US20160146555A1 - Improvements to waste heat recovery units - Google Patents
Improvements to waste heat recovery units Download PDFInfo
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- US20160146555A1 US20160146555A1 US14/898,258 US201414898258A US2016146555A1 US 20160146555 A1 US20160146555 A1 US 20160146555A1 US 201414898258 A US201414898258 A US 201414898258A US 2016146555 A1 US2016146555 A1 US 2016146555A1
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- heat exchanger
- tubing
- duct
- recovery unit
- waste heat
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- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003141 lower extremity Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02G5/02—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
- F16K1/00—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces
- F16K1/16—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces with pivoted closure-members
- F16K1/18—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces with pivoted closure-members with pivoted discs or flaps
- F16K1/20—Lift valves or globe valves, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces with pivoted closure-members with pivoted discs or flaps with axis of rotation arranged externally of valve member
- F16K1/2042—Special features or arrangements of the sealing
- F16K1/205—Special features or arrangements of the sealing the sealing being arranged on the valve member
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
- F28F9/16—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling
- F28F9/165—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling by using additional preformed parts, e.g. sleeves, gaskets
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
- F28D21/0003—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
- F02C6/18—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
- F28D21/0003—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases
- F28D21/001—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases for thermal power plants or industrial processes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2235/00—Means for filling gaps between elements, e.g. between conduits within casings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
- F28F2250/06—Derivation channels, e.g. bypass
Definitions
- the present invention relates to waste heat recovery units (WHRUs).
- Gas turbines are commonly used in oil and gas facilities, both onshore and offshore, to provide shall power to drive compressors or other machinery and for power generation.
- the gas turbine exhaust consists of a large quantity of hot gas, typically in the range of 450-600° C.
- Such oil/gas facilities typically also require heat for other parts of the process. Therefore heat can be recovered from the gas turbine exhaust by means of a waste heat recovery unit, which is a heat exchanger using heat from the exhaust gasses to heat a stream of water, oil or other fluid.
- a WHRU is essentially provided by a heat exchanger with an array of tubing through which a stream of fluid to be heated is circulated. Exhaust gases from the gas turbine are passed around the exterior of the tubing thereby transferring heat to the fluid stream within the tubing.
- WHRUs weight and weight of WHRUs, especially for offshore applications. This can be achieved by maximising the heat transfer co-efficients, thus minimising the size and weight of the tube bank. It is also desirable to recover the maximum possible amount of heat to reduce the need to satisfy additional heat requirements by burning fossil fuels.
- the disclosure relates to a waste heat recovery unit including a duct for hot gas, with the duct divided into first, second and third adjacent and parallel channels. Each channel has an inlet and an outlet.
- a heat exchanger is located in each of the first and third channels, the second channel being located between the first and third channels and providing a bypass channel, further including a damper system operable to selectively open and close the inlets of the first, second and third channels.
- the damper system includes a plurality of rotatable blades mounted to walls dividing the duct into the first, second and third channels, and connected to a common actuator.
- this actuator is operable to rotate the blades simultaneously and in opposite directions, whereby the blades are rotated towards one another to close the inlet to the bypass channel and are rotated away from another to close the inlets to the heat exchanger channels.
- each channel is substantially rectangular.
- each heat exchanger includes an array of tubing for circulating fluid to be heated.
- the tubing is supported by a support structure and extending across the respective heat exchanger channel. A portion of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside the main flow channel.
- the tubing portions are arranged adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further including a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions to at least partially fill the space in between them.
- the tubing has a portion of finned larger outer diameter extending across the duct and through the support structure, and a portion of smaller outer diameter located external to the support structure, such that a smaller spacing is provided between adjacent larger outer diameter tubing portions, and a larger spacing is provided between adjacent smaller outer diameter tubing portions, and wherein the baffles are provided in a larger spacing.
- Each baffle may include a rigid plate within an outer insulating blanket.
- the rigid plate may be formed of metal and the blanket of ceramic or body soluble fibres.
- the damper system includes a plurality of rotatable blades.
- Each blade includes an upstream plate spaced from a downstream plate, and means to supply pressurised gas into the spacing between the upstream and downstream plates.
