US20160036107A1 - Lithium-air battery with sodium salt as mediator - Google Patents
Lithium-air battery with sodium salt as mediator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20160036107A1 US20160036107A1 US14/446,852 US201414446852A US2016036107A1 US 20160036107 A1 US20160036107 A1 US 20160036107A1 US 201414446852 A US201414446852 A US 201414446852A US 2016036107 A1 US2016036107 A1 US 2016036107A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- air battery
- anode
- compartment
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- -1 pyrrolidinium cation Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910019398 NaPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical group [Na+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910007035 Li(CF3SO3) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910007913 Li-Al-Ti-P-O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910007979 Li-Ge-P-S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910008032 Li-La-Ti-O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910008035 Li-La-Zr-O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910008323 Li-P-S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910008474 Li—Al—Ti—P—O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006262 Li—La—Ti—O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006268 Li—La—Zr—O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910006736 Li—P—S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007832 Na2SO4 Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical class C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O Piperidinium(1+) Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]CC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical class C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ba+2] RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004693 imidazolium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000018 strontium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LEDMRZGFZIAGGB-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium carbonate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-]C([O-])=O LEDMRZGFZIAGGB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Sr+2] UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001866 strontium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Inorganic materials [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WUFQNPMBKMKEHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;diethyl-(2-methoxyethyl)-methylazanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(CC)CCOC.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F WUFQNPMBKMKEHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NOTVAPJNGZMVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium monoxide Inorganic materials [K]O[K] NOTVAPJNGZMVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[Sr+2] IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910001323 Li2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000144 sodium(I) superoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229920001780 ECTFE Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QHSJIZLJUFMIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene Chemical compound C=C.FC(F)=C(F)F QHSJIZLJUFMIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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Definitions
- the present invention is directed to a lithium-air battery having high capacity and recycle efficiency.
- Lithium ion technology has dominated the market as an energy source for small electronic devices and even hybrid electric vehicles.
- Li-ion batteries have insufficient theoretical capacity to be a power source for future high capacity generations of power sources capable to run an electric vehicle.
- Metal-air batteries have been under investigation as advanced generation of high capacity energy sources that have the potential to power vehicular devices for distances comparable to present hydrocarbon based combustion engines.
- a metal-air battery the metal of the anode is oxidized and the resulting cation travels to the cathode zone containing a porous matrix of a material such as carbon, for example, where oxygen is reduced and the reduction product as oxide or peroxide combines with the metal cation to form the discharge product.
- this process is ideally reversed.
- Metal-air batteries are recognized to have potential advantageous properties over metal ion batteries because the cathodic material, oxygen, may be obtained from the environmental air atmosphere and thus the capacity of the battery would in theory be limited by the anodic metal supply. Thus, oxygen gas would be supplied continuously from outside the battery and battery capacity and voltage would be dependent upon the oxygen reducing properties and chemical nature of the discharge product formed.
- Lithium air batteries have the potential to supply 5-10 times greater energy density than conventional lithium ion batteries and have attracted much interest and development attention as a post lithium ion battery technology.
- a nonaqueous lithium air battery which forms Li 2 O 2 as discharge product theoretically would provide 3038 Wh/kg in comparison to 600 Wh/kg for a lithium ion battery having a cathodic product of Li 0.5 CoO 2 .
- the metal air technology and specifically current nonaqueous lithium air batteries suffer many technical problems which have prevented achievement of the theoretical capacity.
- the capacity of the Li air battery is highly dependent upon the capacity of the cathode matrix to store the Li 2 O 2 discharge product.
- Li 2 O 2 is generally insoluble in conventional nonaqueous solvents employed in metal air batteries. Therefore, upon formation at the cathode matrix the Li 2 O 2 precipitates and fills the surface porosity of the matrix thus preventing access to the vacant capacity of the matrix interior region.
- Li 2 O 2 is an insulator and therefore, once the surface of the matrix is coated, oxygen reduction is prevented and discharge terminated, i.e., the capacity of the battery is severely reduced in comparison to the theoretical capacity.
- WO 2008/133642 describe a metal (Li, Na, K) air battery having a metal anode, an ion selective membrane separating the anode from the cathode and forming distinct compartments for each electrode.
- the catholyte is aqueous and the metal hydroxide or metal peroxide formed at the cathode is retained as a solute in the aqueous catholyte.
