US20150258388A1

US20150258388A1 - Multi-piece solid golf ball

Info

Publication number: US20150258388A1
Application number: US14/603,474
Authority: US
Inventors: Hideo Watanabe; Atsuki Kasashima; Tsuyoshi Nakajima
Original assignee: Bridgestone Sports Co Ltd
Current assignee: Bridgestone Sports Co Ltd
Priority date: 2014-03-17
Filing date: 2015-01-23
Publication date: 2015-09-17
Also published as: JP6287397B2; JP2015173860A

Abstract

In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an intermediate layer and a cover, the ball and the intermediate layer have respective surface hardnesses which are set so as to satisfy a specific relationship. Also, the respective initial velocities measured for the core, a sphere composed of the core over which an envelope layer and the intermediate layer have been formed (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the ball are set so as to satisfy a specific relationship. In addition, the hardness relationship between the surface and the center of the core has been adjusted in a specific range. This golf ball is able to exhibit an excellent flight performance not only when struck by mid head-speed golfers, but even when struck by low head-speed golfers, in addition to which it has both a good feel at impact and an excellent durability to repeated impact.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No. 2014-053247 filed in Japan on Mar. 17, 2014, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an intermediate layer and a cover. The invention relates in particular to a multi-piece solid golf ball which exhibits an excellent flight performance not only in the mid head-speed range, but also in the low head-speed range, and which moreover is endowed with both a good feel at impact and an excellent durability to repeated impact.
2. Prior Art
Numerous golf balls which have an excellent flight performance and excellent spin properties when hit at high head speeds and are also capable of providing a good feel at impact have hitherto been developed in order to address the needs of professional golfers and skilled amateurs. However, because such balls are generally designed so as to achieve an optimal amount of deformation when struck at a high head speed, amateur golfers having a low head speed are often unable to impart sufficient deformation to the ball. Hence, the inherent performance of such balls cannot be manifested when played by low head-speed golfers, as a result of which the balls fail to travel a sufficient distance or have a poor feel at impact.
Developing a golf ball to which even a low head-speed golfer can impart sufficient deformation and which has an excellent flight performance and a good feel at impact is thus important for expanding the golfer base.
Prior-art publications relating to this invention include JP-A 2011-092708, JP-A 2000-61001 and JP-A 2000-61000.
In view of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to provide a multi-piece solid golf ball which is capable of manifesting an excellent flight performance not only when played by mid head-speed golfers, but even when played by low head-speed golfers, and which moreover has both a good feel at impact and an excellent durability to repeated impact.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have discovered that, in a golf ball having a core, an intermediate layer and a cover, by setting the hardness difference between the center and surface of the core in a specific range, and by setting the respective surface hardnesses of the intermediate layer and the ball and also setting the respective initial velocities of the core, a sphere obtained by forming the intermediate layer over the core (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the ball itself so as to satisfy certain specific relationships, the ball is able to exhibit an excellent flight performance not only in the mid head-speed range, but even in the low head-speed range. We have also found that, by optimizing the materials used to form the intermediate layer and the cover over the core, a multi-piece solid golf ball endowed with both a good feel at impact and excellent durability to repeated impact can be obtained.
Accordingly, the invention provides a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an intermediate layer and a cover, wherein the ball and the intermediate layer have respective surface hardnesses, expressed in terms of Shore D hardness, which satisfy the relationship:
ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness;
the core and the ball have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:
−b 0.6 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−core initial velocity)≦0 m/s;
a sphere composed of the core covered peripherally by the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the ball have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:
−0.4 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≦0.4 m/s; and
the core has a surface and a center with respective hardnesses, expressed as JIS-C hardnesses, which satisfy the relationship:
core surface hardness−core center hardness≧21.
The multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention preferably also has an envelope layer between the core and the intermediate layer.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the core, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the ball preferably have surface hardnesses which satisfy the relationship:
ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness>envelope layer surface hardness<core surface hardness.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, a sphere composed of the core covered peripherally by the envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere) and the intermediate layer-encased sphere preferably have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:
(intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≧−0.2 m/s.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the core surface hardness and the envelope layer surface hardness, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, preferably satisfy the relationship:
−40≦(envelope layer surface hardness−core surface hardness)≦−5.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the envelope layer surface hardness and the intermediate layer surface hardness, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, preferably satisfy the relationship:
10≦(intermediate layer surface hardness−envelope layer surface hardness)≦50.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the intermediate layer surface hardness and the ball surface hardness, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, preferably satisfy the relationship:
5≦(ball surface hardness−intermediate layer surface hardness)≦20.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the envelope layer-encased sphere and the ball have respective initial velocities which preferably satisfy the relationship:
0.1 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≦0.8 m/s,
and the core initial velocity and the ball initial velocity preferably satisfy the relationship:
−0.5 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−core initial velocity)≦0 m/s.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the cover have respective thicknesses which preferably satisfy the relationship:
envelope layer thickness≦intermediate layer thickness≦cover thickness.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the intermediate layer and the cover preferably have respective specific gravities which satisfy the relationship:
cover specific gravity≧intermediate layer specific gravity.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the intermediate layer may be formed of a resin composition obtained by blending as essential components:

