US20160199470A1 - Methods of modulating the negative chemotaxis of immune cells - Google Patents

Abstract

The current invention is directed to methods of inducing migration of an immune cell toward a cancer cell comprising inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from the cancer cell.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/220,765, filed Mar. 20, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/572,445, filed Oct. 2, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,715,654, issued on May 6, 2014), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/102,177, filed Oct. 2, 2008 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/222,217 filed Jul. 1, 2009. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• A long-standing dilemma in tumor immunology is the ability of solid tumor cells to escape immune surveillance despite demonstrable antitumor T-cell response. Primarily, the immune evasion mechanism of tumor has been evaluated in the context of expression of immunosuppressive bio-molecules viz., IL-10, transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), indoleamine-2,3-deoxygenase (IDO), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), arginase, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and nitric-oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), IL-6, chemokine CXCL12 and the like, that inhibit the function of dendritic cells (DC) and T cells. The increased expression of death inducing molecules (FasL & TRAIL), which induces apoptosis in tumor infiltrating T cells, has also been elucidated to explain the mechanism by which tumors evade the immune system.
• The migration of immune cells to a target site is a major step in eliciting the immune response against tumor cell. Chemotaxis, or the oriented movement of a cell in response to a chemical agent, is a complex and highly integrated process. The movement can be positive (toward) or negative (away) from a chemical gradient. Movement toward an agent or stimulus is termed positive chemotaxis (i.e., the agent or stimulus is chemoattractive for the cell), while movement away from an agent or stimulus is termed negative chemotaxis (i.e., the agent or stimulus is chemorepulsive for the cell). It is believed that for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, cells undergoing chemotaxis sense a change in agent concentration and, thereby, move in response to the concentration gradient. Chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) are therefore properties of the agent or stimulus, while chemotaxis is a property of cells.
• The present inventors have discovered proteins which are expressed (secreted) by tumor cells which keep anti-tumor T cells (CD4 & CD8), neutrophils, NK cells at the bay while concomitantly recruiting regulatory T cells at tumor sites and thus mediating evasion of the immune response. It would be advantageous to identify these proteins released from cancer cells that induce negative chemotaxis of immune cells and/or inhibit the activity of these proteins in order to induce positive chemotaxis of immune cells toward cancer cells.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention provides methods of inducing the migration of an immune cell toward a cancer cell comprising inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from the cancer cell.
• In some embodiments, the activity of a chemorepellant released from a human cancer cell is inhibited. In other embodiments, the human cancer cell is selected from the group consisting of a renal adenocarcinoma cell, renal carcinoma cell, a glioblastoma cell a colon carcinoma cell, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell, an ovarian carcinoma cell and a prostate cancer cell.
• In one embodiment, the activity of a chemorepellant released from the cancer cell is inhibited, wherein the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid or to a biologically active fragment thereof, wherein the isolated protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing chemorepulsion of an immune cell. In another embodiment, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from a supernatant of a cell line or to a biologically active fragment thereof, wherein the cell line is selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell, a human renal carcinoma cell, a human glioblastoma cell, a human colon carcinoma cell, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell, a human ovarian carcinoma cell and a human prostate cancer cell.
• In another embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to the protein isolated from an ovarian cystic fluid, or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to of a protein isolated from a supernatant of a cell line, or a biologically active fragment thereof, wherein the cell line is selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell, a human renal carcinoma cell, a human glioblastoma cell, a human colon carcinoma cell, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell, a human ovarian carcinoma cell and a human prostate cancer cell.
• In one embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein selected from a chemorepellant protein set forth in Tables 1 to 9, or a biologically active fragment of thereof. In an additional embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein selected from a protein set forth in Table 10 to 11, or a biologically active fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein selected from the group selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or a biologically active fragment of any of thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the invention is a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from a cancer cell.
• In a further embodiment, the invention is a method of inducing negative chemotaxis of a human immune cell comprising administering an inventive chemorepellant. In some embodiments, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid or to a biologically active fragment thereof, wherein the isolated protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing chemorepulsion of an immune cell. In another embodiment, the invention is a method of inducing negative chemotaxis of a human immune cell comprising administering a chemorepellant, wherein the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from a supernatant of a cell line selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell, a human renal carcinoma cell, a human glioblastoma cell, a human colon carcinoma cell, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell, a human ovarian carcinoma cell and a human prostate cancer cell, or a biologically active fragment of said isolated protein, wherein said protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing negative chemotaxis. In an additional embodiment, the administered chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein listed in Tables 1 to 9, or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In an additional embodiment, the administered chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein listed in Tables 10 to 11, or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In yet another embodiment, the administered chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein selected from the group selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or a biologically active fragment thereof.
• In yet another embodiment, the invention is a method of treating a condition mediated by migration of a human migratory cell toward a chemotactic site comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive chemorepellant. In some embodiments, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid, or to a biologically active fragment thereof, wherein the isolated protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing chemorepulsion of an immune cell. In a further embodiment, the invention is a method of treating a condition mediated by migration of a human migratory cell toward a chemotactic site comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a chemorepellant, wherein said chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from a supernatant of a cell line selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell, a human renal carcinoma cell, a human glioblastoma cell, a human colon carcinoma cell, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell, a human ovarian carcinoma cell and a human prostate cancer cell, or to a biologically active fragment of any of thereof, wherein the protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing negative chemotaxis of an immune cell.
• These and other aspects of the invention, as well as various advantages and utilities, will be more apparent with reference to the drawings and the detailed description of the embodiments of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
• FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 1:30, 1:10, 1:3 and neat dilutions of ovarian cancer cyst fluid.
• FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with S-200 chromatography fractions of cystic fluids.
• FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion of neutrophils treated with 0.0011, 0.011, 0.11 and 1.1 uM actin (left) and 0.0018, 0.018, 0.18 and 1.8 uM 14-3-3 (right).
• FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with a 1:1 combination of actin and 14-3-3 at 1:27, 1:9, 1:3 and neat dilutions.
• FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.0051, 0.051, 0.51 and 5.1 uM apolipoprotein A1.
• FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.0088, 0.088, 0.88 and 8.8 uM hemopexin.
• FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.15, 0.46, 1.39 and 4.16 uM Park-7.
• FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.28, 0.77, 2.30 and 6.9 uM cofilin-1.
• FIG. 9 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.43, 1.28, 3.83 and 11.48 uM 14-3-3 epsilon.
• FIG. 10 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.13, 0.39, 1.18, 3.53 uM 14-3-3 gamma.
• FIG. 11 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.15, 0.44, 1.33 and 3.99 uM phosphoserine phosphatase.
• FIG. 12 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.32, 0.97, 2.92 and 8.76 uM superoxide dismutase.
• FIG. 13 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.28, 0.85, 2.56 and 7.68 uM profilin-2.
• FIG. 14 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.45, 1.36, 4.07 and 12.20 uM beta-2 microglobulin.
• FIG. 15 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 3, 9, 27 and 81.1 uM cytochrome C.
• FIG. 16 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.22, 0.66, 1.98 and 5.95 uM cystatin B.
• FIG. 17 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.16, 0.48, 1.43 and 4.3 uM macrophage inhibitor factor (MIF).
• FIG. 18 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.47, 1.41, 4.23 and 12.70 uM FKBP.
• FIG. 19 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 0.16, 0.48, 1.43 and 12.2 uM thioredoxin.
• FIG. 20 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with ACHN supernatant fractions collected from day 0 (d0) to day 4 (d4) and Turbodoma (used as controls).
• FIGS. 21A and B are bar graphs showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (B) and chemoattraction (A) of neutrophils treated with ACHN size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 22 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with 786-0 supernatant fractions collected from day 0 (d0) to day 4 (d4) and Turbodoma control (TD).
• FIGS. 23A and B are bar graphs showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (B) and chemoattraction (A) of neutrophils treated with 786-0 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 24 is a photograph of the SDS PAGE gel of supernatant fractions from ACHN and 786-0.
• FIG. 25 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with SF-359 supernatant fractions collected from day 2 (d2) to day 4 (d4) and TD control.
• FIGS. 26A and B are bar graphs showing fold induction (over media) (A) or number of cells (B) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with SF-359 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 27 is a photograph of the SDS PAGE gel of supernatant fractions from SF-359 culture.
• FIG. 28 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) of neutrophils treated with U-251 supernatant fractions collected from day 0 (d0) to day 4 (d4) and TD control.
• FIGS. 29A and B are bar graphs showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemoattraction (A) and chemorepulsion (B) of neutrophils treated with U-251 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 30 is a photograph of an SDS PAGE gel of supernatant fractions from U-251 supernatant fractions.
• FIG. 31 is a bar graph showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemorepulsion (right) and chemoattraction (left) treated with HCC-2998 supernatants collected from day 0 (d0) to day 4 (d4) and TD control.
• FIGS. 32A and 32B are bar graphs showing induction (number of cells per well) of chemoattraction (A) and chemorepulsion (B) of neutrophils treated with HCC-2998 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 33 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemoattraction (left) and chemorepulsion (right) of HepG2 supernatant fractions collected from day 0 (d0) to day 7 (d7).
• FIG. 34 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemoattraction (left) and chemorepulsion (right) of HepG2 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 35 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemoattraction (left) or chemorepulsion (right) of neutrophils treated with CRL-1978 supernatants collected from day 0 (d0) to day 7 (d7) and TD control.
• FIG. 36 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemoattraction (left) or chemorepulsion (right) of neutrophils treated with CRL-1978 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 37 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemoattraction (left) or chemorepulsion (right) of neutrophils treated with PC3 supernatants from day 0 (d0) to day 7 (d7) and TD control.
• FIG. 38 is a bar graph showing fold induction (over media) of chemoattraction (left) or chemorepulsion (right) of neutrophils treated with PC3 size exclusion fractions.
• FIG. 39 is a bar graph showing RU of chemoattraction (left) and chemorepulsion (right) of neutrophils treated with SK-BR-3 anion exchange fractions (A2-A8) and media.
• FIG. 40 is a photograph of a gel (Comassie Stain) of SK-BR-3 anion exchange fractions submitted for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• A description of the embodiments of the invention follows.
• As used herein, “a” or “an” are taken to mean one or more unless otherwise specified.
• The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that one or more proteins isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid and/or from the supernatants of human cancer cell cultures induce negative chemotaxis of neutrophils. For example, as shown in Example 1, neutrophils contacted with certain chromatographic fractions of ovarian cancer cystic fluid showed greater than 9-fold induction of chemotaxis than that in response to media.
• In one embodiment, the invention is a method of inducing migration of an immune cell toward a cancer cell comprising inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from the cancer cell. In some embodiments, the cancer cell is selected from the group consisting of colon carcinoma cell, prostate cancer cell, breast cancer cell, lung cancer cell, skin cancer cell, liver cancer cell, bone cancer cell, pancreas cancer cell, ovarian cancer cell, testicular cancer cell, bladder cancer cell, kidney cancer cell, brain cancer cell, glioma cell, head and neck cancer cell. In another embodiment, the cancer cell is a renal adenocarcinoma cell, renal carcinoma cell, a glioblastoma cell a colon carcinoma cell, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell, an ovarian carcinoma cell and a prostate cancer cell.
• According to the present method, migration of an immune cell toward a cancer cell can be induced by inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from the cancer cell. The chemorepellant released from the cancer cell is a protein that induces negative chemotaxis of an immune cell. The inventive methods also encompass a method of inducing negative chemotaxis of an immune cell comprising administering a chemorepellant, wherein the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein release from a cancer cell, or a biologically active fragment thereof.
• A “chemorepellant” is an agent or stimulus that induces, elicits or triggers negative chemotaxis of a migratory cell (movement away from an agent or stimulus). In one embodiment, the chemorepellant comprises an amino acid sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid, or to a biologically active fragment thereof, wherein the isolated protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing chemorepulsion of an immune cell. In another embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In an additional embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid.
• In another embodiment, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from a supernatant of a cell line selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell, a human renal carcinoma cell, a human glioblastoma cell, a human colon carcinoma cell, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell, a human ovarian carcinoma cell and a human prostate cancer cell, or a biologically active fragment of said isolated protein, wherein said protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing negative chemotaxis. In yet another embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein isolated from a supernatant of a cell line selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell, a human renal carcinoma cell, a human glioblastoma cell, a human colon carcinoma cell, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell, a human ovarian carcinoma cell and a human prostate cancer cell, or a biologically active fragment of said isolated protein.
• In yet another embodiment, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein set forth in Tables 1 through 9 (shown below in Examples 1 to 3), or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In a further embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein set forth in Tables 1 through 9, or a biologically active fragment thereof. In yet another embodiment, the chemorepellant is a protein set forth in Tables 1 through 9. In another embodiment, the chemorepellant is a protein set forth in Tables 10 to 11.
• In an additional embodiment, the chemorepellant protein is a protein that is released by at least two distinct cancer cells. Cancer cells are distinct when they are of different origin or different cancer cell types. For example, liver cancer cells and ovarian cancer cells are distinct cancer cells. Similarly, a cancer cell of the kidney cancer cell line, ACHN, is distinct from the kidney cancer cell line 786-O. In a further embodiment, the chemorepellant protein has substantial identity to a protein set forth in Tables 10-11, or to a biologically active fragment thereof.
• In another embodiment, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to the amino acid sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or a biologically active fragment of any of thereof. In an additional embodiment, the chemorepellant has substantial identity to a protein selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein. In a further embodiment, the chemorepellant is a protein selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein. Accession Numbers for these proteins are shown below in Tables 1 through 9.
• A biologically active fragment is a peptide fragment of a naturally occurring protein or the full-length protein that retains at least some of the biological activity of the naturally occurring protein or the full-length protein. In some embodiments, the biological activity is the ability to induce chemorepulsion of a human migratory cell.
• Ovarian cancer cystic fluid refers to cystic fluid from patients with ovarian carcinomas.
• In some embodiments, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from the supernatant of a cancer cell culture, wherein the culture is of a human cancer cell selected from the group consisting of a renal adenocarcinoma cell, renal carcinoma cell, a glioblastoma cell a colon carcinoma cell, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell, an ovarian carcinoma cell and a prostate cancer cell. In one embodiment, the human renal adenocarcinoma cell line is ACHN. In another embodiment, the human renal carcinoma cell line is 786-O. In another embodiment, the human glioblastoma cell line is SF539 or U251. In an additional embodiment, the human colon carcinoma cell line is HCC-2998. In a further embodiment, the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line is HepG2 (ATCC No. HB-8065). In yet another embodiment, the human ovary clear cell carcinoma cell line is ATCC No. CRL-1978. In an additional embodiment, the human prostate cancer cell line is PC3 (ATCC No. CRL-1435).
• In certain embodiments of the invention, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to the amino acid sequence of a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid or the supernatant of a cancer cell line. In these embodiments, the ovarian cancer cystic fluid or supernatant is fractionated and the protein is isolated from a chemorepulsive fraction. A chemorepulsive fraction is a fraction that induces chemorepulsion of a human migratory cell. The ovarian cystic fluid or supernatant can be fractionated, for example, by size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography.
• Exemplary amino acid sequences for actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein are shown below:

• Actin (IPI Acc. No. IPI100021439 (+2))

  (SEQ ID NO: 1)

  MDDDIAALVVDNGSGMCKAGFAGDDAPRAVFPSIVGRPRHQGVMVGMGQK

  DSYVGDEAQSKRGILTLKYPIEHGIVTNWDDMEKIWHHTFYNELRVAPEE

  HPVLLTEAPLNPKANREKMTQIMFETFNTPAMYVAIQAVLSLYASGRTTG

  IVMDSGDGVTHTVPIYEGYALPHAILRLDLAGRDLTDYLMKILTERGYSF

  TTTAEREIVRDIKEKLCYVALDFEQEMATAASSSSLEKSYELPDGQVITI

  GNERFRCPEALFQPSFLGMESCGIHETTFNSIMKCDVDIRKDLYANTVLS

  GGTTMYPGIADRMQKEITALAPSTMKIKIIAPPERKYSVWIGGSILASLS

  TFQQMWISKQEYDESGPSIVHRKCF

  14-3-3 (IPI Acc. No. IPI100021263 (+1))

