US20150224154A1 - Low/High Dose Probiotic Supplements And Methods Of Their Use - Google Patents
Low/High Dose Probiotic Supplements And Methods Of Their Use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150224154A1 US20150224154A1 US14/688,534 US201514688534A US2015224154A1 US 20150224154 A1 US20150224154 A1 US 20150224154A1 US 201514688534 A US201514688534 A US 201514688534A US 2015224154 A1 US2015224154 A1 US 2015224154A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- animal
- lactic acid
- acid producing
- bacterium
- per day
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 title description 12
- 239000006041 probiotic Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 235000018291 probiotics Nutrition 0.000 title description 3
- 230000000529 probiotic effect Effects 0.000 title 1
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 240000001046 Lactobacillus acidophilus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 235000013956 Lactobacillus acidophilus Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 241000186712 Lactobacillus animalis Species 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229940039695 lactobacillus acidophilus Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 241000186428 Propionibacterium freudenreichii Species 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000191967 Staphylococcus aureus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 241001646719 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Species 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000012794 pre-harvesting Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 17
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 14
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 14
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010197 meta-analysis Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000002354 daily effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 7
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241001333951 Escherichia coli O157 Species 0.000 description 3
- 208000032759 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000186429 Propionibacterium Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000003187 abdominal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000186840 Lactobacillus fermentum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000186839 Lactobacillus fructivorans Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001468191 Lactobacillus kefiri Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000186851 Lactobacillus mali Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000186612 Lactobacillus sakei Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000001647 Renal Insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- 201000007023 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000906064 Zeus faber Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004464 cereal grain Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013065 commercial product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002550 fecal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006052 feed supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000006370 kidney failure Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000035479 physiological effects, processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020185 raw untreated milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000186426 Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186425 Acidipropionibacterium jensenii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193815 Atopobium minutum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000186018 Bifidobacterium adolescentis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001134770 Bifidobacterium animalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186016 Bifidobacterium bifidum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001608472 Bifidobacterium longum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186015 Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001468229 Bifidobacterium thermophilum Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000206593 Carnobacterium divergens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000206600 Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001546092 Coprophilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001430190 Eggerthia catenaformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194033 Enterococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010014896 Enterocolitis haemorrhagic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000186777 Fructobacillus fructosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000186778 Kandleria vitulina Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186716 Lactobacillus agilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186715 Lactobacillus alimentarius Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186714 Lactobacillus amylophilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186713 Lactobacillus amylovorus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186723 Lactobacillus bifermentans Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000001929 Lactobacillus brevis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013957 Lactobacillus brevis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000199885 Lactobacillus bulgaricus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013960 Lactobacillus bulgaricus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000199866 Lactobacillus casei Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013958 Lactobacillus casei Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001468197 Lactobacillus collinoides Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186842 Lactobacillus coryniformis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000202367 Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000218492 Lactobacillus crispatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001134659 Lactobacillus curvatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186673 Lactobacillus delbrueckii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001147746 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186841 Lactobacillus farciminis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186606 Lactobacillus gasseri Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000002605 Lactobacillus helveticus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013967 Lactobacillus helveticus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001147748 Lactobacillus heterohiochii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186685 Lactobacillus hilgardii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001561398 Lactobacillus jensenii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001134654 Lactobacillus leichmannii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000520745 Lactobacillus lindneri Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000751214 Lactobacillus malefermentans Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001104724 Lactobacillus mobilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186871 Lactobacillus murinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186684 Lactobacillus pentosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000006024 Lactobacillus plantarum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013965 Lactobacillus plantarum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000186604 Lactobacillus reuteri Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000218588 Lactobacillus rhamnosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001438705 Lactobacillus rogosae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186870 Lactobacillus ruminis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186869 Lactobacillus salivarius Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186868 Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013864 Lactobacillus sanfrancisco Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000186867 Lactobacillus sharpeae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000751212 Lactobacillus vaccinostercus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000577554 Lactobacillus zeae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013471 Lactococcus lactis subsp hordniae Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000194034 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001183079 Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194041 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008415 Lactuca sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003228 Lactuca sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000604448 Megasphaera elsdenii Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010060860 Neurological symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191998 Pediococcus acidilactici Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191996 Pediococcus pentosaceus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192013 Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186334 Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000293869 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000605031 Selenomonas ruminantium Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010017898 Shiga Toxins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000607764 Shigella dysenteriae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014962 Streptococcus cremoris Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014969 Streptococcus diacetilactis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000194046 Streptococcus intermedius Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000057717 Streptococcus lactis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014897 Streptococcus lactis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000194020 Streptococcus thermophilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186675 Weissella confusa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186838 Weissella halotolerans Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186837 Weissella kandleri Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186864 Weissella minor Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186882 Weissella viridescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021052 average daily weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940118852 bifidobacterium animalis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940002008 bifidobacterium bifidum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940004120 bifidobacterium infantis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940009291 bifidobacterium longum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001332 colony forming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012864 cross contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009429 distress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002183 duodenal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000369 enteropathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004129 fatty acid metabolism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000078673 foodborn pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000007475 hemolytic anemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940068140 lactobacillus bifidus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940004208 lactobacillus bulgaricus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940017800 lactobacillus casei Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940012969 lactobacillus fermentum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940054346 lactobacillus helveticus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940072205 lactobacillus plantarum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940001882 lactobacillus reuteri Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013622 meat product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229940007046 shigella dysenteriae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003307 slaughter Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000813 small intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011172 small scale experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035943 smell Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
- A61K35/741—Probiotics
- A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
- A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
- A61K38/47—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2), e.g. cellulases, lactases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K2035/11—Medicinal preparations comprising living procariotic cells
- A61K2035/115—Probiotics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Definitions
- the present disclosure pertains to the use of lactic acid bacteria as a feed supplement to enhance the feed performance and to reduce pathogenic infection in an animal, such as a ruminant. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a unique combination of low dose and high dose bacteria supplement to enhance feed performance and to reduce pathogenic infections in the animal.
- Pathogens have been known to cause illnesses in animals, including humans. Pathogens may cause a wide variety of illnesses ranging from mild disorders to fatal diseases. Examples of such illnesses include weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and renal failure, among others.
- enteropathogens that cause diseases in the intestinal tract are commonly known as enteropathogens.
- enteropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus , certain strains of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), and Salmonella spp. While most of the hundreds of strains of E. coli are harmless and live in the intestines of animals, including humans, some strains, such as E. coli O157:H7, O111:H8, and O104:H21, produce large quantities of powerful shiga-like toxins that are closely related to or identical to the toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae . These toxins can cause severe distress in the small intestine, often resulting in damage to the intestinal lining and resulting in extreme cases of diarrhea. E.
- coli O157:H7 can also cause acute hemorrhagic colitis, characterized by severe abdominal cramping and abdominal bleeding. In children, this can progress into the rare but fatal disorder called hemolytic uremic syndrome (“HUS”), characterized by renal failure and hemolytic anemia. In adults, it can progress into an ailment termed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (“TTP”), which includes HUS plus fever and neurological symptoms and can have a mortality rate as high as fifty percent in the elderly.
- HUS hemolytic uremic syndrome
- TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Food borne pathogen contamination may be controlled by minimizing contamination at several points of entry by pathogens.
- Pre-harvest control of pathogens by the beef industry such as by reducing pathogen shedding in feces, has been recognized as an important point of control. Beyond this point, pathogens can find many different ways into the food chains, for example, through potential runoff contamination, contact with humans, or cross contamination during meat processing.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,836 disclosed a unique combination of lactic acid producing bacterium and lactate utilizing bacterium as feed supplements (also known as direct-fed microbials (DFM) or probiotics) to help reduce pre-harvest infections in ruminants.
- the compositions and methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,836 help reduce the numbers of enteropathogens such as E. coli O157:H7. By reducing the numbers of enteropathogens in animals that produce meat or milk, these methods help protect consumers of beef, dairy, and other food products from being infected by the pathogens.
- coli O157 or Salmonella was detected when used in conjunction with a fixed dosage of PF24.
- the low and high doses were about equally effective in reducing the recovery of E. coli O157. Id. at p 2390.
- the high dose of NP51 supplementation appeared to be the most effective among the three doses in reducing Salmonella in feces or on hides of feedlot cattle. Id.
- Vasconcelos et al. reported that the dosage of NP51 has no significant effects on average daily weight gain when used in conjunction with a fixed dosage of PF24. J. Animal Science, 86:756-762 (2008).
- the present disclosure advances the art by providing methods and compositions for reducing pathogenic infection in animals and enhancing feed performance.
- the compositions preferably include a lactic acid producing bacterium and a lactate utilizing bacterium.
- the animals' diet may be supplemented with at least one lactic acid producing bacterium at a dosage of between 1 ⁇ 10 5 and 5 ⁇ 10 7 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 10 7 CFU per day per animal, in combination with at least one lactate utilizing bacterium at a dosage of between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 10 9 CFU per day per animal.
- the dosage of the lactic acid producing bacteria may be increased to between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 10 9 CFU per day per animal, while maintaining the same dosage of the lactate utilizing bacteria at about 10 9 CFU per day per animal.
- the present methods help reduce pathogenic infection and increase feed performance with only a modest increase of cost attributable to the cost of the DFM.
- the animals' diet may be supplemented with at least one lactic acid producing bacterium at a dosage of between 1 ⁇ 10 5 and 5 ⁇ 10 7 CFU, or more preferably, about 10 7 CFU per day per animal.
- the dosage of the lactic acid producing bacteria may be increased to between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 10 9 CFU per day per animal.
- the disclosed methods may be applicable in many animal types, for example, cows, sheep, pigs, goats, birds, among others.
- the animals of the present disclosure are ruminants.
- Prior reports have suggested that feed performance may not improve when animals are fed a high dose of the lactic acid producing bacterium.
- excellent feed performance and pathogen reduction may both be achieved when the animals are first fed with a low dosage of a lactic acid producing bacterium in conjunction with a fixed dose of a lactate utilizing bacterium from the beginning of the feeding period before being switched to a diet containing high dosage of the same lactic acid producing bacterium and the same fixed dose of the same lactate utilizing bacterium for at least 20 days.
- the low dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 1 ⁇ 10 5 and 5 ⁇ 10 7 CFU per day either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day for at least 30 days. More preferably, the low dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 8 ⁇ 10 6 and 2 ⁇ 10 7 CFU per day, or even more preferably, about 10 7 CFU per day, either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 8 ⁇ 10 8 and 2 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day for at least 30 days.
- the high dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day for 20-60 days. More preferably, the high dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 8 ⁇ 10 8 and 2 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day, or even more preferably, about 10 9 CFU per day, either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 8 ⁇ 10 8 and 2 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day for 20-60 days.
- the low dose feeding may be started on calves.
- the low dosage of a lactic acid producing bacterium may be started when the cattle are placed on feed about 120-360 days prior to harvesting, and may continue until the animals are switched to feeds containing high dosage of a lactic acid producing bacterium for at least 20 days, preferably for 20-60 days, or more preferably, for about 30 days at the end of the feeding period.
- the animals are slaughtered on site or are sent off to be slaughtered off site.
- the high dose supplementation of a lactic acid producing bacterium may be continued until the animal is sacrificed. It is to be understood that there may be a time gap between the low dose and high dose feeding periods.
- Such a gap between the end of the low dose feeding period and the start of the high dose period may last 0-10 days, but a gap of 0 day is preferable.
- the gap between the end of the high dose feeding period and sacrifice may last 0-10 days, but a gap of 0 day is preferable.
- the animals be fed daily with either the low dose or high dose lactic acid producing bacteria either alone or in combination with the lactate utilizing bacteria during the low dose or high dose periods, respectively.
- the animals may not have been fed with the low dose or high dose lactic acid producing bacteria. Feeding of the animals according to the low dose/high dose methods disclosed herein on a discontinuous basis may still help achieve some or all of the beneficial effects described herein, and therefore such discontinuous feeding is still within the scope of the present disclosure.
- the disclosed methods may be applicable for reducing infection caused by a number of different pathogens, such as, by way of example, bacterium, virus, fungus. More preferably, the pathogen is a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus , and even more preferably, the pathogen is Escherichia coli O 157:H7.
