US20150353817A1 - Smart proppant technology for fracking and well production performance monitoring - Google Patents
Smart proppant technology for fracking and well production performance monitoring Download PDFInfo
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- US20150353817A1 US20150353817A1 US14/759,795 US201414759795A US2015353817A1 US 20150353817 A1 US20150353817 A1 US 20150353817A1 US 201414759795 A US201414759795 A US 201414759795A US 2015353817 A1 US2015353817 A1 US 2015353817A1
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- well
- functionalized polymer
- proppant
- hydrocarbon
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000005226 mechanical processes and functions Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 43
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- SZUVGFMDDVSKSI-WIFOCOSTSA-N (1s,2s,3s,5r)-1-(carboxymethyl)-3,5-bis[(4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-propylcarbamoyl]cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound O=C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@](CC(O)=O)([C@H](C(=O)N(CCC)CC=2C=CC(OC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)C1)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)N(CCC)CC(C=C1)=CC=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 SZUVGFMDDVSKSI-WIFOCOSTSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/80—Compositions for reinforcing fractures, e.g. compositions of proppants used to keep the fractures open
- C09K8/805—Coated proppants
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/14—Obtaining from a multiple-zone well
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
- E21B43/267—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures reinforcing fractures by propping
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
- E21B47/11—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements using tracers; using radioactivity
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
- E21B49/08—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to techniques for fracking and well production performance monitoring; and more particularly relates to a proppant or proppants for using in such techniques for fracking and well production performance monitoring.
- High pressure fracturing (“fracking”) of wells is a well known technology used to stimulate a formation to produce hydrocarbons.
- Fracking creates fissures in formations that are otherwise relatively impermeable to the flow of oil or gas, and the fracking creates micro-fissures along which trapped hydrocarbons can migrate towards a producing well bore.
- a proppant or proppants are known in the art and include inert materials configured for providing a mechanical/physical function in the well.
- the terms “proppant” and “proppants” appear to be used interchangeably in the prior art literature, and are thus understood to be used interchangeably herein.
- known proppants have insert materials that are used to assist and/or aid the effectiveness of fracking.
- the insert materials can be sand or ceramic materials, as well as small non-functionalized polymer beads.
- known proppants are used in well fracking to permanently hold open fissures in formations to allow the release of hydrocarbons. It may be added to a fracking fluid which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwater-based.
- Fracking is normally completed in ‘zone’, i.e., sections of the well that are pressure-isolated from each other are separately pressure fracked.
- the present invention provides a new and unique approach for using a proppant mixture having proppants manufactured using a functionalized polymer.
- FPPs Functionalized Polymer Proppants
- the new proppant mixture can be designed to release a range of different tracer chemical compounds, providing an ability to uniquely identify a given proppant in a system.
- a well can be ‘fingerprinted’ or encoded by zone(s). Strong hydrocarbon production at one zone with weak production at all other zones may be identifiable by detecting the presence of the tracer compound associated with the proppant used, e.g., in zone 1 over those associated with the other zones.
- the present invention provides an article of manufacture that may include, or take the form of, a new proppant or proppant mixture featuring insert materials configured as for providing a mechanical or physical function in a well to hold open fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well, the insert materials being configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication or information about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the functionalized polymer proppants release the at least one chemical taggant when in contact with the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well may include the presence or absence of the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter, as well as the type or kind of the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter, the location of the zone of the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter, etc.
- the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the type or kind of indication related to the release of the at least one chemical taggant.
- the present invention may also include one or more of the following features:
- the functionalized polymer proppants may be configured to release a range of different tracer chemical compounds or chemical taggants so as to provide an ability to uniquely identify a given proppant in the well so as to allow the well to be fingerprinted or encoded by zone(s).
- the range of different tracer chemical compounds or taggants may be configured to release a different chemical compound or taggant in the presence of water being produced from the formations so as to allow detrimental water producing zones to be identified in the well.
- the functionalized polymer may include a polymer structure, e.g., including a dual-monomer structure as well as other “normal” polymer structures characterized by a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units.
- the dual-monomer structure may be configured to allow a tracer to be incorporated as a payload or core group.