  (SEQ ID NO: 2)

  MDKNELVQKAKLAEQAERYDDMAACMKSVTEQGAELSNEERNLLSVAYKN

  VVGARRSSWRVVSSIEQKTEGAEKKQQMAREYREKIETELRDICNDVLSL

  LEKFLIPNASQAESKVFYLKMKGDYYRYLAEVAAGDDKKGIVDQSQQAYQ

  EAFEISKKEMQPTHPIRLGLALNFSVFYYEILNSPEKACSLAKTAFDEAI

  AELDTLSEESYKDSTLIMQLLRDNLTLWTSDTQGDEAEAGEGGEN GLLP

  VLESFK VSFLSALEEY TKKLNTQ

  Apoliprotein A1 (SwissProt Acc. No. P02647)

  (SEQ ID NO: 3)

  MKAAVLTLAV LFLTGSQARH FWQQDEPPQSPWDRVKDLATVYVDVLKD

  SGRDYVSQFEGSALGKQLNLKL LDNWDSVTST FSKLREQLGP VTQEF

  WDNLEKETEGLRQEM SKDLEEVKAKVQPYLDDFQK KWQEEMELYR QK

  VEPLRAELQEGARQKLHE LQEKLSPLGE EMRDRARAHVDALRTHLAPY

  SDELRQRLAARLEALKENGG ARLAEYHAKA TEHLSTLSEK AKPALED

  LRQ

  Hemopexin (SwissProt Acc. No. P02790)

  (SEQ ID NO: 4)

  MARVLGAPVA LGLWSLCWSL AIATPLPPTS AHGNVAEGET KPDPDV

  TERCSDGWSFDATTLDDNGTMLFF KGEFVWKSHK WDRELISERW KNF

  PSPVDAAFRQGHNSVFL IKGDKVWVYPPEKKEKGYP LLQDEFPGIP S

  PLDAAVECHRGECQAEGVL FFQGDREWFW DLATGTMKERSWPAVGNCS

  S ALRWLGRYYCFQGNQFLRFD PVRGEVPPRY PRDVRDYFMP CPGRG

  HGHRNGTGHGNSTHH GPEYMRCSPH LVLSALTSDNHGATYAFSGT HY

  WRLDTSRDGWHSWPIAHQWPQGPSAVDA AFSWEEKLYL VQGTQVYVFL

  TKGGYTLVSGYPKRLEKEVG TPHGIILDSVDAAFICPGSS RLHIMAGR

  RL WWLDLKSGAQATWTELPWPH EKVDGALCME KSLGPNSCSANGPGL

  YLIHG PNLYCYSDVEKLNAAKALPQ PQNVTSLLGC TH

  PARK-7 DJ1 (IPI Acc. No. IPI00298547)

  (SEQ ID NO: 5)

  MASKRALVILAKGAEEMET IPVDVMRRAG IKVTVAGLAGKDPVQCSRD

  VVICPDASLED AKKEGPYDVVVLPGGNLGAQNLSESAAVKEILKEQENR

  KGLIAAICAGPTALLAHEIGFGSKVTTHPLAKDKMMNGGHYTYSENRVEK

  DGLILTSRGPGTSFEFALAIVEALNGKEVAAQVKAPLVLKD

  Cofilin-1 (IPI Acc. No. IPI00012011)

  (SEQ ID NO: 6)

  MASGVAVSDG VIKVFNDMKV RKSSTPEEVK KRKKAVLFCL SEDKKN

  IILE EGKEILVGDV GQTVDDPYAT FVKMLPDKDC RYALYDATYE T

  KESKKEDLV FIFWAPESAP LKSKMIYASS KDAIKKKLTG IKHELQA

  NCY EEVKDRCTLAEKLGGSAVIS LEGKPL

  14-3-3 epsilon (IPI Acc. No. IPI00000816)

  (SEQ ID NO: 7)

  MDDREDLVYQ AKLAEQAERY DEMVESMKKV AGMDVELTVE ERNLLS

  VAYKNVIGARRASW RIISSIEQKEENKGGEDKLK MIREYRQMVE TEL

  KLICCDI LDVLDKHLIP AANTGESKVF YYKMKGDYHR YLAEFATGN

  14-3-3-gamma (SwissProt. Acc. No. P61981;

  IPI Acc. No. IPI00220642)

  (SEQ ID NO: 8)

  MVDREQLVQKARLAEQAERYDDMAAAMKNVTELNEPLSNEERNLLSVAYK

  NVVGARRSSWRVISSIEQKTSADGNEKKIEMVRAYREKIEKELEAVCQDV

  LSLLDNYLIKNCSETQYESKVFYLKMKGDYYRYLAEVATGEKRATVVESS

  EKAYSEAHEISKEHMQPTHPIRLGLALNYSVFYYEIQNAPEQACHLAKTA

  FDDAIAELDTLNEDSYKDSTLIMQLLRDNLTLWTSDQQDDDGGEGNN

  Phosphoserine Phosphatase, (IPI Acc. No.

  IPI00019178; UNIPROT Acc. No. Q5EY1)

  (SEQ ID NO: 9)

  MVSHSELRKL FYSADAVCFD VDSTVIREEG IDELAKICGV EDAVSE

  MTRR AMGGAVPFKA ALTERLALIQ PSREQVQRLI AEQPPHLTPG I

  RELVSRLQE RNVQVFLISG GFRSIVEHVA SKLNIPATNV FANRLKS

  YFN GEYAGFDETQ PTAESGGKGE VIKLLKEKFH FKKIIMIGDG AT

  DMEACPPA DAFIGFGGNV IRQQVKDNAK WYITDFVELL GELEE

  Superoxide dismutase (IPI Acc. No. IPI00218733)

  (SEQ ID NO: 10)

  MATKAVCVLKGDGPVQGIINFEQKESNGPVKVWGSIKGLTEGLHGFHVHE

  FGDNTAGCTSAGPHFNPLSRKHGGPKDEERHVGDLGNVTADKDGVADVSI

  EDSVISLSGDHCIIGRTLVVHEKADDLGKGGNEESTKTGNAGSRLACGVI

  GIAQ

  Profilin-2 (IPI Acc. No. IPI00219468)

  (SEQ ID NO: 11)

  MAGWQSYVDNLMCDGCCQEAAIVGYCDAKYVWAATAGGVFQSITPIEIDM

  IVGKDREGFFTNGLTLGAKKCSVIRDSLYVDGDCTMDIRTKSQGGEPTYN

  VAVGRAGRVLVFVMGKEGVHGGGLNKKAYSMAKYLRDSGF

  Beta-2 microglobulin (IPI Acc. No. IPI00004656)

  (SEQ ID NO: 12)

  MSRSVALAVLALLSLSGLEAIQRTPKIQVYSRHPAENGKSNFLNCYVSGF

  HPSDIEVDLLKNGERIEKVEHSDLSFSKDWSFYLLYYTEFTPTEKDEYAC

  RVNHVTLSQPKIVKWDRDM

  Cytochrome C (IPI Acc. No. IPI100465315)

  (SEQ ID NO: 13)

  MGDVEKGKKIFIMKCSQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGYSYT

  AANKNKGIIWGEDTLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFVGIKKKEERADLIAYLK

  KATNE

  Cystatin B (IPI Acc. No. IPI00021828)

  (SEQ ID NO: 14)

  MMCGAPSATQ PATAETQHIA DQVRSQLEEK ENKKFPVFKA VSFKSQ

  VVAGTNYFIKVHVGDEDFVHLRVF QSLPHENKPL TLSNYQTNKA KHD

  ELTYF

  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

  (IPI Acc. No. IPI00293276)

  (SEQ ID NO: 15)

  MPMFIVNTNVPRASVPDGFLSELTQQLAQATGKPPQYIAVHVVPDQLMAF

  GGSSEPCALCSLHSIGKIGGAQNRSYSKLLCGLLAERLRISPDRVYINYY

  DMNAANVGWNNSTFA

  FK506 binding protein (IPI Acc. No IPI00873810)

  (SEQ ID NO: 16)

  MGVQVETISPGDGRTFPKRGQTCVVHYTGMLEDGKKFDSSRDRNKPFKFM

  LGKQEVIRGWEEGVAQMSVGQRAKLTISPDYAYGATGHPGIIPPHATLVF

  DVELLKLE

  Thioredoxin (IPI Acc. No. IPI00216298)

  (SEQ ID NO: 17)

  MVKQIESKTA FQEALDAAGD KLVVVDFSAT WCGPCKMIKP FFHSLS

  EKYS NVIFLEVDVD DCQDVASECE VKCMPTFQFF KKGQKVGEFS G

  ANKEKLEAT INELV

  Galectin 3 (IPI Acc. No. IPI00465431)

  (SEQ ID NO: 18)

  MADNFSLHDA LSGSGNPNPQ GWPGAWGNQP AGAGGYPGAS YPGAYP

  GQAP PGAYPGQAPP GAYPGAPGAY PGAPAPGVYP GPPSGPGAYP S

  SGQPSATGA YPATGPYGAP AGPLIVPYNL PLPGGVVPRM LITILGT

  VKP NANRIALDFQ RGNDVAFHFN PRFNENNRRV IVCNTKLDNN WG

  REERQSVF PFESGKPFKI QVLVEPDHFK VAVNDAHLLQ YNHRVKKL

  NE ISKLGISGDI DLTSASYTMI

  Transferrin (TRFE_HU Serotransferrin precursor)

  (Acc. No. P02787)

  (SEQ ID NO: 19)

  MRLAVGALLV CAVLGLCLAV PDKTVRWCAV SEHEATKCQS

  FRDHMKSVIP SDGPSVACVK KASYLDCIRA IAANEADAVT

  LDAGLVYDAY LAPNNLKPVV AEFYGSKEDP QTFYYAVAVV

  KKDSGFQMNQ LRGKKSCHTG LGRSAGWNIP IGLLYCDLPE

  PRKPLEKAVA NFFSGSCAPC ADGTDFPQLC QLCPGCGCST

  LNQYFGYSGA FKCLKDGAGD VAFVKHSTIF ENLANKADRD

  QYELLCLDNT RKPVDEYKDC HLAQVPSHTV VARSMGGKED

  LIWELLNQAQ EHFGKDKSKE FQLFSSPHGK DLLFKDSAHG

  FLKVPPRMAD KMYLGYEYVT AIRNLREGTC PEAPTDECKP

  VKWCALSHHE RLKCDEWSVN SVGKIECVSA ETTEDCIAKI

  MNGEADAMSL DGGFVYIAGK CGLVPVLAEN YNKSDNCEDT

  PEAGYFAVAV VKKSASDLTW DNLKGKKSCH TAVGRTAGWN

  IPMGLLYNKI NHCRFDEFFS EGCAPGSKKD SSLCKLCMGS

  GLNLCEPNNK EGYYGYTGAF RCLVEKGDVA FVKHQTVPQN

  TGGKNPDPWA KNLNEKDYEL LCLDGTRKPV EEYANCHLAR

  APNHAVVTRK DKEACVHKIL RQQQHLFGSN VTDCSGNFCL

  FRSETKDLLF RDDTVCLAKLHDRNTYEKYL GEEYVKAVGN

  LRKCSTSSLL EACTFRRP

  EF-1-gamma (EF1G-HU Elongation factor 1-gamma)

  (Acc. No. P26641)

  (SEQ ID NO: 20)

  MAAGTLYTYP ENWRAFKALI AAQYSGAQVR VLSAPPHFHF GQTNRT

  PEFL RKFPAGKVPA FEGDDGFCVF ESNAIAYYVS NEELRGSTPE A

  AAQVVQWVS FADSDIVPPA STWVFPTLGI MHHNKQATEN AKEEVRR

  ILG LLDAYLKTRT FLVGERVTLA DITVVCTLLW LYKQVLEPSF RQ

  AFPNTNRW FLTCINQPQF RAVLGEVKLC EKMAQFDAKK FAETQPKK

  DT PRKEKGSREE KQKPQAERKE EKKAAAPAPE EEMDECEQAL AAE

  PKAKDPF AHLPKSTFVL DEFKRKYSNE DTLSVALPYF WEHFDKDGW

  S LWYSEYRFPE ELTQTFMSCN LITGMFQRLD KLRKNAFASV ILFG

  TNNSSSISGVWVFRGQ ELAFPLSPDW QVDYESYTWR KLDPGSEETQ

  TLVREYFSWE GAFQHVGKAF NQGKIFK

  Galectin-3 binding protein (LG3BP_HU galectin 3

  binding protein precursor) (Acc. No. Q08380

  (SEQ ID NO: 21)