- Hartmann et al. (Nature Materials, Vol. 12, March, 2013, 228-232) describe construction of an electrochemical cell having a sodium anode and glass fiber air cathode.
- the electrolyte was diethylene glycol dimethyl ether with sodium triflate as solute.
- the cell was compared to a similarly constructed lithium electrochemical cell and the authors concluded that a sodium air battery may have properties which are advantageous over a lithium air battery.
- Peled et al. (WO 2011/154869) describe a metal air battery wherein the metal anode is employed in a molten state.
- the molten anode is separated from the catholyte by a Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) film.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase
- Lu et al. (U.S. 2014/0075745) describe a alkali/oxidant battery having an anode of an alkali metal including lithium, sodium and potassium, a separator of an ion permeable membrane and a cathode of NiOOH, Mn +4 O 2 or Fe +3 (OH) 3 .
- the anolyte ion is the cation of the anode metal and the catholyte contains both the cathode active material and the alkali metal hydroxide.
- Barde et al. (U.S. 2013/0316253) describes a method to prepare an oxygen cathode by forming a catalytic material on a surface of a carbonaceous substrate.
- ⁇ -MnO 2 is an example of the catalytic material formed on the carbon.
- a lithium air cell containing the cathode material is described. The cell does not contain an ion specific permeable membrane and the electrolyte active ion is Li + throughout the cell.
- Visco et al. (U.S. 2013/0045428) describes an aqueous lithium air battery wherein the lithium anode is protected from the aqueous catholyte by a lithium ion conductive membrane. Lithium salts are present in the catholyte along with an organic acid having acidity of sufficient strength to dissolve lithium carbonate.
- Visco et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 8,455,131) describe a lithium air cell having a lithium anode protected by a lithium ion conductive membrane in communication with an aqueous catholyte air cathode.
- the catholyte contains a halide salt in addition to a lithium salt such that the humidity of the cathode compartment is controlled.
- a sodium halide is not disclosed as a halide salt and an anode compartment containing a lithium anolyte separated from the cathode compartment by a lithium ion conducting membrane is not disclosed.
- Visco et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,491,458) describe a lithium fuel cell wherein the anode is protected from the electrolyte by a lithium ion conductive membrane. This reference does not disclose or suggest a lithium air battery having a structure according to the present invention.
- the first embodiment of which includes a lithium-air battery comprising:
- the anode compartment comprises an anode having lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal and a lithium ion electrolyte,
- the cathode compartment comprises an air electrode and a sodium ion electrolyte
- the lithium ion conductive membrane is not permeable to sodium ions.
- the cathode compartment comprises an ionic liquid.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a lithium air battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the Discharge curves of Example 1 and Comparative example 1 (closed O 2 supply).
- FIG. 3 shows the Discharge curves of Example 2 and Comparative example 2 (opened air supply).
- vehicle means any power driven device designed for transportation including an automobile, truck van, bus, golf cart and other utility forms of transportation.
- O 2 is the redox active cathode ingredient and whether described as air, oxygen or O 2 , the meaning is understood. In certain description air of pure O 2 may be described as the source of the cathode ingredient.
- the present inventors are conducting a broad and detailed study of post-lithium ion battery technologies seeking to identify and develop new and improved energy supply systems having capacity and voltage suited to specific uses.
- Metal-gas batteries having high capacity and high working potential are ongoing targets of such study and in this ongoing study the inventors have discovered a new and novel lithium air battery which addresses and overcomes many of the problems associated with conventionally known lithium air batteries.
- the first embodiment of the present invention is a lithium-air battery, comprising:
- the anode compartment comprises an anode having lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal and a lithium ion electrolyte,
- the cathode compartment comprises an air electrode and a sodium ion electrolyte
- the lithium ion conductive membrane is not permeable to sodium ions.
- the rechargeable property of a sodium air battery is combined with the capacity of the lithium air battery.
- NaO 2 formed at the cathode during discharge reaction forms large crystalline particle structure and gives higher capacity than Li-air battery because of relatively continuous reaction as compared with Li-air.
- Li metal is used as an anode the safety issue due to the extensive reactivity of the Na metal is avoided by the structure of the present invention.
- LiO 2 1 ⁇ 2Li 2 O 2 +1 ⁇ 2O 2
- the cathode compartment comprises an ionic liquid.
