US20160296645A1 - Hyperpolarized 1-13c-1,1-bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2'-cyclopropane as metabolic marker for mr - Google Patents

Hyperpolarized 1-13c-1,1-bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2'-cyclopropane as metabolic marker for mr Download PDF

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US20160296645A1
US20160296645A1 US14/902,447 US201414902447A US2016296645A1 US 20160296645 A1 US20160296645 A1 US 20160296645A1 US 201414902447 A US201414902447 A US 201414902447A US 2016296645 A1 US2016296645 A1 US 2016296645A1
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signal
methyl
tumor
cyclopropane
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Mathilde H. Lerche
Pernille Rose Jensen
Magnus Karlsson
Roberta Napolitano
Claudia Cabella
Luigi Miragoli
Sonia Colombo Serra
Fabio Tedoldi
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Bracco Imaging SpA
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    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
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    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A61B5/055—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves  involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4848—Monitoring or testing the effects of treatment, e.g. of medication
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/06—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
    • A61K49/08—Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
    • A61K49/10—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/007—Esters of unsaturated alcohols having the esterified hydroxy group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2123/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/02—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a three-membered ring

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of Magnetic Resonance (MR), in particular to novel diagnostic media comprising hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane and to a diagnostic method exploiting said molecule as MR tracer.
  • MR Magnetic Resonance
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that has become particularly attractive to physicians as images of a patient's body or parts thereof can be obtained in a non-invasive way and without exposing the patient and the medical personnel to a potentially harmful radiation such as X-rays. Because of its high quality images and good spatial and temporal resolution, MRI is a favourable imaging technique for imaging soft tissue and organs. MRI may be carried out with or without MR contrast agents. However, contrast-enhanced MRI usually enables the detection of much smaller tissue changes, which makes it a powerful tool for the detection of early stage tissue changes like for instance small tumors or metastases.
  • MRI using hyperpolarized molecules is an emerging technique.
  • WO 9935508 discloses a method of MR investigation of a patient using a hyperpolarized solution of a high T 1 agent as MRI contrast agent.
  • the term “hyperpolarization” means enhancing the nuclear polarization of the NMR active nuclei present in the agent, i.e. nuclei with non-zero nuclear spin, preferably 13 C- or 15 N-nuclei, and thereby amplifying the MR signal intensity by a factor of hundred and more.
  • DNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
  • MR imaging agents A variety of possible high T 1 agents for use as MR imaging agents are disclosed in WO9935508, including non-endogenous and endogenous compounds. As examples of the latter, intermediates in normal metabolic cycles are mentioned which are said to be preferred for imaging metabolic activity.
  • information of the metabolic status of a tissue may be obtained and said information may for instance be used to discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue.
  • WO 2009077575 discloses a method of 13 C-MR detection using an imaging medium comprising hyperpolarized 13 C-fumarate, in order to investigate both the citric acid and the urea cycles by detecting 13 C-malate and optionally 13 C-fumarate and/or 13 C-succinate signals.
  • the metabolic profile generated in a preferred embodiment of the method provides information about the metabolic activity of the body and part of the body under examination and said information may be used in a subsequent step for, e.g. identifying diseases.
  • a disease is preferably cancer since tumor tissue is usually characterized by an altered metabolic activity.
  • a glass-forming additive must be added to the solution.
  • DNP Dynamic nuclear polarization
  • MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled substrates there is sufficient signal for the spatial distribution of both the substrate and its metabolites to be imaged in vivo.
  • this technique has the potential to be translated into clinical applications.
  • the most studied reactions have been those involving hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate: the hyperpolarized label can be exchanged with either endogenous lactate or alanine, or alternatively it can be irreversibly converted to carbon dioxide, which is subsequently converted to bicarbonate in the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase.
  • tumor pH has been measured in vivo from the relative concentrations of 13 C-labeled bicarbonate and carbon dioxide following the injection of hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled bicarbonate (Gallagher F A, Kettunen M I, Day S E, Hu D E, Ardenkjaer-Larsen J H, Zandt R, Jensen P R, Karlsson M, Golman K, Lerche M H, Brindle K M. Magnetic resonance imaging of pH in vivo using hyperpolarized 13 C-labelled bicarbonate.