  MTPPRLFWVW LLVAGTQGVN DGDMRLADGG ATNQGRVEIF YRGQWG

  TVCD NLWDLTDASV VCRALGFENA TQALGRAAFG QGSGPIMLDE V

  QCTGTEASL ADCKSLGWLK SNCRHERDAG VVCTNETRST HTLDLSR

  ELS EALGQIFDSQ RGCDLSISVN VQGEDALGFC GHTVILTANL EA

  QALWKEPG SNVTMSVDAE CVPMVRDLLR YFYSRRIDIT LSSVKCFH

  KL ASAYGARQLQ GYCASLFAIL LPQDPSFQMP LDLYAYAVAT GDA

  LLEKLCL QFLAWNFEAL TQAEAWPSVP TDLLQLLLPR SDLAVPSEL

  A LLKAVDTWSW GERASHEEVE GLVEKIRFPM MLPEELFELQ FNLS

  LYWSHE ALFQKKTLQA LEFHTVPFQL LARYKGLNLT EDTYKPRIYT

  SPTWSAFVTD SSWSARKSQL VYQSRRGPLV KYSSDYFQAP SDYRYY

  PYQS FQTPQHPSFL FQDKRVSWSL VYLPTIQSCW NYGFSCSSDE L

  PVLGLTKSGGSDRTIAYEN KALMLCEGLF VADVTDFEGW KAAIPSAL

  DT NSSKSTSSFP CPAGHFNGFR TVIRPFYLTN SSGVD

• As used herein, a chemorepellant has “substantial identity” to another protein when the chemorepellant has an amino acid sequence that has at least about 60 percent sequence identity, at least about 70 percent sequence identity, at least about 80 percent sequence identity, at least about 85 percent sequence identity, at least about 85 to 95 percent sequence identity, at least about 90 to about 95 percent sequence identity, at least about 98 percent sequence identity, or at least about 99 percent sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the other protein. The terms “sequence identity” or “identity” in reference to a sequence refers to sequence identity between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleotide sequences. Identity can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. The terms “sequence homology” or “homology” in reference to a sequence refers to sequence homology between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences. When an equivalent position in the compared sequences is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are identical at that position; when the equivalent site occupied by the same or a similar amino acid residue (e.g., similar in steric and/or electronic nature), then the molecules can be referred to as homologous (similar) at that position. Expression as a percentage of homology, similarity, or identity refers to a function of the number of identical or similar amino acids at positions shared by the compared sequences. Expression as a percentage of homology, similarity, or identity refers to a function of the number of identical or similar amino acids at positions shared by the compared sequences. Various alignment algorithms and/or programs may be used, including FASTA, BLAST, or ENTREZ. FASTA and BLAST are available as a part of the GCG sequence analysis package (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.), and can be used with, e.g., default settings. ENTREZ is available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. In one embodiment, the percent identity of two sequences can be determined by the GCG program with a gap weight of 1, e.g., each amino acid gap is weighted as if it were a single amino acid or nucleotide mismatch between the two sequences.
• A “chemoattractant” is an agent or stimulus that induces, elicits or triggers positive chemotaxis (movement towards an agent or stimulus) by a migratory cell.
• As used herein the terms “induce,” “elicit,” and “trigger,” when referring to the activity of a chemorepellant or chemoattractant with respect to negative or positive chemotaxis, carry the same meaning.
• The activity of the chemorepellant released from a cancer cell is inhibited when the ability of the chemorepellant to induce negative chemotaxis of the immune cell is suppressed or decreased. According to the current invention, the activity of the chemorepellant released from the cancer cell can be inhibited by any means that suppresses negative chemotaxis of the immune cell or that induces positive chemotaxis of the immune cell toward the cancer cell. For example, the activity of the chemorepellant can be inhibited by administering an agent that inhibits the activity of the chemorepellants. Such agents, include, but are not limited to, small molecules, proteins, antibodies, and antisense nucleic acids.
• In one embodiment, the activity of the chemorepellant released from a cancer cell is inhibited when the release of the chemorepellant is suppressed or decreased.
• In another embodiment, the activity of the chemorepellant released from a cancer cell is inhibited by administering an agent that binds to the chemorepellant and inhibits its activity. In some embodiments, the activity of the chemorepellant is inhibited by administering an antibody that binds the chemorepellant and inhibits chemorepellant activity. The term “antibody” as used herein refers to a polypeptide comprising a framework region from an immunoglobulin gene or fragments thereof that specifically binds and recognizes an antigen. The term antibody, as used herein, includes antibody fragments either produced by modification of whole antibodies, or those synthesized de novo using recombinant DNA methodologies (e.g., single chain Fv)(scFv) or those identified using phase display libraries (see, for example, McCafferty et al. (1990) Nature 348:552-554). The term antibody also encompasses both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The terms polyclonal and monoclonal refer to the degree of homogeneity of an antibody preparation, and are not intended to be limited to particular methods of production. In one embodiment, the antibody does not bind other proteins or molecules other than the chemorepellant.
• Antibodies can be raised against an appropriate immunogen, including a chemorepellant released from a cancer cell or a fragment thereof. Preparation of immunizing antigen, and polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production can be performed using any suitable technique. A variety of methods have been described (see e.g., Kohler et al., Nature, 256:495-497 (1975) and Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511-519 (1976); Milstein et al., Nature 266:550-552 (1977); Koprowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,124; Harlow, E. and D. Lane, 1988, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.); and Current Protocols In Molecular Biology, Vol. 2 (Supplement 27, Summer '94), Ausubel, F. M. et al., Eds., (John Wiley & Sons: New York, N.Y.), Chapter 11, 1991); the teachings of each of which are incorporated herein by reference). Other suitable methods of producing or isolating antibodies of the requisite specificity can used, including, for example, methods which select recombinant antibody from a library, or which rely upon immunization of transgenic animals (e.g., mice) capable of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies (see e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551 2555 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255 258 (1993); Lonberg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,806; and Surani et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,807; the teachings of which are each incorporated herein by reference). Single-chain antibodies, and chimeric, humanized or primatized (CDR-grafted), or veneered antibodies, as well as chimeric, CDR-grafted or veneered single-chain antibodies, comprising portions derived from different species, and the like are also encompassed by the present invention and the term “antibody.” The various portions of these antibodies can be joined together chemically by conventional techniques, or can be prepared as a contiguous protein using genetic engineering techniques. For example, nucleic acids encoding a chimeric or humanized chain can be expressed to produce a contiguous protein. See, e.g., Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Cabilly et al., European Patent No. 0 125 023 B1; Boss et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397; Boss et al., European Patent No. 0 120 694 B1; Neuberger, M. S. et al., WO 86/01533; Neuberger, M. S. et al., European Patent No. 0 194 276 B1; Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; Winter, European Patent No. 0 239 400 B1; Queen et al., European Patent No. 0 451 216 B1; and Padlan et al., EP 0 519 596 A1. See also, Newman et al., BioTechnology, 10:1455 1460 (1992), regarding primatized antibody, and Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778 and Bird et al., Science, 242:423 426 (1988) regarding single-chain antibodies. In addition, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, including fragments of chimeric, humanized, primatized, veneered or single-chain antibodies, can also be produced, including, but not limited to, Fv, Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′)₂ fragments are encompassed by the invention.
• In another embodiment, the activity of the chemorepellant is inhibited by administering an antisense nucleic acid. In this context, the chemorepellant antisense nucleic acid comprises at least six nucleotides that are antisense to a gene or cDNA encoding the chemorepellant released from a cancer cell or a portion thereof. The antisense nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to a portion of an RNA encoding the chemorepellant. The antisense nucleic acid is a double-stranded or single-stranded oligonucleotide, RNA or DNA or a modification or derivative thereof, and can be directly administered to a cell or produced intracellularly by transcription of exogenous, introduced sequences. In one embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid has from about 6 to about 50 nucleotides. In other embodiment, the antisense nucleic acid has at least 10 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides, at least 100 nucleotides, or at least 200 nucleotides. The antisense nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof and can be single-stranded or double-stranded. In addition, the antisense molecules can be polymers that are nucleic acid mimics, such as PNA, morpholino oligos, and LNA. Other types of antisense molecules include short double-stranded RNAs, known as siRNAs, and short hairpin RNAs, and long dsRNA (greater than 50 base pairs).
• In yet another embodiment, the activity of the chemorepellant is inhibited by administering a ribozyme molecule that is designed to catalytically cleave gene mRNA transcripts encoding the chemorepellant. Ribozymes thus prevents translation of the target mRNA and prevents expression of the gene product. Ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules capable of catalyzing the specific cleavage of RNA. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by an endonucleolytic cleavage event. The composition of ribozyme molecules must include one or more sequences complementary to the target gene mRNA, and must include the well known catalytic sequence responsible for mRNA cleavage.
• In another embodiment, the invention is a method of treating cancer in a patient suffering therefrom comprising inducing migration of an immune cell toward a cancer cell by inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from a cancer cell. “Treating” or “treatment” includes preventing or delaying the onset of the symptoms, complications, or biochemical indicia of a disease, alleviating or ameliorating the symptoms or arresting or inhibiting further development of the disease, condition, or disorder. A “patient” refers to a human subject in need of treatment.
• In specific embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor. In one embodiment, the solid tumor is selected from the group consisting of colon, prostate, breast, lung, skin, liver, bone, pancreas, ovary, testis, bladder, kidney, brain, head and neck cancer. As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” in reference to inhibition of a chemorepellant is an amount sufficient to inhibit negative migration of an immune cell and ameliorate a disease or condition of a patient or achieve a desired outcome.
• In reference to inducing chemotaxis, a “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient to induce negative migration of a migratory cell and ameliorate a disease or condition of a patient or achieve a desired outcome.
• As used herein, “migratory cells” are those cells which are capable of movement from one place to another in response to a stimulus. Human migratory cells include those involved in the processes of cancer, immunity, angiogenesis or inflammation and also include those identified to play a role in other disease states or conditions. Migratory cells include, but are not limited to, immune cells, hematopoietic cells, neural cells, epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, stem cells, germ cells and cells involved in angiogenesis.
• Immune cells include, but are not limited to, monocytes, Natural Killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (which could be immature or mature), subsets of dendritic cells including myeloid, plasmacytoid (also called lymphoid) or Langerhans; macrophages such as histiocytes, Kupffer's cells, alveolar macrophages or peritoneal macrophages; neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils; B cells including plasma B cells, memory B cells, B-1 cells, B-2 cells; CD45RO (naive T), CD45RA (memory T); CD4 Helper T Cells including Th1, Th2 and Tr1/Th3; CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells, Regulatory T Cells and Gamma Delta T Cells.
• Hematopoietic cells include, but are not limited to, pluripotent stem cells, multipotent progenitor cells and/or progenitor cells committed to specific hematopoietic lineages. The progenitor cells committed to specific hematopoietic lineages can be of T cell lineage, B cell lineage, dendritic cell lineage, neutrophil lineage, Langerhans cell lineage and/or lymphoid tissue-specific macrophage cell lineage. The hematopoietic cells can be derived from a tissue such as bone marrow, peripheral blood (including mobilized peripheral blood), umbilical cord blood, placental blood, fetal liver, embryonic cells (including embryonic stem cells), aortal-gonadal-mesonephros derived cells, and lymphoid soft tissue. Lymphoid soft tissue includes the thymus, spleen, liver, lymph node, skin, tonsil and Peyer's patches. In other embodiments, hematopoietic cells can be derived from in vitro cultures of any of the foregoing cells, and in particular in vitro cultures of progenitor cells.
• Neural cells are cells of neural origin and include neurons and glia and/or cells of both central and peripheral nervous tissue.
• Epithelial cells include cells of a tissue that covers and lines the free surfaces of the body. Such epithelial tissue includes cells of the skin and sensory organs, as well as the specialized cells lining the blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, air passages, lungs, ducts of the kidneys and endocrine organs.
• Mesenchymal cells include, but are not limited to, cells that express typical fibroblast markers such as collagen, vimentin and fibronectin.
• Cells involved in angiogenesis are cells that are involved in blood vessel formation and include cells of endothelial origin and cells of mesenchymal origin.
• Germ cells are cells specialized to produce haploid gametes.
• In certain embodiment, the human migratory cell is an immune cell. In other embodiments, the immune cell is selected from the group consisting of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells. In a further embodiment, the immune cell is a neutrophil or an eosinophil.
• As used herein, the terms “contact” or “contacting” means the act of touching or bringing together two entities or things in such proximity as will allow an influence of at least one on the other. The definition, while inclusive of physical contact is not so limited.
• Based on their ability to induce negative chemotaxis, the chemorepellant proteins or biologically active fragments thereof as described herein are useful for inhibiting the induction of chemotaxis of migratory cells toward a chemotactic site. In one embodiment, the chemorepellant comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to the amino acid sequence of a protein selected from the proteins set forth in Tables 1 to 9, or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In some embodiment, the chemorepellant protein comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to a protein selected from the proteins set forth in Tables 10 to 11, or to a biologically active fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the protein comprises a sequence that has substantial identity to the sequence of a protein selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or to a biologically active fragment of any of thereof. As used herein, a “chemotactic site” is a site that induces positive chemotaxis of migratory cells. Chemotactic sites include sites of inflammation, medical implants, transplants and angiogenesis.
• The chemorepellants described herein are useful for inhibiting the induction of chemotaxis of migratory cells toward a site of inflammation. Inhibiting migratory cell chemotaxis toward a site of inflammation can result in a reduction or amelioration of an inflammatory response in situations such as bacterial infection, tissue injury-induced inflammation (e.g., ischemia-reperfusion injury), complement-induced inflammation, oxidative stress (e.g., hemodialysis), immune complex-induced inflammation (e.g., antibody-mediated glomerunephritis), cytokine-induced inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and vasculitis (e.g, autoimmunity against neutrophil components), genetic disorders of neutrophil regulations (e.g., hereditary periodic fever syndromes), implant related inflammation, and cystic fibrosis.
• In certain embodiments, the invention is a method of treating an inflammatory condition in a patient suffering therefrom comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a chemorepellant described herein. In certain other embodiments, the invention is a method of treating an inflammatory condition in a patient suffering therefrom comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a chemorepellant described herein. Inflammatory conditions include, but are not limited to, appendicitis, peptic, gastric or duodenal ulcers, peritonitis, pancreatitis, acute or ischemic colitis, diverticulitis, epiglottitis, achalasia, cholangitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (including, for example, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), enteritis, Whipple's disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, ileus (including, for example, post-operative ileus), allergy, anaphylactic shock, immune complex disease, organ ischemia, reperfusion injury, organ necrosis, hay fever, sepsis, septicemia, endotoxic shock, cachexia, hyperpyrexia, eosinophilic granuloma, granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, septic abortion, epididymitis, vaginitis, prostatitis, urethritis, bronchitis, emphysema, rhinitis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonitis, pneumoultramicroscopic silicovolcanoconiosis, alvealitis, bronchiolitis, pharyngitis, pleurisy, sinusitis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes, disseminated bacteremia, Dengue fever, candidiasis, malaria, filariasis, amebiasis, hydatid cysts, burns, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, urticaria, acne, vasulitis, angiitis, endocarditis, arteritis, atherosclerosis, thrombophlebitis, pericarditis, myocarditis, myocardial ischemia, periarteritis nodosa, rheumatic fever, Alzheimer's disease, celiac disease, congestive heart failure, adult respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral infarction, cerebral embolism, Guillan-Barre syndrome, neuritis, neuralgia, uveitis, arthritides, arthralgias, osteomyelitis, fasciitis, Paget's disease, gout, periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis, myasthenia gravis, thryoiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, allograft rejection, graft-versus-host disease, Type I diabetes, ankylosing spondylitis, Berger's disease, Type II diabetes, Retier's syndrome, Hodgkins disease and injection site reaction.
• Injection site reaction is a term generally used to describe inflammation in and around a site of injection. Injection site reaction has been observed with the injection of numerous pharmaceutical agents including, but not limited, chemotherapeutic drugs, immunomodulator drugs, and vaccines. The present invention encompasses a method for the treatment or reduction of injection site reaction comprising administration of a chemorepellant described herein to the injection site. The chemorepellant can, for example, be administered before, during or after injection. In some embodiments, exenatide or analog thereof can be administered topically at the site of the injection.
• In another embodiment, the invention is a method of inhibiting positive chemotaxis toward a medical implant. The medical implant can be contacted or coated with a chemorepellant described herein. The proteins can also be administered locally at the site of the medical implant. A medical implant is defined as a device or entity implanted into a surgically or naturally formed cavity of the body. Medical implants include, but are not limited to, stents, pacemakers, pacemaker leads, defibrillators, drug delivery devices, sensors, pumps, embolization coils, sutures, electrodes, cardiovascular implants, arterial stents, heart valves, orthopedic implants, dental implants, bone screws, plates, catheters, cannulas, plugs, fillers, constrictors, sheets, bone anchors, plates, rods, seeds, tubes, or portions thereof. In addition to the chemorepellant, the medical implant can be coated with a cell-growth potentiating agent, an anti-infective agent and/or an anti-inflammatory agent.
• In yet another embodiment, the invention is a method of inhibiting positive chemotaxis toward an organ transplant or tissue graft. Organ transplants and tissue grants include, but are not limited to, renal, pancreatic, hepatic, lymphoid and cardiac grafts and organs. Lymphoid grafts include a splenic graft, a lymph node derived graft, a Peyer's patch derived graft, a thymic graft and a bone marrow derived graft. In an additional embodiment, the invention is a method of treating a patient suffering from transplant or graft rejection comprising administering an inventive chemorepellant.
• As discussed above, the inventive chemorepellants can be used to inhibit chemotaxis toward a site of angiogenesis. A site of angiogenesis is a site where blood vessels are being formed. In one embodiment, the invention is a method of inducing negative chemotaxis of endothelial cells away from a site of angiogenesis. The invention also encompasses a method of inhibiting angiogenesis in a patient in need thereof comprising administering an inventive chemorepellant In a further embodiment, the invention is a method of treating cancer or a tumor comprising administering an inventive chemorepellant in an amount effective to inhibit angiogenesis. According to another aspect of the invention, a method of inhibiting endothelial cell migration to a tumor site in a subject is provided. The method involves locally administering to or contacting an area surrounding a tumor site in need of such treatment an inventive chemorepellant in an amount effective to inhibit endothelial cell migration into the tumor site in the subject.
