting of the following: C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, cycloalkenyl group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group;
- R 2 ⁇ R 10 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycl
- At least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R 2 -R 3 , R 3 -R 4 , R 4 -R 5 , R 5 -R 6 , R 6 -R 7 , R 8 -R 9 , R 9 -R 10 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group.
- aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, they optionally comprise one or more substituent.
- the mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- the remaining ones of R 2 ⁇ R 10 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- the mentioned aryl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: phenyl, naphthyl, diphenyl, anthryl, pyrenyl, phenanthryl, and fluorenyl group.
- the above-mentioned heterocyclic aromatic group is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyrane, pyrroline, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline.
- the mentioned cycloalkenyl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene.
- the nitrogen-containing heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline.
- the transition metal carbene complex can be formed by a reaction with a halid-bridged dimmer.
- the reaction is represented as the following:
- X is halid atom, such as Cl, Br, I.
- the transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- R 11 -R 14 can be identical or different, and can be independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, I
- C1-C20 alkyl group C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group
- the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R 10 -R 11 , R 11 -R 12 , R 12 -R 13 , R 13 -R 14 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group.
- the mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring.
- these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent.
- the mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- R 10 ⁇ R 14 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- R 11 -R 13 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- halogen atom such as F, Cl, Br, I
- C1-C20 alkyl group C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group
- the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R 10 -R 11 , R 11 -R 12 , R 12 -R 13 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group.
- the mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring.
- these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent.
- the mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- R 10 ⁇ R 13 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- the above-mentioned transition metal carbene complex can be used in electroluminescent devices and/or phosphorescent devices, especially be used as the emitting material, electron transport material, or hole transport material in electroluminescent/phosphorescent devices.
- the disclosed transition metal complex can also be used as the electron transport material or hole transport material in other organic electronic devices, such as organic solar cells, organic thin-film transistors, organic photo-conductors or other organic semiconductor devices known to those skilled in the art.
- iridium trichloride hydrate in 2-ethoxyethanol was treated with silver oxide and the carbene precursor H 2 mpmiI to give the chloride-bridged dimer. Further reaction of the dimer with the N ⁇ N ligands Hdmpypz, Hpybi, and Hpriq afforded complexes (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi), and (mpmi) 2 Ir(priq), respectively, in excellent yields.
- UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these iridium biscarbene complexes are depicted in FIG. 1 and the absorption and emission maxima are summarized in Table 1.
- the emission spectra of these complexes at different temperature shows that the emission maxima are blue-shifted by ca. 13-23 nm in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K relative to those in dichloromethane at room temperature (see FIG. 8 ).
- a significant MLCT character is involved in the excited state of heteroleptic complexes at room temperature.
- the triplet phosphorescence lifetimes ( ⁇ ) of these iridium biscarbene complexes were also measured by intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera and are listed in Table 1. The observed large blue-shift of emission spectra at 77 K and the short phosphorescent life-times suggest that these four triplet emitters should possess good emission efficiency.
- the electrochemical behaviors of these heteroleptic iridium complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (see FIG. 9 ).
- the measured onset oxidation and reduction potentials of each complex were used to calculate the HOMO and LUMO levels, respectively.
- the HOMO/LUMO levels of (fpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi), and (mpmi) 2 Ir(priq) are 5.2/2.0, 5.1/1.9, 5.1/2.3, and 5.0/2.3 eV, respectively.
- the calculated energy gaps based on these oxidation and reduction potentials agree well with the observed blue, green and red emission spectra of these complexes.
- the device structure consists of the following layers: ITO (indium tin oxide)/TAPC (50 nm)/t-CzSA (10 nm)/BCPO: (fpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz) (8%) (30 nm)/3TPYMB (7 nm)/BPhen (20 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm), where TAPC (1,1-bis(4-(N,N′-di(p-tolyl)amino)phenyl)cyclohexane) is served as a hole injection layer and t-CzSA (9,9′-(3,3′-(9H-thioxanthene-9,9-diyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole)) is the hole transporting and exciton blocking layer, respectively.
- 3TPYMB tris(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)borane
- BPhen 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
- LiF act as the electron transporting and injection layers (see FIG. 10 ).
- Device B2 was fabricated similarly, except that (mpmi) 2 Ir(dmpypz) (8%) was employed as the dopant.
- Devices B1 and B2 showed maxima EQEs of 17.1 and 15.4%, maxima luminance of 20649 and 23727 cd m ⁇ 2 , maxima current efficiencies of 22.3 and 21.9 cd A ⁇ 1 and maxima power efficiencies of 19.8 lm W-1 and 19.1 lm W ⁇ 1 with CIE coordinates of (0.13, 0.16) and (0.13, 0.18), respectively.
- the external quantum efficiency of devices B1 and B2 still maintain as high as 15.1% and 13.6%, respectively. Both devices show very low efficiency roll-off value of 11.7%.
- the EQEs of these two devices 1000 cdm ⁇ 2 appear to be the highest ones.
- device B1 shows the highest luminance and lowest efficiency roll-off of the deep-blue phosphorescence devices with CIE x+y ⁇ 0.30.
- Device G also uses BCPO as the host material, but employs (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi) as the dopant emitter.
- the device configuration consists of ITO/NPB (20 nm)/TCTA (10 nm)/BCPO: (mpmi) 2 Ir(pybi) (4%) (30 nm)/BCP (10 nm)/Alq (60 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm), where NPB (N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine) and TCTA (4,4′,4′′-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine) serve as the hole injection and transport layers, respectively; BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and Alq (tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum) serve as a hole blocking layer and electron transport
- Device G emits green light with CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.62) very efficiently.