  • hyperpolarized malate has been demonstrated in necrotic tumor tissue in vivo following the injection of hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled fumarate (Gallagher F A, Kettunen M I, Hu D E, Jensen P R, Zandt R I, Karlsson M, Gisselsson A, Nelson S K, Witney T H, Bohndiek S E, Hansson G, Peitersen T, Lerche M H, Brindle K M.
  • Production of hyperpolarized [1,4- 13 C 2 ]malate from [1,4- 13 C 2 ]fumarate is a marker of cell necrosis and treatment response in tumors.
  • cancer is phenomenologically well characterized as a molecular disease. Different kinds of cancers may have very different biochemical forms, however they can share general molecular features.
  • Carboxylesterases (CE, EC 3.1.1.1) are a family of enzymes catalysing the chemical conversion of an ester in an acid and an alcohol. A general reaction scheme is shown below:
  • Carboxylesterases are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues.
  • the many CE isoforms have been classified into 5 super families (CE 1-5) based on amino acid homologies.
  • the CE1 enzymes are mainly localized to the liver, however they are also expressed in most other tissue types.
  • a rat specific CE1 isoform is secreted from the liver to the blood in rats and mice and this iso-enzyme is correlated to a high level of hydrolase activity detected in rodents compared to humans (Yan, B.
  • carboxylesterases decreases in cancer in both animal and human tissue.
  • hepatoma cells a 4 times decrease in the expression of carboxyl esterase has been measured compared to normal hepatocytes.
  • Dependent on the isoform the expression is reported to be approx. 1.5-4 times higher in normal tissue than in the corresponding malignant tissue (Talvar, 2008).
  • carboxylesterase was reported as detectable in human cancer cells (HEPG2) and approx. 3-4 times lower than the expression of carboxyl esterase in normal human liver (hepatocytes) (Talvar, 2008).
  • HCC liver cancer
  • WO2012102773 discloses a method for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, in particular breast cancer, by measuring the activity of the enzyme PMPMEase (human carboxylesterase 1). Said activity is measured in a biological sample by assaying the enzyme expression or enzymatic activity, in the last case through the measurement of the consumption of a substrate or the production of a product. It is only generally stated that the enzyme assay can be performed in vivo.
  • PMPMEase human carboxylesterase 1
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,198,038 discloses a screening method to distinguish healthy human beings from those with human liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma; HCC) comprising the steps of collecting human blood and detecting the presence of human liver carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) in the plasma, wherein the level of hCE1 protein is increased more in the plasma of patients with HCC than in the plasma of healthy patients.
  • HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
  • hyperpolarized ester catalysed by carboxylesterase
  • carboxylesterase converts hyperpolarized metabolic products whose MR signals are well distinguishable from each other and from the injected substrate.
  • Cancer cells and healthy cells convert a hyperpolarized ester to a different degree, leading to differences in said metabolic product signal amounts, therefore said difference between the signals in tumor and non-tumor cells can be exploited to identify cancer.
  • markers with slower nuclear relaxation are strongly desirable, also in view of inherent technical features of the imaging procedure, such as dilution (upon injection into patient) and metabolic conversion (time delay for achieving detectable concentrations of metabolites).
  • Said 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane can be polarized by DNP in order to achieve a 13 C signal that allows its detection in vivo over an extended acquisition window.
  • the conversion of said hyperpolarized ester, catalysed by carboxylesterase, generates hyperpolarized metabolic products whose MR signals are well distinguishable from each other and from the injected substrate.
  • Cancer cells and healthy cells convert 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane to a different degree leading to differences in said metabolic product signal amounts, therefore said difference between the signals in tumor and non-tumor cells can be exploited to identify cancer.
  • said difference in the signals of hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane metabolized by a carboxylesterase can be used for detecting the presence of a tumor, for evaluating the efficacy of an anti-cancer therapy and/or to determine a time evolution of a tumor.