• Exemplary cancers and tumors that can be treated according to the methods of the invention include, for example, biliary tract cancer; brain cancer including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas; breast cancer; cervical cancer; choriocarcinoma; colon cancer; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer, gastric cancer; hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia; multiple myeloma; AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma; intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Paget's disease; liver cancer (hepatocarcinoma); lung cancer; lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas; neuroblastomas; oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian cancer, including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells; pancreas cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma; skin cancer, including melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, basocellular cancer and squamous cell cancer; testicular cancer, including germinal tumors (seminoma, non-seminoma [teratomas, choriocarcinomas]), stromal tumors and germ cell tumors; thyroid cancer, including thyroid adenocarcinoma and medullar carcinoma; and renal cancer including adenocarcinoma and Wilms tumor.
• The invention also encompasses a method of contraception in a patient in need thereof comprising administering an inventive chemorepellant in an amount effective to inhibit migration of germ cells in the subject. According to another aspect of the invention, a method of treating infertililty and premature labor is provided. The method comprises administering a compound described above in an amount effective to inhibit immune cells from migrating close to a germ cell in the subject.
• The treatment methods disclosed herein involve administering, either locally or systemically, to a selected site in a subject in need of such a treatment a chemorepellant of the invention in an amount effective to induce negative chemotaxis of a human migratory cell or an inhibitor of a chemorepellant in an amount effect to suppress negative chemotaxis of an immune cell. For example, a “therapeutically effective amount” in reference to the treatment of an inflammatory condition encompasses an amount sufficient to induce negative chemotaxis of an immune cell and/or ameliorate a symptom of the inflammatory condition.
• In certain embodiments, the chemorepellant can be co-administered with a second agent (e.g., another chemoattractant or with any drug or agent which is not itself a chemoattractant). Co-administered agents, compounds, chemoattractants or therapeutics need not be administered at exactly the same time. In certain embodiments, however, the chemorepellant is administered substantially simultaneously as the second agent. By “substantially simultaneously,” it is meant that the chemorepellant is administered before, at the same time, and/or after the administration of the second agent. Second agents include, for example, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-cancer agents, anti-infective agents, immune therapeutics (immunosuppresants) and other therapeutic compounds. A second agent can be chosen based on the condition or disease to be treated. For example, in a method of treating cancer or a tumor, the chemorepellant can be administered with an anti-cancer agent. Similarly, in a method of treating an inflammatory condition, the chemorepellant can be administered with an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-infective agent or an immunosuppressant.
• An anti-infective agent is an agent which reduces the activity of or kills a microorganism and includes: Aztreonam; Chlorhexidine Gluconate; Imidurea; Lycetamine; Nibroxane; Pirazmonam Sodium; Propionic Acid; Pyrithione Sodium; Sanguinarium Chloride; Tigemonam Dicholine; Acedapsone; Acetosulfone Sodium; Alamecin; Alexidine; Amdinocillin; Amdinocillin Pivoxil; Amicycline; Amifloxacin; Amifloxacin Mesylate; Amikacin; Amikacin Sulfate; Aminosalicylic acid; Aminosalicylate sodium; Amoxicillin; Amphomycin; Ampicillin; Ampicillin Sodium; Apalcillin Sodium; Apramycin; Aspartocin; Astromicin Sulfate; Avilamycin; Avoparcin; Azithromycin; Azlocillin; Azlocillin Sodium; Bacampicillin Hydrochloride; Bacitracin; Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate; Bacitracin Zinc; Bambermycins; Benzoylpas Calcium; Berythromycin; Betamicin Sulfate; Biapenem; Biniramycin; Biphenamine Hydrochloride; Bispyrithione Magsulfex; Butikacin; Butirosin Sulfate; Capreomycin Sulfate; Carbadox; Carbenicillin Disodium; Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium; Carbenicillin Phenyl Sodium; Carbenicillin Potassium; Carumonam Sodium; Cefaclor; Cefadroxil; Cefamandole; Cefamandole Nafate; Cefamandole Sodium; Cefaparole; Cefatrizine; Cefazaflur Sodium; Cefazolin; Cefazolin Sodium; Cefbuperazone; Cefdinir; Cefepime; Cefepime Hydrochloride; Cefetecol; Cefixime; Cefinenoxime Hydrochloride; Cefmetazole; Cefmetazole Sodium; Cefonicid Monosodium; Cefonicid Sodium; Cefoperazone Sodium; Ceforanide; Cefotaxime Sodium; Cefotetan; Cefotetan Disodium; Cefotiam Hydrochloride; Cefoxitin; Cefoxitin Sodium; Cefpimizole; Cefpimizole Sodium; Cefpiramide; Cefpiramide Sodium; Cefpirome Sulfate; Cefpodoxime Proxetil; Cefprozil; Cefroxadine; Cefsulodin Sodium; Ceftazidime; Ceftibuten; Ceftizoxime Sodium; Ceftriaxone Sodium; Cefuroxime; Cefuroxime Axetil; Cefuroxime Pivoxetil; Cefuroxime Sodium; Cephacetrile Sodium; Cephalexin; Cephalexin Hydrochloride; Cephaloglycin; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin Sodium; Cephapirin Sodium; Cephradine; Cetocycline Hydrochloride; Cetophenicol; Chloramphenicol; Chloramphenicol Palmitate; Chloramphenicol Pantothenate Complex; Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate; Chlorhexidine Phosphanilate; Chloroxylenol; Chlortetracycline Bisulfate; Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride; Cinoxacin; Ciprofloxacin; Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride; Cirolemycin; Clarithromycin; Clinafloxacin Hydrochloride; Clindamycin; Clindamycin Hydrochloride; Clindamycin Palmitate Hydrochloride; Clindamycin Phosphate; Clofazimine; Cloxacillin Benzathine; Cloxacillin Sodium; Cloxyquin; Colistimethate Sodium; Colistin Sulfate; Coumermycin; Coumermycin Sodium; Cyclacillin; Cycloserine; Dalfopristin; Dapsone; Daptomycin; Demeclocycline; Demeclocycline Hydrochloride; Demecycline; Denofungin; Diaveridine; Dicloxacillin; Dicloxacillin Sodium; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Dipyrithione; Dirithromycin; Doxycycline; Doxycycline Calcium; Doxycycline Fosfatex; Doxycycline Hyclate; Droxacin Sodium; Enoxacin; Epicillin; Epitetracycline Hydrochloride; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Acistrate; Erythromycin Estolate; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Erythromycin Gluceptate; Erythromycin Lactobionate; Erythromycin Propionate; Erythromycin Stearate; Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Ethionamide; Fleroxacin; Floxacillin; Fludalanine; Flumequine; Fosfomycin; Fosfomycin Tromethamine; Fumoxicillin; Furazolium Chloride; Furazolium Tartrate; Fusidate Sodium; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicin Sulfate; Gloximonam; Gramicidin; Haloprogin; Hetacillin; Hetacillin Potassium; Hexedine; Ibafloxacin; Imipenem; Isoconazole; Isepamicin; Isoniazid; Josamycin; Kanamycin Sulfate; Kitasamycin; Levofuraltadone; Levopropylcillin Potassium; Lexithromycin; Lincomycin; Lincomycin Hydrochloride; Lomefloxacin; Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride; Lomefloxacin Mesylate; Loracarbef; Mafenide; Meclocycline; Meclocycline Sulfosalicylate; Megalomicin Potassium Phosphate; Mequidox; Meropenem; Methacycline; Methacycline Hydrochloride; Methenamine; Methenamine Hippurate; Methenamine Mandelate; Methicillin Sodium; Metioprim; Metronidazole Hydrochloride; Metronidazole Phosphate; Mezlocillin; Mezlocillin Sodium; Minocycline; Minocycline Hydrochloride; Mirincamycin lydrochloride; Monensin; Monensin Sodium; Nafcillin Sodium; Nalidixate Sodium; Nalidixic Acid; Natamycin; Nebramycin; Neomycin Palmitate; Neomycin Sulfate; Neomycin Undecylenate; Netilmicin Sulfate; Neutramycin; Nifuradene; Nifuraldezone; Nifuratel; Nifuratrone; Nifurdazil; Nifurimide; Nifurpirinol; Nifurquinazol; Nifurthiazole; Nitrocycline; Nitrofurantoin; Nitromide; Norfloxacin; Novobiocin Sodium; Ofloxacin; Ormetoprim; Oxacillin Sodium; Oximonam; Oximonam Sodium; Oxolinic Acid; Oxytetracycline; Oxytetracycline Calcium; Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride; Paldimycin; Parachlorophenol; Paulomycin; Pefloxacin; Pefloxacin Mesylate; Penamecillin; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Potassium; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillin G Sodium; Penicillin V; Penicillin V Benzathine; Penicillin V Hydrabamine; Penicillin V Potassium; Pentizidone Sodium; Phenyl Aminosalicylate; Piperacillin Sodium; Pirbenicillin Sodium; Piridicillin Sodium; Pirlimycin Hydrochloride; Pivampicillin Hydrochloride; Pivampicillin Pamoate; Pivampicillin Probenate; Polymyxin B Sulfate; Porfiromycin; Propikacin; Pyrazinamide; Pyrithione Zinc; Quindecamine Acetate; Quinupristin; Racephenicol; Ramoplanin; Ranimycin; Relomycin; Repromicin; Rifabutin; Rifametane; Rifamexil; Rifamide; Rifampin; Rifapentine; Rifaximin; Rolitetracycline; Rolitetracycline Nitrate; Rosaramicin; Rosaramicin Butyrate; Rosaramicin Propionate; Rosaramicin Sodium Phosphate; Rosaramicin Stearate; Rosoxacil; Roxarsone; Roxithromycin; Sancycline; Sanfetrinem Sodium; Sarmoxicillin; Sarpicillin; Scopafungin; Sisomicin; Sisomicin Sulfate; Sparfloxacin; Spectinomycin Hydrochloride; Spiramycin; Stallimycin Hydrochloride; Steffimycin; Streptomycin Sulfate; Streptonicozid; Sulfabenz: Sulfabenzamide; Sulfacetamide; Sulfacetamide Sodium; Sulfacytine; Sulfadiazine; Sulfadiazine Sodium; Sulfadoxine; Sulfalene; Sulfamerazine; Sulfameter; Sulfamethazine; Sulfamethizole; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfamonomethoxine; Sulfamoxole; Sulfanilate Zinc; Sulfanitran; Sulfasalazine; Sulfasomizole; Sulfathiazole; Sulfazamet; Sulfisoxazole; Sulfisoxazole Acetyl; Sulfisoxazole Diolamine; Sulfomyxin; Sulopenem; Sultamicillin; Suncillin Sodium; Talampicillin Hydrochloride; Teicoplanin; Temafloxacin Hydrochloride; Temocillin; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Hydrochloridc; Tetracycline Phosphate Complex; Tetroxoprim; Thiamphenicol; Thiphencillin Potassium; Ticarcillin Cresyl Sodium; Ticarcillin Disodium; Ticarcillin Monosodium; Ticlatone; Tiodonium Chloride; Tobramycin; Tobramycin Sulfate; Tosufloxacin; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim Sulfate; Trisulfapyrimidines; Troleandomycin; Trospectomycin Sulfate; Tyrothricin; Vancomycin; Vancomycin Hydrochloride; Virginiamycin; Zorbamycin; Difloxacin Hydrochloride; Lauryl Isoquinolinium Bromide; Moxalactam Disodium; Ornidazole; Pentisomicin; and Sarafloxacin Hydrochloride.
• Exemplary anti-cancer agents include Acivicin; Aclarubicin; Acodazole Hydrochloride; Acronine; Adozelesin; Aldesleukin; Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate; Aminoglutethimide; Amsacrine; Anastrozole; Anthramycin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine; Azetepa; Azotomycin; Batimastat; Benzodepa; Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride; Bisnafide Dimesylate; Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate; Brequinar Sodium; Bropirimine; Busulfan; Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin; Carmustine; Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefingol; Chlorambucil; Cirolemycin; Cisplatin; Cladribine; Crisnatol Mesylate; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Dacarbazine; Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin Hydrochloride; Decitabine; Dexormaplatin; Dezaguanine; Dezaguanine Mesylate; Diaziquone; Docetaxel; Doxorubicin; Doxorubicin Hydrochloride; Droloxifene; Droloxifene Citrate; Dromostanolone Propionate; Duazomycin; Edatrexatc; Eflorithine Hydrochloride; Elsamitrucin; Enloplatin; Enpromate; Epipropidine; Epirubicin Hydrochloride; Erbulozole; Esorubicin Hydrochloride; Estramustine; Estramustine Phosphate Sodium; Etanidazole; Etoposide; Etoposide Phosphate; Etoprine; Fadrozole Hydrochloride; Fazarabine; Fenretinide; Floxuridine; Fludarabine Phosphate; Fluorouracil; Flurocitabine; Fosquidone; Fostriecin Sodium; Gemcitabine; Gemcitabine Hydrochloride; Hydroxyurea; Idarubicin Hydrochloride; Ifosfamide; Ilmofosine; Interferon Alfa-2a; Interferon Alfa-2b; Interferon Alfa-n1; Interferon Alfa-n3; Interferon Beta-I a; Interferon Gamma-I b; Iproplatini; Irinotecan Hydrochloride; Lanreotide Acetate; Letrozole; Leuprolide Acetate; Liarozole Hydrochloride; Lometrexol Sodium; Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol; Maytansine; Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride; Megestrol Acetate; Melengestrol Acetate; Melphalan; Menogaril; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Methotrexate Sodium; Metoprine; Meturedepa; Mitindomide; Mitocarcin; Mitocromin; Mitogillin; Mitomalcin; Mitomycin; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride; Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole; Nogalamycin; Ormaplatin; Oxisuran; Paclitaxel; Pegaspargase; Peliomycin; Pentamustine; Peplomycin Sulfate; Perfosfamide; Pipobroman; Piposulfan; Piroxantrone Hydrochloride; Plicamycin; Plomestane; Podofilox; Porfimer Sodium; Porfiromycin; Prednimustine; Procarbazine Hydrochloride; Puromycin; Puromycin Hydrochloride; Pyrazofurin; Riboprine; Rogletimide; Safingol; Safingol Hydrochloride; Semustine; Simtrazene; Sparfosate Sodium; Sparsomycin; Spirogermanium Hydrochloride; Spiromustine; Spiroplatin; Streptonigrin; Streptozocin; Sulofenur; Talisomycin; Taxotere; Tecogalan Sodium; Tegafur; Teloxantrone Hydrochloride; Temoporfin; Teniposide; Teroxirone; Testolactone; Thiamiprine; Thioguanine; Thiotepa; Tiazofurin; Tirapazamine; Topotecan Hydrochloride; Toremifene Citrate; Trestolone Acetate; Triciribine Phosphate; Trimetrexate; Trimetrexate Glucuronate; Triptorelin; Tubulozole Hydrochloride; Uracil Mustard; Uredepa; Vapreotide; Verteporlin; Vinblastine Sulfate; Vincristine Sulfate; Vindesine; Vindesine Sulfate; Vinepidine Sulfate; Vinglycinate Sulfate; Vinleurosine Sulfate; Vinorelbine Tartrate Virlrosidine Sulfate; Vinzolidine Sulfate; Vorozole; Zeniplatin; Zinostatin; and Zorubicin Hydrochloride.
• Exemplary immunosuppressants include Azathioprine; Azathioprine Sodium; Cyclosporine; Daltroban; Gusperimus Trihydrochloride; Sirolimus; and Tacrolimus. Exemplary anti-inflammatory agents include Alclofenac; Alclometasone Dipropionate; Algestone Acetonide; Alpha Amylase; Amcinafal; Amcinafide; Amfenac Sodium; Amiprilose Hydrochloride; Anakinra; Anirolac; Anitrazafen; Apazone; Balsalazide Disodium; Bendazac; Benoxaprofen; Benzydamine Hydrochloride; Bromelains; Broperamole; Budesonide; Carprofen; Cicloprofen; Cintazone; Cliprofen; Clobetasol Propionate; Clobetasone Butyrate; Clopirac; Cloticasone Propionate; Cormethasone Acetate; Cortodoxone; Deflazacort; Desonide; Desoximetasone; Dexamethasone Dipropionate; Diclofenac Potassium; Diclofenac Sodium; Diflorasone Diacetate; Diflumidone Sodium; Diflunisal; Difluprednate; Diftalone; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Drocinonide; Endrysone; Enlimomab; Enolicam Sodium; Epirizole; Etodolac; Etofenamate; Felbinac; Fenamole; Fenbufen; Fenclofenac; Fenclorac; Fendosal; Fenpipalone; Fentiazac; Flazalone; Fluazacort; Flufenamic Acid; Flumizole; Flunisolide Acetate; Flunixin; Flunixin Meglumine; Fluocortin Butyl; Fluorometholone Acetate; Fluquazone; Flurbiprofen; Fluretofen; Fluticasone Propionate; Furaprofen; Furobufen; Halcinonide; Halobetasol Propionate; Halopredone Acetate; Ibufenac; Ibuprofen; Ibuprofen Aluminum; Ibuprofen Piconol; Ilonidap; Indomethacin; Indomethacin Sodium; Indoprofen; Indoxole; Intrazole; Isoflupredone Acetate; Isoxepac; Isoxicam; Ketoprofen; Lofemizole Hydrochloride; Lornoxicam; Loteprednol Etabonate; Meclofenamate Sodium; Meclofenamic Acid; Meclorisone Dibutyrate; Mefenamic Acid; Mesalamine; Meseclazone; Methylprednisolone Suleptanate; Morniflumate; Nabumetone; Naproxen; Naproxen Sodium; Naproxol; Nimazone; Olsalazine Sodium; Orgotein; Orpanoxin; Oxaprozin; Oxyphenbutazone; Paranyline Hydrochloride; Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium; Phenbutazone Sodium Glycerate; Pirfenidone; Piroxicam; Piroxicam Cinnamate; Piroxicam Olamine; Pirprofen; Prednazate; Prifelone; Prodolic Acid; Proquazone; Proxazole; Proxazole Citrate; Rimexolone; Romazarit; Salcolex; Salnacedin; Salsalate; Sanguinarium Chloride; Seclazone; Sermetacin; Sudoxicam; Sulindac; Suprofen; Talmetacin; Talniflumate; Talosalate; Tebufelone; Tenidap; Tenidap Sodium; Tenoxicam; Tesicam; Tesimide; Tetrydamine; Tiopinac; Tixocortol Pivalate; Tolmetin; Tolmetin Sodium; Triclonide; Triflumidate; Zidometacin; and Zomepirac Sodium.
• As used herein, “treatment” and/or “treating” refer to therapeutic treatment as well as prophylactic treatment or preventative measures. The chemorepellant and/or other therapeutic (such as an antibody to the chemorepellant) can be administered in pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The excipient can be chosen based on the expected route of administration of the composition in therapeutic applications. The route of administration of the composition depends on the condition to be treated. Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, parenteral, topic, oral, intramuscular, intravenous administration. The route of administration and the dosage of the composition to be administered can be determined by the skilled artisan without undue experimentation in conjunction with standard dose-response studies. Relevant circumstances to be considered in making those determinations include the condition or conditions to be treated, the choice of composition to be administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, and the severity of the patient's symptoms. In one embodiment, the chemorepellant or a composition thereof is administered locally.
• The therapeutic compositions used in the inventive methods can be administered parenterally such as, for example, by intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, or subcutaneous injection. Parenteral administration can be accomplished by incorporating the therapeutic compositions of the present invention into a solution or suspension. Such solutions or suspensions may also include sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvents. Parenteral formulations may also include antibacterial agents such as, for example, benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, antioxidants such as, for example, ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfate and chelating agents such as EDTA. Buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose may also be added. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
• The invention is illustrated by the following examples which are not meant to be limiting in any way.
EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Identification of Modulators of Cell Migration Present in Tumor Environments
• Objective: To identify the agents present in tumor microenvironments that have the ability to modulate the migration of immune cell subsets.
Materials and Methods:
• Cystic fluid samples: Fluids from ovarian carcinoma patients were collected during surgical procedures under a signed informed consent. Fluids were centrifuged to remove the debris. The supernatants were supplemented with cocktail of protease inhibitors and divided into aliquots and stored at −80° C. till further processing. Samples were evaluated to study their effects on migration of neutrophils in transwell migration assays in Boyden chambers for their chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) activities as described below.
• Chromatographic separation: Cystic fluid (0.2 ml at 65 mg/ml) was loaded on a Superdex 200 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare) and fractionated at the rate of 0.5 ml/min. Fractions (1 ml) were collected in tubes preloaded with 10 μl of 100× concentration Complete EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche). These fractions were evaluated for CA CR activities in transwell migration assays described below.
• One and two dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis: Fractions collected from S-200 chromatography with CR activity and the adjacent fractions without CR activity were further fractionated by one and two dimensional SDS-PAGE. Proteins band and/or spots differentially present in S-200 fractions with CR activity were excised manually, digested with trypsin, and subjected to either LC-MS/MS (1-D bands) or MALDI (2-D spots) analysis.
• The chemorepulsive activity of the cystic fluid, fractions collected from S-200 chromatography and the proteins listed below was determined as follows:
• Prior to beginning the assay, the following were prepared:
• 0.5% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) (Assay Medium) (Both from ATCC).
  Migratory cells at a concentration of 2×10⁷ cells/ml in Assay Medium.
  Four serial (3-fold) dilutions of the ligand of interest in Assay Medium.
  The assay plates are Neuroprobe ChemoTx plates, part number 206-3 (3 um pore size) for neutrophils.
  31 μl of the following solutions were pipetted into each well:
  For media controls and for chemorepulsion samples, Assay Medium was used.
  For chemoattraction samples, appropriate dilution of ligand was used.
  The membrane was carefully placed onto the plate, starting at one side and then slowly lowering the other edge onto the plate.
  29 μl of the following were pipetted onto the top of each circle:
  For media controls and chemoattraction samples, use Assay Medium.
  For chemorepulsion samples, use the appropriate dilution of ligand.
  2 μl of cells (40,000 cells) were added to each bubble of liquid from step 7.
• 
• The plate was covered with the supplied lid and incubated for the desired time at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Unless otherwise indicated, the incubation time was 1 hour for neutrophils and 3 hours for T cells. For monocytes and B cells, the incubation time was 2 hours.
• After the desired assay time, the liquid was removed from the top of the plate using a Kimwipe.
• The membrane was carefully removed from the top of the plate and discarded. The plate was examined under a microscope to look for ligand crystallization, contamination and overall migration.
• White read plates were preloaded with 25 ul PBS.
  Using a multichannel pipettor, 5 ul of Cell Titer Glo (Promega # G7572) was added to each well.
  Using a multichannel pipettor set at 30 ul, lysed cell solution was transferred to white read plates pre-loaded with PBS.
  The plate was read using the BioTek Synergy4 plate reader in order to quantify the number of migrated cells.
Results:
• From mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, 86 proteins in the chemorepulsion active chromatography fraction have been identified which are represented in the following table.