- pathogens such as, by way of example, bacterium, virus, fungus. More preferably, the pathogen is a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus , and even more preferably, the pathogen is Escherichia coli O 157:H7.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of the Meta-analysis showing reduction of O157:H7 prevalence in feces by Bovamine® Culture Complex (CC) over control.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of the Meta-analysis showing reduction of O157:H7 prevalence on hides by Bovamine® Culture Complex (CC) over control.
- FIG. 3 shows the overall reduction of fecal O157:H7 by LAM supplement as compared to a control.
- This disclosure provides improved methods for enhancing the feed efficiency while reducing pathogenic bacteria in animals without drastically increasing the feeding cost.
- Bovamine® Rumen Culture is used to enhance average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) in finishing feedlot cattle (conventional beef cattle and Dairy beef). Rumen Culture (RC) is a commercial product manufactured and marketed by Nutrition Physiology Company, LLC (NPC) under the trade name Bovamine®. RC contains about 1 ⁇ 10 7 of the lactic acid producing bacterium strain LA51 and about 1 ⁇ 10 9 Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 and is a preferred low-dose DFM for purpose of this disclosure.
- RC Bovamine Rumen Culture
- the RC contained about 1 ⁇ 10 7 Lactobacillus strain LA51 and about 1 ⁇ 10 9 Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24.
- the data included estimated initial body weight as well as the response variables DMI (dry matter intake), ADG (Average Daily Gain), feed to gain ratio (FG) and hot carcass weight (HCW). Standard errors for each response variable by treatment were also provided.
- Each response variable (DMI, ADG, FG, and HCW) was first analyzed with a model which included fixed effect of treatment (Control or RC), a covariate of initial body weight, a treatment by covariate interaction effect and random study effect. Each response variable was weighted as described. Any non-significant (defined as alpha>0.05) interaction term was then dropped and the analysis was re-run. Finally, any non-significant initial body weight covariate was dropped and the analysis was re-run.
- Bovamine® Culture Complex is utilized to enhance pre-harvest food safety.
- Culture Complex is a commercial product manufactured and marketed by Nutrition Physiology Company, LLC (NPC) under the trade name Bovamine®.
- CC contains about 1 ⁇ 10 9 Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 and about 1 ⁇ 10 9 Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 and is a preferred high-dose DFM for purpose of this disclosure.
- Meta-analysis conducted by Dr. Loneragan at West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Tex. is described below. Meta-analysis was performed using multiple studies on the effects of Bovamine Culture Complex (CC) over controls on reduction of E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in feces and reduction of prevalence on hides.
- CC Bovamine Culture Complex
- the presently disclosed methods provide a unique combination using low dose and high dose lactic acid producing bacterium to achieve these two seemingly conflicting goals, namely, to enhance feed performance and to reduce pathogens.
- the animals may be fed with feeds that are supplemented with low dosage (about 10 7 CFU per day per animal) of lactic acid producing bacteria in combination with a relatively high dosage of lactate utilizing bacteria (about 10 9 CFU per day per animal).
- the dosage of the lactic acid producing bacteria may be increased to about 10 9 CFU per day per animal, while maintaining a similar dosage of the lactate utilizing bacteria at about 10 9 CFU per day.
- the present methods help reduce the numbers of pathogens in the animals and increase feed performance as measured by average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F:G) while only modestly increasing the feeding cost.
- ADG average daily gain
- F:G feed efficiency
- a pathogen includes reference to a mixture of two or more pathogens
- reference to “a lactic acid producing bacterium” includes reference to bacterial cells that are lactic acid producing bacteria.
- a range of “between 5 and 10” means any amount equal to or greater than 5 but equal to or smaller than 10.
- the term “precede” means one event or step is started before a second event or step is started.
- the dosage of the bacterial supplements is defined by “CFU per day,” which refers to the number of colony forming units of the particular bacteria that are administered on the days when the bacteria are administered.
- continuously on a daily basis means a step is performed every day during a specified period of time without interruption.
- discontinuous means a step is not performed every day during a specified period of time, or in other words, the step is not performed on at least one day during a specified period of time.
- low dose refers to the supplement of between 1 ⁇ 10 5 and 5 ⁇ 10 7 CFU per day of lactic acid producing bacteria, either alone or in conjunction with a fixed dosage of between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day of lactate utilizing bacteria.
- high dose is also used throughout this disclosure, which refers to the supplement of between 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day of lactic acid producing bacteria, either alone or in conjunction with a fixed dosage of around 5 ⁇ 10 8 and 5 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day of lactate utilizing bacteria.
- Preparation of the DFM or probiotics to be mixed with feed or water may be performed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,836. Detection and enumeration of pathogenic bacteria may be conducted as described in Stephens et al. (2007). Determination of various feed performance indicators, such as DMI, ADG, FG, and HCW, may be done as described in Vasconcelos et al. (2008). The contents of these references are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into this disclosure.
- the preferred lactic acid producing bacterium is Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus animalis
- the preferred lactate utilizing bacterium is Propionibacterium freudenreichii
- Examples of the lactic acid producing bacterium strains may include but are not limited to the C28, M35, LA45, LA51 and L411.
- the most preferred lactic acid producing bacterium strain is LA51.
- Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis is used to indicate that either Lactobacillus acidophilus or Lactobacillus animalis may be used.
- strain LA51 when strain LA51 was first isolated, it was identified as a Lactobacillus acidophilus by using an identification method based on positive or negative reactions to an array of growth substrates and other compounds (e.g., API 50-CHL or Biolog test). Using modern genetic methods, however, strain LA51 has recently been identified as belonging to the species Lactobacillus animalis (unpublished results). Regardless of the possible taxonomic changes for LAM, the strain LAM remains the same as the one that has been deposited with ATCC.
- Lactobacillus strains C28, M35, LA45, and LA51 strains were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) on May 25, 2005 and have the Deposit numbers of PTA-6748, PTA-6751, PTA-6749, and PTA-6750, respectively.
- Propionibacterium freudenreichii strains may include but are not limited to the P9, PF24, P42, P93 and P99 strains.
- the most preferred Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain is PF24.
- Propionibacterium strain PF24 was deposited with the ATCC on May 25, 2005 and has the Deposit numbers of PTA-6752.
- P9 and P42 were deposited with the ATCC on Jun. 30, 2005 and have the Deposit numbers of PTA-6821 and PTA-6822, respectively.