- An extremely high external quantum efficiency of 24.4%, current efficiency of 91.9 cd A ⁇ 1 , power efficiency of 96.3 lm W ⁇ 1 , and maximum brightness of 74362 cd m ⁇ 2 were observed.
- the device gives red emission with CIE coordinates of (0.60, 0.39).
- the devices J, Q, S, T, and U are as the following.
- the thickness unit of the mentioned devices is nm.
- anode material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)
- HIL Hole Injection Layer
- HTL Hole Transporting Layer
- H-CzSA 9,9′-(3,3′-(9H-thioxanthene-9,9-diyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis (3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole)
- host material is CzSOA (9,9′-(3,3′-(9H-thioxanthene-S,S-dioxide-9,9-diyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(9H-carbazole)) and BCPO (bis-4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl)phenylphosphine oxide)
- HBL Hole Blocking Layer
- the devices E, and F are as the following.
- the thickness unit of the mentioned devices is nm.
- Device E NPB(20)/TCTA(10)/(mpmi)2Ir(pypr):CBP(4%)(30)/BCP(10)/Alq(60)
- Device F NPB(20)/TCTA(10)/(mpmi)2Ir(dmpypr):CBP(4%)(30)/BCP(10)/Alq(60)
- anode material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)
- HIL Hole Injection Layer
- NPB N, N′-bis (naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N′-bis(phenyl) Benzidine
- HTL Hole Transporting Layer
- TCTA 4,4′,4′′-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine
- host material is CBP (4,4′-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl) and BCPO (bis-4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl)phenylphosphine oxide
- HBL Hole Blocking Layer
- BCP 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
- ETL Electrode
- Alq Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum
- cathode LiF and Al.
- the devices D, F, and G are as the following.
- the thickness unit of the mentioned devices is nm.
- Device D NPB(10)/TCTA(20)/(mpmi)2Ir(biiq):CBP(4%)(30)/BCP(20)/Alq(60)
- Device F NPB(10)/TCTA(20)/(mpmi)2Ir(bipa):CBP(4%)(30)/BCP(20)/Alq(60)
- anode material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)
- HIL Hole Injection Layer
- NPB N, N′-bis (naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N′-bis(phenyl) Benzidine
- HTL Hole Transporting Layer
- TCTA 4,4′,4′′-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine
- host material is CBP (4,4′-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl)
- HBL (Hole Blocking Layer) is BCP (2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)
- ETL Electro Transporting Layer
- Alq Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum
- cathode LiF and Al.
- this invention discloses transition metal carbene complex and the luminescent application thereof.
- the transition metal carbene complex can give deep-blue, green, and red phosphorescent emission by the choice of different heteroleptic N ⁇ N ligands. It is the first time that the emission energy of iridium biscarbene complexes can be tuned over a wide range from 455 to 599 nm.
- a luminescent device can display wide-range color tuning ability with high luminescent efficiency.
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Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention is generally related to transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof, and more particularly to transition metal biscarbene complexes and the electroluminescent application thereof.
- 2. Description of the Prior Art
- In the previous reports, most researchers relied on the modification of C,N-heteroaromatic (ĈN) ligand for wide-range altering of the emission wavelength and color. For example, fac-Ir(ppy)3 (fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium) is well known to give green light emission. By increasing the conjugation of the ligand to 1-phenylisoquinoline in Ir(piq)3 (tris[1-phenylisoquinolinato-C2,N]iridium), the emission of the iridium complex shifts from green to deep red. Other effective approaches for tuning the emission energy of cyclometalated iridium complexes include the introduction of electron withdrawing or donating groups to the aryl ring or pyridine rings and the use of different third ligand. The well-known light-blue iridium complex, FIrpic (iridium(III) bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C2′)picolinate) was designed based on the green emission Ir(ppy)2(acac) (bis(2-phenylpyridine) (acetylacetonate)iridium(III)) by the introduction of electron-withdrawing fluoro groups to the phenyl ring and the use of pic ligand as the third ligand. A few other blue iridium complexes containing two 4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-N,C2′ ligands were also known to use various third ligands for the fine tune of the emission colors. Recently, Lee et al. synthesized a deeper blue dopant, FCNIr (tris((3,5-difluoro-4-cyanophenyl)pyridine)iridium) by the introduction of an electron withdrawing CN group to the 3,5-difluorophenyl)pyridine ligand. A device based on this complex as the dopant emitter showed high external quantum efficiency of 18.4% and CIEx+y (Commission International de l'Eclairage)<0.30.
- Iridium tris(carbene) complexes are known to have high triplet energy gaps and can be used as blue phosphorescent emitters. Kido et al. have reported a triscarbene iridium complex-based device having a high external quantum efficiency of 18.6% with CIE coordinate of (0.15, 0.19).
- In the prior art, it is usually a hard trial to employ different corn structures and try to put different functional group thereon to form a new complex for providing different emitting color. Because it is a long and difficult process for synthesis a new proper luminescent material, it is a hard and expensive work to change the emitting color.
- In view of the above matter, developing a novel transition metal carbene complex and device thereof having high luminance efficiency and wide-range color tuning is still an important task for the industry.
- In light of the above background, in order to fulfill the requirements of the industry, the present invention provides a novel transition metal carbene complex and its application as emitting material in luminescent device.
- One object of the present invention is to provide a transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof, through changing the functional group on the transition metal carbene complexes, the luminescent performance of the transition metal carbene complexes can be efficiently improved.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof, through employing the transition metal carbene complexes in the luminescent material of a luminescent device, the luminescent device displays wide-range color tuning ability with high phosphorescent efficiency.