- the tracer may be configured to be released via a desired external influence, including when coming in contact with water, or the other composition of matter having a predetermined pH, or a predetermined hydrocarbon, including oil or natural gas.
- the dual-monomer structure may include a core group and end groups.
- the beads may be configured as solid materials, e.g., either made from sand or ceramic materials coated with the functionalized polymer, or made from the functionalized polymer.
- the proppants may formed as part of a fracking fluid, including fracking fluids that are gel-based, foam-based or slickwater-based.
- the present invention may include, or take the form of, apparatus featuring a well configured with fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well; and a proppant or proppant mixture having insert materials configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in the well to hold open the fissures or pathways, where the insert materials are configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the apparatus may also include one or more of the features set forth herein, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- the apparatus may also include a fracking fluid comprising the proppant, including where the fracking fluid is gel-based, or foam-based, or slickwater-based.
- At least one released chemical taggant may be carried to the surface of the well in hydrocarbon fluids, including well production fluids.
- the apparatus may also include sampling equipment configured to sample the hydrocarbon fluids, detect the at least one released chemical taggant, and determine a measure of an efficiency of a given zone in the well, based at least partly on at least one released and detected chemical taggant.
- the present invention may include, or take the form of, a fracking fluid, featuring a proppant or proppant mixture having insert materials configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in a well to hold open fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well, where the insert materials are configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the fracking fluid may also include one or more of the features set forth herein, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- the present invention may include, or take the form of, a method or process that includes steps for using a proppant or proppant mixture having insert materials configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in a well to hold open fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well, and configuring the insert materials at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the method may also include one or more of the features set forth herein, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- the present invention may take the form of a functionalized polymer layer or liner for applying to a conduit having a process fluid flowing therein, featuring a layering material configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form a functionalized polymer layer or liner that is configured to respond to a part of the process fluid, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the part of the process fluid.
- the conduit may take the form of a borehole of a well or a process pipe having the process fluid flowing therein.
- the functionalized polymer layer or liner may also include one or more of the features set forth herein.
- the hydrocarbon production performance of each zone could be determined by detecting the ratio of the various unique taggants present in a sample of the overall well production fluid.
- the approach could allow an operator to decide not to re-frack a particular zone during the next re-frack cycle, thus improving the well's overall efficiency in reducing water production.
- FIGS. 1-3 which are not necessarily drawn to scale, as follows:
- FIG. 1 includes FIGS. 1 a , 1 b and 1 c , where FIG. 1 a shows an example of a functionalized polymer proppant having a bead with a functionalized polymer; where FIG. 1 b shows a well having fissures that will receive at least some functionalized polymer proppant according to some embodiments of the present invention; and where FIG. 1 c shows an example of a fissure having at least some functionalized polymer proppants according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows functionalized polymer proppants coming in contact with oil and releasing at least one chemical taggant compound, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a functionalized polymer proppant configured from, or in the form of, a dual-monomer structure with a core group and end groups, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 a is a diagrammatic representation of FIG. 1 a
- FIG. 1 a shows a bead 10 having a functionalized polymer 12 so as to form a functionalized polymer proppant that is configured to respond to a hydrocarbon or other composition of matter, e.g., released from a well 20 (see FIG. 1 b ), including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant 14 (see FIG. 2 ) containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the functionalized polymer bead 10 in FIG. 1 a may form part of a proppant or proppant mixture 22 having insert materials 22 a (also known as non-functionalized proppants) configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in the well 20 ( FIG.
- the insert materials 22 a may be configured at least partly with beads like element 10 having the functionalized polymer 12 like that shown in FIG. 1 a , so as to form functionalized polymer proppants indicated by reference numeral 22 a ′.
- the functionalized polymer proppants like element 22 a ′ are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well 20 , including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well 20 , e.g., consistent with that shown in FIG. 2 .
- the beads like element 10 may be configured as solid materials, e.g., either made from sand or ceramic materials coated with the functionalized polymer, or made or manufactured substantially from the functionalized polymer.
- the bead 10 may take the form of different geometric shapes, including at least partially spherical, partially tubular, etc.; and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type or kind of geometrical shape or dimension.
- the bead 10 may be hollow throughout, like a hollow tube; may be partially hollowed out, e.g., with an indent or recess; or may be solid in form, like a solid sphere or solid tubular structure or rod.