  • an object of the present invention is the compound 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane of formula (I):
  • said compound being enriched above natural abundance of 13 C in position 1 of the molecule.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms of said 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane are replaced by deuterium. More preferably, all the methylene groups of the compound of formula (I) are deuterated, the compound being thus identified as 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and having the following structural formula (II):
  • a process for the preparation of the new compound 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane comprising the steps of:
  • step a) deuterated 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane by using in step a) deuterated 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane.
  • the new compound can be hyperpolarized and used as a contrast agent in 13 C Magnetic Resonance diagnostic technique ( 13 C-MR) for the diagnosis of tumor.
  • 13 C-MR Magnetic Resonance diagnostic technique
  • Said imaging medium comprising the hyperpolarized compound of the invention is also an object of the invention.
  • the hyperpolarized metabolic products of carboxylesterase conversion of the compound of the invention are 1- 13 C-1-(acetoxy(methyl))-1-(hydroxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane and/or 1- 13 C-1,1-(dihydroxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane or a mixture thereof.
  • the 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane is deuterated
  • its metabolic products are also deuterated and they are indicated in the following description as 1- 13 C-1-(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-1-(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and 1- 13 C-1,1-(dihydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane.
  • a first signal obtained from a region of interest is compared with a second signal (typically a signal derived from a reference sample, e.g. a signal obtained from a corresponding non-tumor/healthy tissue); said comparison is useful to determine a difference between tumor and non-tumor tissue.
  • Said comparison can be used, for example, for the diagnosis of a tumor or to provide a localization of a tumor.
  • the comparison between said first and said second signal can provide information about the the tumor development over time, which can also be an indication of aggressiveness, of the tumor and/or the efficacy of a therapy when treating said tumor by (immune)pharmacological and/or surgical and/or radio therapy.
  • said first signal is the ratio between the signal of the metabolic product of the carboxylesterase conversion and the signal of the administered substrate (the hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane) detected in the region of interest and said second signal is the same ratio but detected in a reference sample, for example a corresponding non-tumor/healthy tissue, or in the same region at an earlier time.
  • Another object of the present invention is the above method of 13 C-MR detection wherein said signals are used to generate a metabolic profile, based on the metabolic carboxylesterase conversion of hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane into the corresponding hyperpolarized metabolic products, wherein said metabolic profile is useful in detecting or providing indication of a tumor.
  • said metabolic profile is determined in a region of interest (where the presence of a tumor tissue is known or suspected) and compared with a metabolic profile of reference (e.g. relative to a corresponding non-tumor tissue, typically a healthy tissue in the close proximity of the tumor tissue).
  • Another object of the present invention is a method for operating an MRI system comprising the steps of:
  • said second signal is an MR-signal deriving from a non-tumor tissue of said subject.
  • said second signal is an MR-signal which has been detected from the region of interest, at an earlier time with respect to the first signal.
  • Another object of the invention is the above method further comprising the steps of:
  • Another object of the present invention is the above method, wherein said second signal is determined on a non-tumor tissue, further comprising the step of:
  • Another object of the present invention is the above method for operating an MRI system comprising steps a) to f), wherein said second signal is determined in the region of interest, at an earlier moment in time with respect to the first signal, and optionally stored in the system, said method further comprising the step of:
  • Another object of the present invention is the above method for operating an MRI system comprising steps a) to f), wherein said subject has undergone an anti-tumor treatment and wherein said second signal is determined in the region of interest, at an earlier moment in time with respect to said first signal, and optionally stored in the system, said method further comprising the step of:
  • said second signal is determined before, after or at the beginning of the treatment, wherein the effective time of detection of said second signal will be decided by the person skilled in the art, according to patient's conditions, kind of treatment, degree of severity of the disease and any other clinical parameter within the general knowledge on the matter. Examples of the time of determination of said second signal are few days, e.g. 1 to 5, one or more weeks, one or more months.
  • An MR system performing any of the methods above described is also an object of the present invention.