- Accordingly, the present invention discloses a transition metal carbene complexes and the luminescent application thereof. The general structure of the transition metal carbene complexes is as the following:
- The mentioned transition metal carbene complex can provide great luminescent performance. Through modifying the ligand of the mentioned transition metal carbene complex, the transition metal carbene complex shows wide-range color tuning ability with high phosphorescent efficiency. Preferably, the transition metal carbene complex can be employed in the luminescent material of a luminescent device. More preferably, through modifying the ligand of the mentioned transition metal carbene complex, the luminescent device shows wide-range color tuning ability with high phosphorescent efficiency.
- The present disclosure can be described by the embodiments given below. It is understood, however, that the embodiments below are not necessarily limitations to the present disclosure, but are used to a typical implementation of the invention.
-
FIG. 1 shows the absorption and photoluminescence spectra of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) of this invention; -
FIG. 2 shows the luminance and current density versus voltage for devices B1, B2, G, and R of this invention; -
FIG. 3 shows the EQE versus luminance for devices B1, B2, G, and R of this invention; -
FIG. 4 shows the ORTEP diagram of complex (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz); -
FIG. 5 shows the ORTEP diagram of complex (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz); -
FIG. 6 shows the ORTEP diagram of complex (mpmi)2Ir(priq); -
FIG. 7 shows the HOMO and LUMO surfaces of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) from DFT calculations; -
FIG. 8 shows the photoluminescence spectra of iridium biscarbene complexes at room temperature and 77K; -
FIG. 9 shows the cyclic voltammograms of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq); -
FIG. 10 shows the chemical structures and energy levels of the materials used for blue devices; and -
FIG. 11 shows the chemical structures and energy levels of the materials used in green and red devices. - What probed into the invention is transition metal carbene complex and the luminescent application thereof. Detailed descriptions of the structure and elements will be provided in the following in order to make the invention thoroughly understood. Obviously, the application of the invention is not confined to specific details familiar to those who are skilled in the art. On the other hand, the common structures and elements that are known to everyone are not described in details to avoid unnecessary limits of the invention. Some preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in greater details in the following. However, it should be recognized that the present invention can be practiced in a wide range of other embodiments besides those explicitly described, that is, this invention can also be applied extensively to other embodiments, and the scope of the present invention is expressly not limited except as specified in the accompanying claims.
- One preferred embodiment according to this specification discloses a transition metal carbene complex. The transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- In the above formula, M is a transition metal and is selected from the group consisting of the following: ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper. Y1, Y2, and Y3 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: nitrogen (N), carbon (C), oxygen (O), sulfur (S). Q is a moiety comprising at least 3 atoms which contributes to a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, wherein Q comprises atom(s) selected from the group consisting of the following, or any combination thereof: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur. The nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally comprises one or more substituent. The substitutent(s) can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom such as fluorine (Fl), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (Id), aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, aryl substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, and cyclohexyl group), C1-C20 alkoxy group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, substituted arylamino group (for example aniline), nitrile group, nitro group, carbonyl group, cyano group (—CN), halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group (for example trifluoromethyl group, CF3), and heterocyclic ring.
- R1 is selected from the group consisting of the following: C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, cycloalkenyl group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group. R2˜R10 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- In one preferred example of this embodiment, at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R2-R3, R3-R4, R4-R5, R5-R6, R6-R7, R8-R9, R9-R10 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group. The mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent. The mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- According to this example, the remaining ones of R2˜R10 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- The mentioned aryl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: phenyl, naphthyl, diphenyl, anthryl, pyrenyl, phenanthryl, and fluorenyl group. The above-mentioned heterocyclic aromatic group is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyrane, pyrroline, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline. The mentioned cycloalkenyl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene. The nitrogen-containing heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline.
- According to this embodiment, the transition metal carbene complex can be formed by a reaction with a halid-brided dimmer. The reaction is represented as the following:
- wherein X is halid atom, such as Cl, Br, I.
- In one preferred example of this embodiment, the transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- In the mentioned formula, R11-R14 can be identical or different, and can be independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- In one preferred illustration of this example, the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R10-R11, R11-R12, R12-R13, R13-R14 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group. The mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent. The mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- According to this illustration, the remaining ones of R10˜R14 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- In another preferred example of this embodiment, the transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- In the mentioned formula, R11-R13 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- In one preferred illustration of this example, the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R10-R11, R11-R12, R12-R13 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group. The mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent. The mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- According to this illustration, the remaining ones of R10˜R13 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- According to this embodiment, the above-mentioned transition metal carbene complex can be used in electroluminescent devices and/or phosphorescent devices, especially be used as the emitting material, electron transport material, or hole transport material in electroluminescent/phosphorescent devices. In addition, the disclosed transition metal complex can also be used as the electron transport material or hole transport material in other organic electronic devices, such as organic solar cells, organic thin-film transistors, organic photo-conductors or other organic semiconductor devices known to those skilled in the art.
- Another preferred embodiment according to this specification discloses an electroluminescent device which comprises a pair of electrodes and at least one organic layer disposed between said electrodes. The above at least one organic layer comprises an emitting layer and a transition metal complex with carbene ligand, wherein the transition metal complex is represented by the following formula:
- In the above formula, M is a transition metal and is selected from the group consisting of the following: ruthenium, rhodium, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper. Y1, Y2, and Y3 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: nitrogen (N), carbon (C), oxygen (O), sulfur (S). Q is a moiety comprising at least 3 atoms which contributes to a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, wherein Q comprises atom(s) selected from the group consisting of the following, or any combination thereof: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur. The nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally comprises one or more substituent. The substitutent(s) can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom such as fluorine (Fl), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (Id), aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, aryl substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, electron donating group such as C1-C20 alkyl group and C1-C20 cycloalkyl group (for example methyl, ethyl, butyl, and cyclohexyl group), C1-C20 alkoxy group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, substituted arylamino group (for example aniline), or electron withdrawing group such as halogen atoms, nitrile group, nitro group, carbonyl group, cyano group (—CN), halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group (for example trifluoromethyl group, CF3), and heterocyclic ring.