- a plurality of apertures are formed in at least some of the downstream plates to allow leakage of pressurised gas.
- the present invention provides a heat exchanger for a waste heat recovery unit, including a duct defining a main flow channel for hot gas, an array of tubing supported by a support structure and extending across the duct for circulating fluid to be heated. Part of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside the main flow channel, adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further having a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions no as to at least partially fill the spacing between them.
- the present invention provides a waste heat recovery unit including at least one duct for directing hot gas to a heat exchanger unit and at least one bypass duct to bypass hot gas around the heat exchanger unit, and a damper system having a plurality of rotatable blades.
- Each blade includes an upstream plate spaced from a downstream plate, and means to supply pressurised gas into the spacing between the upstream and downstream plates.
- a plurality of apertures are formed in at least some of the downstream plates to allow leakage of pressurised gas into the or each heat exchanger duct.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional (prior art) waste heat recovery unit.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a conventional (prior art) WHRU with an integral bypass duct.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a conventional (prior art) WHRU with a separate bypass duct.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a central bypass configuration WHRU in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a cross section of FIG. 5 along the line A-A,
- FIG. 6 is an enlarged detail view of a baffle plate system for use with the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a WHRU damper blade for use with the present invention.
- FIG. 1 A typical conventional WHRU configuration is shown schematically in FIG. 1 .
- the WHRU 10 includes a duct 12 for carrying hot exhaust gases (indicated by arrows E) from a gas turbine 14 to an array of heat exchanger tubing 16 .
- a single length of tubing 16 is shown.
- a plurality of such tubes are provided and may be referred to as a bundle or coil.
- the tubing 16 passes across the duct 12 multiple times with 180° turns at each side.
- the tubing 16 is supported on each side, and sometimes at intermediate points, by tube sheets 18 .
- the 180° return bends 20 of the tubing 16 are located in header boxes 22 on the exterior side of the tube sheets 18 , out of the main flow channel.
- the fluid to be heated is circulated through the tubing 16 , usually in a counter current configuration, entering at the upper end of the WHRU 10 and exiting at the lower end as shown by the arrows F in FIG. 1 .
- the required amount of heat can vary with plant requirements and feed stock changes over the lifespan of the equipment.
- the flow and temperature of the hot gas from the gas turbine may with ambient conditions and machine loading.
- Current practice is to design the WHRU for the worst case combination of gas turbine exhaust conditions and heat demand. However, this means that for most of the time surplus heat is available.
- Current systems control this by bypassing a portion of the gas turbine exhaust flow around the heat exchange tubing array.
- FIG. 2 One popular configuration uses an integral bypass arrangement as shown schmatically in FIG. 2 .
- This arrangement consists of a bypass duct B in parallel with the duct 12 containing the heat exchanger tubing 16 , creating two parallel streams for the exhaust gas.
- Each of the ducts 12 , B is provided with a damper system D to selectively open and close the ducts.
- the damper systems are typically mechanically linked to each other so that as one opens the other closes. This enables the flow of hot gas to the tubing 16 to be controlled.
- the bypass duct B is entirely separate and is set at a much greater distance from the duct 12 including the WHRU tubing 16 , to avoid leakage of heat from the bypass duct to the tubing 16 .
- this further increases the space requirement for the whole unit.
- the walls of the bypass duct B are typically made of steel and the weight of the unit is thus increased, which is disadvantageous in offshore of applications.
- the isolation damper for the WHRU section of the duct 12 is large and this adds to the overall cost of the unit.
- the tubing 16 of the WHRU is a single item of significant weight and this may even exceed crane capacity of the offshore facility.
- the WHRU 10 again includes a duct 12 for the flow of hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine.
- the duct 12 may he of circular cross section as shown, or rectangular or any other convenient shape, hut the cross section of the WHRU itself is generally square or rectangular.
- Two dividing walls 40 , 42 separate the duct 12 into three adjacent parallel channels 44 , 46 , 48 of generally rectangular or square cross section.
- the outer channels 44 , 48 each contain an array of heat exchange tubing although this is not shown in FIG. 4 for clarity. This may be arranged in any conventional manner. It may include the baffle plate system described further below.
- the central channel 46 does not include any heat exchange tubing and provides a bypass duct.