100 parts by weight of a resin component composed of, in admixture,

(A) a base resin of (a-1) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer mixed with (a-2) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 0:100, and
(B) a non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 50:50;
(C) from 5 to 80 parts by weight of a fatty acid and/or fatty acid derivative having a molecular weight of from 228 to 1500; and
(D) from 0.1 to 17 parts by weight of a basic inorganic metal compound capable of neutralizing un-neutralized acid groups in components A and C.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the envelope layer may be formed of a thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the cover may be formed of a resin composition obtained by blending together an ionomer resin and a granular inorganic filler.
In the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, the core may be formed of a material molded under heat from a rubber composition which includes as the essential components: (A) a base rubber, (B) an organic peroxide, and (C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate.
This invention makes it possible to obtain golf balls which are capable of exhibiting an excellent flight performance not only when struck by mid head-speed golfers but also when struck by low head-speed golfers, and which moreover are endowed with both a good feel at impact and excellent durability to repeated impact.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIAGRAMS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram showing the structure of a golf ball according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is a top view showing the dimple pattern used on the balls in the Examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the foregoing diagrams.
The multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention has, arranged in order from the inside of the golf ball: a solid core, an intermediate layer and a cover. FIG. 1 shows the structure of the inventive golf ball. The golf ball G shown in FIG. 1 has a core 1, an intermediate layer 2 which encases the core 1, and a cover 3 which encases the intermediate layer 2. In addition, although not shown in the diagram, the golf ball may also be optionally provided with an envelope layer between the core 1 and the intermediate layer 2. Numerous dimples D are generally formed on the surface of the cover 3 in order to improve the aerodynamic properties. Each of these layers is described in detail below.
In this specification, “mid head speed” refers to a golf club head speed of generally from about 36 m/s to about 44 m/s, and “low head speed” refers to a golf club head speed of generally from about 25 m/s to about 35 m/s.
In the practice of the invention, the solid core may be formed using a known rubber composition. Although not particularly limited, preferred examples include rubber compositions formulated as shown below.
A material composed primarily of rubber may be used to form the core. By way of illustration, the core may be formed using a rubber composition which includes a base rubber and also, for example, a co-crosslinking agent, an organic peroxide, an inert filler, sulfur, an antioxidant and an organosulfur compound.
It is desirable for the core used in the invention to be formed of a material molded under heat from a rubber composition which includes as the essential ingredients: (A) a base rubber, (B) an organic peroxide, and (C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate.
That is, by forming the core of a material molded under heat from a rubber composition which includes (A) a base rubber, (B) an organic peroxide, and (C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate, it is possible to provide a golf ball in which the difference in crosslink density between the core center and core surface and the dynamic viscoelastic properties at the core center can be suitably controlled, which ball achieves a lower spin rate, is endowed with a good durability, and moreover has a rebound that changes little even with long-term use.
Moreover, decomposition of the organic peroxide within the core formulation can be promoted by directly including water (i.e., a water-containing material) in the core material. In addition, it is known that the decomposition efficiency of the organic peroxide within the core-forming rubber composition changes with temperature, and that, starting at a given temperature, the decomposition efficiency rises with increasing temperature. If the temperature is too high, the amount of decomposed radicals becomes too large, leading to recombination between radicals and deactivation. As a result, fewer radicals act effectively in crosslinking. Here, when a heat of decomposition is generated by decomposition of the organic peroxide during core vulcanization, the vicinity of the core surface remains at substantially the same temperature as the temperature of the vulcanization mold, but the temperature near the core center, due to the accumulation of heat of decomposition by the organic peroxide which has decomposed from the outside, becomes considerably higher than the mold temperature. When water (i.e., a water-containing material) is directly included in the core, the water acts to promote decomposition of the organic peroxide, and so a radical reaction like that described above can be made to differ in the core center and at the core surface. That is, decomposition of the organic peroxide is further promoted near the center of the core, bringing about greater radical deactivation, and thus further decreasing the amount of active radicals. As a result, it is possible to obtain a core in which the crosslink densities at the core center and at the core surface differ greatly, and also to obtain a core having different dynamic viscoelastic properties at the core center.
It is possible, in a golf ball having the above core, for the golf ball to achieve a reduced spin rate and also to have an excellent durability and undergo little change over time in rebound.
In cases where zinc monoacrylate is used instead of water, water is generated from the zinc monoacrylate by heat during kneading of the compounded material. In this way, there can be obtained an effect which is similar to that obtained by including water.
The base rubber serving as component (A) is not particularly limited, although the use of polybutadiene is especially preferred.
It is desirable for the polybutadiene to have a cis-1,4 bond content on the polymer chain of at least 60 wt %, preferably at least 80 wt %, more preferably at least 90 wt %, and most preferably at least 95 wt %. If the content of cis-1,4 bonds among the bonds on the polybutadiene molecule is too low, the resilience may decrease.
The content of 1,2-vinyl bonds included on the polybutadiene is typically not more than 2% preferably not more than 1.7% and more preferably not more than 1.5% of the polymer chain. If the content of 1,2-vinyl bonds is too high, the resilience may decrease.
The polybutadiene has a Mooney viscosity (ML₁₊₄(100° C.)) of preferably at least 20, and more preferably at least 30, with the upper limit being preferably not more than 120, more preferably not more than 100, and even more preferably not more than 80.
The term “Mooney viscosity” used herein refers to an industrial indicator of viscosity (JIS K6300) measured with a Mooney viscometer, which is a type of rotary plastometer. This value is represented by the unit symbol ML₁₊₄(100° C.), wherein “M” stands for Mooney viscosity, “L” stands for large rotor (L-type), and “1+4” stands for a pre-heating time of 1 minute and a rotor rotation time of 4 minutes. The “100° C.” indicates that measurement was carried out at a temperature of 100° C.
The polybutadiene used may be one synthesized using a rare-earth catalyst or a group VIII metal compound catalyst. In this invention, the use of a polybutadiene synthesized with a rare-earth catalyst is especially preferred. Where necessary, an organoaluminum compound, an alumoxane, a halogen-containing compound and a Lewis base may optionally be used in combination with such a catalyst. In the practice of the invention, preferred use may be made of, as the various foregoing compounds, those mentioned in JP-A 11-35633.
Of the above rare-earth catalysts, the use of a neodymium catalyst that uses in particular a neodymium compound, which is a lanthanum series rare-earth compound, is especially recommended. In such cases, a polybutadiene rubber having a high cis-1,4 bond content and a low 1,2-vinyl bond content can be obtained at an excellent polymerization activity.
A polybutadiene rubber synthesized with a catalyst differing from the above lanthanum rare-earth compound may be included in the base rubber. In addition, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber, polyisoprene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) or the like may also be included. These may be used singly or two or more may be used in combination.
The organic peroxide (B) used in the invention is not particularly limited, although the use of an organic peroxide having a one-minute half-life temperature of 110 to 185° C. is preferred. A single organic peroxide, or two or more organic peroxides, may be used. The amount of organic peroxide included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.3 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 3 parts by weight. A commercially available product may be used as the organic peroxide. Specific examples include those available under the trade names Percumyl D, Perhexa C-40, Niper BW and Peroyl L (all produced by NOF Corporation), and Luperco 231XL (from Atochem Co.).
The water serving as component (C) in the invention is not particularly limited, and may be distilled water or tap water. The use of distilled water which is free of impurities is especially preferred. The amount of water included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.3 part by weight. The upper limit is preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight.
By including a suitable amount of such water, the moisture content in the rubber composition before vulcanization becomes preferably at least 1,000 ppm, and more preferably at least 1,500 ppm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 8,500 ppm, and more preferably not more than 8,000 ppm. If the water content of the rubber composition is too small, it may become difficult to obtain a suitable crosslink density and tan δ, which may make it difficult to mold a golf ball having little energy loss and a reduced spin rate. On the other hand, if the water content of the rubber composition is too large, the core may become too soft, which may make it difficult to obtain a suitable core initial velocity.
It is also possible to include water directly in the rubber composition. The following methods (i) to (iii) may be employed to include water:
(i) applying steam or ultrasonically applying water in the form of a mist to some or all of the rubber composition (compounded material);
(ii) immersing some or all of the rubber composition in water;
(iii) letting some or all of the rubber composition stand for a fixed period of time in a high-humidity environment in a place where the humidity can be controlled, such as a constant humidity chamber.
As used herein, “high-humidity environment” is not particularly limited, so long as it is an environment capable of moistening the rubber composition, although a humidity of from 40 to 100% is preferred.
Or the water can be worked into a jelly state and blended into the above rubber composition. Alternatively, a material obtained by first supporting water on a filler, unvulcanized rubber, rubber powder or the like can be blended into the rubber composition. Because such an approach is easier to carry out than directly adding water, the golf ball production efficiency can be enhanced. The type of material in which a given amount of water has been included, although not particularly limited, is exemplified by fillers, unvulcanized rubbers and rubber powders in which sufficient water has been included. The use of a material which undergoes no loss of durability or resilience is especially preferred. The water content of the above material is preferably at least 3 wt %, more preferably at least 5 wt %, and even more preferably at least 10 wt %. The upper limit is preferably not more than 99 wt %, and even more preferably not more than 95 wt %.
In this invention, a metal monocarboxylate may be used instead of the above water. The metal monocarboxylate is distinguished from a metal dicarboxylate in which the carboxylic acid is assumed to be coordinate bonded to the metal, with two carboxylic acid molecules being bonded to a single metal atom, such as zinc diacrylate of the formula (CH₂═CHCOO)₂Zn. A metal monocarboxylate introduces water into the rubber composition by way of a dehydration/condensation reaction, and thus provides an effect similar to that of water. Moreover, because a metal monocarboxylate can be blended into a rubber composition as a powder, the operation can be simplified and uniform dispersion within the rubber composition is easy. In order to carry out the above reaction effectively, a monosalt is required. The amount of metal monocarboxylate included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 3 parts by weight. The upper limit in the amount of metal monocarboxylate included is preferably not more than 60 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 50 parts by weight. If the amount of metal monocarboxylate included is too small, it may be difficult to obtain a suitable crosslink density and tan δ, as a result of which a sufficient golf ball spin rate lowering effect may not be achievable. On the other hand, if too much is included, the core may become too hard, as a result of which it may be difficult for the ball to maintain a suitable feel at impact.
The carboxylic acid used may be, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid or stearic acid. Examples of the substituting metal include sodium, potassium, lithium, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, cobalt, nickel and lead, although the use of zinc is preferred. Illustrative examples of the metal monocarboxylate include zinc monoacrylate and zinc monomethacrylate, with the use of zinc monoacrylate being especially preferred.
In addition to above-described components (A) to (C), it is possible to also include in the rubber composition a co-crosslinking agent, an inert filler and an organosulfur compound. If necessary, an antioxidant may also be included. These ingredients are described in detail below.
Examples of suitable co-crosslinking agents include unsaturated carboxylic acids and the metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Specific examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are especially preferred.
The metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids, while not subject to any particular limitation, are exemplified by the above-mentioned unsaturated carboxylic acids neutralized with desired metal ions. Specific examples include the zinc and magnesium salts of methacrylic acid and acrylic acid. The use of zinc acrylate is especially preferred.
The unsaturated carboxylic acids and/or metal salts thereof are included in an amount, per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber, of preferably at least 5 parts by weight, more preferably at least 10 parts by weight, and even more preferably at least 15 parts by weight. The amount included is preferably not more than 60 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, even more preferably not more than 40 parts by weight, and most preferably not more than 30 parts by weight. Too much may make the core too hard, giving the ball an unpleasant feel at impact, whereas too little may lower the rebound.
Examples of preferred inert fillers include zinc oxide, barium sulfate and calcium carbonate. These may be used singly or as a combination of two or more thereof.
The amount of inert filler included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably at least 1 part by weight, and more preferably at least 5 parts by weight. The upper limit in the amount included is preferably not more than 100 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 80 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 60 parts by weight. Too much or too little inert filler may make it impossible to achieve a proper weight and a good rebound.
In addition, an antioxidant may be optionally included. Illustrative examples of suitable commercial antioxidants include Nocrac NS-6, Nocrac NS-30 and Nocrac 200 (all available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), and Yoshinox 425 (available from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.). These may be used singly or as a combination of two or more thereof.
The amount of antioxidant included can be set to more than 0, and may be set to an amount per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber which is preferably at least 0.05 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight. The maximum amount included, although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to an amount per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber which is preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 2 parts by weight, even more preferably not more than 1 part by weight, and most preferably not more than 0.5 part by weight. Too much or too little antioxidant may make it impossible to achieve a suitable core hardness gradient, a good rebound and durability, and a spin rate-lowering effect on full shots.
In the practice of the invention, an organosulfur compound may be optionally included in the rubber composition so as to enhance the core rebound. In cases where an organosulfur compound is included, the content thereof per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber may be set to preferably at least 0.05 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight. The upper limit in the organosulfur compound content may be set to preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 2 parts by weight. Including too little organosulfur compound may make it impossible to obtain a sufficient core rebound-increasing effect. On the other hand, if too much is included, the core hardness may become too low, worsening the feel of the ball on impact, and the durability of the ball to cracking when repeatedly struck may worsen.