  • MR system for providing an indication of the presence of a tumor, of its grade of aggressiveness or for monitoring the response to an antitumor therapy of a subject affected by a tumor is also within the scope of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides the advantages of making available an imaging medium comprising hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane, which can be used in MRI technique for the diagnosis of tumors with a selective grade of distinction between tumor and non-tumor tissue.
  • a further advantage is represented by the possibility of taking different registrations of the MR signals of the hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane in a tumor tissue, while an antitumor therapy is administered and to monitor the progress of the therapy.
  • a further advantage is represented by the possibility of detecting aggressive forms of tumors by monitoring the development of the formation of the corresponding 13 C hyperpolarized metabolic product(s) of the carboxylesterase conversion in a tumor tissue.
  • FIG. 1 Dissolution spectrum of hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane.
  • FIG. 2 In cell DNP conversion of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and 1- 13 C pyruvate in rat liver cancer cells (rat hepatoma, Morris). The DNP experiments were performed with 10 million cells.
  • FIG. 3 In cell DNP conversion of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and 1- 13 C pyruvate in human prostate cancer cells (human prostate carcinoma, PC-3). The DNP experiments were performed with 10 million cells.
  • FIG. 4 In cell DNP conversion of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane in human prostate cancer cells (human prostate carcinoma, PC-3) and in human prostate healthy cells (Immortalized human prostate cells, PNT-1A)). The DNP experiments were performed with 10 million cells. A) Build-up of the metabolite 1- 13 C-1-(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-1-(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane in PC-3 cells (filled squares) and in PNT-1A cells (open circles).
  • FIG. 5 13 C NMR sum spectrum, obtained by integrating over time the spectra of a time series acquired on the prostate of a representative animal.
  • 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane is labelled as A, whereas the metabolites signals are labelled as B (1- 13 C-1-(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-1-(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane) and C (1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane).
  • the evolution of the metabolites signals is represented by a wide dashed line (1- 13 C-1-(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-1-(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane) and by a narrow dashed line (1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane) respectively.
  • MRI Magnetic Resonance
  • imaging medium and “contrast agent” are used synonymously, as commonly intended in the state of the art and for example disclosed in WO200977575 and the references cited therein.
  • hypopolarization means enhancing the nuclear polarization of NMR active nuclei present in the high T 1 agent as commonly intended in the state of the art and for example disclosed in WO200977575 and the references cited therein.
  • DNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
  • hypopolarized means the nuclear spin polarization of a compound higher than thermal equilibrium.
  • MRI system means apparatus, equipment and all features and accessories useful for performing MR experiments, in particular for diagnostic purposes.
  • “1- 13 C” means that the labeled compound is enriched in 13 C in position 1 of the molecule.
  • enriched means that the concentration of the non-zero nuclear spin nuclei in the compound (in particular of 13 C in position 1) is above the typical value of natural abundance of said nuclei, preferably above at least 10% of natural abundance, more preferably above at least 25%, and even more preferably above at least 75% of its natural abundance and most preferably above at least 90% of its natural abundance.
  • Enrichment can be achieved by chemical synthesis or biological labeling, according to the prior art teachings.
  • Enrichment of non-zero nuclear spin nuclei over natural abundance may be determined, for instance, on a reference amount of the material, e.g. at least 0.1 mmole, preferably at least 1 mmole of the material.
  • the new compound 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane is synthetized starting from 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane according to methods known in the art, typically by esterifying the alcohol groups of the starting compound and isolating the final compound by any conventional means known in the art.
  • acetyl chloride is added, preferably in excess, to the starting compound and the resulting mixture is stirred to obtain the desired product 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane.
  • the excess of acetyl chloride and the formed hydrochloric gas are removed from the mixture, and the final compound is isolated and recovered from tho mixture.
  • the starting compound 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane can be obtained according to any preparation methods known in the art, starting from commercially available 13 C-labelled diethyl malonate.
  • 13 C-labelled diethyl malonate can be subjected to a double alkylation by reacting it with 1,2-dibromethane and subsequent reduction of the ester groups with LiAlH 4 , according to the following reaction scheme:
  • diethyl malonate can be reacted with dihaloethane to provide a malonic acid derivative with a cyclopropyl group in 2-position, as described for instance by Singh R. K. and Danishefsky S., J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40(20), 2969-2970.