- a damper system 50 controls the flow of exhaust gas and determines which ducts it will pass through.
- the damper system 50 typically includes a pair of damper blades 52 , 54 which are rotatably mounted at the lower extremity of the dividing walls 40 , 42 .
- rotation of the damper blades 52 , 54 is controlled by a common actuator so that the blades 52 , 54 will rotate in unison but in opposite directions.
- one damper blade 52 is rotated anticlockwise and the other damper blade 54 is rotated clockwise so that they move towards each other and together they close the entrance to the bypass channel 46 .
- the actuator rotates the damper blade 52 clockwise and the other damper blade 54 anticlockwise in order to open the bypass channel 46 and close the heat exchanger channels 44 , 48 .
- the damper blades 52 , 54 may also be positioned at an intermediate point so that some flow passes through the heat exchanger channels 44 , 48 and some through the bypass channel 46 .
- a WHRU including a bypass duct is provided in a compact arrangement which is more straightforward to manufacture and maintain and has a reduced space requirement than the previous configurations.
- the tubing 16 and tube sheets 18 require space to expand as they heat up in the flow of exhaust gas. Therefore, clearances must be left in the structure and it is not possible to completely seal all the gaps between the tubing 16 and the tube sheets 18 . Consequently, some exhaust gases will escape through such gaps and bypass the main flow channel containing the majority of the array of tubing 16 .
- a baffle system to restrict such bypass flow of hot gas may be provided.
- the portion 24 of the tubing 16 within the main flow channel of the duct 20 and between the tube sheets 18 has an enlarged outer diameter and increased surface area. Typically this is created by forming a helical fin which is welded to the exterior of the tubing 16 to provide a larger surface area for heat transfer.
- the parts of the tubing 16 which are within the header box 22 and are external to the tube sheets 18 and the main flow channel include some of the portion 24 with the fin, and also a reduced outer diameter portion 26 , without the fin, for forming the return bends 20 . Accordingly, a small gap 28 is left between adjacent parts of the larger diameter portion 24 of the tubing 16 , where the fin is present. A larger gap 30 is left between adjacent parts of the smaller diameter portion 26 of the tubing 16 , where no fin is present.
- the tube sheet 18 is normally not integral with the wall of the duct 12 and there are further gaps 31 around the edges of the tube sheet 18 , creating a further leakage path also indicated by arrows L.
- baffle plates 32 are located in the larger gaps 30 between the smaller diameter portions 26 of the tubing 6 in the header box 22 .
- Each baffle plate 32 consists of a rigid inner plate 34 , for example a metal plate approximately 3 mm in thickness, which is encased in an insulating outer blanket 36 , for example a ceramic fibre blanket approximately 25 mm thick.
- the baffle plates 32 block the larger gaps 30 so that the bypass flow of exhaust gas which has entered the header box 22 via gaps 29 and 31 , can then only flow past the exterior of the larger diameter finned portion 24 of the tubing 16 .
- this can be utilised for heat transfer into the fluid within the tubing 16 because it contacts the fin providing the larger surface area.
- baffle plates may be incorporated in a WHRU of conventional design, or the central bypass configuration described above.
- the damper blade 60 for addressing this problem is illustrated.
- the damper blade 60 includes a pair of spaced parallel plates 62 , 64 . In use, these are arranged with the plate 62 upstream and the plate 64 downstream. Thus, when the damper is closed, exhaust gasses will impinge on the upstream plate 62 .
- a series of apertures 66 is provided in the downstream plate 64 . This deliberately allows the pressurised seal air supplied to the interior spacing between the plates 62 , 64 to leak out of the downstream plate 64 and into the flow channel of the WHRU.
- This arrangement of perforated damper plates may be incorporated in any conventional WHRU design, or used in conjunction with either or both the baffle plate system and the central bypass configuration as described above.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
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Abstract
A waste heat recovery unit includes a duct for hot gas. The duct is divided into first, second and third adjacent and parallel channels each with an inlet and an outlet. A heat exchanger is located in each of the first and third channels. The second channel is located between the first and third channels and provides a bypass channel. A damper system is operable to selectively open and close the inlets of the three channels. This provides a more compact waste heat recovery unit configuration which is more straightforward to manufacture and maintain.