- R1 is selected from the group consisting of the following: C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, cycloalkenyl group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group; R2˜R10 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- In one preferred example of this embodiment, at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R2-R3, R3-R4, R4-R5, R5-R6, R6-R7, R8-R9, R9-R10 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group. These mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, they optionally comprise one or more substituent. The mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- According to this example, the remaining ones of R2˜R10 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- The mentioned aryl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: phenyl, naphthyl, diphenyl, anthryl, pyrenyl, phenanthryl, and fluorenyl group. The above-mentioned heterocyclic aromatic group is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyrane, pyrroline, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline. The mentioned cycloalkenyl group is selected from the group consisting of the following: cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene. The nitrogen-containing heterocycle is selected from the group consisting of the following: pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, phenanthroline.
- According to this embodiment, the transition metal carbene complex can be formed by a reaction with a halid-bridged dimmer. The reaction is represented as the following:
- wherein X is halid atom, such as Cl, Br, I.
- In one preferred example of this embodiment, the transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- In the mentioned formula, R11-R14 can be identical or different, and can be independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- In one preferred illustration of this example, the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R10-R11, R11-R12, R12-R13, R13-R14 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group. The mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent. The mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- According to this illustration, the remaining ones of R10˜R14 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- In another preferred example of this embodiment, the transition metal carbene complex is represented by the following formula:
- In the mentioned formula, R11-R13 can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom (such as F, Cl, Br, I), C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- In one preferred illustration of this example, the at least one of the following neighboring atom pairs R10-R11, R11-R12, R12-R13 forms an aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group. The mentioned aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can be a five-membered, six-membered or seven-membered ring. Moreover, these aromatic ring, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group, or heterocyclic alkenyl group can optionally comprise one or more substituent. The mentioned substituent is respectively selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group, cycloalkenyl group.
- According to this illustration, the remaining ones of R10˜R13 which do not form a cyclic group can be identical or different, and are independently selected from the group consisting of the following: H atom, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 cycloalkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen substituted C1-C20 alkyl group, C1-C20 substituted amino group, C1-C20 acyl group, C1-C20 ester group, C1-C20 amide group, aryl group, halogen substituted aryl group, halogen substituted aralkyl group, haloalkyl substituted aryl group, haloalkyl substituted aralkyl group, cyano group (—CN), nitro group, conjugated aromatic group, heterocyclic aromatic group.
- According to this embodiment, the above-mentioned transition metal carbene complex can be used in electroluminescent devices and/or phosphorescent devices, especially be used as the emitting material, electron transport material, or hole transport material in electroluminescent/phosphorescent devices. In addition, the disclosed transition metal complex can also be used as the electron transport material or hole transport material in other organic electronic devices, such as organic solar cells, organic thin-film transistors, organic photo-conductors or other organic semiconductor devices known to those skilled in the art.
- According to this invention, in order to survey that the emission color of transition metal carbene complexes can be drastically tuned by using different heteroleptic N̂N ligands, the following will disclose several examples and tests thereof with different transition metal carbene complexes. It is noted that these examples are not to limit the scope of the present invention, which should be determined in accordance with the claims.
- For demonstrating, three heteroleptic iridium biscarbene complexes (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) are synthesized, wherein H2mpmiI=1-(4-tolyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide, Hdmpypz=3,5-dimethyl-2-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine, Hpybi=2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and Hpriq=1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)isoquinoline. In these complexes, mpmi is the common carbene ligand and dmpypz, pybi and priq are the three N̂N ligands. The reaction scheme for the synthesis of these complexes is shown in
-
Scheme 1. The structures of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) - First, iridium trichloride hydrate in 2-ethoxyethanol was treated with silver oxide and the carbene precursor H2mpmiI to give the chloride-bridged dimer. Further reaction of the dimer with the N̂N ligands Hdmpypz, Hpybi, and Hpriq afforded complexes (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq), respectively, in excellent yields. To further tune the emission of these iridium complexes to deeper blue, we also prepared (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) employing carbene precursor 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide (H2fpmiI) for the synthesis of the corresponding iridium dimer. Further treatment of the dimer with Hdmpypz gave the expected iridium dicarbene complex. The structures of these complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that all these heteroleptic iridium complexes are distorted octahedral with the two cabene groups being trans to each other and the two 4-tolyl (4-fluoro phenyl for (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz)) groups occupying the cis positions (see
FIG. 4 -FIG. 6 ). The 1H and 13C NMR spectra, mass data and elemental analysis of these products further confirmed the proposed structures. - Several transition metal complexes will be given below as examples constructed according to the presented invention. It is noted that these examples are not to limit the scope of the present invention, which should be determined in accordance with the claims.