• TABLE 1
  Proteins present in specific active fragments of S200

  Identified Proteins	Accession Number
  A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein precursor	IPI00022895
  A2M Alpha-2-macroglobulin precursor	IPI00478003
  ACTA2 Actin, aortic smooth muscle	IPI00008603 (+9)
  ACTB Actin, cytoplasmic 1	IPI00021439 (+2)
  AFM Afamin precursor	IPI00019943
  AHSG Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein precursor	IPI00022431 (+1)
  ALB Isoform 1 of Serum albumin precursor	IPI00745872 (+1)
  Alpha 2 HS-glycoprotein	P02765; gi:112910
  ANPEP Aminopeptidase N	IPI00221224
  APOA1 Apolipoprotein A-I precursor	IPI00021841 (+1)
  apolipoprotein A-1	P02647
  apolipoprotein A-IV	P06727
  C1RL Complement C1r subcomponent-like protein precursor	IPI00009793 (+2)
  C2 Complement C2 precursor (Fragment)	IPI00303963
  C3 Complement C3 precursor (Fragment)	IPI00783987
  C4A Complement component 4A	IPI00643525
  C9 Complement component C9 precursor	IPI00022395
  carbonic anhydrase 1	P00915
  CD163 Isoform 1 of Scavenger receptor cysteine-rich type 1	IPI00104074 (+3)
  protein M130 precursor
  CFB Isoform 1 of Complement factor B precursor (Fragment)	IPI00019591
  CP Ceruloplasmin precursor	IPI00017601
  EEFIA2 Elongation factor 1-alpha 2	IPI00014424 (+3)
  F2 Prothrombin precursor (Fragment)	IPI00019568
  GC Vitamin D-binding protein precursor	IPI00555812 (+1)
  GSN Isoform 1 of Gelsolin precursor	IPI00026314 (+1)
  H2AFV Histone H2AV	IPI00018278 (+15)
  HABP2 Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 precursor	IPI00746623
  HBA2; HBA1 Hemoglobin subunit alpha	IPI00410714 (+1)
  HBB Hemoglobin subunit beta	IPI00654755 (+1)
  hemoglobin beta	P68871
  hemopexin	P02790
  HIST1H1D Histone H1.3	IPI00217466 (+2)
  HIST1H2AM; HIST1H2AG; HIST1H2AJ; HIST1H2AL;	IPI00291764 (+9)
  HIST1H2AK; HIST1H2AI Histone H2A type 1
  HIST2H3A; HIST2H3C; HIST2H3D Histone H3.2	IPI00171611 (+7)
  HIST2H4A; HIST1H4C; HIST1H4A; HIST1H4I; HIST1H4E;	IPI00453473
  HIST1H4F; HIST1H4K; HIST1H4H; HIST4H4; HIST1H4L;
  HIST1H4D; HIST1H4J; HIST2H4B; HIST1H4B Histone H4
  HPX Hemopexin precursor	IPI00022488
  HRG Histidine-rich glycoprotein precursor	IPI00022371
  HRNR Hornerin	IPI00398625 (+2)
  IGFALS Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex	IPI00020996
  acid labile chain precursor
  IGHD IGHD protein	IPI00418422 (+2)
  IGHG1 IGHG1 protein	IPI00448925
  IGHG1 IGHG1 protein	IPI00815926
  IGHG3 IGHG3 protein	IPI00472345
  IGHM; IGH@ IGHM protein	IPI00472610
  IGHV1OR15-1 Ig heavy chain V-1 region V35 precursor	IPI00009792
  IGHV3OR16-13; IGHA1 IGHA1 protein	IPI00061977
  IGHV3OR16-13; IGHA1 IGHA1 protein	IPI00430842
  IGHV4-31 IGHV4-31 protein	IPI00784822
  IGKV1-5 IGKV1-5 protein	IPI00419424 (+19)
  IGL@ IGL@ protein	IPI00154742
  ITIH2 Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 precursor	IPI00305461 (+1)
  ITIH4 Isoform 1 of Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain	IPI00294193
  H4 precursor
  ITIH4 Isoform 2 of Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain	IPI00218192 (+3)
  H4 precursor
  KNG1 Isoform LMW of Kininogen-1 precursor	IPI00215894 (+1)
  KPRP Keratinocyte proline-rich protein	IPI00514908
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327 (+1)
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865 (+1)
  KRT14 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14	IPI00384444
  KRT16 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16	IPI00217963
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304 (+1)
  KRT5 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5	IPI00009867
  KRT6A Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A	IPI00300725
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359 (+1)
  LDHA Isoform 1 of L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain	IPI00217966 (+2)
  LUM Lumican precursor	IPI00020986 (+1)
  LYZ Lysozyme C precursor	IPI00019038 (+1)
  plasma retinol-binding protein	P02753
  SERPINA1 Isoform 1 of Alpha-1-antitrypsin precursor	IPI00553177
  SERPINA3 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin precursor	IPI00550991 (+1)
  SERPINA7 Thyroxine-binding globulin precursor	IPI00292946
  SERPIND1 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, Glade D (Heparin cofactor),	IPI00292950 (+1)
  member 1
  SERPINF2 SERPINF2 protein	IPI00029863 (+1)
  SLPI Antileukoproteinase precursor	IPI00008580
  sp_ALBU_BOVIN	IPIsp_ALBU_BOVIN
  sp_ANT3_HUMAN	IPIsp_ANT3_HUMAN
  sp_TRYP_PIG	IPIsp_TRYP_PIG
  TF Serotransferrin precursor	IPI00022463 (+2)
  transthyretin	P02766
  Putative uncharacterized protein DKFZp686C15213	IPI00426051
  cDNA FLJ78387	IPI00876888
  Ig heavy chain V-III region CAM	IPI00382482
  Single-chain Fv (Fragment)	IPI00470652
  uncharacterized protein ENSP00000375035	IPI00735451
  uncharacterized protein ENSP00000375026	IPI00829845
  YWHAZ 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta	IPI00021263 (+1)
  zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein	P25311