Description
- This application claims priority under all applicable statutes, and is a U.S. National phase (37 U.S.C. Section 371) of international Application PCT/GB2014/050706, filed 10 Mar. 2014, and entitled Improvements in Waste Heat Recovery Units, which claims priority to GB 1311013.5 filed 20 Jun. 2013, incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
- The present invention relates to waste heat recovery units (WHRUs).
- Gas turbines are commonly used in oil and gas facilities, both onshore and offshore, to provide shall power to drive compressors or other machinery and for power generation. The gas turbine exhaust consists of a large quantity of hot gas, typically in the range of 450-600° C. Such oil/gas facilities typically also require heat for other parts of the process. Therefore heat can be recovered from the gas turbine exhaust by means of a waste heat recovery unit, which is a heat exchanger using heat from the exhaust gasses to heat a stream of water, oil or other fluid.
- A WHRU is essentially provided by a heat exchanger with an array of tubing through which a stream of fluid to be heated is circulated. Exhaust gases from the gas turbine are passed around the exterior of the tubing thereby transferring heat to the fluid stream within the tubing.
- It is desirable to reduce the size and weight of WHRUs, especially for offshore applications. This can be achieved by maximising the heat transfer co-efficients, thus minimising the size and weight of the tube bank. It is also desirable to recover the maximum possible amount of heat to reduce the need to satisfy additional heat requirements by burning fossil fuels.
- The disclosure relates to a waste heat recovery unit including a duct for hot gas, with the duct divided into first, second and third adjacent and parallel channels. Each channel has an inlet and an outlet. A heat exchanger is located in each of the first and third channels, the second channel being located between the first and third channels and providing a bypass channel, further including a damper system operable to selectively open and close the inlets of the first, second and third channels.
- In this way, a more compact arrangement is provided which is easier to manufacture and maintain and requires a smaller space envelope.
- Preferably, the damper system includes a plurality of rotatable blades mounted to walls dividing the duct into the first, second and third channels, and connected to a common actuator.
- Preferably, this actuator is operable to rotate the blades simultaneously and in opposite directions, whereby the blades are rotated towards one another to close the inlet to the bypass channel and are rotated away from another to close the inlets to the heat exchanger channels.
- Preferably, the cross section of each channel is substantially rectangular.
- In one embodiment, each heat exchanger includes an array of tubing for circulating fluid to be heated. The tubing is supported by a support structure and extending across the respective heat exchanger channel. A portion of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside the main flow channel. The tubing portions are arranged adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further including a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions to at least partially fill the space in between them.
- Preferably, the tubing has a portion of finned larger outer diameter extending across the duct and through the support structure, and a portion of smaller outer diameter located external to the support structure, such that a smaller spacing is provided between adjacent larger outer diameter tubing portions, and a larger spacing is provided between adjacent smaller outer diameter tubing portions, and wherein the baffles are provided in a larger spacing.
- Each baffle may include a rigid plate within an outer insulating blanket. By way of example, the rigid plate may be formed of metal and the blanket of ceramic or body soluble fibres.
- Preferably, the damper system includes a plurality of rotatable blades. Each blade includes an upstream plate spaced from a downstream plate, and means to supply pressurised gas into the spacing between the upstream and downstream plates. A plurality of apertures are formed in at least some of the downstream plates to allow leakage of pressurised gas.
- In a second aspect, the present invention provides a heat exchanger for a waste heat recovery unit, including a duct defining a main flow channel for hot gas, an array of tubing supported by a support structure and extending across the duct for circulating fluid to be heated. Part of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside the main flow channel, adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further having a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions no as to at least partially fill the spacing between them.
- In a third aspect, the present invention provides a waste heat recovery unit including at least one duct for directing hot gas to a heat exchanger unit and at least one bypass duct to bypass hot gas around the heat exchanger unit, and a damper system having a plurality of rotatable blades. Each blade includes an upstream plate spaced from a downstream plate, and means to supply pressurised gas into the spacing between the upstream and downstream plates. A plurality of apertures are formed in at least some of the downstream plates to allow leakage of pressurised gas into the or each heat exchanger duct.