- Certain feeding tests described in the Examples contain ingredients that are in a size suitable for a small scale setting. It is important to note that these small scale experiments may be scaled up and the principle of operation and the proportion of each ingredient in the system may equally apply to a larger scale feeding system. Unless otherwise specified, the percentages of ingredients used in this disclosure are on a w/w basis.
- Beef cattle are fed with normal feed such as steam-flaked corn-based diet. Sixty days prior to when the cattle are scheduled to be harvested, all animals start to receive a low dose supplemental DFM in addition to their normal feed.
- the low dose DFM contains Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 in an amount such that each animal's intake of the Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is about 1 ⁇ 10 7 CFU per day and the intake of Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 is about 1 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day.
- the cattle are switched to a feed containing a high dose supplemental DFM in addition to the normal feed.
- a high dose supplemental DFM in addition to the normal feed.
- the daily intake of Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 remains the same at about 1 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day, but the daily intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is increased to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day.
- Beef cattle are fed with normal feed such as steam-flaked corn-based diet. About one hundred and eighty days prior to when the cattle are scheduled to be harvested, all animals start to receive a low dose supplemental DFM in addition to their normal feed.
- the low dose DFM contains Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 in an amount such that each animal's intake of the Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is about 1 ⁇ 10 7 CFU per day.
- the cattle are switched to a feed containing a high dose supplemental DFM in addition to the normal feed.
- a high dose supplemental DFM in addition to the normal feed.
- the daily intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is increased to about 1 ⁇ 10 9 CFU per day.
- Patent Documents
Abstract
Description
- This application is a Continuation application and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/763,775 filed Apr. 20, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present disclosure pertains to the use of lactic acid bacteria as a feed supplement to enhance the feed performance and to reduce pathogenic infection in an animal, such as a ruminant. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a unique combination of low dose and high dose bacteria supplement to enhance feed performance and to reduce pathogenic infections in the animal.
- 2. Description of Related Art
- Pathogens have been known to cause illnesses in animals, including humans. Pathogens may cause a wide variety of illnesses ranging from mild disorders to fatal diseases. Examples of such illnesses include weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and renal failure, among others.
- Extreme health risks may result when humans consume food products that have been contaminated with pathogens. Food products that are most vulnerable to such contamination include sprouts, lettuce, meat products, unpasteurized milk and juice, and water, among others. The problem is particularly prevalent in the beef and dairy industry. Pathogens present on a cow's udder or on milking equipment may find their way into raw milk. Meat can become contaminated at the slaughter house, and pathogenic organisms can be mixed into large quantities of meat when it is ground. This problem is difficult to solve because contaminated meat often looks and smells perfectly normal. Furthermore, the number of pathogenic organisms needed to cause disease is extremely small, and detection of such small number of pathogens is extraordinarily difficult.
- Pathogens that cause diseases in the intestinal tract are commonly known as enteropathogens. Examples of enteropathogenic bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. While most of the hundreds of strains of E. coli are harmless and live in the intestines of animals, including humans, some strains, such as E. coli O157:H7, O111:H8, and O104:H21, produce large quantities of powerful shiga-like toxins that are closely related to or identical to the toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae. These toxins can cause severe distress in the small intestine, often resulting in damage to the intestinal lining and resulting in extreme cases of diarrhea. E. coli O157:H7 can also cause acute hemorrhagic colitis, characterized by severe abdominal cramping and abdominal bleeding. In children, this can progress into the rare but fatal disorder called hemolytic uremic syndrome (“HUS”), characterized by renal failure and hemolytic anemia. In adults, it can progress into an ailment termed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (“TTP”), which includes HUS plus fever and neurological symptoms and can have a mortality rate as high as fifty percent in the elderly.
- Food borne pathogen contamination may be controlled by minimizing contamination at several points of entry by pathogens. Pre-harvest control of pathogens by the beef industry such as by reducing pathogen shedding in feces, has been recognized as an important point of control. Beyond this point, pathogens can find many different ways into the food chains, for example, through potential runoff contamination, contact with humans, or cross contamination during meat processing.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,836 disclosed a unique combination of lactic acid producing bacterium and lactate utilizing bacterium as feed supplements (also known as direct-fed microbials (DFM) or probiotics) to help reduce pre-harvest infections in ruminants. The compositions and methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,836 help reduce the numbers of enteropathogens such as E. coli O157:H7. By reducing the numbers of enteropathogens in animals that produce meat or milk, these methods help protect consumers of beef, dairy, and other food products from being infected by the pathogens.
- A number of studies have been conducted to determine the effects of different dosages of the DFM on feed performance and pathogen reduction. Stephens et al. compared the recovery of E. coli O157 or Salmonella in cattle fed with the low (107), medium (108) and high (109) dose of Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis NP51 (also known as LAM, or NPC747), in conjunction with 1×109 CFU of Propionibacterium freudenreichii NP24 (also known as PF24). Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 70, No. 10, Pages 2386-2391 (2007). Above the dosage of 107 CFU per animal per day, no significant dose-response of NP51 on recovery of E. coli O157 or Salmonella was detected when used in conjunction with a fixed dosage of PF24. Thus, according to Stephens et al., the low and high doses were about equally effective in reducing the recovery of E. coli O157. Id. at p 2390. For reduction of Salmonella, the high dose of NP51 supplementation appeared to be the most effective among the three doses in reducing Salmonella in feces or on hides of feedlot cattle. Id. In a separate study, Vasconcelos et al. reported that the dosage of NP51 has no significant effects on average daily weight gain when used in conjunction with a fixed dosage of PF24. J. Animal Science, 86:756-762 (2008). In fact, feed performance, as measured by carcass-adjusted gain to feed ratio (G:F) and dressing percentage, decreased with increasing dosage of the NP51 when used in conjunction with a fixed dosage of PF24. Id. These studies all point to a conclusion that the ideal DFM program for improving biological performance of feedlot cattle would have a different dosage of DFM than the ideal program for reducing the numbers of pathogenic bacteria. Thus, at the time of the present invention, it appeared impossible to have a single program that meets both goals of achieving high feed performance while reducing pathogenic bacteria.