• Some of these proteins were evaluated individually and in combinations for their effects on CA and CR activity. Of these proteins, actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1 and hemopexin showed the greatest CA and/or CR activities. FIGS. 1 through 6 represent the effect of whole cyst fluid, Superdex 200 fractions, Actin and 14-3-3 individually, the same two proteins assayed in combination, Apolipoprotein A1, and hemopexin on migration of human neutrophils in CA and CR modes.
LEGENDS FOR THE FIGURES
• FIG. 1: Effect of Cystic fluid on migration of human neutrophils. Human neutrophils were tested at different concentrations of cyst fluid: neat (undiluted), and at 1:3, 1:10 and 1:30 diluted in media. Both chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion were measured using a Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. Cystic fluid has efficiently repelled human neutrophils as studied by transwell migration assays at all concentrations tested.
• FIG. 2: Evaluation of S-200 chromatography fractionation of cystic fluids on human neutrophils in transwell migration assay. Fractions were evaluated for chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion of human neutrophils using a Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. Fractions A15 and B1 have the highest neutrophil repulsive activities as compared to other fractions.
• FIG. 3: Effect of human actin and 14-3-3 on migration of human neutrophils. Actin and 14-3-3 were evaluated at different concentrations for their abilities to induce chemorepulsion (CR) of human neutrophils using a Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. Human neutrophils were effectively repelled by actin in transwell migration assays.
• FIG. 4: Effect of 1:1 combination of Actin and 14-3-3 on migration of human neutrophils. Actin and 14-3-3 were evaluated in 1:1 combination at different concentrations for their ability to induce chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) of human neutrophils using a Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. Actin and 14-3-3 in combination effectively modulated human neutrophil migrations in transwell migration assays.
• FIG. 5: Effect of apolipoprotein A1 on migration of human neutrophils. Apolipoprotein A1 was evaluated at different concentrations for its ability to induce chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) of human neutrophils using a Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. Human neutrophils were effectively repelled by apolipoprotein A1 at 5.1 microM concentration.
• FIG. 6: Effect of hemopexin on migration of human neutrophils. Hemopexin was evaluated at different concentrations for its ability to induce chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) of human neutrophils using a Boyden chamber transwell migration assay. Human neutrophils were effectively attracted at 8.8 microM concentration of hemopexin.
Example 2 Identification of Modulators of Cell Migration Present in Mammalian Cancer Cell Line Supernatants
• Objective: To identify the agents present in mammalian cancer cell lines that have the ability to modulate the migration of immune cell subsets.
Materials and Methods: Mammalian Cancer Cell Lines:
• Cancer cell lines were cultured in serum containing media until desired confluence is reached. Culture conditions were switched to serum-free media and supernatants collected everyday up to certain number of days. The supernatants were supplemented with cocktail of protease inhibitors and divided into aliquots and stored at −80° C. until further processing. Depending on the volume of culture supernatant, they were either concentrated 10 times or evaluated unconcentrated to study their effects on neutrophil migration Boyden chamber transwell migration assays.
• Chromatographic separation:
• Supernatants were further concentrated and loaded on a Superdex 200 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare) and fractionated at the rate of 0.5 ml/min. Fractions (1 ml) were collected in tubes preloaded with 10 μl of 100× concentration Complete EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Roche). These fractions were evaluated for chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) activities in transwell migration assays described below.
• Supernatants for the breast cancer cell line, SK-BR-3 were first dialyzed overnight and then loaded on a HiTrap-Q Fast Flow anion exchange column and fractionated at a rate of 1 mL/min. 3 mL fractions were desalted and evaluated for chemoattraction (CA) and chemorepulsion (CR) activities in transwell migration assays as described below.
One Dimensional SDS-PAGE Analysis:
• Fractions collected from S-200 and anion exchange chromatography with CR activity and the adjacent fractions without CR activity were further fractionated by one dimensional SDS-PAGE. Proteins bands differentially present in S-200 fractions with CR activity were excised manually, digested with trypsin, and subjected to LC-MS/MS.
• The chemorepulsive activity of the supernatants, fractions collected from S-200 and anion exchange chromatography and the proteins listed below were determined as follows:
Transwell Migration Assay:
• 1. Prior to beginning the assay, the following were prepared:
  a. 0.5% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) (Assay Medium) (Both from ATCC).
  b. Migratory cells at a concentration of 2×10₇ cells/ml in Assay Medium.
  2. The assay plates are Neuroprobe ChemoTx plates, part number 206-3 (3 um pore size) for neutrophils.
  3. 31 μl of the following solutions were pipetted into each well:
  a. For media controls and for chemorepulsion samples, Assay Medium was used.
  b. For chemoattraction samples, appropriate dilution of ligand was used.
  4. The membrane was carefully placed onto the plate, starting at one side and then slowly lowering the other edge onto the plate.
  5. 29 μl of the following were pipetted onto the top of each circle:
  a. For media controls and chemoattraction samples, Assay Medium was used.
  b. For chemorepulsion samples, the appropriate dilution of ligand was used.
  6. 2 μl of cells (40,000 cells) were added to each bubble of liquid from step 7.
  7. The plate was covered with the supplied lid and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. in 5% CO₂.
  8. The liquid was then removed from the top of the plate using a Kimwipe.
  9. The plate was then examined under a microscope to look for crystallization, contamination and overall migration.
  From this point assay plates were either processed by method A: CTG (Cell Titer Glo via relative luminescence units for read out) or method B: Guava (via cell count for read out).
Method A:
• 1. White read plates were preloaded with 25 ul PBS and 5 ul of Cell Titer Glo (Promega # G7572) was added to each well of the transmigration plate.
  2. Using a multichannel pipettor set at 30 ul, lysed cell solution was transferred to white read plates pre-loaded with PBS.
  3. The plate was read using the BioTek Synergy4 plate reader in order to quantify the number of migrated cells.
Method B:
• U-bottom 96 well plates were preloaded with 50 ul assay media and the contents of the Neuroprobe plates were transferred to the U-bottom plate.
  Equal volumes of Guava viacount reagent was added to each well to stain the cells. The plate was then incubated for 5 minutes in the dark at room temperature.
  1% paraformaldehyde was added to fix the cells and they were then sealed with adhesive film and stored at 4° C. overnight.
  The Guava Easy Cyte Plus was used to read the plate and quantify the number of migrated cells.
• Bands from supernatant fractions that exhibited chemorepulsive activity were sent out for MS (Liquid chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry) analysis (outsourced). Commercially available proteins corresponding to proteins identified in Mass Spectrometry were then tested in cell migration assay.
• Protein identification was performed by outside sources using nano LC/MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry) on an LTQ (“linear trap quadrupole”) mass spectrometer. Protein samples were submitted in a gel or solution and were first digested robotically using trypsin to create a peptide mixture (alternate enzymes may be employed if necessary). Peptides were then injected on a custom-designed LC column set-up and eluted into the mass spectrometer where MS and MS/MS were performed. Product ion data was searched using forward and reversed database searching methods to allow assessment of false discovery rates and ensure only correct protein identifications were reported. Search results were parsed into the SCAFFOLD™ visualization software to allow further validation of protein assignments through the PROTEINPROPHET™ and PEPTIDEPROPHET™¹ tools.
• The methods used for In-gel digestion are as below:
• Samples were subjected to proteolytic digestion on a ProGest workstation as follows:
• The samples were reduced with DTT at 60° C., allowed to cool to room temperature, alkylated with iodoacetamide, incubated at 37° C. for 4 h in the presence trypsin and formic acid was added to stop the reaction.
• The method used for Mass Spectrometry—Solution Based are below:
• Samples were subjected to C18 capture using ZipTips. They were aspirated across equilibrated C18 ZipTip, washed in 0.1% formic acid, eluted in 80% acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid, concentrated by vacuum centrifugation and resuspended in 0.1% formic acid for injection.
• The methods used for LC/MS/MS (data-dependent) are as below:
• Samples were analyzed by nano LC/MS/MS on a ThermoFisher LTQ XL or Orbitrap XL. 30 μl of hydrolysate were loaded on a 75 μm C12 vented column at a flow-rate of 10 μL/min and eluted at 300 nL/min and a 1 h gradient was employed.
  MS/MS data were searched using a local copy of Mascot (www.matrixscience.com)
  The parameters for all LC/MS/MS (Mascot) searches were as follows:
  Type of search: MS/MS Ion Search
Enzyme: Trypsin
• Fixed modifications: Carbamidomethyl (C)
  Variable modifications: Oxidation (M, Acetyl (N-term, Pyro-glu (N-term Q)
  Mass values: Monoisotopic
Protein Mass: Unrestricted Peptide Mass Tolerance: ±10 ppm (Orbitrap); ±2.0 Da (LTQ) Fragment Mass Tolerance: ±0.5 Da (LTQ) Max Missed Cleavages: 1
• Samples were processed in the SCAFFOLD™ Algorithm (www.proteomesoftware.com) using .DAT files generated by MASCOT™. Parameters for LTQ data require a minimum of 3 peptides matching per protein with minimum probabilities of 95% at the protein level and 50-80% at the corresponding peptide level. QTOF/Orbitrap data require a minimum of 2 peptides with the same minimum probability thresholds due to the superior mass accuracy of that instrument.
• NOTE: Detailed protocols for each of these methods can be found in the technical information section of http://www.prsproteomics.com.
• NOTE: SK-BR-3 was outsourced using LC/MS/MS performed at University of Georgia, Proteomics Resource Facility.
Results:
• The chemorepulsive activity of supernatants, fractions collected from chromatography and commercially available proteins are shown in FIGS. 7-39.
• Proteins identified in the chemorepulsive supernatant fractions by LC/MS/MS (mass spectrometry) are shown in the Tables below:

• TABLE 2
  Proteins identified by MS in Renal Cell Lines ACHN and 786-O

  Protein:	Accession #
  ACBD3 Golgi resident protein GCP60	IPI00009315
  ADPRHL2 Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase ARH3	IPI00015865
  AK2 Isoform 1 of Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 2, mitochondrial	IPI00215901 (+1)
  AKR1A1 Alcohol dehydrogenase	IPI00220271
  AKR1B1 Aldose reductase	IPI00413641
  AKR1B10 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10	IPI00105407
  AKR1C1 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member Cl	IPI00029733
  AKR1C2 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	IPI00005668
  AKR1C3 Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	IPI00291483 (+1)
  ANP32B Isoform 1 of Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32	IPI00007423 (+1)
  family member B
  ANXA1 Annexin A1	IPI00218918
  ANXA2 Annexin A2	IPI00455315
  APEX1 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase	IPI00215911
  APOA1BP Isoform 1 of Apolipoprotein A-I-binding protein precursor	IPI00168479 (+1)
  ARHGDIA Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1	IPI00003815 (+1)
  ARMET Protein ARMET precursor	IPI00328748
  ASF1A Histone chaperone ASF1A	IPI00292168
  BSG Isoform 2 of Basigin precursor	IPI00019906 (+1)
  C11orf54 Isoform 3 of Ester hydrolase Cllorf54	IPI00061507 (+2)
  C19orf33 Isoform 1 of Immortalization up-regulated protein	IPI00030767
  C1orf128 Isoform 1 of UPF0424 protein C1orf128	IPI00015351
  C7orf24 Uncharacterized protein C7orf24	IPI00031564
  CA12 Isoform 1 of Carbonic anhydrase 12 precursor	IPI00012895 (+1)
  CA2 Carbonic anhydrase 2	IPI00218414 (+1)
  CAB39 Calcium-binding protein 39	IPI00032561
  CALD1 Isoform 4 of Caldesmon	IPI00218696
  CALM2; CALM1; CALM3 Calmodulin	IPI00075248 (+2)
  CAPG Macrophage-capping protein	IPI00027341 (+1)
  CAPZA2 F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2	IPI00026182 (+3)
  CASP3 Caspase-3 precursor	IPI00292140
  CAST Isoform 2 of Calpastatin	IPI00220857 (+11)
  CCDC25 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 25	IPI00396174 (+1)
  CDH13 Cadherin-13 precursor	IPI00024046 (+2)
  CDV3 Isoform 1 of Protein CDV3 homolog	IPI00014197 (+2)
  CFL1 Cofilin-1	IPI00012011
  CFL2 Cofilin-2	IPI00413344
  CHAC2 Cation transport regulator-like protein 2	IPI00103047
  CIAPIN1 Isoform 3 of Anamorsin	IPI00025333 (+1)
  CMBL Carboxymethylenebutenolidase homolog	IPI00383046
  CMPK1 cDNA, FLJ93091, Homo sapiens UMP-CMP kinase	IPI00219953
  (UMP-CMPK), mRNA
  CNBP Isoform 1 of Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein	IPI00430812 (+6)
  CNPY2 Isoform 1 of Protein canopy homolog 2 precursor	IPI00443909
  CRK v-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog isoform b	IPI00305469
  CRYZ Quinone oxidoreductase	IPI00000792
  CTSS Cathepsin S precursor	IPI00299150
  CTSZ Cathepsin Z precursor	IPI00002745 (+1)
  CYR61 CYR61 protein	IPI00006273 (+2)
  DDAH1 N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1	IPI00220342
  DDX21 Isoform 1 of Nucleolar RNA helicase 2	IPI00015953
  DSTN Destrin	IPI00473014
  DTD1 D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) deacylase 1	IPI00152692
  DUT Isoform DUT-M of Deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate	IPI00013679 (+3)
  nucleotidohydrolase, mitochondrial precursor
  EEF1G Elongation factor 1-gamma	IPI00000875 (+1)
  EIF1AY Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, Y-chromosomal	IPI00023004 (+1)
  EIF4B Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B	IPI00012079 (+1)
  EIF5A Isoform 2 of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1	IPI00376005 (+1)
  EIF6 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6	IPI00010105
  ERP29 Endoplasmic reticulum protein ERp29 precursor	IPI00024911
  FAHD1 Isoform 2 of Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-	IPI00440828 (+2)
  containing protein 1
  FAM3C Protein FAM3C precursor	IPI00334282
  FER1L3 Isoform 1 of Myoferlin	IPI00021048 (+5)
  FLNA filamin A, alpha isoform 1	IPI00302592 (+3)
  FLNC Isoform 1 of Filamin-C	IPI00178352 (+1)
  GLO1 Lactoylglutathione lyase	IPI00220766
  GRB2 Isoform 1 of Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2	IPI00021327 (+1)
  GSTM3 Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3	IPI00246975
  GSTP1 Glutathione S-transferase P	IPI00219757 (+1)
  GUK1 Guanylate kinase	IPI00182293 (+3)
  HDDC2 Isoform 2 of HD domain-containing protein 2	IPI00386751 (+1)
  HDGF Hepatoma-derived growth factor	IPI00020956
  HDHD1A Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase domain containing	IPI00302436
  protein
  HDHD3 Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase domain-containing	IPI00009931
  protein 3
  HLA-B; HLA-A; HLA-C; LOC441528; XXbac-	IPI00472676 (+2)
  BPG1811323.1; LOC728687; MICA; LOC100133382 HLA class I
  histocompatibility antigen, B-42 alpha chain precursor
  HMGA1 Isoform HMG-1 of High mobility group protein	IPI00179700
  HMG-I/HMG-Y
  HMGB3 High mobility group protein B3	IPI00217477 (+2)
  HMGN1 Non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14	IPI00554761
  HN1 Isoform 1 of Hematological and neurological expressed 1 protein	IPI00007764 (+1)
  HNRNPA2B1 Isoform B1 of Heterogeneous nuclear	IPI00396378
  ribonucleoproteins A2/B1
  HPRT1 Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase	IPI00218493
  IAH1 Isoamyl acetate-hydrolyzing esterase 1 homolog	IPI00419194 (+1)
  IGFBP7 Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 precursor	IPI00016915
  IGSF8 Isoform 1 of Immunoglobulin superfamily member 8 precursor	IPI00056478 (+1)
  IL6 Interleukin-6 precursor	IPI00007793 (+2)
  ITIH5 inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain precursor 5 isoform 1	IPI00328829 (+1)
  KIAA0174 Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized protein KIAA0174	IPI00024660 (+2)
  LASP1 Isoform 1 of LIM and SH3 domain protein 1	IPI00000861 (+2)
  LDHB L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain	IPI00219217
  LMAN2 Vesicular integral-membrane protein VIP36 precursor	IPI00009950
  LMNA Isoform A of Lamin-A/C	IPI00021405 (+4)
  LMNB1 Lamin-B1	IPI00217975
  LMNB2 Lamin-B2	IPI00009771 (+1)
  LOC100130561; HMG1L10 High mobility group protein 1-like 10	IPI00018755 (+3)
  M6PRBP1 Isoform A of Mannose-6-phosphate receptor-binding	IPI00106668 (+1)
  protein 1
  MAP1B Microtubule-associated protein 1B	IPI00008868
  MAPRE1 Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1	IPI00017596
  MCM3 DNA replication licensing factor MCM3	IPI00013214
  MDH1 Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic	IPI00291005
  MDH2 Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor	IPI00291006
  MMP14 Matrix metalloproteinase-14 precursor	IPI00218398 (+1)
  NENF Neudesin precursor	IPI00002525
  NIPSNAP3A Protein NipSnap homolog 3A	IPI00004845 (+1)
  NME2 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase	IPI00604590 (+1)
  NPC2 Epididymal secretory protein E1 precursor	IPI00301579
  NPM1 Isoform 2 of Nucleophosmin	IPI00220740 (+2)
  NQO2 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase	IPI00219129 (+3)
  NUDT1 Isoform p26 of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase	IPI00004392 (+4)
  PARK7 Protein DJ-1	IPI00298547
  PDAP1 28 kDa heat- and acid-stable phosphoprotein	IPI00013297
  PDIA6 Isoform 2 of Protein disulfide-isomerase A6 precursor	IPI00299571 (+1)
  PEBP1 Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1	IPI00219446
  PGLS 6-phosphogluconolactonase	IPI00029997
  PIR Pirin	IPI00012575
  PNPO Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase	IPI00018272 (+1)
  POLDIP2 Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2	IPI00165506
  POLR2H DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit	IPI00003309
  RPABC3
  PPIA Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A	IPI00419585 (+4)
  PPIB peptidylprolyl isomerase B precursor	IPI00646304
  PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial precursor	IPI00026519
  PPP1R14C Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14C	IPI00290397
  PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1	IPI00000874 (+1)
  PRDX2 Peroxiredoxin-2	IPI00027350
  PRDX3 Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase, mitochondrial	IPI00024919 (+1)
  precursor
  PRDX6 Peroxiredoxin-6	IPI00220301
  PROCR Endothelial protein C receptor precursor	IPI00009276
  PSPH Phosphoserine phosphatase	IPI00019178
  PTGDS Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase precursor	IPI00013179 (+2)
  PTGR1 NADP-dependent leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase	IPI00292657
  PTMS Parathymosin	IPI00550020
  QDPR Dihydropteridine reductase	IPI00014439
  RAB11B Ras-related protein Rab-11B	IPI00020436 (+2)
  RAB1A Isoform 1 of Ras-related protein Rab-1A	IPI00005719 (+6)
  RAB5C Ras-related protein Rab-5C	IPI00016339
  RAD23A UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A	IPI00008219
  RALA Ras-related protein Ral-A precursor	IPI00217519 (+1)
  RBM8A Isoform 1 of RNA-binding protein 8A	IPI00001757 (+1)
  REXO2 Isoform 1 of Oligoribonuclease, mitochondrial precursor	IPI00032830 (+1)
  (Fragment)
  RNASET2 Isoform 1 of Ribonuclease T2 precursor	IPI00414896 (+1)
  RPE Isoform 1 of Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase	IPI00335280 (+1)
  RPIA Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase	IPI00026513 (+1)
  SAMD9 Isoform 1 of Sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9	IPI00217018
  S100A11 Protein S100-A11	IPI00013895
  S100A6 Protein S100-A6	IPI00027463
  SCYE1 Multisynthetase complex auxiliary component p43	IPI00006252 (+1)
  SERPINB6 Putative uncharacterized protein DKFZp686I04222	IPI00413451 (+1)
  SMAP1 Isoform 1 of Stromal membrane-associated protein 1	IPI00102096 (+2)
  SNX12 Isoform 1 of Sorting nexin-12	IPI00438170 (+2)
  SOD1 Superoxide dismutase	IPI00218733 (+1)
  SOD2 Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial precursor	IPI00022314 (+2)
  sp_TRYP_PIG	IPIsp_TRYP_PIG
  SPINT2 Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 2 precursor	IPI00011662
  STX7 Isoform 1 of Syntaxin-7	IPI00289876 (+1)
  SUB1 Activated RNA polymerase II transcriptional coactivator p15	IPI00221222
  TAGLN2 Transgelin-2	IPI00550363
  TALDO1 Transaldolase	IPI00744692
  THOC4 THO complex subunit 4	IPI00328840
  TP53I3 Isoform 1 of Putative quinone oxidoreductase	IPI00384643
  TPI1 Isoform 1 of Triosephosphate isomerase	IPI00465028
  TPK1 Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1	IPI00072523 (+1)
  TPT1 Translationally-controlled tumor protein	IPI00550900
  TRIOBP TRIO and F-actin binding protein isoform 1	IPI00148768 (+8)
  TWF1 Isoform 3 of Twinfilin-1	IPI00815767
  TXNDC12 Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 12 precursor	IPI00026328
  TXNL1 Thioredoxin-like protein 1	IPI00305692 (+1)
  UBE2I SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9	IPI00032957 (+2)
  UBE2L3 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3	IPI00021347
  UBE2N Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N	IPI00003949 (+1)
  UCHL1 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1	IPI00018352
  UCHL3 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L3	IPI00011250 (+1)
  Uncharacterized protein ENSP00000348237	IPI00453476 (+1)
  VAPA Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A	IPI00170692 (+1)
  VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A isoform a precursor	IPI00012567 (+5)
  VPS26A Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 26A	IPI00411426
  YWHAB Isoform Short of 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha	IPI00759832
  YWHAE 14-3-3 protein epsilon	IPI00000816
  YWHAG 14-3-3 protein gamma	IPI00220642
  YWHAQ 14-3-3 protein theta	IPI00018146
  YWHAZ 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta	IPI00021263
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327 (+1)
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865 (+1)
  KRT14 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14	IPI00384444
  KRT16 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16	IPI00217963
  KRT17 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 17	IPI00450768
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304 (+1)
  KRT27 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 27	IPI00328103
  KRT5 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5	IPI00009867
  KRT6A Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A	IPI00300725
  KRT73 Isoform 1 of Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 73	IPI00174775 (+2)
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359 (+1)
  sp_ALBU_BOVIN	IPIsp_ALBU_BOVIN