The rubber composition containing the various above ingredients is prepared by mixture using a typical mixing apparatus, such as a Banbury mixer or a roll mill. When this rubber composition is used to mold the core, molding may be carried out by compression molding or injection molding using a specific mold for molding cores. The resulting molded body is then heated and cured under temperature conditions sufficient for the organic peroxide and co-crosslinking agent included in the rubber composition to act, thereby giving a core having a specific hardness profile. The vulcanization conditions in this case, while not subject to any particular limitation, are generally set to a temperature of from about 130 to about 170° C., and especially 150 to 160° C., and a time of from 10 to 40 minutes, and especially 12 to 20 minutes.
The core diameter, although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to from 30 to 40 mm. In this case, the lower limit is preferably at least 32 mm, more preferably at least 34 mm, and even more preferably at least 35 mm. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 39 mm, more preferably not more than 38 mm, and even more preferably not more than 36 mm.
The core has a center hardness, expressed as the JIS-C hardness, which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 53, and even more preferably at least 55. The upper limit in the JIS-C hardness may be set to preferably not more than 65, more preferably not more than 62, and even more preferably not more than 60. The center hardness of the core, expressed in terms of the Shore D hardness, is preferably at least 30, more preferably at least 32, and even more preferably at least 34. The upper limit is preferably not more than 41, more preferably not more than 39, and even more preferably not more than 38. If the center hardness of the core is too low, the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the center hardness of the core is too high, the spin rate may rise excessively, possibility resulting in a poor distance.
The core has a surface hardness, expressed as the JIS-C hardness, which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 75, more preferably at least 80, and even more preferably at least 85. The upper limit in the JIS-C hardness may be set to preferably not more than 95, more preferably not more than 92, and even more preferably not more than 90. The surface hardness of the core, expressed in terms of the Shore D hardness, is preferably at least 49, more preferably at least 53, and even more preferably at least 57. The upper limit is preferably not more than 64, more preferably not more than 62, and even more preferably not more than 60. If the surface hardness of the core is too low, the spin rate may rise excessively or the rebound may decrease, possibly resulting in a poor distance. On the other hand, if the surface hardness of the core is too high, the feel of the ball at impact may become too hard or the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen.
Here, “center hardness” refers to the hardness measured at the center of a cross-section obtained by cutting the core in half through the center, and “surface hardness” refers to the hardness measured at the surface of the core (spherical surface). Also, “JIS-C hardness” refers to the hardness measured with the JIS-C type spring durometer specified in JIS K 6301-1975, and “Shore D hardness” refers to the hardness measured with a type D durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240-95.
The cross-sectional hardness at a position midway between the center and the surface of the core, expressed as the JIS-C hardness, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 65, more preferably at least 67, and even more preferably at least 69. The upper limit in the JIS-C hardness is preferably not more than 78, more preferably not more than 76, and even more preferably not more than 74. This cross-sectional hardness, expressed as the Shore D hardness, is preferably at least 41, more preferably at least 43, and even more preferably at least 44. The upper limit is preferably not more than 51, more preferably not more than 50, and even more preferably not more than 48. In cases where the cross-sectional hardness falls outside of the suitable range, the spin rate of the ball may rise, which may result in a poor distance, and the durability of the ball to cracking under repeated impact may worsen.
In this invention, it is critical for the hardness difference between the center and surface of the core (core surface hardness−core center hardness), expressed in terms of JIS-C hardness, to be set to at least 21, preferably at least 23, and more preferably at least 25. The upper limit, expressed in terms of JIS-C hardness, may be set to preferably not more than 40, more preferably not more than 36, and even more preferably not more than 32. This hardness difference, expressed in terms of Shore D hardness, is preferably at least 16, more preferably at least 17, and even more preferably at least 19. The upper limit is preferably not more than 30, more preferably not more than 27, and even more preferably not more than 24. When this hardness difference is too small, the spin rate-lowering effect on shots with a driver (W#1) is inadequate, as a result of which a good distance is not achieved. On the other hand, if the hardness difference is too large, the initial velocity on actual shots may become low, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The core has a deflection when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) which, although not particularly limited, may be set within the range of from 2.5 to 8.0 mm. The lower limit may be set to preferably at least 3.0 mm, and more preferably at least 3.8 mm. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 6.0 mm, and more preferably not more than 5.0 mm. If the core is harder than the above range (i.e., if the deflection is too small), the spin rate may rise excessively, resulting in a poor distance, or the feel of the ball at impact may be too hard. On the other hand, if the core is softer than the above range (i.e., if the deflection is too large), the rebound may become too low, resulting in a poor distance, the feel of the ball may become too soft, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The core has a specific gravity which, although not particularly limited, may be set within the range of from 1.02 to 1.4. The lower limit is preferably at least 1.1, and more preferably at least 1.15. The upper limit may be set to not more than 1.3, and more preferably not more than 1.2.
In this invention, by using the above material to form the solid core, the rebound can be increased, thus making it possible to provide a golf ball that is capable of achieving a stable trajectory.
The core structure is not limited to a single layer, and may be a multilayer structure of two or more layers. By giving the core a multilayer structure, the spin rate on shots with a driver can be lowered, enabling the distance to be increased even further. In addition, the spin properties and feel of the ball at the time of impact can also be improved. In such cases, the core has at least an inner core layer (inner sphere) and an outer core layer.
Next, the intermediate layer formed over the core is described.
The material used to form the intermediate layer may be a known resin and is not subject to any particular limitation, although a preferred example of the material is a resin composition obtained by blending, as essential components: 100 parts by weight of a resin component composed of, in admixture,
(A) a base resin of (a-1) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer mixed with (a-2) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 0:100, and
(B) a non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 50:50;
(C) from 5 to 80 parts by weight of a fatty acid and/or fatty acid derivative having a molecular weight of from 228 to 1500; and
(D) from 0.1 to 17 parts by weight of a basic inorganic metal compound capable of neutralizing un-neutralized acid groups in components A and C.
Components A to D are described below.
Component A serves as the base resin of the material used to form the intermediate layer, and contains above components (a-1) and (a-2) in a given ratio.
The olefin in the base resin, whether in component (a-1) or component (a-2), has a number of carbons which is generally at least 2 but not more than 8, and preferably not more than 6. Specific examples include ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene and octene. Ethylene is especially preferred.
Examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid in the base resin include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are especially preferred.
The unsaturated carboxylic acid ester of component (a-2) is preferably a lower alkyl ester of the above unsaturated carboxylic acid. Specific examples include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate and butyl acrylate. Butyl acrylate (n-butyl acrylate, i-butyl acrylate) is especially preferred.
The olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer of component (a-1) and the olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer of component (a-2) (these are collectively referred to below as “random copolymers”) can each be obtained by copolymerizing the respective above olefins, unsaturated carboxylic acids and, where necessary, unsaturated carboxylic acid esters using a known method.
It is recommended that the random copolymers have unsaturated carboxylic acid contents (acid contents) which are regulated. Here, it is recommended that the content of unsaturated carboxylic acid present in the random copolymer serving as component (a-1), although not subject to any particular limitation, be set to preferably at least 4 wt %, more preferably at least 6 wt %, even more preferably at least 8 wt %, and most preferably at least 10 wt %. Also, it is recommended that the upper limit be preferably not more than 30 wt %, more preferably not more than 20 wt %, even more preferably not more than 18 wt %, and most preferably not more than 15 wt %.
Similarly, the content of unsaturated carboxylic acid present in the random copolymer serving as component (a-2), although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to preferably at least 4 wt %, more preferably at least 6 wt %, and even more preferably at least 8 wt %. Also, it is recommended that the upper limit be preferably not more than 15 wt %, more preferably not more than 12 wt %, and even more preferably not more than 10 wt %. If the acid content of the random copolymer is too low, the resilience may decrease, whereas if it is too high, the processability may decrease.
The metal ion neutralization products of the random copolymers of components (a-1) and (a-2) may be obtained by neutralizing some of the acid groups on the random copolymer with metal ions. Here, specific examples of metal ions for neutralizing the acid groups include Na⁺, K⁺, Li⁺, Zn⁺⁺, Cu⁺⁺, Mg⁻⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Co⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺and Pb⁺⁺. Of these, preferred use can be made of, for example, Na⁺, Li⁺, Zn⁺⁺and Mg⁺⁺. From the standpoint of improving resilience, the use of Na⁺ is recommended. The degree of neutralization of the random copolymer by these metal ions is not subject to any particular limitation. Such neutralization products may be obtained by a known method. For example, use may be made of a method in which neutralization is carried out with a compound such as a formate, acetate, nitrate, carbonate, bicarbonate, oxide, hydroxide or alkoxide of the above metal ions.
Sodium ion-neutralized ionomer resins may be suitably used as the metal ion neutralization products of the random copolymers to increase the melt flow rate (MFR) of the material. Adjustment of the material to the subsequently described optimal melt flow rate is thus easy, enabling the moldability to be improved.
Commercially available products may be used as above components (a-1) and (a-2). Illustrative examples of the random copolymer in component (a-1) include Nucrel N1560, Nucrel N1214, Nucrel N1035 and Nucrel AN4221C (all products of DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.), and Escor 5200, Escor 5100 and Escor 5000 (all products of ExxonMobil Chemical). Illustrative examples of the random copolymer in component (a-2) include Nucrel AN4311, Nucrel AN4318 and Nucrel AN4319 (all products of DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.), and Escor ATX325, Escor ATX320 and Escor ATX310 (all products of ExxonMobil Chemical).
Illustrative examples of the metal ion neutralization product of the random copolymer in component (a-1) include Himilan 1554, Himilan 1557, Himilan 1601, Himilan 1605, Himilan 1706, Himilan 1707 and Himilan AM7311 (all products of DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.), Surlyn 7930 (E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.), and Iotek 3110 and Iotek 4200 (both products of ExxonMobil Chemical). Illustrative examples of the metal ion neutralization product of the random copolymer in component (a-2) include Himilan 1855, Himilan 1856 and Himilan AM7316 (all products of DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.), Surlyn 6320, Surlyn 8320, Surlyn 9320 and Surlyn 8120 (all products of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.), and Iotek 7510 and Iotek 7520 (both products of ExxonMobil Chemical). Sodium-neutralized ionomer resins that are suitable as the metal ion neutralization product of the random copolymer include Himilan 1605, Himilan 1601 and Himilan 1555.
When preparing the base resin, component (a-1) and component (a-2) are admixed in a weight ratio of generally between 100:0 and 0:100, preferably between 100:0 and 25:75, more preferably between 100:0 and 50:50, even more preferably between 100:0 and 75:25, and most preferably 100:0. If too little component (a-1) is included, the molded material obtained therefrom may have a decreased resilience.
The processability of the base resin can be further improved by, in addition to adjusting the above mixing ratio, also adjusting the mixing ratio between the random copolymers and the metal ion neutralization products of the random copolymers. In this case, it is recommended that the weight ratio of the random copolymers to the metal ion neutralization products of the random copolymers be set to generally between 0:100 and 60:40, preferably between 0:100 and 40:60, more preferably between 0:100 and 20:80, and even more preferably 0:100. The addition of too much random copolymer may lower the uniformity of the pellet composition.
A non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer (B) may be included in the base resin so as to enhance even further both the feel of the ball on impact and the ball rebound. Examples of this component B include olefin elastomers, styrene elastomers, polyester elastomers, urethane elastomers and polyamide elastomers. In this invention, to further increase the rebound, it is preferable to use a polyester elastomer or an olefin elastomer. The use of an olefin elastomer composed of a thermoplastic block copolymer which includes crystalline polyethylene blocks as the hard segments is especially preferred.
A commercially available product may be used as component B. Illustrative examples include Dynaron (JSR Corporation) and the polyester elastomer Hytrel (DuPont-Toray Co., Ltd.).
Component B may be included in an amount of more than 0. The upper limit in the amount included per 100 parts by weight of the base resin, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably not more than 100 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 60 parts by weight, even more preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, and most preferably not more than 40 parts by weight. Too much component B may lower the compatibility of the mixture, possibly resulting in a substantial decline in the durability of the golf ball.
Next, a fatty acid or fatty acid derivative having a molecular weight of at least 228 but not more than 1500 may be added as component C to the base resin. Compared with the base resin, this component C has a very low molecular weight and, by suitably adjusting the melt viscosity of the mixture, helps in particular to improve the flow properties. Moreover, component C includes a relatively high content of acid groups (or derivatives thereof), and is capable of suppressing an excessive loss of resilience.
The molecular weight of the fatty acid or fatty acid derivative serving as component C may be set to at least 228, preferably at least 256, more preferably at least 280, and even more preferably at least 300. The upper limit may be set to not more than 1500, preferably not more than 1000, more preferably not more than 600, and even more preferably not more than 500. If the molecular weight is too low, the heat resistance cannot be improved. On the other hand, if the molecular weight is too high, the flow properties cannot be improved.
Preferred use as the fatty acid or fatty acid derivative of component C may likewise be made of, for example, an unsaturated fatty acid (or derivative thereof) containing a double bond or triple bond on the alkyl moiety, or a saturated fatty acid (or derivative thereof) in which the bonds on the alkyl moiety are all single bonds. In either case, it is recommended that the number of carbons on the molecule be preferably at least 18, more preferably at least 20, even more preferably at least 22, and most preferably at least 24. It is recommended that the upper limit be preferably not more than 80, more preferably not more than 60, even more preferably not more than 40, and most preferably not more than 30. Too few carbons may make it impossible to improve the heat resistance and may also make the acid group content so high as to diminish the flow-improving effect on account of interactions with acid groups present in the base resin. On the other hand, too many carbons increases the molecular weight, which may keep a distinct flow-improving effect from appearing.
Specific examples of the fatty acid of component C include myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, 12-hydroxystearic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid and lignoceric acid. Preferred use can be made of stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and lignoceric acid in particular.