- Further advantages of the disclosure are apparent by reference to the detailed description When considered in conjunction with the figures, which are not to scale so as to more clearly show the details, wherein like reference numbers indicate like elements throughout the several views, and wherein:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional (prior art) waste heat recovery unit. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a conventional (prior art) WHRU with an integral bypass duct. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a conventional (prior art) WHRU with a separate bypass duct. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of a central bypass configuration WHRU in accordance with the present invention. -
FIG. 5 is a cross section ofFIG. 5 along the line A-A, -
FIG. 6 is an enlarged detail view of a baffle plate system for use with the present invention. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a WHRU damper blade for use with the present invention. - A typical conventional WHRU configuration is shown schematically in
FIG. 1 . The WHRU 10 includes aduct 12 for carrying hot exhaust gases (indicated by arrows E) from agas turbine 14 to an array ofheat exchanger tubing 16. For clarity, a single length oftubing 16 is shown. In practice, a plurality of such tubes are provided and may be referred to as a bundle or coil. As shown, thetubing 16 passes across theduct 12 multiple times with 180° turns at each side. Thetubing 16 is supported on each side, and sometimes at intermediate points, bytube sheets 18. The 180°return bends 20 of thetubing 16 are located inheader boxes 22 on the exterior side of thetube sheets 18, out of the main flow channel. The fluid to be heated is circulated through thetubing 16, usually in a counter current configuration, entering at the upper end of theWHRU 10 and exiting at the lower end as shown by the arrows F inFIG. 1 . - In oil and gas facilities WHRUs, the required amount of heat can vary with plant requirements and feed stock changes over the lifespan of the equipment. In addition, the flow and temperature of the hot gas from the gas turbine may with ambient conditions and machine loading. Current practice is to design the WHRU for the worst case combination of gas turbine exhaust conditions and heat demand. However, this means that for most of the time surplus heat is available. Current systems control this by bypassing a portion of the gas turbine exhaust flow around the heat exchange tubing array.
- One popular configuration uses an integral bypass arrangement as shown schmatically in
FIG. 2 . This arrangement consists of a bypass duct B in parallel with theduct 12 containing theheat exchanger tubing 16, creating two parallel streams for the exhaust gas. Each of theducts 12, B is provided with a damper system D to selectively open and close the ducts. The damper systems are typically mechanically linked to each other so that as one opens the other closes. This enables the flow of hot gas to thetubing 16 to be controlled. - However, there are a number of disadvantages with this arrangement. It is necessary to have some space between the two parallel channels and this increases the overall space requirement for the unit. Indeed, in some configurations, as shown in
FIG. 3 , the bypass duct B is entirely separate and is set at a much greater distance from theduct 12 including theWHRU tubing 16, to avoid leakage of heat from the bypass duct to thetubing 16. However, this further increases the space requirement for the whole unit. In addition, the walls of the bypass duct B are typically made of steel and the weight of the unit is thus increased, which is disadvantageous in offshore of applications. The isolation damper for the WHRU section of theduct 12 is large and this adds to the overall cost of the unit. Thetubing 16 of the WHRU is a single item of significant weight and this may even exceed crane capacity of the offshore facility. - Another solution is known as the “CIBAS” design. This uses a central bypass channel concentric with and surrounded by an annular heat exchange duct containing an annular array of tubing. This has some advantages over the system mentioned above in that there is no gap between the separate ducts for the heat exchange tubing and for the bypass flow and a large damper system is avoided.
- However, this design also has major drawbacks. The tubes of the heat exchanger have to be bent into the annular configuration which adds to the cost of manufacture and creates integrity risks. The annular arrangement means that welds in the construction are not accessible and individual tubes cannot be removed for maintenance. In addition, the overall circular design does not take advantage of the corners of an available plot of space on a facility.