- The present disclosure advances the art by providing methods and compositions for reducing pathogenic infection in animals and enhancing feed performance. The compositions preferably include a lactic acid producing bacterium and a lactate utilizing bacterium. In one embodiment, the animals' diet may be supplemented with at least one lactic acid producing bacterium at a dosage of between 1×105 and 5×107 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 107 CFU per day per animal, in combination with at least one lactate utilizing bacterium at a dosage of between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 109 CFU per day per animal. Approximately 20-60 days prior to harvest (or sacrifice), the dosage of the lactic acid producing bacteria may be increased to between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 109 CFU per day per animal, while maintaining the same dosage of the lactate utilizing bacteria at about 109 CFU per day per animal. The present methods help reduce pathogenic infection and increase feed performance with only a modest increase of cost attributable to the cost of the DFM.
- In another embodiment, the animals' diet may be supplemented with at least one lactic acid producing bacterium at a dosage of between 1×105 and 5×107 CFU, or more preferably, about 107 CFU per day per animal. Approximately 20-60 days prior to harvest (or sacrifice), the dosage of the lactic acid producing bacteria may be increased to between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day, or more preferably, about 109 CFU per day per animal.
- The disclosed methods may be applicable in many animal types, for example, cows, sheep, pigs, goats, birds, among others. In one preferred embodiment, the animals of the present disclosure are ruminants. Prior reports have suggested that feed performance may not improve when animals are fed a high dose of the lactic acid producing bacterium. However, under the feeding scheme disclosed herein, excellent feed performance and pathogen reduction may both be achieved when the animals are first fed with a low dosage of a lactic acid producing bacterium in conjunction with a fixed dose of a lactate utilizing bacterium from the beginning of the feeding period before being switched to a diet containing high dosage of the same lactic acid producing bacterium and the same fixed dose of the same lactate utilizing bacterium for at least 20 days.
- In one aspect, the low dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 1×105 and 5×107 CFU per day either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day for at least 30 days. More preferably, the low dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 8×106 and 2×107 CFU per day, or even more preferably, about 107 CFU per day, either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 8×108 and 2×109 CFU per day for at least 30 days.
- In another aspect, the high dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day for 20-60 days. More preferably, the high dose feeding involves feeding the animal a lactic acid producing bacterium between 8×108 and 2×109 CFU per day, or even more preferably, about 109 CFU per day, either alone or in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium between 8×108 and 2×109 CFU per day for 20-60 days.
- The low dose feeding may be started on calves. Preferably, the low dosage of a lactic acid producing bacterium may be started when the cattle are placed on feed about 120-360 days prior to harvesting, and may continue until the animals are switched to feeds containing high dosage of a lactic acid producing bacterium for at least 20 days, preferably for 20-60 days, or more preferably, for about 30 days at the end of the feeding period. After the high dose feeding ends, the animals are slaughtered on site or are sent off to be slaughtered off site. The high dose supplementation of a lactic acid producing bacterium may be continued until the animal is sacrificed. It is to be understood that there may be a time gap between the low dose and high dose feeding periods. Such a gap between the end of the low dose feeding period and the start of the high dose period may last 0-10 days, but a gap of 0 day is preferable. There may also be a time gap between the time when the animal is taken off the high dose supplementation of lactic acid producing bacterium and the time when the animal is sacrificed. The gap between the end of the high dose feeding period and sacrifice may last 0-10 days, but a gap of 0 day is preferable.
- For the purpose of this disclosure, it is preferred that the animals be fed daily with either the low dose or high dose lactic acid producing bacteria either alone or in combination with the lactate utilizing bacteria during the low dose or high dose periods, respectively. However, it is conceivable that sometimes certain days may pass by and the animals may not have been fed with the low dose or high dose lactic acid producing bacteria. Feeding of the animals according to the low dose/high dose methods disclosed herein on a discontinuous basis may still help achieve some or all of the beneficial effects described herein, and therefore such discontinuous feeding is still within the scope of the present disclosure.
- The disclosed methods may be applicable for reducing infection caused by a number of different pathogens, such as, by way of example, bacterium, virus, fungus. More preferably, the pathogen is a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, and even more preferably, the pathogen is Escherichia coli O157:H7.
-
FIG. 1 shows the results of the Meta-analysis showing reduction of O157:H7 prevalence in feces by Bovamine® Culture Complex (CC) over control. -
FIG. 2 shows the results of the Meta-analysis showing reduction of O157:H7 prevalence on hides by Bovamine® Culture Complex (CC) over control. -
FIG. 3 shows the overall reduction of fecal O157:H7 by LAM supplement as compared to a control. - This disclosure provides improved methods for enhancing the feed efficiency while reducing pathogenic bacteria in animals without drastically increasing the feeding cost.
- In one embodiment, Bovamine® Rumen Culture (RC) is used to enhance average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) in finishing feedlot cattle (conventional beef cattle and Dairy beef). Rumen Culture (RC) is a commercial product manufactured and marketed by Nutrition Physiology Company, LLC (NPC) under the trade name Bovamine®. RC contains about 1×107 of the lactic acid producing bacterium strain LA51 and about 1×109 Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 and is a preferred low-dose DFM for purpose of this disclosure.
- Many animal studies on RC are conducted using different diets or cattle types. In order to get an overview of how a treatment performs over a wide range of geographic areas, climates and/or diets, scientists often need to combine (pool) results from different studies. However, when studies are pooled, variations within the studies may not be accounted for. A more recent development in statistical theory, known as Meta-Analysis, which accounts for these variations from individual studies was used on pooled data from the following 19 RC trials.
- List of Trials Used in this Study:
-
- 1. 2008—TTU—Vasconcelos
- 2. 2008—Oklahoma—Koers-Turgeon
- 3. 2008—Michigan State—Rust
- 4. 2007—Idaho—Johnson
- 5. 2007—Colorado—Wagner
- 6. 2007—Colorado—Horton
- 7. 2005—TTU—Galyean
- 8. 2005—OSU—Krehbiel
- 9. 2003—TTU—Galyean
- 10. 2003—Iowa—Trenkle
- 11. 2003—Idaho—Johnson
- 12. 2002—TTU—Galyean
- 13. 2002—NMSU—Elam
- 14. 2002—NMSU—Elam
- 15. 2002—Kansas—Garner
- 16. 2001—Iowa—Trenkle
- 17. 2000—TTU—Galyean
- 18. 2000—Michigan—Rust
- 19. 2000—Colorado—Wagner
- A total of 19 feeding trials have been reported comparing the feed performance of controls animals with Bovamine Rumen Culture (RC) supplemented cattle. The RC contained about 1×107 Lactobacillus strain LA51 and about 1×109 Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24. The data included estimated initial body weight as well as the response variables DMI (dry matter intake), ADG (Average Daily Gain), feed to gain ratio (FG) and hot carcass weight (HCW). Standard errors for each response variable by treatment were also provided.