The fatty acid derivative of component C is exemplified by metallic soaps in which the proton on the acid group of the fatty acid has been replaced with a metal ion. Examples of the metal ion include Na⁺, Li⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺, Al⁺⁺⁺, Ni⁻⁺, Fe⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺⁺, Cu⁺⁺, Sn⁺⁺, Pb⁺⁺and Co⁺⁺. Of these, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺ and Zn⁺⁺ are especially preferred.
Specific examples of fatty acid derivatives that may be used as component C include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium 12-hydroxystearate, calcium 12-hydroxystearate, zinc 12-hydroxystearate, magnesium arachidate, calcium arachidate, zinc arachidate, magnesium behenate, calcium behenate, zinc behenate, magnesium lignocerate, calcium lignocerate and zinc lignocerate. Of these, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium arachidate, calcium arachidate, zinc arachidate, magnesium behenate, calcium behenate, zinc behenate, magnesium lignocerate, calcium lignocerate and zinc lignocerate are preferred.
Use may also be made of known metallic soap-modified ionomers (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,857, U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,760 and International Disclosure WO 98/46671) when using above-described components (a-1) and/or (a-2), and component C.
The amount of component C included per 100 parts by weight of the resin component obtained by suitably blending above components (a-1), (a-2) and B may be set to at least 5 parts by weight, preferably at least 10 parts by weight, more preferably at least 20 parts by weight, and even more preferably at least 30 parts by weight. The upper limit in the amount included may be set to not more than 120 parts by weight, preferably not more than 115 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 110 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 100 parts by weight. If the amount of component C included is too small, the melt viscosity may decrease, lowering the processability. On the other hand, if the amount included is too large, the durability may decrease.
A basic inorganic metal compound capable of neutralizing acid groups in above components A and C may be added as component D. In cases where this component D is not included and a metal soap-modified ionomer resin (e.g., any of the metal soap-modified ionomer resins cited in the above-mentioned patent publications) is used alone, the metallic soap and un-neutralized acid groups present on the ionomer resin undergo exchange reactions during mixture under heating, generating a large amount of fatty acid. Because the fatty acid has a low thermal stability and readily vaporizes during molding, it may cause molding defects. Moreover, if the fatty acid deposits on the surface of the molded material, it may substantially lower paint film adhesion or have other undesirable effects such as lowering the resilience of the resulting molded material.
In the practice of the invention, by including component D, the acid groups present on components A and C are neutralized, enabling the generation of fatty acids which cause trouble such as molding defects to be suppressed. By thus including component D and suppressing the generation of fatty acids, the thermal stability of the material is increased. Other excellent properties imparted at the same time are a good moldability and an enhanced resilience as a golf ball material.
Component D is a basic inorganic metal compound which is capable of neutralizing the acid groups on components A and C. It is recommended that this be preferably a monoxide. Because this component D has a high reactivity with ionomer resins and the reaction by-products contain no organic matter, the degree of neutralization of the material can be increased without a loss of thermal stability.
Illustrative examples of the metal ions used in the basic inorganic metal compound include Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, Zn⁻⁺, Al⁺⁺⁻, Ni⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺, Fe⁺⁺⁺, Cu⁺⁺, Mn⁺⁺, Sn⁺⁺, Pb⁺⁺ and Co⁺⁺. Known basic inorganic fillers containing these metal ions may be used as the basic inorganic metal compound. Specific examples include magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, zinc oxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate. In particular, a hydroxide or a monoxide is recommended. Calcium hydroxide and magnesium oxide, which have a high reactivity with the base resin, are more preferred. Magnesium oxide is especially preferred.
The amount of component D included per 100 parts by weight of the resin component may be set to at least 0.1 part by weight, preferably at least 0.5 part by weight, more preferably at least 1 part by weight, and even more preferably at least 1.2 parts by weight. The upper limit in the amount included may be set to not more than 17 parts by weight, preferably not more than 15 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 10 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 5 parts by weight. Too little component D fails to improve thermal stability and resilience, whereas too much instead lowers the heat resistance of the golf ball material owing to the presence of excess basic inorganic metal compound.
By blending specific respective amounts of components C and D with the resin component, i.e., the base resin (A) containing specific respective amounts of components (a-1) and (a-2) in admixture with optional component B, a material having excellent thermal stability, flow properties and moldability can be obtained, in addition to which the resilience of moldings obtained therefrom can be markedly improved.
It is recommended that the material formulated from specific amounts of the above-described resin component and components C and D have a high degree of neutralization (i.e., that the material be highly neutralized). Specifically, it is recommended that at least 50 mol %, preferably at least 60 mol %, more preferably at least 70 mol %, and even more preferably at least 80 mol %, of the acid groups in the material be neutralized. Highly neutralizing the acid groups in the material makes it possible to more reliably suppress the exchange reactions that cause trouble when only a base resin and a fatty acid or fatty acid derivative are used as in the above-cited prior art, thus preventing the generation of fatty acid. As a result, the thermal stability is substantially improved and the moldability is good, enabling molded products of much better resilience than prior-art ionomer resins to be obtained.
Here, “degree of neutralization” refers to the degree of neutralization of acid groups present within the mixture of component A serving as the base resin and the fatty acid or fatty acid derivative serving as component C, and differs from the degree of neutralization of the ionomer resin itself when an ionomer resin is used as the metal ion neutralization product of a random copolymer in component A. On comparing a mixture of the invention having a certain degree of neutralization with an ionomer resin alone having the same degree of neutralization, the material of the invention contains a very large number of metal ions owing to the inclusion of component D and thus has a higher density of ionic crosslinks which contribute to improved resilience, making it possible to confer the molded product with an excellent resilience.
The resin material should preferably have a melt flow rate (MFR) adjusted within a specific range so as to ensure flow properties that are particularly suitable for injection molding, and thus improve moldability. In this case, it is recommended that the melt flow rate, as measured in accordance with JIS K 7210 at a temperature of 190° C. and under a load of 21.18 N (2.16 kgf), be adjusted to preferably at least 0.6 g/10 min, more preferably at least 0.7 g/10 min, even more preferably at least 0.8 g/10 min, and most preferably at least 2 g/10 min. It is recommended that the upper limit be adjusted to preferably not more than 20 g/10 min, more preferably not more than 10 g/10 min, even more preferably not more than 5 g/10 min, and most preferably not more than 3 g/10 min. Too high or low a melt flow rate may result in a substantial decline in processability.
Various additives may be optionally included in the material containing above components A to D. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers and light stabilizers may be suitably included. The amount in which such additives are included, although not particularly limited, may be set to at least 0.1 part by weight, preferably at least 0.5 part by weight, and more preferably at least 1 part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the resin component. The upper limit is generally not more than 10 parts by weight, preferably not more than 6 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 4 parts by weight.
The above material can be obtained by heating and mixing together components A to D. For example, the material may be obtained by using a known mixer, such as a kneading type twin-screw extruder, a Banbury mixer or a kneader, to mix these components at a heating temperature of from 150 to 250° C. Commercial products may be used for this purpose. Specific examples include those having the trade names HPF 1000, HPF 2000, HPF AD1027, HPF AD1035 and HPF AD1040, as well as the experimental material HPF SEP1264-3 (all produced by E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.).
The method of forming the intermediate layer is not subject to any particular limitation, and may be a known method such as one that entails placing a pre-fabricated envelope layer-encased sphere inside a mold, and injection-molding over the sphere the intermediate layer-forming material prepared as described above.
The intermediate layer-forming material has a material hardness which, although not particularly limited, may be set to a Shore D hardness of typically at least 40, preferably at least 45, and more preferably at least 47. The upper limit, expressed as the Shore D hardness, may be set to typically not more than 60, preferably not more than 55, and more preferably not more than 53.
The sphere obtained by peripherally covering the core with an intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) has a surface hardness, expressed as the Shore D hardness, which, although not particularly limited, can be set to generally at least 46, preferably at least 51, and more preferably at least 53. The upper limit can be set to generally not more than 66, preferably not more than 61, and more preferably not more than 59.
If the material hardness and the surface hardness are too low, the spin rate of the ball on full shots may rise excessively, possibly resulting in a poor distance, or the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the material hardness and the surface hardness are too high, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, the spin rate on full shots may rise, resulting in a poor distance, or the feel of the ball at impact may worsen.
The intermediate layer has a thickness which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 0.6 mm, more preferably at least 0.8 mm, and even more preferably at least 1.1 mm. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 2.1 mm, more preferably not more than 1.6 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.4 mm. If the intermediate layer is too thin, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, or the feel of the ball at impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the intermediate layer is too thick, the spin rate may rise on full shots, possibly resulting in a poor distance.
The intermediate layer-encased sphere has a deflection, when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf), which, although not particularly limited, may be set within the range of 2.3 to 7.4 mm. The lower limit may be set to preferably at least 2.8 mm, and more preferably at least 3.5 mm. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 5.6 mm, and more preferably not more than 4.6 mm. If the intermediate layer-encased sphere is harder than the above range (i.e., the deflection is too small), the spin rate on full shots may rise excessively, resulting in a poor distance, or the feel of the ball at impact may be too hard. On the other hand, if the intermediate layer-encased sphere is softer than the above range (i.e., the deflection is too large), the feel at impact may be too soft or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The structure of the above-described intermediate layer is not limited to a single layer; where necessary, two or more like or unlike intermediate layers may be formed within the above-described range. By forming the intermediate layer as a plurality of layers, the spin rate on shots with a driver can be raised or lowered so as to further increase the distance. Moreover, the spin performance and feel of the ball at impact can be further improved.
An envelope layer may optionally be provided between the core and the intermediate layer. In this case, the envelope layer is directly formed about the periphery of the core. This envelope layer is described below.
A known resin may be used as the material that forms the envelope layer, and is not particularly limited, although use may be made of one, two or more selected from the group consisting of ionomer resins and urethane, amide, ester, olefin and styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers. In this invention, because a high rebound can be obtained within the desired hardness range, especially preferred use can be made of a thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer.
The envelope layer has a material hardness, expressed as the Shore D hardness, which, although not particularly limited, can be set to generally at least 15, preferably at least 20, and more preferably at least 25. The upper limit in the Shore D hardness can be set to generally not more than 40, preferably not more than 35, and more preferably not more than 30. Here and below, “material hardness” refers to the hardness measured for a test specimen obtained by molding the material to be measured into a sheet of a specific thickness and using a type D durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240.
The sphere obtained by peripherally covering the core with an envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere) has a surface hardness, expressed as the Shore D hardness, which, although not particularly limited, can be set to generally at least 21, preferably at least 26, and more preferably at least 31. The upper limit can be set to generally not more than 46, preferably not more than 41, and more preferably not more than 36.
If the material hardness and the surface hardness are too low, the spin rate of the ball on full shots may rise excessively, possibly resulting in a poor distance, and the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the material hardness and the surface hardness are too high, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the spin rate on full shots may rise, possibly resulting in a poor distance, particularly on shots taken at a low head speed. In addition, the feel of the ball at impact may worsen.
The envelope layer has a thickness which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably at least 0.6 mm, more preferably at least 0.8 mm, and even more preferably at least 1.1 mm. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 2.1 mm, more preferably not more than 1.6 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.4 mm. If the envelope layer is too thin, the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen and the feel of the ball at impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the envelope layer is too thick, the spin rate may rise on full shots, possibly resulting in a poor distance.
The envelope layer-encased sphere has a deflection, when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf), which, although not particularly limited, may be set within the range of 2.5 to 7.6 mm. The lower limit may be set to preferably at least 3.0 mm, and more preferably at least 3.8 mm. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 5.7 mm, and more preferably not more than 4.7 mm. If the envelope layer-encased sphere is harder than the above range (i.e., the deflection is too small), the spin rate on full shots may rise excessively, possibly resulting in a poor distance, or the feel of the ball at impact may be too hard. On the other hand, if the envelope layer-encased sphere is softer than the above range (i.e., the deflection is too large), the feel of the ball at impact may be too soft or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
Next, the material that forms the cover of the inventive golf ball is described. In this invention, the cover is formed of a resin composition obtained by blending together an ionomer resin as the chief material and a specific granular inorganic filler as a reinforcement.
The ionomer resin is not subject to any particular limitation, and may be a known product. Commercial products that may be used as the ionomer resin include, for example, H1706, H1605, H1557, H1601, AM7329, AM7317 and AM7318, all of which are available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co.
The granular inorganic filler is an ingredient that is included as a reinforcement. Although not subject to any particular limitation, suitable use can be made of, for example, zinc oxide, barium sulfate or titanium dioxide.
The granular inorganic filler has an average particle diameter which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably from 0.01 to 100 μm, and more preferably from 0.1 to 10 μm. If the average particle diameter of the granular inorganic filler is too small or too large, the dispersibility during preparation of the material may worsen. Here, “average particle diameter” refers to the particle diameter determined by dispersion of the filler, together with a suitable dispersant, in an aqueous solution, and measurement with a particle size analyzer.