-
- Procedure for the Synthesis of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz):
- A mixture of [(fpmi)2IrCl]2 (0.250 mmol, 289 mg), 3,5-dimethyl-2-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (0.55 mmol, 95 mg) and K2CO3 (0.55 mmol, 76 mg) in 2-ethoxyethanol (1.0 mL) was heated at 85° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered. The residue was washed with methanol to give the desired bright-yellow powder (354 mg) in 99% yield. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.66 (s, 2H), 7.32-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.01-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.70-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.58-6.49 (m, 2H), 6.13 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 171.7 (C4), 171.3 (C4), 160.7 (C4, JC-F=243 Hz), 160.2 (C4, JC-F=242.1 Hz), 152.9 (C4), 148.4 (C4), 148.3 (C3), 143.6 (C4), 143.0 (C4), 142.9 (C4), 139.8 (C3), 139.5 (C3), 136.7 (C4), 130.4 (C4), 129.3 (C4), 123.8 (C3, JC-F=17.7 Hz), 123.6 (C3, JC-F=18.6 Hz), 121.5 (C3), 121.0 (C3), 114.8 (C3), 114.6 (C3), 111.4 (C3, JC-F=8.85 Hz), 111.1 (C3, JC-F=9.15 Hz), 107.2 (C3, JC-F=24.75 Hz), 107.0 (C3, JC-F=24.75 Hz), 106.3 (C3), 34.9 (C1), 34.7 (C1), 21.1 (C1), 17.8 (C1); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C30H26F2IrN7, 715.1847. Found, 715.1848. Anal. calcd for C, 50.41; H, 3.67; N, 13.72. Found, C, 50.36; H, 3.78; N, 13.59.
- Procedures similar to that for (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) were used to prepare several transition metal carbene complexes with corresponding halide-bridged dimmer and ligand. The data of those complexes is as following.
-
- bright-yellow powder (350 mg, 99%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD2Cl2, δ): 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.02-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.81 (t, J=2 Hz, 2H), 6.71-6.66 (m, 3H), 6.30 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CD2Cl2, δ): 172.4 (C4), 150.0 (C4), 149.6 (C3), 145.8 (C4), 140.7 (C3), 139.6 (C3), 139.4 (C3), 137.2 (C4), 135.6 (C4), 135.0 (C4), 122.7 (C3), 122.3 (C3). 122.1 (C3), 121.8 (C3), 115.4 (C3), 115.2 (C3), 111.6 (C3), 111.4 (C3), 107.3 (C3), 35.7 (C1), 35.5 (C1), 21.9 (C1), 21.6 (C1), 18.4 (C1); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C32H32IrN7, 707.2348. Found, 707.2354. Anal. calcd for C, 54.37; H, 4.56; N, 13.87. Found, C, 54.31; H, 4.35; N, 14.05.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.68 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (t, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.60-6.48 (m, 3H), 6.15 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C29H24F2IrN7, 701.1690. Found, 701.1694. Anal. calcd for C, 49.70; H, 3.45; N, 13.99. Found, C, 49.61; H, 3.79; N, 13.7.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.73 (dd, J=0.8 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J=0.8 Hz, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.98 (td, J=4.8 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.57-6.49 (m, 2H), 6.16 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 9H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C32H30F2IrN7, 743.2160. Found, 743.2156. Anal. calcd for C, 51.74; H, 4.07; N, 13.20. Found, C, 51.60; H, 4.31; N, 13.03.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.70 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (t, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 6.45-6.33 (m, 2H), 5.93 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (dd, J=2 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C29H22F4IrN7, 737.1502. Found, 737.1497.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.71-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.62 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.43-6.39 (m, 2H), 5.92 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 9H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C32H28F4IrN7, 779.1972. Found, 779.1968.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.70 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=4 Hz, 2H), 6.45-6.33 (m, 2H), 5.92 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (s, 6H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C30H24F4IrN7, 751.1659. Found, 751.1652. Anal. calcd for C, 47.99; H, 3.22; N, 13.06. Found, C, 47.96; H, 2.88; N, 12.99.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.69-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=5.6, 1 Hz), 7.31 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 6.64-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.46-6.42 (m, 1H), 6.38 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C31H29IrN6, 678.2083. Found, 678.2089. Anal. calcd for C, 54.93; H, 4.31; N, 12.40. Found, C, 54.99; H, 4.27; N, 12.43.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, J=4 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=10 Hz, 2H), 6.60 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 6.30 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 6.17 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C33H33IrN6, 706.2396. Found, 706.2394. Anal. calcd for C, 56.15; H, 4.71; N, 11.91. Found, C, 56.16; H, 4.50; N, 11.97.
-
- yellow powder (357 mg, 98%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 8.41 (dd, J=0.8 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.97-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.70 (td, J=1.6 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=0.8 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.01-6.94 (m, 4H), 6.73-6.65 (m, 5H), 6.35 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, J=13.6 Hz, 2H), 6.12 (dd, J=0.8 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 172.8 (C4), 172.6 (C4), 160.0 (C4), 155.3 (C4), 150.6 (C3), 146.7 (C4), 145.6 (C4), 145.2 (C4), 145.2 (C4), 139.4 (C3), 139.1 (C3), 138.5 (C4), 136.2 (C3), 134.6 (C4), 133.8 (C4), 132.0 (C4), 123.3 (C3), 121.9 (C3), 121.7 (C3), 121.6 (C3), 121.1 (C3), 120.9 (C3), 120.6 (C3), 120.2 (C3), 118.6 (C3), 116.2 (C3), 114.4 (C3), 114.3 (C3), 110.6 (C3), 110.3 (C3), 35.0 (C1), 34.9 (C1), 21.5 (C1), 21.4 (C1); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C34H30IrN7, 729.2192. Found, 729.2188. Anal. calcd for C, 56.03; H, 4.15; N, 13.45. Found, C, 55.77; H, 3.90; N, 13.45.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 8.03 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.76 (m, 4H), 7.67 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=2 Hz, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (td, J=1.2 Hz, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.80 (m, 5H), 6.41 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 6.27 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.18 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C38H32IrN7, 779.2348. Found, 779.2341. Anal. calcd for C, 58.59; H, 4.14; N, 12.59. Found, C, 58.27; H, 4.06; N, 12.73.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 8.94-8.92 (m, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.30 (m, 3H), 6.95 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 6.68-6.61 (m, 4H), 6.42-6.41 (m, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J=1.6 Hz, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H); 13C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 173.6 (C4), 172.8 (C4), 157.7 (C4), 145.4 (C4), 145.0 (C4), 143.9 (C3), 141.8 (C4), 139.4 (C3), 139.1 (C3), 138.9 (C4), 136.5 (C4), 135.9 (C4), 134.5 (C3), 134.2 (C4), 135.5 (C4), 129.7 (C3), 126.9 (C3), 126.8 (C3), 126.7 (C3), 124.4 (C4), 121.0 (C3), 120.8 (C3), 120.8 (C3), 120.5 (C3), 115.5 (C3), 115.4 (C3), 114.1 (C3), 114.1 (C3), 110.6 (C3), 110.2 (C3), 109.9 (C3), 35.2 (C1), 34.2 (C1), 21.5 (C1), 21.4 (C1); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C35H31IrN6, 728.2239. Found, 728.2234. Anal. calcd for C, 57.75; H, 4.29; N, 11.55. Found, C, 57.77; H, 3.93; N, 11.61.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 9.63 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.68 (m, 5H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 6.14 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C33H29IrN8, 730.2144. Found, 730.2144. Anal. calcd for C, 54.31; H, 4.00; N, 15.35. Found, C, 54.31; H, 3.72; N, 15.40.