  • the malonic acid derivative is then reduced as above described with LiAlH 4 to give the desired diol compound.
  • the starting compound is deuterated 1-13C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl-d2))-2,2′-d4-cyclopropane which can be obtained as described above by reacting from a corresponding commercially available 13C-labelled diethyl malonate with respective deuterated reactants, i.e. BrCD2CD2Br and LiAlD4, both commercially available; according to the preparation methods described above (where the hydrogen atoms of the respective reactants are replaced by deuterium); the obtained product of the invention, 1-13C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d2))-2,2′-d4-cyclopropane, is thus also deuterated.
  • respective deuterated reactants i.e. BrCD2CD2Br and LiAlD4
  • the 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane is hyperpolarized by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP), which is a known method disclosed, for example, in WO9935508, and in particular in WO2011124672.
  • DNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
  • Hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane is obtained. It can be used in an imaging medium in a method of 13 C-MR detection.
  • the activity of the carboxylesterase isoforms CE1 and CE2 is highly substrate dependent. In general substrates with a smaller alcohol group than acid group are reported to have higher affinity for the carboxylesterase isoform CE1 and the reverse class of substrates with a larger alcohol group than acid group have higher affinity for the CE2 enzyme (Imai, T. Human Carboxylesterase Isozymes: Catalytic Properties and Rational Drug Design, (2006) Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet 21(3): 173-85.).
  • the diacetate ester of the invention 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane, is a substrate fur the CE2 isoform.
  • C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane also provides good chemical and physical properties, as high solubility, high polarization, very long T1 (as compared to other compounds employed for metabolic imaging, illustrated in the following table 1), sufficient chemical shift separation between substrate and product to detect the hydrolysis product in vivo.
  • a further advantage of the use of the compound of the invention as a metabolic substrate is that its uptake into cells takes place mainly by diffusion through the cell membrane. Therefore, it is not uptake-limited and only the activity of the metabolizing enzyme itself has influence on the amount of hyperpolarized product that is produced.
  • the detected signal in the present invention is highly representative of the activity of the carboxylesterase, thus making said substrate particularly useful as real time molecular contrast agents.
  • substrates like mono-carboxylic acids, e.g. pyruvic acid can stiffer the disadvantage of being uptake-limited; the signal of their hyperpolarized product may therefore be not representative of the activity of the specific enzyme to be detected.
  • the method of the present invention is a non-invasive method, which allows a real time metabolic assessment of the carboxylesterase activity in vivo.
  • An image representative of said activity is collected seconds to minutes following intravenous injection of the substrate.
  • the method of operating an MRI system comprises the steps of a) recording an MR signal from the excited nuclei; and b) comparing a first MR signal deriving from the tumor or suspected tumor with a second MR signal deriving from the same subject or from a sample thereof.
  • said first signal deriving from said tumor is lower than said second MR signal.
  • the MRI apparatus can process said first signal and said second signal by comparing each other, calculating a difference between the two signals and comparing said difference with a reference value; as shown in step g above, if this comparison provides a value which is, in absolute value, higher than a predetermined value, then said MRI apparatus provides an indication of possible tumor affection.
  • step g′ The use of said apparatus for monitoring the response of a subject affected by a tumor to antitumor therapy (step g′) or for evaluating the aggressiveness of a tumor (step g′′) are further objects of the present invention.
  • tumors selected from the group consisting of liver, colon, prostate and breast.
  • the tumor is prostate tumor.
  • the compound 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane can be exploited as a marker of targeted therapies, where for targeted therapy is intended the targeting of molecules important for the carcinogenesis of the cancer cells.
  • the first signal (S 1 ), the second signal (S 2 ) and the reference value (R), depend on how the methods of the invention are applied.
  • the MR signals obtained in the method of the invention are normalized with respect to the corresponding signal of the 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl) 2,2′ cyclopropane.