The amount of granular inorganic filler included, although not particularly limited, is set to preferably at least 5 parts by weight, more preferably at least 10 parts by weight, and even more preferably at least 15 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the resin component of the cover-forming material. The upper limit is set to generally not more than 40 parts by weight, preferably not more than 30 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 25 parts by weight. If the amount of granular inorganic filler included is too small, it may not be possible to obtain a sufficient reinforcing effect. On the other hand, if the amount of granular inorganic filler included is too large, this may have an adverse influence on the dispersibility and resilience.
The specific gravity of the granular inorganic filler, although not particularly limited, is set to preferably not more than 4.8. The lower limit may be set to preferably at least 3.0. If the specific gravity of the granular inorganic filler is too large, the cover-forming material may become very heavy, as a result of which the weight of the overall ball may end up exceeding the regulation weight.
Various additives may be optionally included in this cover-forming material. For example, pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, light stabilizers, ultraviolet absorbers and internal mold lubricants may be suitably included.
The specific gravity of the cover-forming material, although not particularly limited, is set to preferably at least 0.97, more preferably from 1.00 to 1.50, and even more preferably from 1.03 to 1.20. If the specific gravity of the cover-forming material is too small, the reinforcing effect may be inadequate, as a result of which the durability of the ball to repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the specific gravity of the cover-forming material is too large, the rebound may decrease, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved.
The method of molding the cover may entail, for example, feeding the cover-forming material to an injection molding machine, and injecting the molten material over the intermediate layer that has been formed as described above. In this case, although the molding temperature varies depending on the type of resin and the compounding ratio of ingredients therein, it can generally be set within the range of 150 to 250° C.
The cover has a material hardness, expressed in terms of the Shore D hardness, which, although not particularly limited, may be set to preferably more than 60, more preferably at least 62, and even more preferably at least 63. The cover material hardness has an upper limit, expressed in terms of the Shore D hardness, which, although not particularly limited, may be set to not more than 70, and preferably not more than 67. If the material hardness of the cover is too low, the spin receptivity of the ball may be too high, possibly resulting in a poor rebound and a drop in distance, or the scuff resistance may worsen. On the other hand, if the material hardness of the cover is too high, the durability of the ball to cracking under repeated impact may worsen, or the feel of the ball in the short game and on shots with a putter may worsen.
The cover thickness, although not particularly limited, is set to preferably at least 0.5 mm, more preferably at least 0.7 mm, and even more preferably at least 1.0 mm. The upper limit is set to preferably not more than 2.0 mm, more preferably not more than 1.5 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.3 mm. If the cover is too thin, the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the cover is too thick, the spin rate of the ball on shots with a driver (W#1) may become too high, resulting in a poor distance, or the feel of the ball in the short game and on shots with a putter may become too hard.
The cover is not limited to a single-layer structure; where necessary, the cover may be constructed of two or more layers composed of like or unlike materials. In such a case, at least one layer should serve as the cover formed of the above resin blend. Moreover, it is recommended that the hardness and thickness of the coverall cover be adjusted within the above-indicated ranges.
In the golf ball of the invention, the hardnesses, thicknesses, initial velocities and specific gravities of the core, the envelope layer that has been optionally provided, the intermediate layer and the ball satisfy the subsequently described relationships. The hardness, thickness, initial velocity and specific gravity relationships of the respective layers are described below.
In this invention, it is critical for the ball and the intermediate layer to have surface hardnesses, expressed in terms of Shore D hardness, which satisfy the relationship:
5≦ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness
In this case, the surface hardness of the intermediate layer and the surface hardness of the ball, although not subject to any particular limitation, preferably satisfy, in terms of Shore D hardnesses, the relationship:
5≦(ball surface hardness−intermediate layer surface hardness)≦20.
The lower limit of this value is more preferably at least 8, and even more preferably at least 10. The upper limit of this value is more preferably not more than 17, and even more preferably not more than 15. If this value is too small, the spin rate of the ball on full shots may become too high, resulting in a poor distance. On the other hand, if this value is too large, the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
In this invention, when an envelope layer is provided, it is preferable for the surface hardnesses of the core, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the ball to satisfy the relationship:
ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness>envelope layer surface hardness<core surface hardness.
If this relationship is not satisfied, it may not be possible to achieve a good flight on shots by both mid head-speed and low head-speed golfers and to obtain a feel at impact that is both soft and solid.
Here, the surface hardness of the envelope layer and the surface hardness of the intermediate layer, although not subject to any particular limitation, preferably satisfy, in terms of Shore D hardnesses, the relationship:
10≦(intermediate layer surface hardness−envelope layer surface hardness)≦50.
The lower limit of this value is more preferably at least 15, and even more preferably at least 20. The upper limit of this value is more preferably not more than 40, even more preferably not more than 35, and most preferably not more than 30. If the above value is too small, it may not be possible to obtain a feel at impact that is both soft and solid. On the other hand, if the above value is too large, a good distance may not be obtained and the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
It is desirable for the surface hardness of the core and the surface hardness of the envelope layer, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, to satisfy the relationship:
−40≦(envelope layer surface hardness−core surface hardness)≦−5.
This value has a lower limit of preferably at least −35, and more preferably at least −30, and has an upper limit of preferably not more than −10, more preferably not more than −15, and most preferably not more than −20. If the above value is too small, a feel at impact that is both soft and solid cannot be obtained, and a good flight performance is not obtained when the ball is struck at a low head speed. On the other hand, if the above value is too large, the spin rate on full shots becomes too high, as a result of which a good distance is not achieved.
It is critical for the initial velocity of the core and the initial velocity of the ball to satisfy the relationship:
−0.6 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−core initial velocity)≦0 m/s.
This value has a lower limit of preferably at least −0.5 m/s, and more preferably at least −0.4 m/s, and has an upper limit of preferably not more than −0.1 m/s, and more preferably not more than −0.2 m/s. If this value is too small, the rebound of the ball as a whole becomes low and the spin rate on full shots increases excessively, as a result of which a good distance is not achieved. On the other hand, if this value is too large, the cover becomes hard and the durability to cracking under repeated impact worsens.
It is critical for the initial velocity of the sphere obtained by covering the periphery of the core with the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the initial velocity of the ball to satisfy the relationship:
−0.4 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≦0.4 m/s.
This value has a lower limit of preferably at least −0.3 m/s, and more preferably at least −0.2 m/s, and has an upper limit of preferably not more than 0.3 m/s, and more preferably not more than 0.2 m/s. If this value is too small, the cover becomes softer, as a result of which the spin rate on full shots rises, making it impossible to achieve a good distance, and a solid feel is not obtained. On the other hand, if this value is too large, the spin rate-lowering effect on full shots is inadequate, as a result of which a good distance is not obtained, and the cover becomes too hard, resulting in a poor durability to cracking on repeated impact.
It is desirable for the initial velocity of the sphere obtained by covering the periphery of the core with the envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere) and the initial velocity of the intermediate layer-encased sphere to satisfy the relationship:
(intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≧−0.2 m/s.
This value has a lower limit of preferably at least 0 m/s, and more preferably at least 0.2 m/s. If this value is too small, the spin rate-lowering effect on full shots is inadequate, as a result of which a good distance is not obtained.
The initial velocity of the envelope layer-encased sphere and the initial velocity of the ball, although not subject to any particular limitation, preferably satisfy the relationship:
0.1 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≦0.8 m/s.
This value has a lower limit of more preferably at least 0.2 m/s, and even more preferably at least 0.3 m/s, and has an upper limit of more preferably not more than 0.7 m/s, and even more preferably not more than 0.6 m/s. If this value is too small, the spin rate on full shots may rise excessively, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, if this value is too large, the feel at impact may become too hard or the durability of the ball on repeated impact may worsen.
The initial velocity of the core and the initial velocity of the envelope layer-encased sphere, although not subject to any particular limitation, preferably satisfy the relationship:
−1 m/s≦(initial velocity of envelope layer-encased sphere−initial velocity of core)≦−0.4 m/s.
This value has a lower limit of more preferably at least −0.9 m/s, and even more preferably at least −0.8 m/s, and has an upper limit of more preferably not more than −0.5 m/s, and even more preferably not more than −0.6 m/s. If this value is too small, the ball rebound may become too low or the spin rate on full shots may become too high, possibly resulting in a poor distance. On the other hand, if this value is too large, it may not be possible to achieve a feel at impact that is both soft and solid.
As used herein, “initial velocity” refers to the initial velocity measured using an initial velocity measuring apparatus of the same type as a United States Golf Association (USGA) drum rotation type initial velocity instrument, and by the method of measurement set forth in the initial velocity rule for golf balls established by the USGA.
The specific gravity of the intermediate layer and the specific gravity of the cover, although not subject to any particular limitation, preferably satisfy the relationship:
cover specific gravity≧intermediate layer specific gravity.
These specific gravities more preferably satisfy the relationship:
cover specific gravity>intermediate layer specific gravity;
and it is recommended that they satisfy the relationship
0.05≦(cover specific gravity−intermediate layer specific gravity).
When the relationship between the specific gravity of the intermediate layer and the specific gravity of the cover departs from the above relationship, the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen and the resilience may decrease, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved.
The specific gravities of the core and the envelope layer, although not subject to any particular limitation, may both be set to preferably at least 1.0, more preferably at least 1.02, and even more preferably at least 1.04. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 1.4, more preferably not more than 1.3, and even more preferably not more than 1.2. At core, envelope layer and cover specific gravities outside of the above ranges, the desired distance, feel at impact and durability to cracking with repeated impact may not all be achievable.
The specific gravity of the intermediate layer, although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to preferably at least 0.9, more preferably at least 0.92, and even more preferably at least 0.95. The upper limit may be set to preferably not more than 1.2, more preferably not more than 1.1, and even more preferably not more than 1.0. If the specific gravity of the intermediate layer falls outside of the above range, the rebound may decrease, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved, and the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The envelope layer thickness, the intermediate layer thickness and the cover thickness are not subject to any particular limitation, although they preferably satisfy the relationship:
envelope layer thickness≦intermediate layer thickness≦cover thickness;
and more preferably satisfy the relationship:
envelope layer thickness<intermediate layer thickness≦cover thickness.
In cases where the envelope layer thickness, intermediate layer thickness and cover thickness do not satisfy the above relationship, the spin rate on full shots may rise excessively, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved.
The deflection of the core and the deflection of the envelope layer-encased sphere are not subject to any particular limitation, although they preferably satisfy the relationship:
−0.6 mm≦(core deflection−envelope layer-encased sphere deflection)≦0.5 mm.
The lower limit of this value is more preferably at least −0.4 mm, and even more preferably at least −0.2 mm. The upper limit is more preferably not more than 0.4 mm, and even more preferably not more than 0.2 mm. If this value is too small, it may not be possible to achieve a feel at impact that is both soft and solid. On the other hand, if this value is too large, the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen and it may not be possible to achieve a feel at impact that is both soft and solid.
In the golf ball of the invention, as with ordinary golf balls, it is desirable to form numerous dimples on the surface of the cover in order to further improve the aerodynamic properties and increase the distance traveled by the ball. By optimizing the number of dimple types and the total number of dimples, owing to synergistic effects with the above-described ball construction, a golf ball having a more stable trajectory and an excellent distance performance can be obtained.
The number of dimples, although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to preferably at least 280, more preferably at least 300, and even more preferably at least 320. The maximum number of dimples may be set to preferably not more than 360, more preferably not more than 350, and even more preferably not more than 340. If the number of dimples is smaller than the above range, the trajectory of the ball may become low, as a result of which a good distance may not be achieved. On the other hand, if the number of dimples is larger than the above range, the trajectory may become high, as a result of which an increased distance may not be achieved.
The dimple shapes that are used may be of one type or a combination of two or more types selected from among not only circular shapes, but also various polygonal shapes as well as dewdrop shapes and oval shapes.
The dimple diameter is not particularly limited. However, in cases where circular dimples are used, the diameter is preferably set to from about 2.5 mm to about 6.5 mm. Similarly, the dimple depth, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set in the range of from 0.08 to 0.30 mm.
To improve aerodynamic performance, the dimple surface coverage (SR), defined as the total surface area on the surface of a hypothetical sphere that is circumscribed by the dimple edges as a proportion of the surface area of the hypothetical sphere, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set in the range of 60 to 90%.
To improve the aerodynamic performance, the dimple volume ratio (VR), defined as the sum of the volumes of individual dimple spaces below flat planes circumscribed by the edges of the respective dimples on a golf ball as a proportion of the volume of the golf ball were it to have no dimples on the surface (hypothetical sphere), although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set in the range of 0.6 to 1%.
Also, to optimize the ball trajectory, the value V₀for each dimple, defined as the spatial volume of the dimple below the flat plane circumscribed by the dimple edge, divided by the volume of the cylinder whose base is the flat plane and whose height is the maximum depth of the dimple from the base, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set in the range of 0.35 to 0.80.
If the foregoing dimple parameters such as the number and shape of the dimples do not satisfy the above conditions, a trajectory that fails to provide a good distance may arise, as a result of which a satisfactory distance may not be achieved.
Also, in this invention, the cover of the golf ball may be subjected to various types of treatment, such as surface preparation, stamping and painting, in order to enhance the design and durability of the ball.
The golf ball of the invention, which can be manufactured in conformity with the Rules of Golf for competitive play, may be formed to a diameter of at least 42.67 mm. The weight may be set to generally at least 45.0 g, and preferably at least 45.2 g. The upper limit is preferably set to not more than 45.93 g.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided to illustrate the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope thereof.