• TABLE 3
  Proteins identified by MS in glioma cell line SF-539:

  Protein:	Accession #
  ACTA2 Actin, aortic smooth muscle	IPI00008603 (+16)
  ACYP1 Acylphosphatase-1	IPI00221117 (+1)
  ACYP2 Acylphosphatase-2	IPI00216461 (+1)
  C19orf10 UPF0556 protein C19orf10 precursor	IPI00056357
  COTL1 Coactosin-like protein	IPI00017704
  CSTB Cystatin-B	IPI00021828
  CYCS Cytochrome C	IPI00465315 (+1)
  DBI Isoform a 1 of Acyl-CoA-binding protein	IPI00010182 (+2)
  FKBP1A FK506-binding protein 1A	IPI00873810
  FLG2 Filaggrin-2	IPI00397801
  FN1 Isoform 1 of Fibronectin precursor	IPI00022418 (+15)
  HNRNPH3 Isoform 1 of Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein	IPI00013877 (+3)
  H3
  ISG15 Interferon-induced 17 kDa protein precursor	IPI00375631
  LGALS3 Galectin-3	IPI00465431
  LYZ Lysozyme C precursor	IPI00019038 (+1)
  MIF Macrophage migration inhibitory factor	IPI00293276
  MT2A Metallothionein-2	IPI00022498
  NEDD8 NEDD8 precursor	IPI00020008 (+2)
  PDIA3 Protein disulfide-isomerase A3 precursor	IPI00025252
  PFN1 Profilin-1	IPI00216691
  RBMX Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein G	IPI00304692 (+1)
  RPS27A; UBC; UBB ubiquitin and ribosomal protein S27a precursor	IPI00179330 (+21)
  S100A6 Protein S100-A6	IPI00027463
  S100A7 Protein S100-A7	IPI00219806
  S100A8 Protein S100-A8	IPI00007047
  SH3BGRL SH3 domain-binding glutamic acidrich-like protein	IPI00025318
  SH3BGRL3 Putative uncharacterized protein	IPI00010402 (+2)
  sp_B2MG_HUMAN	IPIsp_B2MG_HUMAN
  TMSB10 Thymosin beta-10	IPI00220827
  TXN Thioredoxin	IPI00216298 (+1)
  TXNDC17 Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 17	IPI00646689
  UFM1 Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 precursor	IPI00010207 (+1)
  KPRP Keratinocyte proline-rich protein	IPI00514908
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327 (+1)
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865
  KRT14 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14	IPI00384444
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304 (+1)
  KRT5 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5	IPI00009867
  KRT77 Keratin 77	IPI00376379
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359 (+1)
  sp_TRYP_PIG	IPIsp_TRYP_PIG

• TABLE 4
  Proteins identified by MS from Glioma cell line U251 supernatants:

  Protein:	Accession #
  A1BG Alpha-1B-glycoprotein precursor	IPI00022895
  A2M Alpha-2-macroglobulin precursor	IPI00478003
  C3 Complement C3 precursor (Fragment)	IPI00783987
  FGG Isoform Gamma-B of Fibrinogen	IPI00021891 (+3)
  gamma chain precursor
  GLUD1 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1,	IPI00016801 (+1)
  mitochondrial precursor
  HBA2; HBA1 Hemoglobin subunit alpha	IPI00410714 (+1)
  HBB Hemoglobin subunit beta	IPI00654755 (+1)
  HPX Hemopexin precursor	IPI00022488
  IGHG1 IGHG1 protein	IPI00448925
  IGHM IGHM protein	IPI00477090
  IGHV3OR16-13; IGHA1 IGHA1 protein	IPI00166866 (+1)
  LDHB L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain	IPI00219217
  LOC100133739 Putative uncharacterized	IPI00426051
  protein DKFZp686C15213
  LTF Growth-inhibiting protein 12	IPI00298860 (+3)
  MAGI1 Isoform 4 of Membrane-associated	IPI00382692
  guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ
  domain-containing protein 1
  MPO Isoform H17 of Myeloperoxidase precursor	IPI00007244 (+2)
  SERPINA1 Isoform 1 of Alpha-1-antitrypsin	IPI00553177 (+1)
  precursor
  SERPINA3 Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin precursor	IPI00550991 (+1)
  TF Serotransferrin precursor	IPI00022463 (+2)
  ALB Isoform 1 of Serum albumin precursor	IPI00745872 (+1)
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327 (+1)
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865 (+1)
  KRT14 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14	IPI00384444
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304 (+1)
  KRT5 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5	IPI00009867
  KRT6C Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6C	IPI00299145
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359 (+1)
  sp_ALBU_BOVIN	IPIsp_ALBU_BOVIN
  sp_TRYP_PIG	IPIsp_TRYP_PIG

• TABLE 5
  Proteins identified by MS of supernatants from colon cell line HCC-2998:

  Protein:	Accession #
  RPS27A; UBC; UBB ubiquitin and ribosomal	IPI00179330
  protein S27a precursor
  S100A6 Protein S100-A6	IPI00027463
  S100A7 Protein S100-A7	IPI00219806
  S100A8 Protein S100-A8	IPI00007047
  S100A9 Protein S100-A9	IPI00027462
  SERPINB3 Isoform
  1 of Serpin B3	IPI00022204
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359
  sp_TRYP_PIG IPIsp_TRYP_PIG 24 kDa 14

• TABLE 6
  Proteins identified by MS of supernatants from hepatic cell line HepG2:

  Protein:	Accession #
  B2M Beta-2-microglobulin precursor	IPI00004656
  C19orf10 Uncharacterized protein C19orf10 precursor	IPI00056357
  CSTB Cystatin-B	IPI00021828
  CYCS Cytochrome C	IPI00465315
  HMGA1 Isoform HMG-I of High mobility	IPI00179700
  group protein HMGI/HMG-Y
  LGALS3 Galectin-3	IPI00465431
  MIF Macrophage migration inhibitory factor	IPI00293276
  PFN1 Profilin-1	IPI00216691
  PPIA; LOC654188; LOC653214	IPI00419585
  Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A
  RNASE4 Ribonuclease
  4 precursor	IPI00029699
  S100A6 Protein S100-A6	IPI00027463
  UBC; RPS27A; UBB ubiquitin and	IPI00179330
  ribosomal protein S27a precursor
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865
  KRT16 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16	IPI00217963
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359

• TABLE 7
  Proteins identified by MS of supernatants from ovarian cell line CRL-1978:
  Proteins Identified by MS analysis of Chemorepellant
  Fractions of Cell Line CRL-1978

  Identified Proteins:	Accession #
  ALB Serum albumin	IPI00022434
  B2M Beta-2-microglobulin precursor	IPI00004656
  C19orf10 Uncharacterized protein C19orf10 precursor	IPI00056357
  CST1 Cystatin-SN precursor	IPI00305477
  CST3 Cystatin-C precursor	IPI00032293
  CST4 Cystatin-S precursor	IPI00032294
  CYCS Cytochrome C	IPI00465315
  FAM3C Protein FAM3C precursor	IPI00021923
  ISG15 Interferon-induced 17 kDa protein precursor	IPI00375631
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865
  KRT14 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14	IPI00384444
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359
  PFN1 Profilin-1	IPI00216691
  PPIA; LOC654188; LOC653214	IPI00419585
  Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A
  PPIB peptidylprolyl isomerase B precursor	IPI00646304
  S100A6 Protein S100-A6	IPI00027463
  TXN Thioredoxin	IPI00216298
  UBC; RPS27A; UBB ubiquitin and	IPI00179330
  ribosomal protein S27a precursor

• TABLE 8
  Proteins identified by MS of supernatants from prostate cell line
  PC3 and ovarian cell line CRL-1978:
  Proteins Identified by MS analysis of Chemorepellant
  Fractions of Cell Line PC3

  Identified Proteins:	Accession #
  AGR2 AGR2	IPI00007427
  ALB Serum albumin	IPI00022434
  ARMET ARMET protein precursor	IPI00328748
  C7orf24 Uncharacterized protein C7orf24	IPI00031564
  COTL1 Coactosin-like protein	IPI00017704
  FAM3C Protein FAM3C precursor	IPI00021923
  HNRPA2B1 Isoform B1 of Heterogeneous	IPI00396378
  nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1
  HSPG2 Basement membrane-specific heparan	IPI00024284
  sulfate proteoglycan core protein precursor
  KRT1 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1	IPI00220327
  KRT10 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10	IPI00009865
  KRT14 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14	IPI00384444
  KRT16 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16	IPI00217963
  KRT2 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 2 epidermal	IPI00021304
  KRT5 Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5	IPI00009867
  KRT6A Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A	IPI00300725
  KRT9 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9	IPI00019359
  LCN2 Neutrophil gelatinase-associated	IPI00299547
  lipocalin precursor
  LMNA Isoform A of Lamin-A/C	IPI00021405
  NME1; NME1-NME2; NME2 NME1-NME2 protein	IPI00795292
  NPC2 Epididymal secretory protein E1 precursor	IPI00301579
  PARK7 Protein DJ-1	IPI00298547
  PEBP1 Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1	IPI00219446
  PPIA; LOC654188; LOC653214	IPI00419585
  Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A
  PPIB peptidylprolyl isomerase B precursor	IPI00646304
  PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1	IPI00000874
  PRDX6 Peroxiredoxin-6	IPI00220301
  RBP4 Plasma retinol-binding protein precursor	IPI00022420
  TAGLN2 Transgelin-2	IPI00550363
  TFF2 Trefoil factor 2 precursor	IPI00010675
  TIMP2 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 precursor	IPI00027166
  TPT1 Tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1	IPI00009943

• TABLE 9
  Proteins identified by MS of supernatants from breast
  cancer cell line SK-BR-3:

  Protein:	Accession #
  TRFE_HU Serotransferrin precursor	P02787
  (Transferrin) (Siderophilin)
  EF1G_HU Elongation factor 1-gamma (EF-1-gamma)	P26641
  LG3BP_HU galectin
  3 binding protein precursor	Q08380
  (Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3-binding protein)

• As shown in the figures, the following proteins were identified in chemorepulsive fractions of supernatants from cell lines and/or ovarian cystic fluid were shown to induce negative chemotaxis of neutrophils:
• actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-1, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein.
• Profilin-1 was identified in chemorepulsive supernatant fractions. As shown in the figures, profilin-2 was shown to induce negative chemotaxis.
Example 3 Chemorepellant Proteins Identified in Multiple Chemorepellant Fractions
• Table 10 shows chemorepellant proteins that were isolated from chemorepellant fractions of at least two cells or from a cell line and ovarian cystic fluid (as indicated by an “X”) and were shown to induce chemorepulsion of neutrophils in their purified form (as described in Examples 1 and 2). For example, Actin was identified in the chemorepulsive fractions isolated from the supernatant of SF-539 cells and from ovarian cystic fluid sample (described in Example 1).

• TABLE 10
  Proteins identified in the chemorepellant fractions of at least two cell lines

  Proteins isolated from

  Cell Line/Tumor

  supernatants	CRL-1978	PC-3	SF-539	HepG2	786-O	ACHN	OCI-856
  ACTA2 (Actin, aortic			X				X
  smooth muscle)
  B2M (beta-2	X		X	X
  microglobulin
  precursor)
  CFL1 (Cofilin-1)					X	X
  CSTB (cystatin B)			X	X
  CYCS (cytochrome C)	X		X	X
  LGAL3 (galectin-3)			X	X
  MIF (macrophage			X	X
  migration inhibitory
  factor)
  PARK7 Protein DJ-1		X			X	X
  PSPH (phosphoserine					X	X
  phosphatase)
  SOD1 (superoxide					X	X
  dismutase
  TXN (thioredoxin)	X		X
  YWHAE 14-3-3 epsilon					X	X
  YWHAZ (14-3-3					X	X	X
  zeta/delta)

• Table 11 lists proteins identified in chemorepellant fractions of at least two cell lines or at least one cell line and ovarian cyst fluid.