- Suitable ionic liquids may comprise any of cations such as imidazolium cation, piperidinium cation, pyrrolidinium cation and ammonium cation and any of anions such as bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide anion, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion, tetrafluoroborate anion and hexafluorophosphate anion.
- the ionic liquid may be N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide (PP 13 TFSI) or N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2- methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trefluoromethansulfonyl)imid (DEMETFSI).
- PP 13 TFSI N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide
- DEMETFSI N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2- methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trefluoromethansulfonyl)imid
- a salt that enhances the performance of the ionic liquid may be added to the cathode compartment.
- Such salt must be soluble in the ionic liquid and may serve to stabilize reduced O 2 radicals obtained at the cathode without forming solid precipitates which would congest the cathode matrix.
- Suitable salts that may be added to the cathode compartment include salts of organic cations compatible with an ionic liquid. Examples of such salts include tetraalkyl ammonium salts, imidazolium salts, pyridinium salts and piperidinium salts.
- an additive salt may be tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide (TFSA).
- the electrolyte system of the present invention allows for exposure of the cathode to air as an oxygen source because the ionic liquid is not volatile and therefore electrolyte loss during the battery operation is not a problem.
- the purpose of the lithium ion conductive membrane is to allow reversible passage of lithium ions (Li+) from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment, while preventing other cations, especially sodium cations (Na+) from entering the anode compartment.
- the membrane may be constructed of a polymer, a ceramic or a composite thereof. To reduce any detrimental effect of gas on performance of the anode, an effective membrane will be fully impermeable or substantially impermeable to gas, thus preventing gas admitted to the cathode compartment from entrance to the anode compartment.
- a preferable partition may be a dense ceramic membrane.
- the partition may be a lithium-ion conducting ceramics plate such as Li—La—Ti—O based perovskite, a Li—Al—Ti—P—O based NASICON, a Li—La—Zr—O based garnet, a Li—P—S based solid electrolyte and a Li—Ge—P—S based solid electrolyte.
- a lithium-ion conducting ceramics plate such as Li—La—Ti—O based perovskite, a Li—Al—Ti—P—O based NASICON, a Li—La—Zr—O based garnet, a Li—P—S based solid electrolyte and a Li—Ge—P—S based solid electrolyte.
- solid state conductor also gives a capability of the introduction of the ambient air because it prevents moisture and carbon dioxide coming from the air from approaching the anode to deactivate it.
- the use of the Na ion in cathode compartment increases the efficiency of the electrochemical decomposition capability, which gives higher cycleability of the battery.
- rate capability and capacity use of the Na ion in cathode side increases the electrochemical active site of the cathode to give higher current density and larger discharge product growth, which provides higher capacity.
- the positive electrode may be of a porous unit construction and may further comprise an oxidation reduction catalyst, a conductive material and a binder.
- the cathode may be constructed by mixing the redox catalyst, conductive material and optionally the binder and applying the mixture to a current collector of appropriate shape.
- the oxidation reduction catalyst may be any material which promotes the O 2 redox reaction.
- Examples of an O 2 redox catalyst may include but are not limited to an alkali or alkali earth metal in the form of its oxide (Li 2 O, Na 2 O, K 2 O, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO), hydroxide (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 ), carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , MgCO 3 , CaCO 3 , SrCO 3 , BaCO 3 ), or any combination thereof.
- an alkali or alkali earth metal in the form of its oxide (Li 2 O, Na 2 O, K 2 O, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO), hydroxide (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 ), carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 , Na
- the active component is typically impregnated on a high surface area oxide support such as Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , CeO 2 , or any mixed oxide thereof.
- a precious metal such as Pt, Pd, Rh, or any combination thereof may be present in the catalyst.
- the positive electrode may contain an electrically-conductive material which is chemically stable in the potential window of use of the cell.
- the conductive material is porous and has a large specific surface area to provide high output.
- An example of such material may include but is not limited to a carbonaceous material such as Ketjen black, acetylene black, vapor grown carbon fiber, graphene, natural graphite, artificial graphite and activated carbon.
- Other suitable conductive materials may be conductive fibers, such as a metal fiber, metal powder, such as nickel and aluminum, and organic conductive materials, such as a polyphenylene derivative. In some embodiments mixtures of these materials may be employed.
- Other suitable conductive materials may be conductive ceramics such as titanium nitride and titanium carbide.
- Suitable binders known to one of ordinary skill which are chemically stable in the potential window of use of the cell may include thermoplastics and thermosetting resins.