- PCT application no. PCT/US12/39576 WFMB file no. 712-2.382
- the functionalized polymer 12 may be formed in whole or in part on the surface 10 a of the bead 10 ; and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the amount of surface that is covered with the functionalized polymer, the thickness of the layer of the functionalized polymer, etc.
- the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular mixture or ratio of insert materials (also known herein as non-functionalized proppants 22 a ) and functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′.
- the proppant or proppant mixture includes substantially all functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′, as well as other mixtures or ratios of insert materials (i.e., non-functionalized proppants 22 a ) and functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′, e.g., depending on the particular application.
- FIG. 1 b shows apparatus in the form of a well generally indicated as 20 configured with a borehole 21 having fissures or pathways 24 created in a formation caused by well fracking and the application of a fracking fluid generally indicated by the reference label FF so as to allow a release of the hydrocarbon generally indicated as HC from the well 20 .
- FIG. 1 c shows an example of one fissure or pathway 24 configured with the proppant or proppant mixture 22 having the insert materials 22 a configured for providing the mechanical or physical function in the well 20 to hold open the fissure or pathway 24 .
- the proppant or proppant mixture includes the functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′ that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide the at least one chemical taggant 14 containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- the proppant or proppant mixture 22 when the proppant or proppant mixture 22 is used in high pressure fracking fluids to fill the fissures like 24 created in the formation and hold open the paths ways for hydrocarbons, the proppant or proppant mixture 22 may also be configured with the functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′, consistent with that disclosed herein, and may also provide this mechanical function but as the hydrocarbons come into contact with the functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′, the functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′ may release the chemical taggant(s) 14 which is carried to the surface in the hydrocarbon fluids (well production fluids), consistent with that shown in FIG. 2 .
- Sampling devices like element 30 are known in the art, and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type or kind thereof either now known or later developed in the future.
- FIG. 2 shows functionalized polymer proppants 22 a ′ coming in contact with, e.g., oil, and releasing the chemical taggant or chemical taggant compound 14 , according to the present invention.
- polymer formulations presently exist are known in the art and well documented that allow the physical and chemical properties of a polymer substrate to be altered and controllable via an external influence.
- the functionalized or functionizable polymer may take the form of a dual-monomer structure 40 that allows the tracer to be incorporated as a payload/core group, including where the dual-monomer structure like element 40 includes a core group 40 a and end groups 40 b , consistent with that shown in FIG. 3 .
- This tracer may be then released via a desired external influence, e.g., which could be by contact with water, a certain pH, or one or more hydrocarbons.
- Fracking fluids are known in the art.
- known fracking fluids may contain water and be configured with different type of additives, e.g., including hydrochloric acid, (low pH can etch certain rocks, such as dissolving limestone, for instance), friction reducers, guar gum, biocides, emulsion breakers, and emulsifiers.
- hydrochloric acid low pH can etch certain rocks, such as dissolving limestone, for instance
- friction reducers e.g., low pH can etch certain rocks, such as dissolving limestone, for instance
- guar gum e.g., guar gum
- biocides emulsion breakers
- emulsifiers e.g., emulsion breakers, and emulsifiers.
- the present invention may be used in, or form part of, or used in conjunction with, industrial or fracking processes involving drilling for hydrocarbons such as oil or natural gas.
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Abstract
Description
- This application claims benefit to provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/750,101 (712-2.397//CCS-0113), filed 8 Jan. 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- This application is also related to provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/750,632 (712-2.398//CCS-0114), filed 9 Jan. 2013, and provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/873,958 (712-2.411//CCS-0125), filed 9 Sep. 2013, which are both hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- 1. Field of Invention
- The present invention relates to techniques for fracking and well production performance monitoring; and more particularly relates to a proppant or proppants for using in such techniques for fracking and well production performance monitoring.
- 2. Description of Related Art
- High pressure fracturing (“fracking”) of wells is a well known technology used to stimulate a formation to produce hydrocarbons.
- Fracking creates fissures in formations that are otherwise relatively impermeable to the flow of oil or gas, and the fracking creates micro-fissures along which trapped hydrocarbons can migrate towards a producing well bore.