  • said first signal S 1 is the ratio between the integral of the MR line of the hyperpolarized metabolic product of the carboxylesterase conversion and the integral of the MR line of the administered substrate (the hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl)-2,2′-cyclopropane), detected in the region of interest comprising the alleged tumor, while the second signal S 2 is the analogue ratio calculated in non-tumor tissue;
  • the reference value R is either equal to S 2 or, in case no signal of the hyperpolarized metabolic product is detected in the healthy tissue under consideration, R is set to 3 times the noise standard deviation divided by the substrate signal in the same volume.
  • non-tumor tissue is surrounding the tumor, so that the MR system can provide an accurate imaging of the tumor, which is of great importance for the evaluation of surgical intervention.
  • said first signal corresponds to the metabolic product signal detected in the tumor before, or at the start or at a certain point after the beginning of therapy and said second signal is the one produced by the same tumor after a certain period subsequent to the detection of said first signal.
  • the reference value R is set equal to the first signal.
  • said first signal is the one produced by the tumor at the start of the determination and said second signal is the one produced by the same tumor after a certain period subsequent to the detection of said first signal.
  • the reference value is set equal to the first signal.
  • the first and second MR signals can be obtained either as single signals or calculated as a mean value of a plurality of respective signals determined (from different voxels) in a selected region of interest (S 1 ) or in a non-tumor tissue (S 2 ).
  • said first signal and said second signal can be directly compared, either as single signals or as mean values of a plurality of signals, to obtain the desired information on the tumor tissue.
  • the signals can be used to generate a parametric image and the comparison can be performed by comparing the zones of said image corresponding to said first and said second signal.
  • a difference between said first and said second signal is determined.
  • This difference (S 1 -S 2 ) is important for the different scopes of the present invention.
  • This difference is compared with the reference value to produce a value representing the deviation (D) of said difference from said reference value:
  • this deviation provides a value which is, in absolute value, higher than a predetermined value, this deviation provides an indication of possible tumor affection, of the efficacy of the antitumor therapy or of tumor aggressiveness, depending on the purpose of the method of the invention.
  • said predetermined value can be set at 2; accordingly, if the calculated value “D” is equal or higher than 2, this can be indicative of a possible presence of a tumor in the region of interest, of the efficacy of the antitumor therapy or of tumor aggressiveness, depending on the purpose of the method of the invention.
  • a deviation value D of from 2 to 10 can be indicative of said presence, efficacy or aggressiveness, more preferably a deviation from 2 to 20, even more preferably a deviation from 2 to 40, particularly preferred is a deviation from 2 to 60, maximally preferred is a deviation from 2 to 80, the most preferred is a deviation from 2 to 100 or higher.
  • the method is performed on a subject who is suspected to suffer or suffers from a tumor.
  • the above method is performed on a subject who is undergoing or has been subjected to an antitumor treatment and the reference value is the signal of the hyperpolarized metabolic product(s) of the carboxylesterase conversion in said region of interest determined before, during or after said treatment.
  • a deviation D is calculated which is higher, in absolute value, than a predetermined value (e.g. higher than 2, and preferably within the above indicated ranges), this provides an indication of the efficacy of the antitumor treatment.
  • the present invention can be used in the field of so-called “personalized medicine”, or similarly intended.
  • tumor therapy is affected by variations in its efficacy even on the same type of tumor and with the same anticancer therapeutic protocol. Such variations are due to the different individual responses by the patients. Carrying out the method of the present invention allows to monitor (follow-up) the efficacy of a tumor therapy and, in case, allowing the doctor to fit the therapy to the patient.
  • Typical metabolic imaging procedures with the compound of the invention in human subjects should be performed at magnetic fields ⁇ 1 T. Field strengths of 1.5 T or higher are preferred since the spectral separation between the injected substrate (ester) and the observed metabolite (acid or alcohol) scales linearly with the intensity of the applied field.
  • the MR scanner should be capable to detect 13 C signals in addition to 1H and although not always mandatory, surface or endoscopic radiofrequency coils could allow achieving better results in specific organs. For prostate investigation for instance, an endorectal 13 C is expected to strongly increase the sensitivity of the method with respect to a standard whole body resonator.