- thermoplastics and thermosetting resins for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene butadiene rubber, a tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoro ethylenic copolymer, a tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), a tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE resin), polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin (PCTFE), a propylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, an ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE) and an
- the components may be wet blended in the presence of a suitable solvent or dry blended using a mortar or other conventionally known mixing equipment.
- the mixture may then be applied to a charge collector by conventionally known methods.
- Any suitable charge collector may be employed.
- Preferred charge collectors may be any of carbon, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum and copper.
- the collector is a porous body, such as mesh.
- the charge collector may comprise a protective coating of an oxidation-resistant metal or alloy to protect the collector from oxidation.
- the lithium electrolyte ion or mobile ion carrier may be any conventionally known to one of skill in the art and may include one or more of LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , Li(CF 3 SO 3 ) and LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 .
- the sodium electrolyte of the cathode department may be any conventionally known sodium salt that is stable to superoxide ion.
- the sodium electrolyte may be Na 2 SO 4 , NaNO 3 , NaClO 4 , Na 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , NaPF 6 and NaOH; sodium salts such as NaPF 6 or NaClO 4 may be preferred in certain embodiments.
- the metal of the anode may comprise any of lithium or a lithium alloy.
- system of the anode compartment may be referenced as the anolyte while the system of the cathode compartment may be referenced as the catholyte.
- Nonaqueous solvents suitable for the anode compartment include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, cyclic esters, cyclic ethers and chain ethers.
- a cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate.
- a chain carbonate include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate.
- a cyclic ester carbonate include gamma butyrolactone and gamma valerolactone.
- Examples of a cyclic ether include tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
- a chain ether include dimethoxyethane and ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether.
- the solvent may be a nitrile system solvent such as acetonitrile or an ionic liquid.
- FIG. 1 An example of a lithium air battery according to the present invention is schematically shown in FIG. 1 .
- the membrane is labeled as solid state Li-ion conductor and the cathode compartment contains the liquid electrolyte and the cathode while the anode compartment contains the electrolyte and the lithium anode.
- the cell is housed in a container which is charged with oxygen or ambient air. The gas enters the cathode compartment through the opening of the cathode end plate.
- a sodium ion mediated lithium-air battery was constructed according to the structure schematically shown in FIG. 1 according to each system described below.
- Solid state Li-ion conductor (separator): 1 mm of thickness of LATP based solid state Li-ion conductor, LIC-GC (OHARA glass)
- Anode 0.25 mm of thickness of Li metal (FMC corp.)
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment 0.352 mol/kg NaTFSA (Kishida chemical) in DEME* 2 -TFSA (Kanto corp.) Introduced gas: Ambient air (opened condition)
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment 0.352 mol/kg LiTFSA in DEME-TFSA Introduced gas: Pure oxygen (1.2 atm, closed condition)
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment 0.352 mol/kg LiTFSA in DEME-TFSA
- FIG. 2 shows the Discharge curves of Example 1 and Comparative example 1 (closed O 2 supply) that were obtained.
- Example 1 has larger capacity and rate capability than Comparative example 1 in closed O 2 supply condition.
- FIG. 3 shows the Discharge curves of Example 2 and Comparative example 2 (opened air supply) that were obtained.
- Example 2 has larger capacity and rate capability than Comparative example 2 in opened ambient air supply condition.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention is directed to a lithium-air battery having high capacity and recycle efficiency.
- Lithium ion technology has dominated the market as an energy source for small electronic devices and even hybrid electric vehicles. However, Li-ion batteries have insufficient theoretical capacity to be a power source for future high capacity generations of power sources capable to run an electric vehicle.
- Metal-air batteries have been under investigation as advanced generation of high capacity energy sources that have the potential to power vehicular devices for distances comparable to present hydrocarbon based combustion engines. In a metal-air battery, the metal of the anode is oxidized and the resulting cation travels to the cathode zone containing a porous matrix of a material such as carbon, for example, where oxygen is reduced and the reduction product as oxide or peroxide combines with the metal cation to form the discharge product. Upon charge, this process is ideally reversed. Metal-air batteries are recognized to have potential advantageous properties over metal ion batteries because the cathodic material, oxygen, may be obtained from the environmental air atmosphere and thus the capacity of the battery would in theory be limited by the anodic metal supply. Thus, oxygen gas would be supplied continuously from outside the battery and battery capacity and voltage would be dependent upon the oxygen reducing properties and chemical nature of the discharge product formed.