- The present invention provides an alternative configuration in order to address these issues. As shown in
FIG. 4 theWHRU 10 again includes aduct 12 for the flow of hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine. At the inlet to the WHRU section theduct 12 may he of circular cross section as shown, or rectangular or any other convenient shape, hut the cross section of the WHRU itself is generally square or rectangular. Two dividingwalls duct 12 into three adjacentparallel channels - The
outer channels FIG. 4 for clarity. This may be arranged in any conventional manner. It may include the baffle plate system described further below. - The
central channel 46 does not include any heat exchange tubing and provides a bypass duct. - As shown in
FIG. 5 , adamper system 50 controls the flow of exhaust gas and determines which ducts it will pass through. Thedamper system 50 typically includes a pair ofdamper blades walls - Preferably, rotation of the
damper blades blades outer channels damper blade 52 is rotated anticlockwise and theother damper blade 54 is rotated clockwise so that they move towards each other and together they close the entrance to thebypass channel 46. - In order to close the
heat exchanger channels damper blade 52 clockwise and theother damper blade 54 anticlockwise in order to open thebypass channel 46 and close theheat exchanger channels damper blades heat exchanger channels bypass channel 46. - Thus, a WHRU including a bypass duct is provided in a compact arrangement which is more straightforward to manufacture and maintain and has a reduced space requirement than the previous configurations.
- In the construction of a WHRU, whether of a conventional configuration or the central bypass configuration described above, the
tubing 16 andtube sheets 18 require space to expand as they heat up in the flow of exhaust gas. Therefore, clearances must be left in the structure and it is not possible to completely seal all the gaps between thetubing 16 and thetube sheets 18. Consequently, some exhaust gases will escape through such gaps and bypass the main flow channel containing the majority of the array oftubing 16. - To compensate for the losses caused by such bypass flow, conventional systems may be made larger and heavier to maintain a desired heat transfer performance. However, this conflicts with the general desire to reduce size and weight of the WHRU.
- In a further feature of the present invention a baffle system to restrict such bypass flow of hot gas may be provided. As shown in
FIG. 6 , theportion 24 of thetubing 16 within the main flow channel of theduct 20 and between thetube sheets 18 has an enlarged outer diameter and increased surface area. Typically this is created by forming a helical fin which is welded to the exterior of thetubing 16 to provide a larger surface area for heat transfer. In a conventional system, the parts of thetubing 16 which are within theheader box 22 and are external to thetube sheets 18 and the main flow channel, include some of theportion 24 with the fin, and also a reducedouter diameter portion 26, without the fin, for forming the return bends 20. Accordingly, asmall gap 28 is left between adjacent parts of thelarger diameter portion 24 of thetubing 16, where the fin is present. Alarger gap 30 is left between adjacent parts of thesmaller diameter portion 26 of thetubing 16, where no fin is present. - Furthermore, there is a
gap 29 between thetube sheet 18 and thelarger diameter portion 24 of thetubing 16 which includes the fin. Thisgap 29 is necessary for contraction and to allow for thermal expansion, but it creates a leakage path indicated by arrows L which can reduce the performance of the heat exchanger as hot gasses bypass the main flow channel and the main body of thetubing 16. In addition, thetube sheet 18 is normally not integral with the wall of theduct 12 and there arefurther gaps 31 around the edges of thetube sheet 18, creating a further leakage path also indicated by arrows L. - In the present
invention baffle plates 32 are located in thelarger gaps 30 between thesmaller diameter portions 26 of the tubing 6 in theheader box 22. Eachbaffle plate 32 consists of a rigidinner plate 34, for example a metal plate approximately 3 mm in thickness, which is encased in an insulatingouter blanket 36, for example a ceramic fibre blanket approximately 25 mm thick. Thebaffle plates 32 block thelarger gaps 30 so that the bypass flow of exhaust gas which has entered theheader box 22 viagaps portion 24 of thetubing 16. Thus, although some bypass flow still occurs, this can be utilised for heat transfer into the fluid within thetubing 16 because it contacts the fin providing the larger surface area. - In this way the heat transfer performance of the
WHRU 10 can be maintained despite the bypass flow and without increasing the size and weight of the unit. The baffle plates may be incorporated in a WHRU of conventional design, or the central bypass configuration described above. - A further issue which arises with WHRUs which include a bypass channel is that in order to run the gas turbine, a small flow of heat transfer medium must be maintained through the array of
tubing 16 even if substantially all of the exhaust flow is passed through the bypass duct. This is because there may be some leakage of heat back to the heat exchange tubing from the outlet of the bypass flow channel, or heat leakage through the damper system. This heat leakage is indicated by arrows L inFIG. 2 . - One existing solution is to have an entirely separate bypass duct widely spaced from the
duct 12 containing the heat exchange tubing as inFIG. 5 . However, this solution requires more space for the entire unit, adds weight and creates the need for an additional stack emission point. - Another known solution is to form the damper blades from two parallel plates with a spacing between them. Pressurised air is supplied into the spacing, which can exit at edges of the blade. Thus, an area of increased pressure is provided at the damper, which is a higher pressure that the flow of exhaust gas and serves to further seal the entrance to the WHRU.