  • Spectroscopic imaging sequences such as Single Voxel Spectroscopy (SVS) or Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) need to be used in order to separate the signal coming from the substrate from that coming from the hyperpolarized metabolic product.
  • SVS Single Voxel Spectroscopy
  • CSI Chemical Shift Imaging
  • EPSI EPSI
  • 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2′-cyclopropane formulations and dissolution/transport protocols which allow to maintain at least 10% polarization at time of injection are preferred.
  • at least of about 20% polarization is maintained, more preferably at least of about 30% polarization is maintained, even more preferably at least of about 60% polarization is maintained, most preferably at least of about 80% polarization is maintained.
  • dissolution/transport protocols are described, for instance, in WO 02/36005.
  • the experiments were performed with a co-polarization of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and 1- 13 C-pyruvic acid in equal amounts of compounds (30 ⁇ mol) resulting in a concentration of approx. 3.5 mM of each substrate in the experiments.
  • the DNP preparation of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane was performed as described in example 2 and the DNP preparation of 1- 13 C-pyruvate was performed as described in WO 2006/011809.
  • the two substrates were co-polarized without mixing the substrates.
  • Rat liver cancer cells (Morris7777) were grown in RPMI +10% FBS and antibiotics. Following trypsin harvesting 10 million cells were redissolved in 500 ⁇ l phosphate buffer (PBS) and transferred to a 10 mm NMR tube and placed with connecting tubing in a 14.1 T magnet at 37 C.
  • PBS phosphate buffer
  • the experiments were performed with a co-polarization of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and 1- 13 C-pyruvic acid in equal amounts of compounds (30 ⁇ mol) resulting in a concentration of approx. 3.5 mM of each substrate in the experiments.
  • the DNP preparation of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane was performed as described in example 2 and the DNP preparation of 1- 13 C-pyruvate was performed as described in WO 2006/011809.
  • the two substrates were co-polarized without mixing the substrates.
  • PC-3 Human cancer cells (PC-3) were grown in RPMI +10% FBS and antibiotics. Following trypsin harvesting 10 million cells were redissolved in 500 ⁇ l phosphate buffer (PBS) and transferred to a 10 mm NMR tube and placed with connecting tubing in a 14.1 T magnet at 37° C.
  • PBS phosphate buffer
  • the metabolic conversion of hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane is more than 3 times higher than that of hyperpolarized 1- 13 C pyruvate when comparing the maximum metabolite signal. Due to the very long T 1 of 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane the signal area under the curve of the mono-ester metabolite is significantly longer than the area under the curve of 1- 13 C-lactate.
  • PC-3 Human prostate cancer cells
  • FBS phosphate buffer
  • DNP-MRI experiment has been performed on 2 healthy Copenhagen rats, 9 weeks old, with average weight of 180 g.
  • Example 2 0.24 mmol of a 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane sample prepared following the description in Example 2.A was hyperpolarized according to the conditions reported in example 2.B. The solid sample was then dissolved in 5 ml TRIS buffer (100 mM, pH 7.7) to obtain a hyperpolarized solution with 48 mM substrate concentration and a pH of 7.
  • Hyperpolarized 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane is taken up by prostate cells and converted into its hyperpolarized metabolites, 1- 13 C-1-(acetoxy(methyl-d 2 ))-1-(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane and 1- 13 C-1,1-Bis(hydroxy(methyl-d 2 ))-2,2′-d 4 -cyclopropane, by a two steps metabolic process clearly observable, in vivo, on the time scale of the DNP experiment.
  • FIG. 5 A 13 C NMR sum spectrum, obtained by integrating over time all the non-vanishing spectra of a time series acquired on a representative animal, is reported in FIG. 5 .
  • the chemical shift differences between the injected substrate and the relevant metabolic products are notable, allowing an unassailable identification of the different 13 C labelled species which are present in the tissue under investigation.
  • the time evolution of the hyperpolarized 13 C signals of individual species is shown in FIG. 6 .

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