• TABLE 11A
  Proteins identified in chemorepellant fractions of at least two cell lines or ovarian cystic fluid and at least one cell line

  										OCI-856
  Protein Name	CRL-1978	PC-3	SF-539	HepG 2	SK-BR-3	HCC-2998	786-O	ACHN	U-251	(Cyst Fluid)
  ACBD3 Golgi resident							X	X
  protein GCP60
  APOA1BP Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Apolipoprotein A-I-
  binding protein
  precursor
  ARHGDIA Rho GDP-							X	X
  dissociation inhibitor 1
  ARMET ARMET		X					X	X
  protein precursor
  C19orf10	X		X	X
  Uncharacterized
  protein C19orf10
  precursor
  C19orf33 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Immortalization up-
  regulated protein
  C1orf128 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  UPF0424 protein
  C1orf128
  C7orf24		X					X
  Uncharacterized
  protein C7orf24
  CALD1 Isoform 4 of							X	X
  Caldesmon
  CALM2; CALM1; CALM							X	X
  3 Calmodulin
  CFL1 Cofilin-1							X	X
  CFL2 Cofilin-2							X	X
  CIAPIN1 Isoform 3 of							X	X
  Anamorsin
  CNPY2 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Protein canopy
  homolog 2 precursor
  COTL1 Coactosin-like		X	X
  protein
  CRK v-crk sarcoma							X	X
  virus CT10 oncogene
  homolog isoform b
  CSTB Cystatin-B			X	X
  CYCS Cytochrome C	X		X	X
  CYR61 CYR61 protein							X	X
  DSTN Destrin							X	X
  DTD1 D-tyrosyl-							X	X
  tRNA(Tyr) deacylase 1
  EEF1G Elongation					X		X	X
  factor 1-gamma
  EIF4B Eukaryotic							X	X
  translation initiation
  factor 4B
  EIF6 Eukaryotic							X	X
  translation initiation
  factor 6
  FAHD1 Isoform 2 of							X	X
  Fumarylacetoacetate
  hydrolase domain-
  containing protein 1
  FAM3C Protein	X	X					X
  FAM3C precursor
  FER1L3 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Myoferlin
  GLO1							X	X
  Lactoylglutathione
  lyase
  GSTP1 Glutathione S-							X	X
  transferase P
  HDDC2 Isoform 2 of							X	X
  HD domain-containing
  protein 2
  HMGA1 Isoform HMG-				X				X
  I of High mobility group
  protein HMGI/HMG-Y
  HMGN1 Non-histone							X	X
  chromosomal protein
  HMG-14
  HN1 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Hematological and
  neurological expressed
  1 protein
  HNRNPA2B1 Isoform		X					X
  B1 of Heterogeneous
  nuclear
  ribonucleoproteins
  A2/B1
  HPRT1 Hypoxanthine-							X	X
  guanine
  phosphoribosyltransferase
  ISG15 Interferon-	X		X
  induced 17 kDa protein
  precursor
  KIAA0174 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Uncharacterized
  protein KIAA0174
  LDHB L-lactate								X	X
  dehydrogenase B
  chain
  LGALS3 Galectin-3			X	X
  LMNA Isoform A of		X					X
  Lamin-A/C
  M6PRBP1 Isoform A							X	X
  of Mannose-6-
  phosphate receptor-
  binding protein 1
  MAPRE1 Microtubule-							X	X
  associated protein
  RP/EB family member 1
  NME2 Nucleoside							X	X
  diphosphate kinase
  NPC2 Epididymal		X					X	X
  secretory protein E1
  precursor
  NQO2							X	X
  Ribosyldihydronicotina
  mide dehydrogenase
  NUDT1 Isoform p26 of							X	X
  7,8-dihydro-8-
  oxoguanine
  triphosphatase
  PDAP1 28 kDa heat-							X	X
  and acid-stable
  phosphoprotein
  PEBP1		X					X
  Phosphatidylethanola
  mine-binding protein 1
  PFN1 Profilin-1	X		X	X
  PPIA; LOC654188; LOC	X	X		X				X
  653214 Peptidyl-prolyl
  cis-trans isomerase A
  PPIB peptidylprolyl	X	X					X	X
  isomerase B precursor
  PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl							X	X
  cis-trans isomerase,
  mitochondrial
  precursor
  PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1		X					X	X
  PRDX3 Thioredoxin-							X	X
  dependent peroxide
  reductase,
  mitochondrial
  precursor
  PRDX6 Peroxiredoxin-6		X						X
  QDPR							X	X
  Dihydropteridine
  reductase
  RAB11B Ras-related							X	X
  protein Rab-11B
  REXO2 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Oligoribonuclease,
  mitochondrial
  precursor (Fragment)
  RNASET2 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Ribonuclease T2
  precursor
  RPE Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Ribulose-phosphate 3-
  epimerase
  RPIA Ribose-5-							X	X
  phosphate isomerase
  RPS27A; UBC; UBB			X			X
  ubiquitin and ribosomal
  protein S27a precursor
  S100A11 Protein							X	X
  S100-A11
  S100A6 Protein S100-A6	X		X	X		X	X
  S100A7 Protein S100-A7			X			X
  S100A8 Protein S100-A8			X			X
  SCYE1							X	X
  Multisynthetase
  complex auxiliary
  component p43
  SNX12 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Sorting nexin-12
  STX7 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Syntaxin-7
  SUB1 Activated RNA							X	X
  polymerase II
  transcriptional
  coactivator p15
  TAGLN2 Transgelin-2		X					X
  TPI1 Isoform 1 of							X	X
  Triosephosphate
  isomerase
  TPK1 Thiamin							X	X
  pyrophosphokinase 1
  TPT1 Translationally-							X	X
  controlled tumor
  protein
  TRFE Human					X				X	X
  Serotransferrin
  precursor (Transferrin)
  (Siderophilin)
  TWF1 Isoform 3 of							X	X
  Twinfilin-1
  TXNDC12 Thioredoxin							X	X
  domain-containing
  protein 12 precursor
  UBC; RPS27A; UBB	X			X
  ubiquitin and ribosomal
  protein S27a precursor
  UBE2I SUMO-							X	X
  conjugating enzyme
  UBC9
  UBE2L3 Ubiquitin-							X	X
  conjugating enzyme
  E2L3
  UCHL1 Ubiquitin							X	X
  carboxyl-terminal
  hydrolase isozyme L1
  VAPA Vesicle-							X	X
  associated membrane
  protein-associated
  protein A
  YWHAB Isoform Short							X	X
  of 14-3-3 protein
  beta/alpha
  YWHAE 14-3-3 protein							X	X
  epsilon
  YWHAZ 14-3-3 protein							X	X		X
  zeta/delta

• TABLE 11B
  Accession numbers for proteins listed in Table 11A

  Accession #	Protein Name
  IPI00009315	ACBD3 Golgi resident protein GCP60
  IPI00168479 (+1)	APOA1BP Isoform 1 of Apolipoprotein
  	A-I-binding protein precursor
  IPI00003815 (+1)	ARHGDIA Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1
  IPI00328748	ARMET ARMET protein precursor
  IPI00056357	C19orf10 Uncharacterized protein C19orf10 precursor
  IPI00030767	C19orf33 Isoform 1 of Immortalization
  	up-regulated protein
  IPI00015351	C1orf128 Isoform 1 of UPF0424 protein C1orf128
  IPI00031564	C7orf24 Uncharacterized protein C7orf24
  IPI00218696	CALD1 Isoform 4 of Caldesmon
  IPI00075248 (+2)	CALM2; CALM1; CALM3 Calmodulin
  IPI00012011	CFL1 Cofilin-1
  IPI00413344	CFL2 Cofilin-2
  IPI00025333 (+1)	CIAPIN1 Isoform 3 of Anamorsin
  IPI00443909	CNPY2 Isoform 1 of Protein canopy
  	homolog 2 precursor
  IPI00017704	COTL1 Coactosin-like protein
  IPI00305469	CRK v-crk sarcoma virus CT10
  	oncogene homolog isoform b
  IPI00021828	CSTB Cystatin-B
  IPI00465315	CYCS Cytochrome C
  IPI00006273 (+2)	CYR61 CYR61 protein
  IPI00473014	DSTN Destrin
  IPI00152692	DTD1 D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) deacylase 1
  IPI00000875 (+1)	EEF1G Elongation factor 1-gamma
  IPI00012079 (+1)	EIF4B Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B
  IPI00010105	EIF6 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6
  IPI00440828 (+2)	FAHD1 Isoform 2 of Fumarylacetoacetate
  	hydrolase domain-containing protein 1
  IPI00021923	FAM3C Protein FAM3C precursor
  IPI00021048 (+5)	FER1L3 Isoform 1 of Myoferlin
  IPI00220766	GLO1 Lactoylglutathione lyase
  IPI00219757 (+1)	GSTP1 Glutathione S-transferase P
  IPI00386751 (+1)	HDDC2 Isoform 2 of HD domain-containing protein 2
  IPI00179700	HMGA1 Isoform HMG-1 of High mobility
  	group protein HMGI/HMG-Y
  IPI00554761	HMGN1 Non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14
  IPI00007764 (+1)	HN1 Isoform 1 of Hematological and
  	neurological expressed 1 protein
  IPI00396378	HNRNPA2B1 Isoform B1 of Heterogeneous nuclear
  	ribonucleoproteins A2/B1
  IPI00218493	HPRT1 Hypoxanthine-guanine
  	phosphoribosyltransferase
  IPI00375631	ISG15 Interferon-induced 17 kDa protein precursor
  IPI00024660 (+2)	KIAA0174 Isoform 1 of Uncharacterized
  	protein KIAA0174
  IPI00219217	LDHB L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain
  IPI00465431	LGALS3 Galectin-3
  IPI00021405 (+4)	LMNA Isoform A of Lamin-A/C
  IPI00106668 (+1)	M6PRBP1 Isoform A of Mannose-6-phosphate
  	receptor-binding protein 1
  IPI00017596	MAPRE1 Microtubule-associated protein
  	RP/EB family member 1
  IPI00604590 (+1)	NME2 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase
  IPI00301579	NPC2 Epididymal secretory protein E1 precursor
  IPI00219129 (+3)	NQO2 Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase
  IPI00004392 (+4)	NUDT1 Isoform p26 of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine
  	triphosphatase
  IPI00013297	PDAP1 28 kDa heat- and acid-stable phosphoprotein
  IPI00219446	PEBP1 Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1
  IPI00216691	PFN1 Profilin-1
  IPI00419585	PPIA; LOC654188; LOC653214 Peptidyl-prolyl
  	cis-trans isomerase A
  IPI00646304	PPIB peptidylprolyl isomerase B precursor
  IPI00026519	PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase,
  	mitochondrial precursor
  IPI00000874 (+1)	PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1
  IPI00024919 (+1)	PRDX3 Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase,
  	mitochondrial precursor
  IPI00220301	PRDX6 Peroxiredoxin-6
  IPI00014439	QDPR Dihydropteridine reductase
  IPI00020436 (+2)	RAB11B Ras-related protein Rab-11B
  IPI00032830 (+1)	REXO2 Isoform 1 of Oligoribonuclease,
  	mitochondrial precursor (Fragment)
  IPI00414896 (+1)	RNASET2 Isoform 1 of Ribonuclease T2 precursor
  IPI00335280 (+1)	RPE Isoform 1 of Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase
  IPI00026513 (+1)	RPIA Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
  IPI00179330	RPS27A; UBC; UBB ubiquitin and ribosomal
  	protein S27a precursor
  IPI00013895	S100A11 Protein S100-A11
  IPI00027463	S100A6 Protein S100-A6
  IPI00219806	S100A7 Protein S100-A7
  IPI00007047	S100A8 Protein S100-A8
  IPI00006252 (+1)	SCYE1 Multisynthetase complex
  	auxiliary component p43
  IPI00438170 (+2)	SNX12 Isoform 1 of Sorting nexin-12
  IPI00289876 (+1)	STX7 Isoform 1 of Syntaxin-7
  IPI00221222	SUB1 Activated RNA polymerase II
  	transcriptional coactivator p15
  IPI00550363	TAGLN2 Transgelin-2
  IPI00465028	TPI1 Isoform 1 of Triosephosphate isomerase
  IPI00072523 (+1)	TPK1 Thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1
  IPI00550900	TPT1 Translationally-controlled tumor protein
  IPI00022463 (+2)	TRFE Human Serotransferrin precursor (Transferrin)
  	(Siderophilin)
  IPI00815767	TWF1 Isoform 3 of Twinfilin-1
  IPI00026328	TXNDC12 Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 12
  	precursor
  IPI00179330	UBC; RPS27A; UBB ubiquitin and ribosomal
  	protein S27a precursor
  IPI00032957 (+2)	UBE2I SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9
  IPI00021347	UBE2L3 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3
  IPI00018352	UCHL1 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal
  	hydrolase isozyme L1
  IPI00170692 (+1)	VAPA Vesicle-associated membrane
  	protein-associated protein A
  IPI00759832	YWHAB Isoform Short of 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha
  IPI00000816	YWHAE 14-3-3 protein epsilon
  IPI00021263	YWHAZ 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta

• While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

Claims (21)

1-20. (canceled)

21. A method for the treatment of cancer comprising inducing the migration of an immune cell toward a cancer cell by inhibiting the activity of a chemorepellant released from the cancer cell.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colon, prostate, breast, lung, skin, liver, bone, pancreas, ovary, testis, bladder, kidney, brain, head and neck cancer.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the activity of the chemorepellant is inhibited by the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that inhibits the activity of the chemorepellant.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the agent is an antibody that binds and inhibits the activity of the chemorepellant or is an antisense nucleic acid.

25. (canceled)

26. (canceled)

27. The method of claim 21, wherein the chemorepellant is selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or a biologically active fragment thereof.

28. A method of inducing negative chemotaxis of a human migratory cell comprising administering an effective amount of a chemorepellant, wherein the chemorepellant comprises an amino acid sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid or from the supernatant of a cancer cell culture wherein the cancer cell is selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell line, a human renal carcinoma cell line, human glioblastoma cell line, human colon carcinoma cell line, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, human ovary clear carcinoma cell line and human prostate cancer cell line, or to a biologically active fragment of any of thereof, wherein the isolated protein or fragment is capable of inducing chemorepulsion of an immune cell.

29. (canceled)

30. The method of claim 28, wherein the chemorepellant is selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or a biologically active fragment of any of thereof.

31. The method of claim 28, wherein the human migratory cell is an immune cell.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the immune cell is selected from the group consisting of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, Natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and T cells.

33. (canceled)

34. A method of inhibiting the chemotactic induction of an immune cell in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of a chemorepellant wherein the chemorepellant comprises an amino acid sequence that has substantial identity to a protein isolated from ovarian cancer cystic fluid or from the supernatant of a cancer cell culture wherein the cancer cell is selected from the group consisting of a human renal adenocarcinoma cell line, a human renal carcinoma cell line, human glioblastoma cell line, human colon carcinoma cell line, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, human ovary clear carcinoma cell line and human prostate cancer cell line, or a biologically active fragment of any of thereof, wherein the isolated protein or fragment thereof is capable of inducing chemorepulsion of an immune cell.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the chemorepellant is selected from the group consisting of actin, 14-3-3 zeta/delta, apolipoprotein A1, hemopexin, PARK7, cofilin-1, 14-3-3 epsilon, 14-3-3-gamma, phosphoserine phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, profilin-2, beta-2 microglobulin, cytochrome C, cystatin B, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), FK506 binding protein, thioredoxin, galectin 3, human transferrin, human EF-1-gamma and human galectin 3 binding protein, or a biologically active fragment of any of thereof.

36. The method of claim 34, wherein the patient is suffering from an inflammatory condition.

37. (canceled)

38. The method of claim 34, wherein chemotaxis toward a medical implant is inhibited.

39. The method of claim 34, wherein chemotaxis toward a transplant or graft is inhibited.

40. The method of claim 34, wherein the chemorepellant is administered locally.

Images