- The data were collected by treatment from each trial and pooled. All analyses were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.2.2). Data were analyzed by scientists at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln using the Meta-Analysis approach (Sauvant et al., 2008 and Glasser et al., 2008). Meta-analytic methods summarize the findings across a number of published studies, where the studies are all testing the same hypotheses. Although the studies were all designed to test the same hypotheses, there were other uncontrollable sources of variability that were uniquely associated with each study, as well as differing numbers of animals included in each study. These factors resulted in heterogeneous variances, which violated the assumption of identical distribution of residual errors (St-Pierre, 2001). St-Pierre (2001) presents an easy remedy by weighting each estimated value, where the weight is the inverse of the standard error squared divided by the mean of the inverse standard errors squared.
- Each response variable (DMI, ADG, FG, and HCW) was first analyzed with a model which included fixed effect of treatment (Control or RC), a covariate of initial body weight, a treatment by covariate interaction effect and random study effect. Each response variable was weighted as described. Any non-significant (defined as alpha>0.05) interaction term was then dropped and the analysis was re-run. Finally, any non-significant initial body weight covariate was dropped and the analysis was re-run.
- There were highly significant differences (p-value<0.01) between the response to Control versus RC for ADG, feed to gain ratio and hot carcass weight. The difference in response for DMI approached statistical significance (p-value<0.10).
- According to the output from the Meta-Analysis, RC enhances (P<0.01) ADG by 2.4% and FE by 3.34% (Table 1).
-
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF RC ON FEED PERFORMANCE Least Squares Means (se)a Trait Control Bovamine p-valueb DMI 20.59 (0.45) 20.72 (0.45) 0.0883 ADG 3.67 (0.08) 3.76 (0.08) <0.0001 Feed to Gain Ratio 5.64 (0.11) 5.45 (0.11) <0.0001 Hot Carcass Weight 812.3 (12.8) 818.6 (12.8) 0.0001 aLeast squares means and standard errors are from the model with fixed effect of treatment (and for HCW the covariate of initial body weight) and random effect of study. bthe p-values are for the difference between the treatment responses. - In another embodiment, Bovamine® Culture Complex (CC) is utilized to enhance pre-harvest food safety. Culture Complex (CC) is a commercial product manufactured and marketed by Nutrition Physiology Company, LLC (NPC) under the trade name Bovamine®. CC contains about 1×109 Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 and about 1×109 Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 and is a preferred high-dose DFM for purpose of this disclosure.
- A Meta-analysis conducted by Dr. Loneragan at West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Tex. is described below. Meta-analysis was performed using multiple studies on the effects of Bovamine Culture Complex (CC) over controls on reduction of E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in feces and reduction of prevalence on hides.
-
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the results of the Meta-analysis showing about 40% reduction of O157:H7 prevalence in feces (26.5 versus 12.7%) by CC over control (FIG. 1 ) and 47% reduction of O157:H7 prevalence on hides (20.4 versus 11.3%) (FIG. 2 ).FIG. 3 shows the overall reduction of fecal O157:H7 by CC supplement as compared to a control. CC is associated with reduced numbers of positive animals (animals whose O157:H7 counts are greater than a set threshold value) and reduced numbers of the pathogenic bacteria in the feces of animals that remained positive. - The presently disclosed methods provide a unique combination using low dose and high dose lactic acid producing bacterium to achieve these two seemingly conflicting goals, namely, to enhance feed performance and to reduce pathogens. More specifically, the animals may be fed with feeds that are supplemented with low dosage (about 107 CFU per day per animal) of lactic acid producing bacteria in combination with a relatively high dosage of lactate utilizing bacteria (about 109 CFU per day per animal). At least 14 days, or more preferably, at least 20 days, prior to harvest or sacrifice, the dosage of the lactic acid producing bacteria may be increased to about 109 CFU per day per animal, while maintaining a similar dosage of the lactate utilizing bacteria at about 109 CFU per day. The present methods help reduce the numbers of pathogens in the animals and increase feed performance as measured by average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F:G) while only modestly increasing the feeding cost.
- As used herein, the term “pathogen” refers to a microorganism that may be harmful to a host animal. In a preferred embodiment, “pathogen” refers to those microorganisms that infect meat animals or dairy animals which can subsequently infect the human food supply, thus causing various diseases in humans. The most common pathogenic bacteria include but are not limited to E. coli, Salmonella spp. such as Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
- Various commercially available products are described or used in this disclosure. It is to be recognized that these products are cited for purpose of illustration only. Certain physical or chemical properties and composition of the products may be modified without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that under certain circumstances, it may be more desirable or more convenient to alter the physical and/or chemical characteristics or composition of one or more of these products in order to achieve the same or similar objectives as taught by this disclosure.
- It is to be noted that, as used in this specification and the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a pathogen” includes reference to a mixture of two or more pathogens, reference to “a lactic acid producing bacterium” includes reference to bacterial cells that are lactic acid producing bacteria.
- The terms “between” and “at least” as used herein are inclusive. For example, a range of “between 5 and 10” means any amount equal to or greater than 5 but equal to or smaller than 10.
- For purpose of this disclosure, the term “precede” means one event or step is started before a second event or step is started.
- The dosage of the bacterial supplements is defined by “CFU per day,” which refers to the number of colony forming units of the particular bacteria that are administered on the days when the bacteria are administered.
- The phrase “continuously on a daily basis” means a step is performed every day during a specified period of time without interruption. Conversely, the term “discontinuous,” as used herein, means a step is not performed every day during a specified period of time, or in other words, the step is not performed on at least one day during a specified period of time.