- Typically, a proppant or proppants are known in the art and include inert materials configured for providing a mechanical/physical function in the well. (The terms “proppant” and “proppants” appear to be used interchangeably in the prior art literature, and are thus understood to be used interchangeably herein.) In effect, known proppants have insert materials that are used to assist and/or aid the effectiveness of fracking. The insert materials can be sand or ceramic materials, as well as small non-functionalized polymer beads. For example, known proppants are used in well fracking to permanently hold open fissures in formations to allow the release of hydrocarbons. It may be added to a fracking fluid which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwater-based.
- Fracking is normally completed in ‘zone’, i.e., sections of the well that are pressure-isolated from each other are separately pressure fracked.
- Once fracked, a well will produce more effectively; however, it may be difficult to understand how efficient the fracking of a given zone has been, and the production efficiency (yield) of each zone.
- In view of the aforementioned understanding, there is a need in the industry for a better way to monitor fracking and well production performance.
- The present invention provides a new and unique approach for using a proppant mixture having proppants manufactured using a functionalized polymer.
- These so-called Functionalized Polymer Proppants (FPPs) are designed to perform the mechanical functions as with, or similar to, the known or conventional proppant, but also to release a chemical taggant, e.g., when in contact with a hydrocarbon.
- Furthermore, the new proppant mixture can be designed to release a range of different tracer chemical compounds, providing an ability to uniquely identify a given proppant in a system.
- In this way, for example, a well can be ‘fingerprinted’ or encoded by zone(s). Strong hydrocarbon production at one zone with weak production at all other zones may be identifiable by detecting the presence of the tracer compound associated with the proppant used, e.g., in zone 1 over those associated with the other zones.
- This could also be extended to allow the new functionalized polymer proppant(s) to release a different tracer chemical compound in the presence of water being produced from the formation, e.g., thus allowing the detrimental water producing zones to be identified.
- Examples of particular embodiments of the present invention may include the following:
- According to some embodiments, the present invention provides an article of manufacture that may include, or take the form of, a new proppant or proppant mixture featuring insert materials configured as for providing a mechanical or physical function in a well to hold open fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well, the insert materials being configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication or information about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well. In effect, the functionalized polymer proppants release the at least one chemical taggant when in contact with the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well. By way of example, the indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well may include the presence or absence of the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter, as well as the type or kind of the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter, the location of the zone of the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter, etc. The scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the type or kind of indication related to the release of the at least one chemical taggant.
- The present invention may also include one or more of the following features:
- The functionalized polymer proppants may be configured to release a range of different tracer chemical compounds or chemical taggants so as to provide an ability to uniquely identify a given proppant in the well so as to allow the well to be fingerprinted or encoded by zone(s).
- The range of different tracer chemical compounds or taggants may be configured to release a different chemical compound or taggant in the presence of water being produced from the formations so as to allow detrimental water producing zones to be identified in the well.
- The functionalized polymer may include a polymer structure, e.g., including a dual-monomer structure as well as other “normal” polymer structures characterized by a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units.
- The dual-monomer structure may be configured to allow a tracer to be incorporated as a payload or core group.
- The tracer may be configured to be released via a desired external influence, including when coming in contact with water, or the other composition of matter having a predetermined pH, or a predetermined hydrocarbon, including oil or natural gas.
- The dual-monomer structure may include a core group and end groups.
- The beads may be configured as solid materials, e.g., either made from sand or ceramic materials coated with the functionalized polymer, or made from the functionalized polymer.
- The proppants may formed as part of a fracking fluid, including fracking fluids that are gel-based, foam-based or slickwater-based.
- According to some embodiments, the present invention may include, or take the form of, apparatus featuring a well configured with fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well; and a proppant or proppant mixture having insert materials configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in the well to hold open the fissures or pathways, where the insert materials are configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- The apparatus may also include one or more of the features set forth herein, according to some embodiments of the present invention. In addition, the apparatus may also include a fracking fluid comprising the proppant, including where the fracking fluid is gel-based, or foam-based, or slickwater-based. At least one released chemical taggant may be carried to the surface of the well in hydrocarbon fluids, including well production fluids. The apparatus may also include sampling equipment configured to sample the hydrocarbon fluids, detect the at least one released chemical taggant, and determine a measure of an efficiency of a given zone in the well, based at least partly on at least one released and detected chemical taggant.
- According to some embodiments, the present invention may include, or take the form of, a fracking fluid, featuring a proppant or proppant mixture having insert materials configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in a well to hold open fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well, where the insert materials are configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- The fracking fluid may also include one or more of the features set forth herein, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- According to some embodiments, the present invention may include, or take the form of, a method or process that includes steps for using a proppant or proppant mixture having insert materials configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in a well to hold open fissures or pathways created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of a hydrocarbon from the well, and configuring the insert materials at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form functionalized polymer proppants that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well.
- The method may also include one or more of the features set forth herein, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
- According to some embodiments, the present invention may take the form of a functionalized polymer layer or liner for applying to a conduit having a process fluid flowing therein, featuring a layering material configured at least partly with beads having a functionalized polymer so as to form a functionalized polymer layer or liner that is configured to respond to a part of the process fluid, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the part of the process fluid. The conduit may take the form of a borehole of a well or a process pipe having the process fluid flowing therein. The functionalized polymer layer or liner may also include one or more of the features set forth herein.
- By way of example, some advantages of the present invention may include the following:
- If functionalized polymer proppants are added to each zone in a so-called “Fracking Job”, then the hydrocarbon production performance of each zone could be determined by detecting the ratio of the various unique taggants present in a sample of the overall well production fluid.
- This could also be used to assess whether the fracking job was effective, and whether any zones require re-fracking to increase production efficiencies.
- If water is produced by a given zone, then the approach could allow an operator to decide not to re-frack a particular zone during the next re-frack cycle, thus improving the well's overall efficiency in reducing water production.
- The drawing includes
FIGS. 1-3 , which are not necessarily drawn to scale, as follows: -
FIG. 1 , includesFIGS. 1 a, 1 b and 1 c, whereFIG. 1 a shows an example of a functionalized polymer proppant having a bead with a functionalized polymer; whereFIG. 1 b shows a well having fissures that will receive at least some functionalized polymer proppant according to some embodiments of the present invention; and whereFIG. 1 c shows an example of a fissure having at least some functionalized polymer proppants according to some embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 shows functionalized polymer proppants coming in contact with oil and releasing at least one chemical taggant compound, according to some embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 shows an example of a functionalized polymer proppant configured from, or in the form of, a dual-monomer structure with a core group and end groups, according to some embodiments of the present invention. -
FIG. 1 a shows abead 10 having a functionalizedpolymer 12 so as to form a functionalized polymer proppant that is configured to respond to a hydrocarbon or other composition of matter, e.g., released from a well 20 (seeFIG. 1 b), including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant 14 (seeFIG. 2 ) containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well. According to some embodiments of the present invention, thefunctionalized polymer bead 10 inFIG. 1 a may form part of a proppant orproppant mixture 22 havinginsert materials 22 a (also known as non-functionalized proppants) configured for providing a mechanical or physical function in the well 20 (FIG. 1 b) to hold open fissures orpathways 24 created in formations caused by well fracking to allow a release of the hydrocarbon from the well. According to some embodiments of the present invention, theinsert materials 22 a may be configured at least partly with beads likeelement 10 having the functionalizedpolymer 12 like that shown inFIG. 1 a, so as to form functionalized polymer proppants indicated byreference numeral 22 a′. In operation, the functionalized polymer proppants likeelement 22 a′ are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well 20, including water, and provide at least one chemical taggant containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well 20, e.g., consistent with that shown inFIG. 2 . - By way of example, the beads like
element 10 may be configured as solid materials, e.g., either made from sand or ceramic materials coated with the functionalized polymer, or made or manufactured substantially from the functionalized polymer. Thebead 10 may take the form of different geometric shapes, including at least partially spherical, partially tubular, etc.; and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type or kind of geometrical shape or dimension. By way of example, thebead 10 may be hollow throughout, like a hollow tube; may be partially hollowed out, e.g., with an indent or recess; or may be solid in form, like a solid sphere or solid tubular structure or rod. By way of example, the reader is referred to PCT application no. PCT/US12/39576 (WFMB file no. 712-2.382), filed 25 May 2012, as well as the family of corresponding application disclosed and referred to therein, for examples of different geometric bead shapes and configurations. - By way of further example, the
functionalized polymer 12 may be formed in whole or in part on the surface 10 a of thebead 10; and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the amount of surface that is covered with the functionalized polymer, the thickness of the layer of the functionalized polymer, etc. - The scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular mixture or ratio of insert materials (also known herein as
non-functionalized proppants 22 a) andfunctionalized polymer proppants 22 a′. For example, embodiments are envisioned in which the proppant or proppant mixture includes substantially all functionalizedpolymer proppants 22 a′, as well as other mixtures or ratios of insert materials (i.e.,non-functionalized proppants 22 a) andfunctionalized polymer proppants 22 a′, e.g., depending on the particular application. -
FIG. 1 b shows apparatus in the form of a well generally indicated as 20 configured with a borehole 21 having fissures orpathways 24 created in a formation caused by well fracking and the application of a fracking fluid generally indicated by the reference label FF so as to allow a release of the hydrocarbon generally indicated as HC from the well 20. -
FIG. 1 c shows an example of one fissure orpathway 24 configured with the proppant orproppant mixture 22 having theinsert materials 22 a configured for providing the mechanical or physical function in the well 20 to hold open the fissure orpathway 24. Consistent with that set forth herein, the proppant or proppant mixture includes the functionalizedpolymer proppants 22 a′ that are configured to respond to the hydrocarbon or other composition of matter released from the well, including water, and provide the at least onechemical taggant 14 containing an indication about the hydrocarbon or the other composition of matter released from the well. - In
FIGS. 1 b and 1 c, when the proppant orproppant mixture 22 is used in high pressure fracking fluids to fill the fissures like 24 created in the formation and hold open the paths ways for hydrocarbons, the proppant orproppant mixture 22 may also be configured with thefunctionalized polymer proppants 22 a′, consistent with that disclosed herein, and may also provide this mechanical function but as the hydrocarbons come into contact with thefunctionalized polymer proppants 22 a′, thefunctionalized polymer proppants 22 a′ may release the chemical taggant(s) 14 which is carried to the surface in the hydrocarbon fluids (well production fluids), consistent with that shown inFIG. 2 . Detection of this chemical taggant(s) on the surface by sampling the production fluid, e.g., with a sampling device 30 (FIG. 1 b), yields a measure of the efficiency of a given zone. Sampling devices likeelement 30, are known in the art, and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type or kind thereof either now known or later developed in the future. - By way of example,
FIG. 2 shows functionalizedpolymer proppants 22 a′ coming in contact with, e.g., oil, and releasing the chemical taggant orchemical taggant compound 14, according to the present invention. As would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, polymer formulations presently exist, are known in the art and well documented that allow the physical and chemical properties of a polymer substrate to be altered and controllable via an external influence. By way of example, the functionalized or functionizable polymer may take the form of a dual-monomer structure 40 that allows the tracer to be incorporated as a payload/core group, including where the dual-monomer structure likeelement 40 includes acore group 40 a andend groups 40 b, consistent with that shown inFIG. 3 . This tracer may be then released via a desired external influence, e.g., which could be by contact with water, a certain pH, or one or more hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type or kind of polymer structure either now known or later developed in the future; and embodiments are envisioned with the scope of the present invention using other types or kinds of polymer structures and or functionalized polymers in addition to that disclosed herein, e.g., including that shown inFIG. 3 . - Fracking fluids are known in the art. Depending on the particular application, known fracking fluids may contain water and be configured with different type of additives, e.g., including hydrochloric acid, (low pH can etch certain rocks, such as dissolving limestone, for instance), friction reducers, guar gum, biocides, emulsion breakers, and emulsifiers. By way of example, the reader is referred to U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,215,164; 8,273,320 and 8,568,573, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- By way of example, the present invention may be used in, or form part of, or used in conjunction with, industrial or fracking processes involving drilling for hydrocarbons such as oil or natural gas.
- While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, may modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed herein as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention.
Claims (44)
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US20230332040A1 (en) | 2023-10-19 |
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US20240150643A1 (en) | 2024-05-09 |
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