Examples 1 and 2, Comparative Examples 1 to 9

Formation of the Core

In each example, a solid core was produced by preparing the rubber composition shown in Table 1, then molding and vulcanizing under vulcanization conditions of 155° C. and 15 minutes.

TABLE 1

Core formulation
(pbw)	No. 1	No. 2	No. 3	No. 4	No. 5	No. 6	No. 7	No. 8	No. 9	No. 10	No. 11

Polybutadiene I	0	0	80	80	80	100	80	90	80	80	80
Polybutadiene II	100	100	20	20	20	0	20	0	20	5	20
Polyisoprene	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	15	0
rubber
Zinc acrylate	34.5	30.5	24	20	24	27	23	22.5	24	24	24
Organic	1.0	1.0	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Peroxide (1)
Organic	0	0	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
Peroxide (2)
Water	1.0	1.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Antioxidant	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barium sulfate	18.6	20.4	23.5	25.2	21.2	0	27.2	18.2	23.5	23.5	23.5
Zinc oxide	4	4	4	4	4	24	4	4	4	4	4
Zinc salt of	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.7	0	0	0.1	0.1	0.1
pentachloro-
thiophenol

The ingredients in Table 1 are described below.

Polybutadiene I: Available under the trade name “BR01” from JSR Corporation.
Polybutadiene II: Available under the trade name “BR51” from JSR Corporation
Polyisoprene rubber: Available under the trade name “IR2200” from JSR Corporation.
Organic Peroxide (1): Dicumyl peroxide; available under the trade name “Percumyl D” from NOF Corporation.
Organic Peroxide (2): A mixture of 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane and silica, available under the trade name “Perhexa C-40” from NOF Corporation.
Antioxidant: 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butyl-phenol), available under the trade name “Nocrac NS-6” from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Water: Distilled water from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.

Formation of Envelope Layer, Intermediate Layer and Cover

An envelope layer-forming material formulated as shown in Table 2 was injection-molded over the core obtained above to form an envelope layer, thereby giving an envelope layer-encased sphere. Next, an intermediate layer-forming material formulated as shown in Table 2 was injection-molded over the envelope layer-encased sphere to form an intermediate layer, thereby giving an intermediate layer-encased sphere. A cover-forming material formulated as shown in Table 2 was then injection-molded over the intermediate layer-encased sphere to form a cover, thereby giving a golf ball having a core encased by an envelope layer, an intermediate layer and a cover. An intermediate layer was not formed in Comparative Examples 4 and 5; the golf balls obtained in these examples were three-piece solid golf balls having a core encased by an envelope layer and a cover. An envelope layer and an intermediate layer were not formed in Comparative Example 6; the golf ball obtained in this example was a two-piece solid golf ball having a core encased by a cover.
At this time, the dimples shown in FIG. 2 were formed on the surface of the cover. Details on these dimples are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 2

Type of material
(pbw)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)

Hytrel 3046	100
Hytrel 4047		100
HPF 1000				100
AN 4319			100		100						20
Himilan 1706							50
Himilan 1557								50			20
Himilan 1855											30
Himilan 1605						50	50	50
Surlyn 8120											30
AM 7329						50
AM 7327									100
AM 7317										50
AM 7318										50
Polyethylene wax						1	2		1	1
Precipitated						20			20	20
barium sulfate
Magnesium stearate			70		70	1	0.4	1.3	1	1
Magnesium oxide			1.9		1.9
Titanium oxide			1.5		0		4.8	2.8

The materials in Table 2 are described below.