- The term “low dose” is used throughout this disclosure, which refers to the supplement of between 1×105 and 5×107 CFU per day of lactic acid producing bacteria, either alone or in conjunction with a fixed dosage of between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day of lactate utilizing bacteria. The term “high dose” is also used throughout this disclosure, which refers to the supplement of between 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day of lactic acid producing bacteria, either alone or in conjunction with a fixed dosage of around 5×108 and 5×109 CFU per day of lactate utilizing bacteria.
- Administration of the bacterial supplements may be through oral ingestion with or without feed or water. Preferably, the bacterial supplements are administered along with normal feed or water. The bacteria may be prepared in the form of a lyophilized culture before being mixed with water for spraying or blending with animal feed. The final mixture may be in dry or wet form, and may contain additional carriers that are added to the normal feed of the animal. The normal feed may include one or more ingredients such as corn, cereal grains, corn by-products, cereal grain by-products, alfalfa hay, corn silage, small grain silage, grass hay, plant stalks, oil seed by-products, protein meals, urea, minerals, molasses, and various fat and oil products. The lyophilized cultures may also be suspended in various oils, water and/or compounds for providing a drench to be supplied directly to the animal and the digestive tract of the animal. The lyophilized cultures may also be added to the drinking water of the animals.
- Preparation of the DFM or probiotics to be mixed with feed or water may be performed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,836. Detection and enumeration of pathogenic bacteria may be conducted as described in Stephens et al. (2007). Determination of various feed performance indicators, such as DMI, ADG, FG, and HCW, may be done as described in Vasconcelos et al. (2008). The contents of these references are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into this disclosure.
- In one embodiment, the lactic acid producing bacterium may be selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus alactosus, Lactobacillus alimentarius, Lactobacillus amylophilus, Lactobacillus amylovorans, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactobacillus batatas, Lactobacillus bavaricus, Lactobacillus bifermentans, Lactobacillus bifidus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus buchnerii, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus catenaforme, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus collinoides, Lactobacillus confusus, Lactobacillus coprophilus, Lactobacillus coryniformis, Lactobacillus corynoides, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus desidiosus, Lactobacillus divergens, Lactobacillus enterii, Lactobacillus farciminis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus frigidus, Lactobacillus fructivorans, Lactobacillus fructosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus halotolerans, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus heterohiochii, Lactobacillus hilgardii, Lactobacillus hordniae, Lactobacillus inulinus, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus jugurti, Lactobacillus kandleri, Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus leichmannii, Lactobacillus lindneri, Lactobacillus malefermentans, Lactobacillus mali, Lactobacillus maltaromicus, Lactobacillus minor, Lactobacillus minutus, Lactobacillus mobilis, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pseudoplantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus rogosae, Lactobacillus tolerans, Lactobacillus torquens, Lactobacillus ruminis, Lactobacillus sake, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus sanfrancisco, Lactobacillus sharpeae, Lactobacillus trichodes, Lactobacillus vaccinostercus, Lactobacillus viridescens, Lactobacillus vitulinus, Lactobacillus xylosus, Lactobacillus yamanashiensis, Lactobacillus zeae, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus diacetylactis, Streptococcus (Enterococcus) faecium, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and combinations thereof.
- The lactate utilizing bacterium may be selected from the group consisting of Megasphaera elsdenii, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Propionibacterium acidipropionici, Propionibacterium globosum, Propionibacterium jensenii, Propionibacterium shermanii, Propionibacterium spp., Selenomonas ruminantium, and combinations thereof.
- For purpose of this disclosure, the preferred lactic acid producing bacterium is Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus animalis, while the preferred lactate utilizing bacterium is Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Examples of the lactic acid producing bacterium strains may include but are not limited to the C28, M35, LA45, LA51 and L411. The most preferred lactic acid producing bacterium strain is LA51. The term Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis is used to indicate that either Lactobacillus acidophilus or Lactobacillus animalis may be used. It is worth noting that when strain LA51 was first isolated, it was identified as a Lactobacillus acidophilus by using an identification method based on positive or negative reactions to an array of growth substrates and other compounds (e.g., API 50-CHL or Biolog test). Using modern genetic methods, however, strain LA51 has recently been identified as belonging to the species Lactobacillus animalis (unpublished results). Regardless of the possible taxonomic changes for LAM, the strain LAM remains the same as the one that has been deposited with ATCC.
- Lactobacillus strains C28, M35, LA45, and LA51 strains were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) on May 25, 2005 and have the Deposit numbers of PTA-6748, PTA-6751, PTA-6749, and PTA-6750, respectively.
- Examples of Propionibacterium freudenreichii strains may include but are not limited to the P9, PF24, P42, P93 and P99 strains. The most preferred Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain is PF24. Propionibacterium strain PF24 was deposited with the ATCC on May 25, 2005 and has the Deposit numbers of PTA-6752. P9 and P42 were deposited with the ATCC on Jun. 30, 2005 and have the Deposit numbers of PTA-6821 and PTA-6822, respectively.
- The following examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to be limiting. The feed ingredients and supplements are presented as typical components, and various substitutions or modifications may be made in view of the foregoing disclosure by one of skills in the art without departing from the principle and spirit of the present invention.
- Certain feeding tests described in the Examples contain ingredients that are in a size suitable for a small scale setting. It is important to note that these small scale experiments may be scaled up and the principle of operation and the proportion of each ingredient in the system may equally apply to a larger scale feeding system. Unless otherwise specified, the percentages of ingredients used in this disclosure are on a w/w basis.
- Beef cattle are fed with normal feed such as steam-flaked corn-based diet. Sixty days prior to when the cattle are scheduled to be harvested, all animals start to receive a low dose supplemental DFM in addition to their normal feed. The low dose DFM contains Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 in an amount such that each animal's intake of the Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is about 1×107 CFU per day and the intake of Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 is about 1×109 CFU per day.
- After 30 days on the low dose DFM supplement, the cattle are switched to a feed containing a high dose supplemental DFM in addition to the normal feed. During this high dose period which lasts about 30 days before the animals are slaughtered, the daily intake of Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain PF24 remains the same at about 1×109 CFU per day, but the daily intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is increased to about 1×109 CFU per day.
- Beef cattle are fed with normal feed such as steam-flaked corn-based diet. About one hundred and eighty days prior to when the cattle are scheduled to be harvested, all animals start to receive a low dose supplemental DFM in addition to their normal feed. The low dose DFM contains Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 in an amount such that each animal's intake of the Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is about 1×107 CFU per day.