-
- 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, δ): 8.71 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.09 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.74-6.67 (m, 4H), 6.62 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 5.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H); HRMS (FAB+) calcd for C38H32IrN7, 779.2348. Found, 779.2343.
- The UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these iridium biscarbene complexes are depicted in
FIG. 1 and the absorption and emission maxima are summarized in Table 1. -
TABLE 1 The photophysical and electrochemical properties of iridium biscarbene complexes. Heteroleptic Absorption λ (nm) PL (nm) PL (nm) Rigidochromic HOMO[d]/LUMO[e]/ ΦP L Complex (ε, 103 M−1cm−1)[a] RT [a]77 K[b] Shift (nm)[c] Es (eV)[f] τ (μs)[a][g] (%)[h] (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) 275(58), 301(42), 455 442 13 5.2/2.0/3.2 0.07, 1.84 58.7 364(8) (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) 276(84), 320(17), 466 443 23 5.1/1.9/3.2 0.38, 2.24 41.6 363(4) (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) 301(39), 340(43), 530 507 23 5.1/2.3/2.8 1.32 79.3 358(39), 401(7) (mpmi)2Ir(priq) 272(59), 324(44), 599 579 20 5.0/2.3/2.7 3.72 55.1 420(38), 488(1.2) [a]Measured in dichloromethane with concentration = 1 × 10−5M at room temperature. [b]Measured in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K. [c]The data presented in the parentheses are the difference of the photoluminescence wavelength at room temperature and 77 K. [d]Measured in dichloromethane with concentration = 1 × 10−3M [e]Measured in THF with concentration = 1 × 10−3M. [f]HOMO/LUMO levels were determined on the basis of the onset potentials of reduction and oxidation; Es = HOMO-LUMO. [g]Phosphorescence lifetime (τ). [h]5 wt % doped in PMMA at RT. -
TABLE 2 Performances of devices B1, B2, G, and R Lmax λmax C.I.E Device[a] Von (cd m−2)[b] ηext (%)[c,f] ηc (cd A−1)[d,f] ηp (lm W−1)[e,f] (nm)[g] (x, y)[h] B1 3.2 20649 17.1/16.5/ 22.3/21.5/ 19.8/15.0/ 458 (0.13, (13.5 V) 15.1 19.6 11.2 0.16) B2 3.2 23727 15.4/14.3/ 21.9/20.4/ 19.1/14.2/ 464 (0.13, (13.5 V) 13.6 19.3 11.0 0.18) G 2.8 74362 24.4/21.6/ 91.9/81.3/ 96.3/63.9/ 520 (0.30, (20 V) 18.5 69.6 43.8 0.62) R 3.8 16572 24.9/22.0/ 55.4/48.9/ 43.6/27.9/ 592 (0.60, (15.5 V) 16.0 35.7 15.0 0.39) [a]The cathode of the general device is LiF (1 nm)/A1 (100 nm); the structure of devices B1 and B2: ITO/TAPC (50)/t-CzSA (10)/BCPO: (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) (8%) (Device B1) or BCPO: (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) (8%) (Device B2) (30)/3TPYMB (7)/BPhen (20); device G: ITO/NPB (20)/TCTA (10)/BCPO: (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) (4%) (30)/BCP (10)/Alq (60); device R: ITO/NPB (10)/TCTA (20)/CBP: (mpmi)2Ir(priq) (4%) (30)/BCP (20)/Alq (60) and the unit of thickness is nm. [b]The maximum values of luminance (Lmax). [c]The external quantum efficiency (ηext). [d]The current efficiency (ηc). [e]The power efficiency (ηp). [f]The efficiencies listed are the maximum value, and the values at 100 and 1000 cd m−2, respectively. [g]The maximum values of the wavelength. [h]Taken at 8 V. - For (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) and (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), the absorption peaks appearing at 275-320 nm with very large extinction coefficients (ε) of 42000-84000 M−1cm−1 are assigned as the π-π* transition, while the shoulder near 363 nm (ε≈4000-8000 M−1cm−1) is likely associated with metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions. For (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) and (mpmi)2Ir(priq), the π-π* transitions appear at 301-358 nm (ε≈39000-43000 M−1cm−1) and 272-420 nm (ε≈38000-59000 M−1cm−1), respectively. Besides, the absorptions around 401 nm (ε≈7000 M−1cm−1) and 488 nm (ε≈1200 M−1cm−1) are assigned as the MLCT transitions of (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) and (mpmi)2Ir(priq), respectively. A close comparison of the emission wavelengths and colors with the structures of these iridium complexes reveals the key feature of these complexes. As shown in Table 1, the emission maxima of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) appear at 455, 466, 530, 599 nm, respectively. For (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) and (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) in which the biscarbene ligands are different, the emission maxima changes only by 11 nm. In contrast, for (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) with the same biscarbene ligands, but different N̂N ligands, the emission colors and wavelengths alter greatly. The colors change from blue to green and to red, and the wavelengths vary by 133 nm. This result demonstrated that the heteroleptic N̂N ligands play a very important role for the control of the emission color. Molecular orbital calculations of these four iridium complexes (see
FIG. 7 ) show that the LUMOs of these complexes are all located on the N̂N ligands, while the HOMOs are dispersed on the metal center, and the ĈC and the N̂N ligands. These results provide the basis that the N̂N ligands play a key factor in the emission color of these iridium complexes. - The emission spectra of these complexes at different temperature shows that the emission maxima are blue-shifted by ca. 13-23 nm in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 77 K relative to those in dichloromethane at room temperature (see