- Lithium air batteries have the potential to supply 5-10 times greater energy density than conventional lithium ion batteries and have attracted much interest and development attention as a post lithium ion battery technology. For example, a nonaqueous lithium air battery which forms Li2O2 as discharge product theoretically would provide 3038 Wh/kg in comparison to 600 Wh/kg for a lithium ion battery having a cathodic product of Li0.5CoO2. However, in practice, the metal air technology and specifically current nonaqueous lithium air batteries suffer many technical problems which have prevented achievement of the theoretical capacity.
- The capacity of the Li air battery is highly dependent upon the capacity of the cathode matrix to store the Li2O2 discharge product. Li2O2 is generally insoluble in conventional nonaqueous solvents employed in metal air batteries. Therefore, upon formation at the cathode matrix the Li2O2 precipitates and fills the surface porosity of the matrix thus preventing access to the vacant capacity of the matrix interior region. Moreover, Li2O2 is an insulator and therefore, once the surface of the matrix is coated, oxygen reduction is prevented and discharge terminated, i.e., the capacity of the battery is severely reduced in comparison to the theoretical capacity.
- As indicated above, effort to produce an efficient high capacity lithium air battery has received much attention.
- Gordon et al. (WO 2008/133642) describe a metal (Li, Na, K) air battery having a metal anode, an ion selective membrane separating the anode from the cathode and forming distinct compartments for each electrode. The catholyte is aqueous and the metal hydroxide or metal peroxide formed at the cathode is retained as a solute in the aqueous catholyte.
- Hartmann et al. (Nature Materials, Vol. 12, March, 2013, 228-232) describe construction of an electrochemical cell having a sodium anode and glass fiber air cathode. The electrolyte was diethylene glycol dimethyl ether with sodium triflate as solute. The cell was compared to a similarly constructed lithium electrochemical cell and the authors concluded that a sodium air battery may have properties which are advantageous over a lithium air battery.
- Peled et al. (WO 2011/154869) describe a metal air battery wherein the metal anode is employed in a molten state. The molten anode is separated from the catholyte by a Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) film. Multiple metals including sodium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and alloys thereof are described and sodium appears to be the preferred embodiment.
- Lu et al. (U.S. 2014/0075745) describe a alkali/oxidant battery having an anode of an alkali metal including lithium, sodium and potassium, a separator of an ion permeable membrane and a cathode of NiOOH, Mn+4O2 or Fe+3(OH)3. The anolyte ion is the cation of the anode metal and the catholyte contains both the cathode active material and the alkali metal hydroxide.
- Barde et al. (U.S. 2013/0316253) describes a method to prepare an oxygen cathode by forming a catalytic material on a surface of a carbonaceous substrate. α-MnO2 is an example of the catalytic material formed on the carbon. A lithium air cell containing the cathode material is described. The cell does not contain an ion specific permeable membrane and the electrolyte active ion is Li+ throughout the cell.
- Visco et al. (U.S. 2013/0045428) describes an aqueous lithium air battery wherein the lithium anode is protected from the aqueous catholyte by a lithium ion conductive membrane. Lithium salts are present in the catholyte along with an organic acid having acidity of sufficient strength to dissolve lithium carbonate.
- Chase et al. (U.S. 2012/0028137) describe a metal air electrochemical cell wherein the electrolyte contains an “oxygen evolving catalyst” (OEC). Convention cell structure is employed and the OEC on charging catalyzes the oxidation of metal oxides in the air electrode and electrolyte.
- Visco et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 8,455,131) describe a lithium air cell having a lithium anode protected by a lithium ion conductive membrane in communication with an aqueous catholyte air cathode. The catholyte contains a halide salt in addition to a lithium salt such that the humidity of the cathode compartment is controlled. A sodium halide is not disclosed as a halide salt and an anode compartment containing a lithium anolyte separated from the cathode compartment by a lithium ion conducting membrane is not disclosed.
- Visco et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,491,458) describe a lithium fuel cell wherein the anode is protected from the electrolyte by a lithium ion conductive membrane. This reference does not disclose or suggest a lithium air battery having a structure according to the present invention.
- In spite of the significant ongoing effort there remains a need to develop and produce an efficient, safe, cost effective, high capacity lithium air battery useful especially for powering vehicles to distances at least equal to or competitive with current hydrocarbon fuel systems.