- After 150 days on the low dose DFM supplement, the cattle are switched to a feed containing a high dose supplemental DFM in addition to the normal feed. During this high dose period which lasts about 30 days before the animals are to be slaughtered, the daily intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus/animalis strain LA51 is increased to about 1×109 CFU per day.
- The following references and patents and publication of patent applications are either cited in this disclosure or are of relevance to the present disclosure. All documents listed below, along with other papers, patents and publication of patent applications cited throughout this disclosures, are hereby incorporated by reference as if the full contents are reproduced herein:
- Glasser F, Ferlay A, Doreau M, Schmidely P, Sauvant D, Chilliard Y., Long-chain fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows: a meta-analysis of milk fatty acid yield in relation to duodenal flows and de novo synthesis. J Dairy Sci. 2008 July; 91(7):2771-85 (2008).
- Stephens, et al., Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 70, No. 10, Pages 2386-2391 (2007).
- Vasconcelos et al., J. Animal Science, 86:756-762 (2008).
-
-
5,529,793 June 1996 Garner and Ware 5,534,271 July 1996 Ware and Garner 7,063,836 June 2006 Garner and Ware 7,291,326 November 2007 Ware and Brashears 7,291,327 November 2007 Garner and Ware 7,291,328 November 2007 Garner and Ware
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/688,534 US20150224154A1 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-04-16 | Low/High Dose Probiotic Supplements And Methods Of Their Use |
US15/446,163 US20170173090A1 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2017-03-01 | Lactic acid bacteria and their use as dietary supplements for poultry |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/763,775 US9011838B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2010-04-20 | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
US14/688,534 US20150224154A1 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-04-16 | Low/High Dose Probiotic Supplements And Methods Of Their Use |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/763,775 Continuation US9011838B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2010-04-20 | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2012/064845 Continuation-In-Part WO2013071298A1 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2012-11-13 | Lactic acid bacteria and their use as dietary supplementals for poultry |
US14/357,698 Continuation-In-Part US20140328815A1 (en) | 2011-11-11 | 2012-11-13 | Lactic Acid Bacteria And Their Use As Dietary Supplementals For Poultry |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150224154A1 true US20150224154A1 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
Family
ID=44788350
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/763,775 Active 2032-08-19 US9011838B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2010-04-20 | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
US14/688,534 Abandoned US20150224154A1 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-04-16 | Low/High Dose Probiotic Supplements And Methods Of Their Use |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/763,775 Active 2032-08-19 US9011838B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 | 2010-04-20 | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US9011838B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011133681A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140286919A1 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2014-09-25 | Nutrition Physilogy Company, LLC | Composition And Methods For Inhibiting Pathogenic Growth |
US9011838B2 (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2015-04-21 | Nutrition Physiology Company, Llc | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
MX2014005754A (en) * | 2011-11-11 | 2015-02-10 | Nutrition Physiology Company Llc | Lactic acid bacteria and their use as dietary supplementals for poultry. |
US10420806B2 (en) | 2013-12-30 | 2019-09-24 | Texas Tech University System | Lactic acid and other probiotic bacteria to reduce pathogens in lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues of livestock animals |
WO2016100881A1 (en) * | 2014-12-18 | 2016-06-23 | Microbios, Inc. | Prebiotic and bacterial-based probiotic pathogen inhibitor |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9011838B2 (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2015-04-21 | Nutrition Physiology Company, Llc | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5179020A (en) * | 1991-08-19 | 1993-01-12 | Bio Techniques Laboratories, Inc. | Antibiotic resistant strain of lactobacillus acidophilus |
US6455063B1 (en) * | 1998-04-17 | 2002-09-24 | The Board Of Regents For Oklahoma State University | Propionibacterium P-63 for use in direct fed microbials for animal feeds |
US20040028665A1 (en) | 2002-01-08 | 2004-02-12 | Garner Bryan E. | Compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth |
US7888062B1 (en) * | 2010-02-01 | 2011-02-15 | Microbios, Inc. | Process and composition for the manufacture of a microbial-based product |
-
2010
- 2010-04-20 US US12/763,775 patent/US9011838B2/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-04-20 WO PCT/US2011/033267 patent/WO2011133681A2/en active Application Filing
-
2015
- 2015-04-16 US US14/688,534 patent/US20150224154A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9011838B2 (en) * | 2010-04-20 | 2015-04-21 | Nutrition Physiology Company, Llc | Low/high dose probiotic supplements and methods of their use |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20110256116A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
WO2011133681A2 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
WO2011133681A3 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
US9011838B2 (en) | 2015-04-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8734785B2 (en) | Compositions to inhibit pathogenic growth | |
AU2010203120B2 (en) | Compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth | |
Krehbiel et al. | Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action | |
US20230071245A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for controlling undesirable microbes and improving animal health | |
US20150224154A1 (en) | Low/High Dose Probiotic Supplements And Methods Of Their Use | |
US20130189236A1 (en) | Prevention And Treatment Of Gastrointestinal Infection In Mammals | |
US20170020935A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth | |
CN1703146B (en) | Compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth | |
JP2020502170A (en) | Bacillus-based component for inhibiting or slowing the growth of Enterococcus species in animals | |
Kalebich et al. | Effects of direct-fed microbials on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, feed conversion, and health condition of dairy cows | |
US20160175369A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for reducing infection in poultry | |
US20160143317A1 (en) | Lactic acid bacterium as pet dietary supplement | |
ES2426162T3 (en) | Compositions and methods to inhibit the growth of pathogens | |
Callaway et al. | Using antimicrobial cultures, bacteriocins and bacteriophages to reduce carriage of foodborne pathogens in cattle and swine | |
Remillard | Probiotics: What to expect (or not)(Proceedings) | |
Fouad et al. | Beneficial Implementation of Probiotics in Farm Animals and Poultry Husbandry | |
Remillard | Probiotics: What to Expect (or Not) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY COMPANY, LLC, OKLAHOMA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WARE, DOUGLAS R.;ANDERSON, PETER;REEL/FRAME:035868/0449 Effective date: 20110426 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CHR. HANSEN A/S, DENMARK Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY COMPANY, LLC;REEL/FRAME:038287/0072 Effective date: 20160218 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |