US20160177718A1 - Multiple-point anchored rock bolt - Google Patents
Multiple-point anchored rock bolt Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20160177718A1 US20160177718A1 US14/908,198 US201414908198A US2016177718A1 US 20160177718 A1 US20160177718 A1 US 20160177718A1 US 201414908198 A US201414908198 A US 201414908198A US 2016177718 A1 US2016177718 A1 US 2016177718A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- anchor
- rock
- mechanical
- rock bolt
- resistive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
- E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
- E21D20/021—Grouting with inorganic components, e.g. cement
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
- E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
- E21D20/021—Grouting with inorganic components, e.g. cement
- E21D20/023—Cartridges; Grouting charges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
- E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
- E21D20/028—Devices or accesories for injecting a grouting liquid in a bore-hole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0006—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by the bolt material
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
- E21D21/004—Bolts held in the borehole by friction all along their length, without additional fixing means
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
- E21D21/0046—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts formed by a plurality of elements arranged longitudinally
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/008—Anchoring or tensioning means
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0086—Bearing plates
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
- E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to bolting for reinforcement of rock subject to deformation and dilation and, more specifically, to a rock bolt anchor with two anchor types that provide active and passive loading.
- the prior art teaches a deformable rock anchor that is deformation tolerant, which is used in highly stressed rock masses to achieve reinforcement of these stressed rock masses and prevent large, sudden or catastrophic deformation, movement, dilation or failure of this rock mass.
- This rock bolt includes an elongate cylindrical stem, with a threaded portion at a borehole surface portion of the stem, to which a nut and washer or bearing plate may be attached, and three or more stem portions serially extending along the length of the stem with each stem portion followed by an integral anchor, being of shorter extend than the stem portions.
- Each integral anchor is capable of locally anchoring the rock bolt in a grouted borehole and each stem portion is adapted to elongate, move and slip relatively to the grouted borehole surround and, by the work done by this movement, absorb energy from the surrounding rock and constrain local rock deformation movement, whilst the rock bolt remains locally anchored by each integral anchor.
- the rock bolt of the earlier invention is therefore principally defined by having at least three integral anchors and therefore, in situ, is capable of being locally anchored at three discrete localities along the length of the borehole. These anchor points exclude anchoring, by the bolt and bearing plate, at an entrance of the borehole.
- the invention provides a rock bolt for being grouted in a borehole in a rock which includes:
- a mechanical anchor or a composite anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body
- first and second stem portions have a smooth cylindrical surface; and wherein the second anchor is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction to be locally anchored in a grouted borehole and is adapted to be harder than the stem portions.
- the mechanical anchor may be an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor which is actuated to radially expand into frictional engagement with the walls of the borehole.
- the composite anchor may comprise an expansion shell type mechanical anchor component and an integrally formed anchor component which is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction, wherein the mechanical anchor component and the integral anchor component are consecutively serially positioned on the rock bolt body.
- the second anchor may be positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end.
- the second anchor is positioned 600 mm from the second end.
- a “mechanical anchor” means an anchor engaged with a rock bolt and which is actively actuated to anchor the rock bolt in a rock hole or, in other words, an anchor that is actively loaded.
- a “resistive anchor” means an anchor engaged, or integrally formed, with a rock bolt which is passively actuated to anchor the rock bolt within a rock hole by resistive contact with grout or resin within the hole.
- the invention provides a rock bolt which includes an elongate metallic body having a first end and an opposed second end, a threaded portion at the second end, for attaching thereto and locating thereon, a nut and a bearing plate, a mechanical anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body and a first resistive anchor, located between the threaded portion and the mechanical anchor.
- the mechanical anchor may be an expansion shell-type anchor.
- the first resistive anchor may be integral with the body, formed by adapting a section of the body, between 400 mm and 700 mm from the second end, to exceed the diametric dimension of the cylindrical body at least in one radial direction.
- the rock bolt may include a second resistive anchor, located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor, preferably consecutively serially positioned relatively to the mechanical anchor.
- first and second stem portions are defined, each of which are adapted to elongate under a tensile load.
- the invention extends to a method of supporting a wall of an excavation which uses a rock bolt having an elongate metallic body with opposed first and second ends, a threaded end portion towards the second end, a mechanical anchor located on the body towards the first end and at least two spaced resistive anchors between the mechanical anchor and the threaded portion, the method including the steps of:
- FIG. 1 is a view in elevation of a rock bolt, in a first embodiment of the invention, inserted into a borehole;
- FIG. 2 is a view in perspective of an integral anchor part of the rock bolt
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are isometric illustrations of one end of the rock bolt with a mechanical anchor located thereon;
- FIG. 4 is a view in elevation of a rock bolt, in a second embodiment of the invention, inserted into a borehole;
- FIGS. 5A to 5C illustrate, in chronological sequence, the rock bolt of the second embodiment in use.
- FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings illustrates a rock bolt 10 , in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, which is adapted to be inserted into a rock hole 12 , anchored within the rock hole 12 by a mechanical anchor 14 , and then, after grout is introduced into the rock hole 12 , to be additionally anchored, at a second locality, by an integral anchor 16 which is designed to resist passage through the grouted rock hole.
- the rock bolt 10 has a solid cylindrical steel body 18 , which extends between a first distal end 20 and a second proximal end 22 , which projects out of the rock hole 12 .
- a section of the rock bolt body 18 , extending from the second end 22 is threaded, to define a threaded portion 24 .
- the mechanical anchor 14 of an expansion shell-type, is located at the distal end 20 .
- This expansion shell-type mechanical anchor can be of any suitable configuration known to the art. However a specific preferred expansion shell anchor is described below as a non-limiting example.
- the integral anchor 16 is located between the threaded end section 24 and the mechanical anchor 14 .
- This anchor 16 is integral with the body in that it is formed from the same blank as the body 18 .
- the integral anchor in a preferred embodiment, comprises a pair of end-to-end paddle formations, respectively designated 26 A and 26 B.
- Each paddle formation 26 A and 26 B lies in a plane which is perpendicular to its counterpart.
- Each paddle formation 26 A and 26 B is formed by flattening the rod such that the rock bolt body 18 expands in opposed directions which are orthogonal to the direction of the flattening force (these directions of expansion are designated X and Y respectively).
- This flattening process is a cold forming process that strain hardens the steel material along the length of the anchor 16 .
- This process also adapts the cylindrical rock bolt body 18 to locally exceed its diameter in radial directions X and Y respectively providing extensions which are resistive to pull through a grouted borehole.
- the integral anchor 16 is optimally and preferably positioned on the rock bolt body 18 about 500 mm from the second end 22 .
- first and second, smooth surfaced, stem portions 30 and 32 are respectively defined.
- the expansion shell-type mechanical anchor 14 includes a tapered nut 28 attached to the first end 20 , an expansion shell 34 that abuts the tapered nut 28 , in a dis-engaged position illustrated in FIG. 3A , at its leading end 36 and a spring 38 , located between a trailing end 40 of the shell 34 and a collar formation 42 .
- the spring 38 biases the shell 34 towards the tapered nut 28 to ride over the tapered nut 28 , and radially expand, in an engaged position illustrated in FIG. 3B .
- the advantage of the mechanical anchor 14 as described above is that mere insertion of the rock bolt 10 into the rock hole 12 , and axial retraction, will actuate the anchor 14 into the engaged position. There is no need to spin the rock bolt 10 to actuate the mechanical anchor 14 to radially expand as is typically with many mechanical anchors known in the art.
- a nut 46 and bearing plate 48 are provided, located on the threaded section 24 of the rock bolt body 18 .
- a tapered formation provided by the nut 28 in the embodiment described above, can be integrally forged with rock bolt body 18 at the first end 20 .
- FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention, a rock bolt 10 A.
- This embodiment differs, in essence, from the rock bolt 10 of the first embodiment in that it includes a composite anchor 50 which replaces the mechanical anchor 14 and the collar formation 42 of the first embodiment.
- the composite anchor includes a mechanical anchor component 52 , of the expansion shell-type as described above particularly with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B , located at the distal end 20 and an integral anchor component 54 consecutively serially positioned with respect to the anchor component 52 , back from the component 52 .
- the integral anchor component 54 in the preferred embodiment, is structurally equivalent to the integral anchor 16 of the rock bolt 10 .
- the integral anchor component 54 not only provides an additional passively loaded anchor to the rock bolt 10 A, it also performs the function provided by the collar formation 42 of the earlier embodiment in that it provides an abutment surface to one end of the spring 38 , located between the trailing end 40 of the shell 34 and one end of the anchor component 54 .
- the rock bolt 10 A is inserted into a rock hole 12 , first end 20 leading, to a point where the threaded portion 24 , at least, is projecting from the rock hole 12 .
- the rock bolt 10 A in this preferred embodiment, includes a bung 56 , located on the body 18 , through which a grout pipe and breather tube (not shown) pass.
- the bung 56 is located between the threaded portion 24 and the integral anchor 16 and is totally inserted in the rock hole 12 .
- a holed bearing plate 44 is passed over the second end 22 followed by the threaded engagement of a nut 46 to the threaded portion 24 .
- the bearing plate 48 can be provided with a pair of holes (not shown) on either side of central aperture, to provide respective passage to a grout or resin filler tube and a breather tube.
- the rock bolt body 18 is pulled axially outwardly. This action causes the expansion shell 34 , which is held in place relatively to the rock bolt body by frictional engagement with the walls of the rockhole 12 , to ride over the tapered nut 28 , radially dilating in the process into loaded contact with the walls of the rock hole 12 .
- the rock bolt 10 A is now locked in the rock hole 12 at this location, a first anchor location (illustrated as a dotted line 60 ).
- the rock bolt body 18 is pre-tensioned (the opposed forces directionally illustrated by arrows in FIG. 4B ), prior to the grouting of the rock hole 12 , between the first and the second anchor locations ( 60 , 62 ) thus actively providing reactive load support to the rock mass between the two locations 60 and 62 .
- the bung 56 seals the rock hole 12 from egress of the grout out of the rock hole 12 once introduced.
- FIG. 5C illustrates the highly fractured layer of the rock mass described above, dilating about surface parallel stress fractures 70 , forces are imparted on the bearing plate 48 which is translates into a pulling force on the rock bolt 10 A out of the rock hole 12 .
- This pulling force is resisted by the integral anchor 16 , which is adapted, due to it exceeding the diametric dimension of the cylindrical rock bolt body 18 in at this point, to resist passage through the now hardened grout, thus providing a third anchor location (illustrated by a dotted line designated 72 ).
- a fourth anchor location (illustrated by a dotted line designated 74 ) is defined. Ahead of this anchor location 74 , the initial anchor location 60 , about the mechanical anchor component 52 , is rendered transparent as reactive load support is now provided between anchor locations 74 and 72 and between 72 and 62 .
- rock bolt 10 A of the invention is that, between the anchor locations 62 , 72 and 74 , the rock bolt body 18 can stretch along respective first and the second stem portions ( 30 and 32 ) to accommodate any dynamic loading movement.
- the stem portions 30 and 32 's ability to stretch is uninterrupted along their lengths due to their smooth surface which allows relative movement within the grouted confines of the rock hole 12 .
- the second stem portion 32 is further passively pre-loaded, between the second 62 and third 72 anchor locations to provide support to this layer effectively by clamping this layer of rock 70 between the bearing plate 44 and the integral anchor 16 .
Abstract
A rock bolt includes an elongate metallic body having a first end and an opposed second end, a threaded portion at the second end, for attaching thereto and locating thereon, a nut and a bearing plate, a mechanical anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body and a first resistive anchor, located between the threaded portion and the mechanical anchor.
Description
- This invention relates generally to bolting for reinforcement of rock subject to deformation and dilation and, more specifically, to a rock bolt anchor with two anchor types that provide active and passive loading.
- The prior art teaches a deformable rock anchor that is deformation tolerant, which is used in highly stressed rock masses to achieve reinforcement of these stressed rock masses and prevent large, sudden or catastrophic deformation, movement, dilation or failure of this rock mass.
- This rock bolt includes an elongate cylindrical stem, with a threaded portion at a borehole surface portion of the stem, to which a nut and washer or bearing plate may be attached, and three or more stem portions serially extending along the length of the stem with each stem portion followed by an integral anchor, being of shorter extend than the stem portions.
- Each integral anchor is capable of locally anchoring the rock bolt in a grouted borehole and each stem portion is adapted to elongate, move and slip relatively to the grouted borehole surround and, by the work done by this movement, absorb energy from the surrounding rock and constrain local rock deformation movement, whilst the rock bolt remains locally anchored by each integral anchor.
- The rock bolt of the earlier invention is therefore principally defined by having at least three integral anchors and therefore, in situ, is capable of being locally anchored at three discrete localities along the length of the borehole. These anchor points exclude anchoring, by the bolt and bearing plate, at an entrance of the borehole.
- The problem experienced with such a rock bolt is that it is reliant, for local anchoring, on the interaction of the anchors on the grout within the borehole.
- The invention provides a rock bolt for being grouted in a borehole in a rock which includes:
- a) an elongate body of a suitable steel material having;
- b) a first distal end and an opposed second proximal end;
- c) a threaded portion at the second end;
- d) a mechanical anchor or a composite anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body;
- e) a second anchor integrally formed on the body, between the threaded portion and the mechanical or composite anchor;
- f) a first stem portion between the mechanical or composite anchor and the second anchor; and
- g) a second stem portion between the second anchor and the threaded portion;
- h) wherein the first and second stem portions have a smooth cylindrical surface; and wherein the second anchor is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction to be locally anchored in a grouted borehole and is adapted to be harder than the stem portions.
- The mechanical anchor may be an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor which is actuated to radially expand into frictional engagement with the walls of the borehole.
- The composite anchor may comprise an expansion shell type mechanical anchor component and an integrally formed anchor component which is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction, wherein the mechanical anchor component and the integral anchor component are consecutively serially positioned on the rock bolt body.
- The second anchor may be positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end. Preferably, the second anchor is positioned 600 mm from the second end.
- A “mechanical anchor” means an anchor engaged with a rock bolt and which is actively actuated to anchor the rock bolt in a rock hole or, in other words, an anchor that is actively loaded.
- A “resistive anchor” means an anchor engaged, or integrally formed, with a rock bolt which is passively actuated to anchor the rock bolt within a rock hole by resistive contact with grout or resin within the hole.
- From another perspective, the invention provides a rock bolt which includes an elongate metallic body having a first end and an opposed second end, a threaded portion at the second end, for attaching thereto and locating thereon, a nut and a bearing plate, a mechanical anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body and a first resistive anchor, located between the threaded portion and the mechanical anchor.
- The mechanical anchor may be an expansion shell-type anchor.
- The first resistive anchor may be integral with the body, formed by adapting a section of the body, between 400 mm and 700 mm from the second end, to exceed the diametric dimension of the cylindrical body at least in one radial direction.
- The rock bolt may include a second resistive anchor, located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor, preferably consecutively serially positioned relatively to the mechanical anchor.
- Between the mechanical anchor or the second resistive anchor, the first resistive anchor and the threaded portion respectively, first and second stem portions are defined, each of which are adapted to elongate under a tensile load.
- The invention extends to a method of supporting a wall of an excavation which uses a rock bolt having an elongate metallic body with opposed first and second ends, a threaded end portion towards the second end, a mechanical anchor located on the body towards the first end and at least two spaced resistive anchors between the mechanical anchor and the threaded portion, the method including the steps of:
- a) drilling a hole in the wall and inserting the rock bolt into the hole;
- b) mechanically anchoring the bolt within the hole with the mechanical anchor to define a first anchor location;
- c) pre-tensioning the bolt by applying an axial load to the bolt;
- d) holding the bolt in pretension between the first anchor location and a second anchor location defined at the mouth of the rock hole;
- e) introducing a settable material into the rock hole to set between the rock bolt and the walls of the rock hole to define a third and fourth anchor location respectively about each of the resistive anchors.
- The invention is further described by way of example with relevance to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a view in elevation of a rock bolt, in a first embodiment of the invention, inserted into a borehole; -
FIG. 2 is a view in perspective of an integral anchor part of the rock bolt; -
FIGS. 3A and 3B are isometric illustrations of one end of the rock bolt with a mechanical anchor located thereon; -
FIG. 4 is a view in elevation of a rock bolt, in a second embodiment of the invention, inserted into a borehole; and -
FIGS. 5A to 5C illustrate, in chronological sequence, the rock bolt of the second embodiment in use. -
FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings illustrates arock bolt 10, in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, which is adapted to be inserted into arock hole 12, anchored within therock hole 12 by amechanical anchor 14, and then, after grout is introduced into therock hole 12, to be additionally anchored, at a second locality, by anintegral anchor 16 which is designed to resist passage through the grouted rock hole. - The
rock bolt 10 has a solidcylindrical steel body 18, which extends between a firstdistal end 20 and a secondproximal end 22, which projects out of therock hole 12. - A section of the
rock bolt body 18, extending from thesecond end 22 is threaded, to define a threadedportion 24. - The
mechanical anchor 14, of an expansion shell-type, is located at thedistal end 20. This expansion shell-type mechanical anchor can be of any suitable configuration known to the art. However a specific preferred expansion shell anchor is described below as a non-limiting example. - The
integral anchor 16 is located between the threadedend section 24 and themechanical anchor 14. Thisanchor 16 is integral with the body in that it is formed from the same blank as thebody 18. - With reference to
FIG. 2 , the integral anchor, in a preferred embodiment, comprises a pair of end-to-end paddle formations, respectively designated 26A and 26B. Eachpaddle formation paddle formation rock bolt body 18 expands in opposed directions which are orthogonal to the direction of the flattening force (these directions of expansion are designated X and Y respectively). This flattening process is a cold forming process that strain hardens the steel material along the length of theanchor 16. This process also adapts the cylindricalrock bolt body 18 to locally exceed its diameter in radial directions X and Y respectively providing extensions which are resistive to pull through a grouted borehole. - In recognition that the rock, in a typically South African mine excavation, is most densely fractured within the first 300 mm or so, from a rock face, the
integral anchor 16 is optimally and preferably positioned on therock bolt body 18 about 500 mm from thesecond end 22. - Between the first
mechanical anchor 14, the secondintegral anchor 16 and the threadedsection 24, first and second, smooth surfaced,stem portions - With reference to
FIGS. 3A and 3B , the expansion shell-typemechanical anchor 14 includes atapered nut 28 attached to thefirst end 20, anexpansion shell 34 that abuts thetapered nut 28, in a dis-engaged position illustrated inFIG. 3A , at its leadingend 36 and aspring 38, located between atrailing end 40 of theshell 34 and acollar formation 42. Thespring 38 biases theshell 34 towards thetapered nut 28 to ride over thetapered nut 28, and radially expand, in an engaged position illustrated inFIG. 3B . - The advantage of the
mechanical anchor 14 as described above is that mere insertion of therock bolt 10 into therock hole 12, and axial retraction, will actuate theanchor 14 into the engaged position. There is no need to spin therock bolt 10 to actuate themechanical anchor 14 to radially expand as is typically with many mechanical anchors known in the art. - A
nut 46 and bearingplate 48 are provided, located on the threadedsection 24 of therock bolt body 18. - In a variation (not shown), a tapered formation, provided by the
nut 28 in the embodiment described above, can be integrally forged withrock bolt body 18 at thefirst end 20. -
FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention, arock bolt 10A. - In describing this embodiment, like features bear like designations. This embodiment differs, in essence, from the
rock bolt 10 of the first embodiment in that it includes acomposite anchor 50 which replaces themechanical anchor 14 and thecollar formation 42 of the first embodiment. - The composite anchor includes a
mechanical anchor component 52, of the expansion shell-type as described above particularly with reference toFIGS. 3A and 3B , located at thedistal end 20 and anintegral anchor component 54 consecutively serially positioned with respect to theanchor component 52, back from thecomponent 52. - The
integral anchor component 54, in the preferred embodiment, is structurally equivalent to theintegral anchor 16 of therock bolt 10. - Positioned, as it is, in consecutive serial arrangement relatively to the
mechanical anchor component 52, theintegral anchor component 54 not only provides an additional passively loaded anchor to therock bolt 10A, it also performs the function provided by thecollar formation 42 of the earlier embodiment in that it provides an abutment surface to one end of thespring 38, located between the trailingend 40 of theshell 34 and one end of theanchor component 54. - In use, and with reference to
FIGS. 5A to 5C , therock bolt 10A is inserted into arock hole 12,first end 20 leading, to a point where the threadedportion 24, at least, is projecting from therock hole 12. Therock bolt 10A, in this preferred embodiment, includes a bung 56, located on thebody 18, through which a grout pipe and breather tube (not shown) pass. The bung 56 is located between the threadedportion 24 and theintegral anchor 16 and is totally inserted in therock hole 12. A holed bearing plate 44 is passed over thesecond end 22 followed by the threaded engagement of anut 46 to the threadedportion 24. - The bearing
plate 48 can be provided with a pair of holes (not shown) on either side of central aperture, to provide respective passage to a grout or resin filler tube and a breather tube. - To actuate the
mechanical anchor component 52 of thecomposite anchor 50 into the engaged position, therock bolt body 18 is pulled axially outwardly. This action causes theexpansion shell 34, which is held in place relatively to the rock bolt body by frictional engagement with the walls of therockhole 12, to ride over the taperednut 28, radially dilating in the process into loaded contact with the walls of therock hole 12. Therock bolt 10A is now locked in therock hole 12 at this location, a first anchor location (illustrated as a dotted line 60). - With reference to
FIG. 5A , tightening of thenut 46, along the threadedportion 24, to bear against the bearingplate 48, forcing the plate against therock face 52, defines a second anchor location (illustrated as a dotted line designated 62). - With further tightening of the
nut 46, therock bolt body 18 is pre-tensioned (the opposed forces directionally illustrated by arrows inFIG. 4B ), prior to the grouting of therock hole 12, between the first and the second anchor locations (60, 62) thus actively providing reactive load support to the rock mass between the twolocations 60 and 62. - With reference to
FIG. 5B , grout, from asource 64, is now introduced into anannular space 66, via the grout or filler tube, between the walls of therock hole 12 and therock bolt 10A until theannular space 66 is fully grouted as illustrated. As grout fills theannular space 66, displacedair 68 passes out of the hole through the breather tube. Therock bolt 10A is now locked in pre-tension. - The bung 56 seals the
rock hole 12 from egress of the grout out of therock hole 12 once introduced. -
FIG. 5C illustrates the highly fractured layer of the rock mass described above, dilating about surfaceparallel stress fractures 70, forces are imparted on the bearingplate 48 which is translates into a pulling force on therock bolt 10A out of therock hole 12. This pulling force is resisted by theintegral anchor 16, which is adapted, due to it exceeding the diametric dimension of the cylindricalrock bolt body 18 in at this point, to resist passage through the now hardened grout, thus providing a third anchor location (illustrated by a dotted line designated 72). - Once the
rock bolt 10A is set in the grouted rock hole, with theintegral anchor component 54 anchored in the grout, any movement of the surrounding rock mass relatively to therock bolt 10A will cause the anchors (16, 54) to become passively loaded and anchored by resistive movement through the groutedannular space 66. Thus, aboutintegral anchor component 54, a fourth anchor location (illustrated by a dotted line designated 74) is defined. Ahead of thisanchor location 74, the initial anchor location 60, about themechanical anchor component 52, is rendered inutile as reactive load support is now provided betweenanchor locations - The advantage of the
rock bolt 10A of the invention is that, between theanchor locations rock bolt body 18 can stretch along respective first and the second stem portions (30 and 32) to accommodate any dynamic loading movement. - The
stem portions rock hole 12. - However, prior to dynamic rock movement, with quasi-static movement, caused by dilation in the highly fractious rock layer, the
second stem portion 32 is further passively pre-loaded, between the second 62 and third 72 anchor locations to provide support to this layer effectively by clamping this layer ofrock 70 between the bearing plate 44 and theintegral anchor 16.
Claims (17)
1. A rock bolt for being grouted in a borehole in a rock which includes an elongate body of a suitable steel material having a first distal end and an opposed second proximal end, a threaded portion at the second end, a mechanical anchor or a composite anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body, a second anchor integrally formed on the body, between the threaded portion and the mechanical or composite anchor, a first stem portion between the mechanical or composite anchor and the second anchor, and a second stem portion between the second anchor and the threaded portion, wherein the first and second stem portions have a smooth cylindrical surface, and wherein the second anchor is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction to be locally anchored in a grouted borehole and is adapted to be harder than the stem portions.
2. A rock anchor according to claim 1 wherein the mechanical anchor is an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor which is actuated to radially expand into frictional engagement with the walls of the borehole.
3. A rock anchor according to claim 1 wherein the composite anchor includes an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor component and an integrally formed anchor component which is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction, wherein the mechanical anchor component and the integral anchor component are consecutively serially positioned on the rock bolt body.
4. A rock anchor according to claim 1 wherein the second anchor is positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end.
5. A rock anchor according to claim 4 wherein the second anchor is positioned 600 mm from the second end.
6. A rock bolt which includes an elongate cylindrical body having a first end and an opposed second end, a threaded portion at the second end for attaching thereto, and locating thereon, a nut and a bearing plate, a mechanical anchor at, or at least partially located on, a first end portion of the body and a first resistive anchor, located between the threaded portion and the mechanical anchor.
7. A rock bolt according to claim 6 wherein the mechanical anchor is an expansion shell-type anchor.
8. A rock bolt according to claim 6 r wherein the first resistive anchor is integral with the body, formed by adapting a section of the body, between 400 mm and 700 mm from the second end, to exceed the diametric dimension of the body at least in one radial direction.
9. A rock bolt according to claim 6 , further comprising a second resistive anchor located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor.
10. A rock bolt according to claim 9 wherein the second resistive anchor is consecutively serially positioned relatively to the mechanical anchor.
11. A rock bolt according to claim 10 , further comprising a first and a second stem portion, each of which is adapted to elongate under tensile load and each of which is defined between the second resistive anchor and the first resistive anchor and the first resistive anchor and the threaded portion respectively.
12. A rock anchor according to claim 2 wherein the composite anchor includes an expansion shell-type mechanical anchor component and an integrally formed anchor component which is adapted to exceed the diameter of the body in at least one radial direction, wherein the mechanical anchor component and the integral anchor component are consecutively serially positioned on the rock bolt body.
13. A rock anchor according to claim 2 wherein the second anchor is positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end.
14. A rock anchor according to claim 3 wherein the second anchor is positioned on the body between 400 and 700 mm from the second end.
15. A rock bolt according to claim 7 wherein the first resistive anchor is integral with the body, formed by adapting a section of the body, between 400 mm and 700 mm from the second end, to exceed the diametric dimension of the body at least in one radial direction.
16. A rock bolt according to claim 7 , further comprising a second resistive anchor located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor.
17. A rock bolt according to claim 8 , further comprising a second resistive anchor located between the mechanical anchor and the first resistive anchor.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ZA201309368 | 2013-12-12 | ||
ZA2013/09368 | 2013-12-12 | ||
PCT/ZA2014/000076 WO2015089525A2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2014-12-11 | Multiple-point anchored rock bolt |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/ZA2014/000076 A-371-Of-International WO2015089525A2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2014-12-11 | Multiple-point anchored rock bolt |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US15/680,640 Division US9982537B2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2017-08-18 | Method of supporting a rock wall |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20160177718A1 true US20160177718A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
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Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US14/908,198 Abandoned US20160177718A1 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2014-12-11 | Multiple-point anchored rock bolt |
US15/680,640 Active US9982537B2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2017-08-18 | Method of supporting a rock wall |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US15/680,640 Active US9982537B2 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2017-08-18 | Method of supporting a rock wall |
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Country | Link |
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US (2) | US20160177718A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3080396A2 (en) |
AP (1) | AP2016009256A0 (en) |
AU (2) | AU2014101640A4 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2919261C (en) |
CL (1) | CL2014001002A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2016007454A (en) |
PE (1) | PE20142006A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2015089525A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201409101B (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9890511B1 (en) | 2017-02-13 | 2018-02-13 | Lyle Kenneth Adams | Rock bolt seal |
USD835977S1 (en) * | 2016-02-08 | 2018-12-18 | Ncm Innovation (Pty) Ltd. | Grout anchored rock bolt |
CN109162660A (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-01-08 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Interior anchor formula orifice closing device |
CN109441507A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-03-08 | 山东科技大学 | A kind of secondary supporting grouted anchor bar with adaptation function |
US20200173281A1 (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2020-06-04 | Epiroc Holdings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. | Rock bolt with releaseably fixable bung |
US10858937B2 (en) | 2017-07-26 | 2020-12-08 | Epiroc Drilling Tools Ab | Adapted rock bolt with improved installation properties |
US10982542B2 (en) * | 2017-09-15 | 2021-04-20 | Rand York Castings (Pty) Limited | Rock bolt |
CN115095365A (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-09-23 | 中山大学 | Neutral point reinforced telescopic tensile anchor rod |
US20230374904A1 (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2023-11-23 | F. M. Locotos Co., Inc. | Mine roof reinforcing system as load indicator |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2019153045A1 (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2019-08-15 | Dywidag-Systems International Pty Limited | Rock bolt |
CN109578036B (en) * | 2018-11-12 | 2020-05-26 | 山东科技大学 | Grouting anchor cable for completely filling loose bodies and filling method |
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-
2014
- 2014-04-17 CL CL2014001002A patent/CL2014001002A1/en unknown
- 2014-04-21 PE PE2014000556A patent/PE20142006A1/en unknown
- 2014-12-11 MX MX2016007454A patent/MX2016007454A/en unknown
- 2014-12-11 AP AP2016009256A patent/AP2016009256A0/en unknown
- 2014-12-11 US US14/908,198 patent/US20160177718A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-11 CA CA2919261A patent/CA2919261C/en active Active
- 2014-12-11 ZA ZA2014/09101A patent/ZA201409101B/en unknown
- 2014-12-11 AU AU2014101640A patent/AU2014101640A4/en not_active Expired
- 2014-12-11 EP EP14865001.3A patent/EP3080396A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-12-11 WO PCT/ZA2014/000076 patent/WO2015089525A2/en active Application Filing
- 2014-12-11 AU AU2014361778A patent/AU2014361778A1/en active Pending
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2017
- 2017-08-18 US US15/680,640 patent/US9982537B2/en active Active
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US4194858A (en) * | 1978-09-25 | 1980-03-25 | The Eastern Company | Mine roof bolt anchor installation |
US5919006A (en) * | 1997-02-14 | 1999-07-06 | Jennmar Corporation | Tensionable cable bolt with mixing assembly |
US20070269274A1 (en) * | 2003-06-03 | 2007-11-22 | Ross Seedsman | Rock Bolt |
US8337120B2 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2012-12-25 | Dynamic Rock Support As | Deformable rock bolt |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USD835977S1 (en) * | 2016-02-08 | 2018-12-18 | Ncm Innovation (Pty) Ltd. | Grout anchored rock bolt |
US9890511B1 (en) | 2017-02-13 | 2018-02-13 | Lyle Kenneth Adams | Rock bolt seal |
US20200173281A1 (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2020-06-04 | Epiroc Holdings South Africa (Pty) Ltd. | Rock bolt with releaseably fixable bung |
US10858937B2 (en) | 2017-07-26 | 2020-12-08 | Epiroc Drilling Tools Ab | Adapted rock bolt with improved installation properties |
US10982542B2 (en) * | 2017-09-15 | 2021-04-20 | Rand York Castings (Pty) Limited | Rock bolt |
CN109162660A (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-01-08 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Interior anchor formula orifice closing device |
CN109441507A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-03-08 | 山东科技大学 | A kind of secondary supporting grouted anchor bar with adaptation function |
US20230374904A1 (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2023-11-23 | F. M. Locotos Co., Inc. | Mine roof reinforcing system as load indicator |
CN115095365A (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-09-23 | 中山大学 | Neutral point reinforced telescopic tensile anchor rod |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3080396A2 (en) | 2016-10-19 |
CL2014001002A1 (en) | 2014-11-28 |
CA2919261C (en) | 2021-06-15 |
WO2015089525A2 (en) | 2015-06-18 |
PE20142006A1 (en) | 2014-12-06 |
US20170342836A1 (en) | 2017-11-30 |
WO2015089525A3 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
AU2014101640A4 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
ZA201409101B (en) | 2019-06-26 |
US9982537B2 (en) | 2018-05-29 |
AP2016009256A0 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
AU2014361778A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 |
MX2016007454A (en) | 2017-01-16 |
CA2919261A1 (en) | 2015-06-18 |
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