Hytrel: Thermoplastic polyether ester elastomers available from DuPont-Toray Co., Ltd.
HPF 1000: Available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.; a terpolymer composed of about 75 to 76 wt % of ethylene, about 8.5 wt % of acrylic acid and about 15.5 to 16.5 wt % of n-butyl acrylate, in which all (100%) of the acid groups are neutralized with magnesium ions.
AN 4319: Available under the trade name Nucrel from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Himilan 1706: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Himilan 1557: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Himilan 1855: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Himilan 1605: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Surlyn 8120: An ionomer resin available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.
AM 7329: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
AM 7327: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
AM 7317: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
AM 7318: An ionomer resin available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Polyethylene wax: Available under the trade name “Sanwax 161P” from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.

TABLE 3

	Number of	Diameter	Depth		SR	VR
No.	dimples	(mm)	(mm)	V₀	(%)	(%)

1	12	4.6	0.15	0.47	81	0.783
2	234	4.4	0.15	0.47
3	60	3.8	0.14	0.47
4	6	3.5	0.13	0.46
5	6	3.4	0.13	0.46
6	12	2.6	0.10	0.46
Total	330

Dimple Definitions

Diameter: Diameter of flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.
Depth: Maximum depth of dimple from flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.
V₀: Spatial volume of dimple below flat plane circumscribed by dimple edge, divided by volume of cylinder whose base is the flat plane and whose height is the maximum depth of dimple from the base.
SR: Sum of individual dimple surface areas, each defined by the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, as a percentage of the surface area of a hypothetical sphere were the ball to have no dimples on the surface thereof.
VR: Sum of spatial volumes of individual dimples formed below flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, as a percentage of the volume of a hypothetical sphere were the ball to have no dimples on the surface thereof.

The following measurements and evaluations were carried out on the golf balls thus obtained. The results for the physical properties of the respective layers and the physical properties of the ball are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Evaluations of the ball flight performance, feel at impact and durability are shown in Table 6.

Diameters of Core, Envelope-Encased Sphere and Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere

The diameter at five random places on the surface of a single core, a single envelope layer-encased sphere or a single intermediate layer-encased sphere was measured at a temperature of 23.9±1° C., and the average of the five measurements was determined. Next, the average measured values thus obtained for five individual cores, five individual envelope layer-encased spheres and five individual intermediate layer-encased spheres were used to determine the average diameters of the cores, the envelope layer-encased spheres and the intermediate layer-encased spheres.

Ball Diameter

The diameters at 15 random dimple-free places (lands) on the surface of a ball were measured at a temperature of 23.9±1° C. and, using the average of these measurements as the measured value for a single ball, the average diameter for five measured balls was determined.

Deflections of Core, Envelope-Encased Sphere, Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere and Ball

The core, envelope-encased sphere, intermediate layer-encased sphere or ball was placed on a hard plate, and the amount of deformation when compressed under a final load of 1,275 N (130 kgf) from an initial load of 98 N (10 kgf) was measured for each. The amount of deformation here refers in each case to the measured value obtained after holding the test specimen isothermally at 23.9° C.

Center Hardness of Core (Shore D Hardness and JIS-C Hardness)

The hardness at the center of the cross-section obtained by cutting the core in half through the center was measured. The Shore D hardness was measured in accordance with ASTM D2240-95, and the JIS-C hardness was measured in accordance with JIS K 6301-1975.

Surface Hardness of Core (Shore D Hardness and JIS-C Hardness)

Measurements were taken by pressing the durometer indenter perpendicularly against the surface of the spherical core. The Shore D hardness was measured in accordance with ASTM D2240-95, and the JIS-C hardness was measured in accordance with JIS K 6301-1975.

Surface Hardnesses (Shore D Hardnesses) of Envelope Layer-Encased Sphere, Intermediate Layer-Encased Sphere and Ball (Cover)

Measurements were taken by pressing the durometer indenter perpendicularly against the surface of the envelope-encased sphere, the intermediate layer-encased sphere or the ball (cover). The surface hardness of the ball (cover) is the measured value obtained at dimple-free (land) areas on the ball surface. The Shore D hardnesses were measured in accordance with ASTM D2240-95.

Material Hardnesses (Shore D Hardnesses) of Envelope Layer, Intermediate Layer and Cover

The resin materials for, respectively, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the cover were formed into sheets having a thickness of 2 mm and left to stand for at least two weeks, following which the Shore D hardnesses were measured in accordance with ASTM D2240-95.

Initial Velocities

The initial velocities were measured using an initial velocity measuring apparatus of the same type as the USGA drum rotation-type initial velocity instrument approved by the R&A. The various spheres to be tested (referred to below as “spherical test specimens”) were held isothermally in a 23.9±1° C. environment for at least 3 hours, then tested in a chamber at a room temperature of 23.9±2° C. Each spherical test specimen was hit using a 250-pound (113.4 kg) head (striking mass) at an impact velocity of 143.8 ft/s (43.83 m/s). One dozen spherical test specimens were each hit four times. The time taken for the test specimen to traverse a distance of 6.28 ft (1.91 m) was measured and used to compute the initial velocity (m/s). This cycle was carried out over a period of about 15 minutes.

Flight Performance

A driver (W#1) was mounted on a golf swing robot, and the distances traveled by balls when hit at head speeds (HS) of 40 m/s and 30 m/s were measured. The club used was a TourStage PHYZ driver (2011 model; loft angle, 11.5°) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. The flight performance was rated according to the following criteria.

- HS 40 m/s
  - Good: Total distance was 203.0 m or more
  - NG: Total distance was 203.0 m or less
- HS 30 m/s
  - Good: Total distance was 137.0 m or more
  - NG: Total distance was 137.0 m or less

Feel

Using a driver (W#1), sensory evaluations were carried out under the following criteria by amateur golfers having head speeds of 30 to 40 m/s

- Good: Feel at impact was good, combining both a soft and solid feel* * The “solid feel” means that the golfers feel the ball would fly sufficiently at impact.
- NG: Either the soft feel or the solid feel was inadequate

Durability to Cracking

The ball was repeatedly hit at a head speed of 35 m/s with a driver (W#1) mounted on a golf swing robot. The club used was a TourStage PHYZ driver (2011 model; loft angle, 11.5°) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. For the ball in each example, a loss of durability was determined to have occurred when the initial velocity of the ball fell to or below 97% of the average initial velocity for the first ten shots. Based on the number of shots taken when a loss of durability occurred, the durability indexes for the balls in the respective examples were calculated relative to an arbitrary index of 100 for the number of shots taken with the ball in Example 2. The durability to cracking was rated as shown in Table 6 according to the criteria shown below. The average value for N=3 golf balls was used as the basis for evaluation in each example.

- Good: Durability index was 95 or more
- Fair: Durability index was at least 90 but less than 95
- NG: Durability index was less than 90

	TABLE 4

	Example	Comparative Example

	1	2	1	2	3

Structure		4 layers	4 layers	4 layers	4 layers	4 layers
Core	Material	No. 1	No. 2	No. 3	No. 4	No. 5
	Diameter (mm)	35.2	35.2	35.2	35.2	35.2
	Weight (g)	27.2	27.2	27.2	27.2	26.9
	Specific gravity	1.19	1.19	1.19	1.19	1.18
	Deflection (mm)	4.0	4.3	4.0	4.5	4.1
	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.6	797.7	77.7	77.5	77.9
	Surface hardness (JIS-C) (1)	89	86	76	73	75
	Center hardness (JIS-C) (2)	57	59	60	57	59
	Hardness difference (1) − (2)	32	27	16	15	16
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	60	57	49	47	49
Envelope	Material	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(2)
layer	Thickness (mm)	1.20	1.20	1.20	1.20	1.20
	Specific gravity	1.07	1.07	1.07	1.07	1.12
	Weight (g)	5.35	5.35	5.35	5.35	5.60
	Material hardness (Shore D)	27	27	27	27	40
Envelope	Diameter (mm)	37.6	37.6	37.6	37.6	37.6
layer-	Weight (g)	32.6	32.6	32.6	32.6	32.5
encased	Deflection (mm)	3.7	4.2	3.9	4.3	3.9
sphere	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.0	77.0	76.9	76.9	77.3
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	33	33	33	33	46

Envelope layer surface hardness −	−27	−24	−16	−14	−3
Core surface hardness (Shore D)
Envelope layer-encased sphere initial	−0.6	−0.7	−0.8	−0.6	−0.6
velocity − Core initial velocity (m/s)
Core deflection −	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2
Envelope layer-encased sphere deflection

Intermediate	Material	(4)	(4)	(4)	(4)	(5)
layer	Thickness (mm)	1.27	1.27	1.27	1.27	1.20
	Specific gravity	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.96	0.97
	Material hardness (Shore D)	50	50	50	50	49
Intermediate	Diameter (mm)	40.1	40.1	40.1	40.1	40
layer-encased	Weight (g)	38.4	38.4	38.4	38.4	38
sphere	Deflection (mm)	3.4	3.8	3.7	4.1	3.7
	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.2	77.2	77.2	77.3	77.3
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	56	56	56	56	55

Intermediate layer surface hardness −	23	23	23	23	9
Envelope layer surface hardness (Shore D)
Intermediate layer-encased sphere initial	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.0
velocity − Envelope layer-encased sphere
initial velocity (m/s)

Cover	Material	(6)	(6)	(6)	(6)	(6)
	Thickness (mm)	1.28	1.28	1.28	1.28	1.35
	Specific gravity	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.05	1.05
	Material hardness (Shore D)	63	63	63	63	63
Ball	Diameter (mm)	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7
	Weight (g)	45.4	45.4	45.4	45.4	45.4
	Deflection (mm)	3.0	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.0
	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.4	77.4	77.3	77.3	77.3
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	69	69	69	69	69

Cover specific gravity −	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.08
Intermediate layer specific gravity
Ball surface hardness −	13	13	13	13	14
Intermediate layer surface hardness (Shore D)
Ball initial velocity −	−0.2	−0.3	−0.4	−0.2	−0.6
Core initial velocity (m/s)
Ball initial velocity − Envelope	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
layer-encased sphere initial velocity (m/s)
Ball initial velocity − Intermediate	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.0
layer-encased sphere initial velocity (m/s)

	TABLE 5

	Comparative Example

	4	5	6	7	8	9

Structure		3 layers	3 layers	2 layers	4 layers	4 layers	4 layers
Core	Material	No. 6	No. 7	No. 8	No. 9	No. 10	No. 11
	Diameter (mm)	35.2	37.3	39.3	35.2	35.2	35.2
	Weight (g)	27.2	32.7	36.8	27.2	27.2	27.2
	Specific gravity	1.19	1.20	1.16	1.19	1.19	1.19
	Deflection (mm)	3.8	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.5	4.0
	Initial velocity (m/s)	78.1	77.4	76.8	77.7	76.9	77.7
	Surface hardness (JIS-C) (1)	77	75	76	76	73	76
	Center hardness (JIS-C) (2)	61	59	60	60	57	60
	Hardness difference (1) − (2)	16	16	16	16	15	16
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	51	49	49	49	47	49
Envelope	Material	(1)	(3)		(1)	(1)	(1)
layer	Thickness (mm)	1.68	1.35		1.20	1.20	1.20
	Specific gravity	1.07	0.98		1.07	1.07	1.07
	Weight (g)	7.69	6.18		5.35	5.35	5.35
	Material hardness (Shore D)	27	49		27	27	27
Envelope	Diameter (mm)	38.6	40		37.6	37.6	37.6
layer-	Weight (g)	34.9	38.9		32.6	32.6	32.6
encased	Deflection (mm)	3.7	3.9		3.9	4.3	3.9
sphere	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.2	77.1		76.9	76.4	76.9
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	33	55		33	33	33

Envelope layer surface hardness −	−18	6	−16	−14	−16
Core surface hardness (Shore D)
Envelope layer-encased sphere initial	−0.9	−0.3	−0.8	−0.5	−0.8
velocity − Core initial velocity (m/s)
Core deflection −	0.0	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1
Envelope layer-encased sphere deflection

Intermediate	Material	(4)	(4)	(11)
layer	Thickness (mm)	1.27	1.27	1.27
	Specific gravity	0.96	0.96	0.96
	Material hardness (Shore D)	50	50	50
Intermediate	Diameter (mm)	40.1	40.1	40.1
layer-encased	Weight (g)	38.4	38.4	38.4
sphere	Deflection (mm)	3.7	4.1	3.7
	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.2	76.8	76.6
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	56	56	56

Intermediate layer surface hardness −	23	23	23
Envelope layer surface hardness (Shore D)
Intermediate layer-encased sphere initial	0.3	0.4	−0.3
velocity − Envelope layer-encased sphere
initial velocity (m/s)

Cover	Material	(7)	(8)	(7)	(9)	(10)	(6)
	Thickness (mm)	2.06	1.35	1.7	1.28	1.28	1.28
	Specific gravity	0.97	0.92	0.97	1.05	1.05	1.05
	Material hardness (Shore D)	63	61	63	48	66	63
Ball	Diameter (mm)	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7
	Weight (g)	45.3	45.4	45.3	45.4	45.4	45.4
	Deflection (mm)	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.2
	Initial velocity (m/s)	77.2	77.3	77.3	76.3	77.0	76.7
	Surface hardness (Shore D)	69	67	69	54	72	69

Cover specific gravity −	—	—	—	0.09	0.09	0.09
Intermediate layer specific gravity
Ball surface hardness −	—	—	—	−2	16	13
Intermediate layer surface hardness (Shore D)
Ball initial velocity −	−0.8	0.0	0.5	−1.4	0.1	−1.0
Core initial velocity (m/s)
Ball initial velocity − Envelope	0.0	0.2	—	−0.6	0.6	−0.2
layer-encased sphere initial velocity (m/s)
Ball initial velocity − Intermediate	—	—	—	−0.9	0.2	0.1
layer-encased sphere initial velocity (m/s)

	TABLE 6

	Example	Comparative Example

	1	2	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Flight	W#	1	Spin rate	2,811	2,741	2,821	2,692	2,821	2,953	2,846	2,783	2,989	2,668	2,875
performance	HS, 40 m/s	(rpm)
		Total distance	203.4	203.0	202.4	201.1	201.1	197.9	200.1	199.6	194.9	200.7	197.2
		(m)
		Rating	good	good	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG
	W#1	Spin rate	2,976	2,844	2,987	2,896	3,038	3,075	2,935	3,045	3,172	2,869	3,043
	HS, 30 m/s	(rpm)
		Total distance	137.4	137.9	136.5	137.1	134.9	134.1	136.0	134.8	131.9	136.7	134.0
		(m)
		Rating	good	good	NG	good	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG

Feel at impact	good	good	good	good	good	good	NG	NG	NG	good	good
Durability to	good	good	good	good	good	good	good	NG	good	NG	good
repeated impact

In Comparative Example 1, the hardness difference between the core surface and core center, expressed in terms of JIS-C hardness, was less than 21. As a result, the distance traveled by the ball was inferior to that in the working examples of the invention.
In Comparative Example 2, the hardness difference between the core surface and core center, expressed in terms of JIS-C hardness, was less than 21. As a result, the distance traveled by the ball was inferior to that in the working examples of the invention.
In Comparative Example 3, the “envelope layer surface hardness−core surface hardness” value, expressed in terms of Shore D hardness, was larger than −5, and so the flight performance of the ball when struck at a low head speed was poor.
In Comparative Example 4, the ball had a three-piece construction without an intermediate layer. As a result, the distances traveled by the ball on shots taken in the mid head-speed range and at a low head speed were poor.
In Comparative Example 5, the ball had a three-piece construction without an intermediate layer. As a result, the distances traveled by the ball on shots taken in the mid head-speed range and at a low head speed were poor, and the feel of the ball at impact was poor.
In Comparative Example 6, the ball had a two-piece construction without an intermediate layer and an envelope layer. As a result, the flight performance of the ball on shots taken at a low head speed, the feel at impact and the durability to repeated impact were inferior.
In Comparative Example 7, the ball had a four-piece construction in which the ball surface hardness was softer than the intermediate layer surface hardness. As a result, the flight performance, feel at impact and durability to repeated impact were inferior.
In Comparative Example 8, the “ball initial velocity of ball−initial velocity of core” value was larger than 0 m/s and the difference in hardness between the core surface and the core center, expressed in terms of JIS-C hardness, was smaller than 21. As a result, the ball had an inferior flight performance.
In Comparative Example 9, the “intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity” value was smaller than −0.2 m/s and the “ball initial velocity−core initial velocity” value was smaller than −0.6 m/s. As a result, the initial velocity of the ball was low and the spin rate increased, resulting in an inferior flight performance.
Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-053247 is incorporated herein by reference.
Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A multi-piece solid golf ball comprising a core, an intermediate layer and a cover,

wherein the ball and the intermediate layer have respective surface hardnesses, expressed in terms of Shore D hardness, which satisfy the relationship:

ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness;

the core and the ball have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:

−0.6 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−core initial velocity)≦0 m/s;

a sphere composed of the core covered peripherally by the intermediate layer (intermediate layer-encased sphere) and the ball have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:

−0.4 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≦0.4 m/s; and

the core has a surface and a center with respective hardnesses, expressed as JIS-C hardnesses, which satisfy the relationship:

core surface hardness−core center hardness≧21.

2. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, further comprising an envelope layer between the core and the intermediate layer.

3. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 2, wherein the core, the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the ball have surface hardnesses which satisfy the relationship:

ball surface hardness>intermediate layer surface hardness>envelope layer surface hardness<core surface hardness.

4. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 2, wherein a sphere composed of the core covered peripherally by the envelope layer (envelope layer-encased sphere) and the intermediate layer-encased sphere have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:

(intermediate layer-encased sphere initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≧−0.2 m/s.

5. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 2, wherein the core surface hardness and the envelope layer surface hardness, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, satisfy the relationship:

−40≦(envelope layer surface hardness−core surface hardness)≦−5.

6. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 2, wherein the envelope layer surface hardness and the intermediate layer surface hardness, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, satisfy the relationship:

10≦(intermediate layer surface hardness−envelope layer surface hardness)≦50.

7. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer surface hardness and the ball surface hardness, expressed as Shore D hardnesses, satisfy the relationship:

5≦(ball surface hardness−intermediate layer surface hardness)≦20.

8. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 2, wherein the envelope layer-encased sphere and the ball have respective initial velocities which satisfy the relationship:

0.1 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−envelope layer-encased sphere initial velocity)≦0.8m/s; and

the core initial velocity and the ball initial velocity satisfy the relationship:

−0.5 m/s≦(ball initial velocity−core initial velocity)≦0 m/s.

9. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the envelope layer, the intermediate layer and the cover have respective thicknesses which satisfy the relationship:

envelope layer thickness≦intermediate layer thickness≦cover thickness.

10. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer and the cover have respective specific gravities which satisfy the relationship:

cover specific gravity≧intermediate layer specific gravity.

11. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is formed of a resin composition obtained by blending as essential components:

100 parts by weight of a resin component composed of, in admixture,

(A) a base resin of (a-1) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer mixed with (a-2) an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer and/or a metal ion neutralization product of an olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester random terpolymer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 0:100, and

(B) a non-ionomeric thermoplastic elastomer in a weight ratio between 100:0 and 50:50;

(C) from 5 to 80 parts by weight of a fatty acid and/or fatty acid derivative having a molecular weight of from 228 to 1500; and

(D) from 0.1 to 17 parts by weight of a basic inorganic metal compound capable of neutralizing un-neutralized acid groups in components A and C.

12. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 2, wherein the envelope layer is formed of a thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer.

13. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover is formed of a resin composition obtained by blending together an ionomer resin and a granular inorganic filler.

14. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core is formed of a material molded under heat from a rubber composition comprising as essential components:

(A) a base rubber,

(B) an organic peroxide, and

(C) water and/or a metal monocarboxylate.