FIG. 8 ). In light of the apparent rigidochromic shift without fine vibronic progression of the emission spectra at 77 K, we speculate that a significant MLCT character is involved in the excited state of heteroleptic complexes at room temperature. The triplet phosphorescence lifetimes (τ) of these iridium biscarbene complexes were also measured by intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera and are listed in Table 1. The observed large blue-shift of emission spectra at 77 K and the short phosphorescent life-times suggest that these four triplet emitters should possess good emission efficiency. - The electrochemical behaviors of these heteroleptic iridium complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (see
FIG. 9 ). The measured onset oxidation and reduction potentials of each complex were used to calculate the HOMO and LUMO levels, respectively. As listed in Table 1, the HOMO/LUMO levels of (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi), and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) are 5.2/2.0, 5.1/1.9, 5.1/2.3, and 5.0/2.3 eV, respectively. The calculated energy gaps based on these oxidation and reduction potentials agree well with the observed blue, green and red emission spectra of these complexes. - Because of the electron-withdrawing ability of the fluoro group in ligand fpmi, (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) showed lower HOMO levels of 5.2 eV relative to (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz).
- To understand the electroluminescent properties of these complexes, we fabricated four devices B1, B2, G and R, using these heteroleptic iridium biscarbene complexes as the dopant emitters. In device B1, BCPO (bis-4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl)phenylphosphine oxide) is used as the host material and (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) as the dopant emitter. The device structure consists of the following layers: ITO (indium tin oxide)/TAPC (50 nm)/t-CzSA (10 nm)/BCPO: (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) (8%) (30 nm)/3TPYMB (7 nm)/BPhen (20 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm), where TAPC (1,1-bis(4-(N,N′-di(p-tolyl)amino)phenyl)cyclohexane) is served as a hole injection layer and t-CzSA (9,9′-(3,3′-(9H-thioxanthene-9,9-diyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole)) is the hole transporting and exciton blocking layer, respectively. The thin layer of 3TPYMB (tris(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)borane) is used as the exciton blocking layer, while BPhen (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and LiF act as the electron transporting and injection layers (see
FIG. 10 ). Device B2 was fabricated similarly, except that (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz) (8%) was employed as the dopant. Devices B1 and B2 showed maxima EQEs of 17.1 and 15.4%, maxima luminance of 20649 and 23727 cd m−2, maxima current efficiencies of 22.3 and 21.9 cd A−1 and maxima power efficiencies of 19.8 lm W-1 and 19.1 lm W−1 with CIE coordinates of (0.13, 0.16) and (0.13, 0.18), respectively. At high brightness of 1000 cd m−2, the external quantum efficiency of devices B1 and B2 still maintain as high as 15.1% and 13.6%, respectively. Both devices show very low efficiency roll-off value of 11.7%. Compared with the deep blue phosphorescence devices reported, the EQEs of these twodevices 1000 cdm−2 appear to be the highest ones. In particular, device B1 shows the highest luminance and lowest efficiency roll-off of the deep-blue phosphorescence devices with CIEx+y<0.30. - Device G also uses BCPO as the host material, but employs (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) as the dopant emitter. The device configuration consists of ITO/NPB (20 nm)/TCTA (10 nm)/BCPO: (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) (4%) (30 nm)/BCP (10 nm)/Alq (60 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm), where NPB (N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine) and TCTA (4,4′,4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine) serve as the hole injection and transport layers, respectively; BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and Alq (tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum) serve as a hole blocking layer and electron transporting layer, respectively (see
FIG. 11 ). Device G emits green light with CIE coordinates of (0.30, 0.62) very efficiently. An extremely high external quantum efficiency of 24.4%, current efficiency of 91.9 cd A−1, power efficiency of 96.3 lm W−1, and maximum brightness of 74362 cd m−2 were observed. Device R based on (mpmi)2Ir(priq) as the dopant emitter consists of the following layers: ITO/NPB (10 nm)/TCTA (20 nm)/CBP: (mpmi)2Ir(priq) (4%) (30 nm)/BCP (20 nm)/Alq (60 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm), where CBP=4,4′-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl. The device gives red emission with CIE coordinates of (0.60, 0.39). Furthermore, it reveals an extremely high external quantum efficiency of 24.9%, current efficiency of 55.4 cd A−1, power efficiency of 43.6 lm W−1, and maximum brightness of 16572 cd m−2. While very high efficient green and red devices were reported recently, both devices G and R are among the highest ones that are known to date. The observed extremely high efficiencies of these iridium complexes-based devices provide an alternative choice for phosphorescent dopant emitters in the OLEDs other than the well-known iridium ĈN complexes. -
-
TABLE 3 Performances of blue devices ηc [c] De- Vd [a] ηext [b] (cd/ ηp [d] Lmax [e] λmax [f] CIE[g] vice (V) (%) A) (lm/W) (cd/m2) (nm) (x, y) J 3.4 9.3 11.7 10.5 5251 468 (0.14, 0.15) Q 3.4 7.2 7.2 6.2 4421 466 (0.14, 0.11) S 3.7 3.5 4.1 3.2 1326 464 (0.15, 0.13) T 3.6 2.8 3.1 2.4 842 464 (0.15, 0.13) U 3.6 8.1 9.9 7.3 3534 454 (0.14, 0.16) [a]The driving voltage (Vd). [b]External quantum efficiency (ηext). [c]Current efficiency (ηc). [d]Power efficiency (ηp). [e]Luminance (Lmax). [f]The maximum values of wavelength. [g]Taken at 8 V. - In Table 3, the devices J, Q, S, T, and U are as the following. The thickness unit of the mentioned devices is nm.
- In the above-mentioned devices, anode material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), HIL (Hole Injection Layer) is TAPC (1,1-bis[4-[N,N′-di(p-tolyl)amino]phenyl]cyclohexane), HTL (Hole Transporting Layer) is t-CzSA (9,9′-(3,3′-(9H-thioxanthene-9,9-diyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis (3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole), host material is CzSOA (9,9′-(3,3′-(9H-thioxanthene-S,S-dioxide-9,9-diyl)bis(3,1-phenylene))bis(9H-carbazole)) and BCPO (bis-4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl)phenylphosphine oxide), HBL (Hole Blocking Layer) is UGH2 (1,4-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene) and 3TPYMB (tris(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)borane), ETL (Electron Transporting Layer) is BPhen (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), TPBI (1,3,5-tris(N-phenyl-benzimidazol-3-yl)benzene), and OXD-7 (1,3-bis[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene), and cathode is LiF and Al.
-
-
TABLE 4 Performances of green devices ηc [c] De- Vd [a] ηext [b] (cd/ ηp [d] Lmax [e] λmax [f] CIE[g] vice (V) (%) A) (lm/W) (cd/m2) (nm) (x, y) E 4.1 11.1 35.1 20.1 12150 494 (0.20, 0.57) F 3.7 8.8 28.2 17.8 13371 514 (0.22, 0.58) [a]The driving voltage (Vd). [b]External quantum efficiency (ηext). [c]Current efficiency (ηc). [d]Power efficiency (ηp). [e]Luminance (Lmax). [f]The maximum values of wavelength. [g]Taken at 8 V. - In Table 4, the devices E, and F are as the following. The thickness unit of the mentioned devices is nm.
- In the above-mentioned devices, anode material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), HIL (Hole Injection Layer) is NPB (N, N′-bis (naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N′-bis(phenyl) Benzidine), HTL (Hole Transporting Layer) is TCTA (4,4′,4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine), host material is CBP (4,4′-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl) and BCPO (bis-4-(N-carbazolyl)phenyl)phenylphosphine oxide), HBL (Hole Blocking Layer) is BCP (2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), ETL (Electron Transporting Layer) is Alq (Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum), and cathode is LiF and Al.
-
-
TABLE 5 Performances of blue devices ηc [c] De- Vd [a] ηext [b] (cd/ ηp [d] Lmax [e] λmax [f] CIE[g] vice (V) (%) A) (lm/W) (cd/m2) (nm) (x, y) D 3.8 24.9 65.0 39.2 83576 584 (0.57, 0.42) F 3.8 24.3 73.7 57.9 77704 580 (0.52, 0.47) G 3.8 25.3 79.8 62.7 105207 578 (0.51, 0.48) [a]The driving voltage(Vd). [b]External quantum efficiency (ηext). [c]Current efficiency (ηc). [d]Power efficiency (ηp). [e]Luminance (Lmax). [f]The maximum values of wavelength. [g]Taken at 8 V. - In Table 5, the devices D, F, and G are as the following. The thickness unit of the mentioned devices is nm.
- In the above-mentioned devices, anode material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), HIL (Hole Injection Layer) is NPB (N, N′-bis (naphthalen-1-yl)-N, N′-bis(phenyl) Benzidine), HTL (Hole Transporting Layer) is TCTA (4,4′,4″-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine), host material is CBP (4,4′-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl), HBL (Hole Blocking Layer) is BCP (2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), ETL (Electron Transporting Layer) is Alq (Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum), and cathode is LiF and Al.
- In summary, this invention discloses transition metal carbene complex and the luminescent application thereof. The transition metal carbene complex can give deep-blue, green, and red phosphorescent emission by the choice of different heteroleptic N̂N ligands. It is the first time that the emission energy of iridium biscarbene complexes can be tuned over a wide range from 455 to 599 nm. The devices using (fpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(dmpypz), (mpmi)2Ir(pybi) and (mpmi)2Ir(priq) as dopant emitters showed excellent external quantum efficiencies of 17.1, 15.4, 24.4 and 24.9% with CIE coordinates of (0.13, 0.16), (0.13, 0.18), (0.30, 0.62) and (0.60, 0.39), respectively. Therefore, according to this invention, a luminescent device can display wide-range color tuning ability with high luminescent efficiency.
- Obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the present invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that many modifications of the present invention may be made without departing from what is intended to be limited solely by the appended claims.
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