- This and other objects are addressed by the present invention, the first embodiment of which includes a lithium-air battery, comprising:
- an anode compartment;
- a cathode compartment; and
- a lithium ion conductive membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment; wherein
- the anode compartment comprises an anode having lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal and a lithium ion electrolyte,
- the cathode compartment comprises an air electrode and a sodium ion electrolyte, and
- the lithium ion conductive membrane is not permeable to sodium ions.
- In one specific aspect of the first embodiment, the cathode compartment comprises an ionic liquid.
- The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of general introduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the following claims. The presently preferred embodiments, together with further advantages, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
-
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a lithium air battery according to one embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 shows the Discharge curves of Example 1 and Comparative example 1 (closed O2 supply).FIG. 3 shows the Discharge curves of Example 2 and Comparative example 2 (opened air supply). - Throughout this description all ranges described include all values and sub-ranges therein, unless otherwise specified. Additionally, the indefinite article “a” or “an” carries the meaning of “one or more” throughout the description, unless otherwise specified.
- According to the present invention the term “vehicle” means any power driven device designed for transportation including an automobile, truck van, bus, golf cart and other utility forms of transportation.
- Throughout this description, the terms air, oxygen and O2 as cathode material may be used interchangeably unless specifically limited. One of ordinary skill will understand that O2 is the redox active cathode ingredient and whether described as air, oxygen or O2, the meaning is understood. In certain description air of pure O2 may be described as the source of the cathode ingredient.
- The present inventors are conducting a broad and detailed study of post-lithium ion battery technologies seeking to identify and develop new and improved energy supply systems having capacity and voltage suited to specific uses. Metal-gas batteries having high capacity and high working potential are ongoing targets of such study and in this ongoing study the inventors have discovered a new and novel lithium air battery which addresses and overcomes many of the problems associated with conventionally known lithium air batteries.
- Therefore, the first embodiment of the present invention is a lithium-air battery, comprising:
- an anode compartment;
- a cathode compartment; and
- a lithium ion conductive membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment; wherein
- the anode compartment comprises an anode having lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal and a lithium ion electrolyte,
- the cathode compartment comprises an air electrode and a sodium ion electrolyte, and
- the lithium ion conductive membrane is not permeable to sodium ions.
- According to the battery structure of the present invention, the rechargeable property of a sodium air battery is combined with the capacity of the lithium air battery. NaO2 formed at the cathode during discharge reaction forms large crystalline particle structure and gives higher capacity than Li-air battery because of relatively continuous reaction as compared with Li-air. However, since Li metal is used as an anode the safety issue due to the extensive reactivity of the Na metal is avoided by the structure of the present invention.
- According to the the new lithium air battery structure of the present invention, high capacity (long time operation) is obtained as shown in the results of the Examples. The advantages obtained with the structure of the present invention in comparison to a sodium air battery include:
-
- No need to use Na metal as anode, thus avoiding safety issues associated with sodium metal.
- Voltage increase roughly by 0.3 V compared with a Na-air battery system.
- Air exposure; the structure of the present invention enables exposure of the battery to ambient air as an oxygen source because the solid lithium electrolyte membrane protects the highly reactive Li metal of the anode. Alternatively, the oxygen source may be pure O2 or a mixture of O2 and a gas that is inert to reduction at the cathode.
- Not wanting to be constrained by theory, the inventors believe that the Na salt acts as supporting salt and as a mediator as exemplified by the following reactions:
-
NaTFSI+O2 −=NaO2+TFSI− -
TFSI−+Li+=LiTFSI -
NaO2+LiTFSI=LiO2+NaTFSI -
LiO2=½Li2O2+½O2 - In one embodiment of the present invention the cathode compartment comprises an ionic liquid. Suitable ionic liquids may comprise any of cations such as imidazolium cation, piperidinium cation, pyrrolidinium cation and ammonium cation and any of anions such as bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide anion, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion, tetrafluoroborate anion and hexafluorophosphate anion. In preferred embodiments the ionic liquid may be N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide (PP13TFSI) or N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2- methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trefluoromethansulfonyl)imid (DEMETFSI). Thus, an ionic liquid with high tolerance, i.e., chemical resistance to degradation, against O2 radical is used. Also, the electrolyte system of the present invention allows for exposure of the cathode to air as an oxygen source because the ionic liquid is not volatile and therefore electrolyte loss during the battery operation is not a problem.
- Further, a salt that enhances the performance of the ionic liquid may be added to the cathode compartment. Such salt must be soluble in the ionic liquid and may serve to stabilize reduced O2 radicals obtained at the cathode without forming solid precipitates which would congest the cathode matrix. Suitable salts that may be added to the cathode compartment include salts of organic cations compatible with an ionic liquid. Examples of such salts include tetraalkyl ammonium salts, imidazolium salts, pyridinium salts and piperidinium salts. In one embodiment, an additive salt may be tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide (TFSA).
- Also, the electrolyte system of the present invention allows for exposure of the cathode to air as an oxygen source because the ionic liquid is not volatile and therefore electrolyte loss during the battery operation is not a problem.
- Moreover, since NaO2 is partially soluble in the ionic liquid, the precipitation and pore clogging associated with formation of Li2O2 is prevented, resulting in a continuous discharge reaction and thus surprisingly significantly longer battery operation. In contrast, if a Li electrolyte were used instead of the Na electrolyte, Li2O2 passivation would happen as mentioned above and the discharge reaction would be stopped.
- The purpose of the lithium ion conductive membrane is to allow reversible passage of lithium ions (Li+) from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment, while preventing other cations, especially sodium cations (Na+) from entering the anode compartment. The membrane may be constructed of a polymer, a ceramic or a composite thereof. To reduce any detrimental effect of gas on performance of the anode, an effective membrane will be fully impermeable or substantially impermeable to gas, thus preventing gas admitted to the cathode compartment from entrance to the anode compartment. A preferable partition may be a dense ceramic membrane. For example, the partition may be a lithium-ion conducting ceramics plate such as Li—La—Ti—O based perovskite, a Li—Al—Ti—P—O based NASICON, a Li—La—Zr—O based garnet, a Li—P—S based solid electrolyte and a Li—Ge—P—S based solid electrolyte.
- The use of solid state conductor also gives a capability of the introduction of the ambient air because it prevents moisture and carbon dioxide coming from the air from approaching the anode to deactivate it.
- Furthermore, regarding rechargeability, the use of the Na ion in cathode compartment increases the efficiency of the electrochemical decomposition capability, which gives higher cycleability of the battery. Regarding rate capability and capacity, use of the Na ion in cathode side increases the electrochemical active site of the cathode to give higher current density and larger discharge product growth, which provides higher capacity.
- The positive electrode may be of a porous unit construction and may further comprise an oxidation reduction catalyst, a conductive material and a binder. The cathode may be constructed by mixing the redox catalyst, conductive material and optionally the binder and applying the mixture to a current collector of appropriate shape. The oxidation reduction catalyst may be any material which promotes the O2 redox reaction.
- Examples of an O2 redox catalyst may include but are not limited to an alkali or alkali earth metal in the form of its oxide (Li2O, Na2O, K2O, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO), hydroxide (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2), carbonate (Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, MgCO3, CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3), or any combination thereof. The active component is typically impregnated on a high surface area oxide support such as Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2, CeO2, or any mixed oxide thereof. A precious metal such as Pt, Pd, Rh, or any combination thereof may be present in the catalyst. The positive electrode may contain an electrically-conductive material which is chemically stable in the potential window of use of the cell.
- Preferably the conductive material is porous and has a large specific surface area to provide high output. An example of such material may include but is not limited to a carbonaceous material such as Ketjen black, acetylene black, vapor grown carbon fiber, graphene, natural graphite, artificial graphite and activated carbon. Other suitable conductive materials may be conductive fibers, such as a metal fiber, metal powder, such as nickel and aluminum, and organic conductive materials, such as a polyphenylene derivative. In some embodiments mixtures of these materials may be employed. Other suitable conductive materials may be conductive ceramics such as titanium nitride and titanium carbide.
- Suitable binders known to one of ordinary skill which are chemically stable in the potential window of use of the cell may include thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. For example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), styrene butadiene rubber, a tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoro ethylenic copolymer, a tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), a tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE resin), polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin (PCTFE), a propylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, an ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE) and an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. These binders may be used independently, or mixtures may be used.
- The components may be wet blended in the presence of a suitable solvent or dry blended using a mortar or other conventionally known mixing equipment. The mixture may then be applied to a charge collector by conventionally known methods. Any suitable charge collector may be employed. Preferred charge collectors may be any of carbon, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum and copper. In order to assist diffusion of the air, it may be preferable that the collector is a porous body, such as mesh. In certain embodiments the charge collector may comprise a protective coating of an oxidation-resistant metal or alloy to protect the collector from oxidation.
- Due to the presence of the lithium conducting membrane the battery is divided into an anode compartment and a cathode compartment. The lithium electrolyte ion or mobile ion carrier may be any conventionally known to one of skill in the art and may include one or more of LiPF6, LiClO4, LiAsF6, LiBF4, LiN(CF3SO2)2, Li(CF3SO3) and LiN(C2F5SO2)2.
- The sodium electrolyte of the cathode department may be any conventionally known sodium salt that is stable to superoxide ion. For example, the sodium electrolyte may be Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaClO4, Na3PO4, Na2CO3, NaPF6 and NaOH; sodium salts such as NaPF6 or NaClO4 may be preferred in certain embodiments.
- The metal of the anode may comprise any of lithium or a lithium alloy.
- Herein the system of the anode compartment may be referenced as the anolyte while the system of the cathode compartment may be referenced as the catholyte.
- Nonaqueous solvents suitable for the anode compartment include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, cyclic esters, cyclic ethers and chain ethers. Examples of a cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate. Examples of a chain carbonate include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate. Examples of a cyclic ester carbonate include gamma butyrolactone and gamma valerolactone. Examples of a cyclic ether include tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. Examples of a chain ether include dimethoxyethane and ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether. In some preferred embodiments the solvent may be a nitrile system solvent such as acetonitrile or an ionic liquid.
- An example of a lithium air battery according to the present invention is schematically shown in
FIG. 1 . InFIG. 1 the membrane is labeled as solid state Li-ion conductor and the cathode compartment contains the liquid electrolyte and the cathode while the anode compartment contains the electrolyte and the lithium anode. The cell is housed in a container which is charged with oxygen or ambient air. The gas enters the cathode compartment through the opening of the cathode end plate. - Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
- A sodium ion mediated lithium-air battery was constructed according to the structure schematically shown in
FIG. 1 according to each system described below. - Basic (Common) Setup and Condition for Example and Comparative Example Experiments
- Cathode: Carbon paper (TGP-H-120, Toray Industry)
- Solid state Li-ion conductor (separator): 1 mm of thickness of LATP based solid state Li-ion conductor, LIC-GC (OHARA glass)
- Electrolyte for anode room: 1.0 mol/L LiTFSA*1 (Kishida Chemical) in propylene carbonate (Kishida chemical) *1: TFSA=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide anion
- Anode: 0.25 mm of thickness of Li metal (FMC corp.)
- Evaluation temp.: 25 deg C
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment: 0.352 mol/kg NaTFSA (Kishida chemical) in DEME*2-TFSA (Kanto corp.) *2: DEME=N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium cation
- Introduced gas: Pure oxygen (1.2 atm, closed condition)
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment: 0.352 mol/kg NaTFSA (Kishida chemical) in DEME*2-TFSA (Kanto corp.) Introduced gas: Ambient air (opened condition)
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment: 0.352 mol/kg LiTFSA in DEME-TFSA Introduced gas: Pure oxygen (1.2 atm, closed condition)
- Comparative Example 2
- Electrolyte for cathode compartment: 0.352 mol/kg LiTFSA in DEME-TFSA
- Introduced gas: Ambient air (opened condition)
-
FIG. 2 shows the Discharge curves of Example 1 and Comparative example 1 (closed O2 supply) that were obtained. - The discharge ran at constant current and constant voltage (CC-CV) mode with 100 mA up to the offset potential of 2.0 V vs. Li and the cut-off current of 5 mA. This figure showed clear evidence that Example 1 has larger capacity and rate capability than Comparative example 1 in closed O2 supply condition.
-
FIG. 3 shows the Discharge curves of Example 2 and Comparative example 2 (opened air supply) that were obtained. - The discharge ran at constant current and constant voltage (CC-CV) mode with 100 mA up to the offset potential of 2.0 V vs. Li and the cut-off current of 5 mA. This figure showed clear evidence that Example 2 has larger capacity and rate capability than Comparative example 2 in opened ambient air supply condition.
- Numerous modifications and variations on the present invention are possible in light of the above description and examples. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the following Claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Any such embodiments are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (18)
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