- However, this is not effective in preventing heat leakage occurring at the downstream end from the bypass duct outlet back to the heat exchanger outlet.
- In
FIG. 7 , adamper blade 60 for addressing this problem is illustrated. Thedamper blade 60 includes a pair of spacedparallel plates plate 62 upstream and theplate 64 downstream. Thus, when the damper is closed, exhaust gasses will impinge on theupstream plate 62. A series ofapertures 66 is provided in thedownstream plate 64. This deliberately allows the pressurised seal air supplied to the interior spacing between theplates downstream plate 64 and into the flow channel of the WHRU. - In this way, the sealing effect is enhanced and the temperature of the
heat exchange tubing 16 is kept below acceptable limits, even when there is no flow of heat transfer fluid in thetubing 16. This has the advantage of enabling the operator to start or continue to run the gas turbine even if the system which circulates the heat transfer fluid through thetubing 16 is out of service. - This arrangement of perforated damper plates may be incorporated in any conventional WHRU design, or used in conjunction with either or both the baffle plate system and the central bypass configuration as described above.
- Thus, the present invention provides an improved waste heat recovery unit which is more efficient than conventional systems. The skilled person will appreciate that various modifications may be made to the precise details described above whilst not departing from the scope of the invention as set out in the following claims.
Claims (20)
1-14. (canceled)
15. A waste heat recovery unit, comprising: a duct for hot gas, wherein the duct is divided into first, second and third adjacent and parallel channels each with an inlet and an outlet, a heat exchanger is located in each of the first and third channels, and the second channel is located between the first and third channels and provides a bypass channel, and further comprising a damper system operable to selectively open and close the inlets of the first, second and third channels, wherein the damper system comprises a plurality of rotatable blades mounted to walls dividing the duct into the first, second and third channels, and connected to a common actuator.
16. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the actuator is operable to rotate the blades simultaneously and in opposite directions, whereby the blades are rotated towards one another to close the inlet to the bypass channel and are rotated away from one another to close the inlets to the heat exchanger channels.
17. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the cross-section of each channel is substantially rectangular.
18. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the cross-section of each channel is substantially rectangular.
19. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 15 , wherein each heat exchanger comprises an array of tubing for circulating fluid to be heated, the tubing supported by a support structure and extending across the respective heat exchanger channel, wherein a portion of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside a main flow channel, the tubing portions arranged adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further comprising a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions to at least partially fill the spacing therebetween.
20. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 19 , wherein the tubing comprises a portion of larger outer diameter extending across the duct and through the support structure, and a portion of smaller outer diameter located external to the support structure, such that a smaller spacing is provided between adjacent larger outer diameter tubing portions, and a larger spacing is provided between adjacent smaller outer diameter tubing portions, and wherein the baffles are provided in the larger spacings.
21. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 19 , wherein each baffle comprises a rigid plate within an outer insulating blanket.
22. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 21 , wherein the rigid plate is formed of metal and the blanket is formed of ceramic fibres.
23. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 20 , wherein each baffle comprises a rigid plate within an outer insulating blanket.
24. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 23 , wherein the rigid plate is formed of metal and the blanket is formed of ceramic fibres.
25. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the damper system comprises a plurality of rotatable blades, each blade comprising an upstream plate spaced from a downstream plate, and means to supply pressurised gas into the spacing between the upstream and downstream plates, wherein a plurality of apertures are formed in at least some of the downstream plates to allow leakage of pressurised gas.
26. A heat exchanger for a waste heat recovery unit, comprising a duct defining a main flow channel for hot gas, an array of tubing supported by a support structure and extending across the duct for circulating fluid to be heated, wherein part of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside the main flow channel, adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further comprising a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions so as to at least partially fill the spacing between them.
27. A heat exchanger as claimed in claim 26 , wherein the tubing comprises a portion of larger outer diameter extending across the duct and through the support structure, and a portion of smaller outer diameter located external to the support structure, such that a smaller spacing is provided between adjacent larger outer diameter tubing portions, and a larger spacing is provided between adjacent smaller outer diameter tubing portions, and wherein the baffles are provided in the larger spacings.
28. A heat exchanger as claimed in claim 26 , wherein each baffle comprises a rigid plate within an outer insulating blanket.
29. A heat exchanger as claimed in claim 28 , wherein the rigid plate is formed of metal and the blanket is formed of ceramic fibres.
30. A heat exchanger as claimed in claim 26 , wherein each baffle comprises a rigid plate within an outer insulating blanket.
31. A heat exchanger as claimed in claim 30 , wherein the rigid plate is formed of metal and the blanket is formed of ceramic fibres.
32. A waste heat recovery unit comprising at least one duct for directing hot gas to a heat exchanger unit and at least one bypass duct to bypass hot gas around the heat exchanger unit, and a damper system comprising a plurality of rotatable blades, each blade comprising an upstream plate spaced from a downstream plate, and means to supply pressurised gas into the spacing between the upstream and downstream plates, wherein a plurality of apertures are formed in at least some of the downstream plates to allow leakage of pressurised gas into the or each heat exchanger duct.
33. A waste heat recovery unit as claimed in claim 32 , further comprising a heat exchanger comprising a heat exchanger duct defining a main flow channel for hot gas, an array of tubing supported by a support structure and extending across the heat exchanger duct for circulating fluid to be heated, wherein part of the array extends through the support structure such that a plurality of tubing portions are located outside the main flow channel, adjacent to and spaced from one another, and further comprising a plurality of baffles each located between adjacent tubing portions so as to at least partially fill the spacing between them.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB1311013.5A GB2515330B (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2013-06-20 | Improvements in waste heat recovery units |
GB1311013.5 | 2013-06-20 | ||
PCT/GB2014/050706 WO2014202942A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2014-03-10 | Improvements in waste heat recovery units |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2014/050706 A-371-Of-International WO2014202942A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2014-03-10 | Improvements in waste heat recovery units |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US16/248,982 Division US11215406B2 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2019-01-16 | Waste heat recovery units |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20160146555A1 true US20160146555A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
Family
ID=48950208
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US14/898,258 Abandoned US20160146555A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2014-03-10 | Improvements to waste heat recovery units |
US16/248,982 Active 2034-11-26 US11215406B2 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2019-01-16 | Waste heat recovery units |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US16/248,982 Active 2034-11-26 US11215406B2 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2019-01-16 | Waste heat recovery units |
Country Status (6)
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US (2) | US20160146555A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3011251B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20160021781A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2915745A1 (en) |
GB (3) | GB2530897B (en) |
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Cited By (1)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2022123249A1 (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-16 | Helical Energy Limited | A heat exchange unit |
Families Citing this family (1)
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DE102020207663A1 (en) | 2020-06-22 | 2021-12-23 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Gas-and-steam turbine power plant and method for retrofitting such |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2915745A1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
GB201311013D0 (en) | 2013-08-07 |
WO2014202942A4 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
GB201514725D0 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
GB2530896A (en) | 2016-04-06 |
GB2515330B (en) | 2015-11-04 |
EP3011251B1 (en) | 2019-07-17 |
GB2530896B (en) | 2016-11-02 |
US20190145720A1 (en) | 2019-05-16 |
US11215406B2 (en) | 2022-01-04 |
GB2515330A (en) | 2014-12-24 |
GB2530897A (en) | 2016-04-06 |
EP3011251A1 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
GB201514728D0 (en) | 2015-09-30 |
WO2014202942A1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
KR20160021781A (en) | 2016-02-26 |
GB2530897B (en) | 2016-11-02 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BOUSTEAD INTERNATIONAL HEATERS LIMITED, UNITED KIN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CHAMPNEYS, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:037283/0300 Effective date: 20151202 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO PAY ISSUE FEE |