US20150158273A1 - Powder metallurgical article - Google Patents
Powder metallurgical article Download PDFInfo
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- US20150158273A1 US20150158273A1 US14/626,149 US201514626149A US2015158273A1 US 20150158273 A1 US20150158273 A1 US 20150158273A1 US 201514626149 A US201514626149 A US 201514626149A US 2015158273 A1 US2015158273 A1 US 2015158273A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
- B23K26/32—Bonding taking account of the properties of the material involved
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
- B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3033—Ni as the principal constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/056—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 10% but less than 20%
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/26—Alloys of Nickel and Cobalt and Chromium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49718—Repairing
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
- Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to powder metallurgical articles and processes.
- the present disclosure relates to a welding process and an enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article formed by a formed article and a material added to the formed article, the enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article having a substantially uniform grain structure.
- some alloys can be formed through powder metallurgy processes.
- the powder metallurgy process can include remelting a preliminary ingot then atomizing it into small droplets that solidify as miniature ingots with limited or no segregation of alloy elements.
- the powders are consolidated by hot isostatic pressing and/or by extrusion and processed to achieve as much as 100% density.
- the aggregates are generally homogenous and can display uniform properties.
- the powder can be pressed directly to form a final size/shape, but usually the powder is compacted to an intermediate stage (for example, extruded billet) and forged to final form.
- Powder metallurgy can be expensive, but can result in savings on subsequent machining costs, the ability to control defects, and the ability to use very high strength compositions.
- Alloys formed from powder metallurgy can be difficult to weld. Furthermore, in the past, adding additional alloy to articles formed from powder metallurgy resulted in inconsistent grain structure.
- a method of forming an enlarged powder metallurgical article includes determining a size of a formed article, the formed article comprising a first alloy, positioning the formed article and a material, the material comprising a second alloy, and increasing the size of the formed article by adding the second alloy material.
- the enlarged article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the added second alloy material.
- a method of repairing a formed powder metallurgical article includes identifying an undesirable feature of the formed article, the formed article comprising an alloy, positioning the formed article and a material, the material comprising a second alloy, and repairing the undesirable feature of the formed article by adding the material.
- the repaired formed article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the added material.
- a repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article in another exemplary embodiment, includes a formed article comprising a first alloy and a material comprising a second alloy. In the embodiment, the material is welded to the formed article.
- the repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the material.
- FIGS. 1 through 3 show schematic views of an exemplary embodiment of an article being increased in size according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process.
- FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show schematic views of an exemplary embodiment of an article being increased in size according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process.
- FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process.
- a powder metallurgy welding process for forming an enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article.
- the enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article is formed by a formed article and a material.
- the formed article can be increase in size or have undesirable features repaired to form the enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article.
- Embodiments include a formed powder metal alloy and additional alloy added to the formed powder metal alloy having a substantially uniform grain structure, higher material utilization due to lower levels of in-process scrap, increased uniformity of grain structure throughout the article, the ability for improved repair of field-run hardware, increased ability to utilize nickel-based alloys, such as Alloy 725.
- Alloy 725 is added to an article comprising Alloy 725 by welding.
- Alloy 725 is a known alloy composition and includes Nickel at 55.0-59.0%, Chromium at 19.0-22.5%, Molybdenum at 7.0-9.5%, Niobium at 2.75-4.0%, Titanium at 1.0-1.7%.
- an article 100 including a first alloy can be formed by a powder metallurgy process. Upon being formed by the powder metallurgy process, article 100 includes the first alloy.
- article 100 may include field-run alloy (as used herein, the term “field-run” refers to having been exposed to conditions associated with operation and/or use, for example, having experienced cycles of compressive and/or tensile forces).
- a material including a second alloy (for example, Alloy 725) can be welded to article 100 including the first alloy.
- both the second alloy and the first alloy are Alloy 725.
- the second alloy material can be in the form of a powder 102 .
- Powder 102 can be formed by any suitable processes for forming a powder metal.
- a weld deposit 104 formed by welding the material to article 100 can be of substantially the uniform grain size as article 100 .
- an enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 is formed.
- Enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 can include substantially uniform grain structure.
- the material added can be in the form of a second article 106 formed by a powder metallurgy process.
- Article 106 includes the first alloy and can be formed by the same process as article 100 or any other suitable process.
- weld deposit 104 is formed upon the second article 106 being welded to article 100 .
- an enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 is formed.
- Enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 can include substantially uniform grain structure.
- article 100 can be formed through a powder metallurgy process by forming powder 102 , positioning powder 102 , evacuating powder 102 , consolidated powder 102 , hot working the consolidation powder 102 , and forging to form article 100 .
- Forming powder 102 can include forming a melt of a first alloy (for example, Alloy 725) by any suitable powder metal processing (for example, vacuum melting induction processing, electroslag remelting processing, vacuum arc remelting processing).
- the melt can be formed under vacuum or in an inert environment resulting in a molten condition. While in the molten condition, the alloy can be converted into powder 102 by atomization or another suitable process to produce generally spherical particles of powder 102 .
- Powder 102 can be sieved to a predetermined size. In one embodiment, the particles produced have diameters of predominantly 0.004 inch (about 0.100 mm) or smaller. The powder can be sieved to remove particles larger than 0.004 inch (about 0.100 mm) for the purpose of reducing the potential for defects in the forging process.
- powder 102 can be positioned. Positioning can be configured for the desired size of article 100 . Positioning can be performed in inert gas or vacuum. Upon being positioned, powder 102 can be evacuated and moderately heated (for example, above about 200° F. (about 93° C.)). Thereafter, powder 102 can be consolidated at a desired temperature, time, and pressure to produce a consolidation having a density of at least about 99.9% of theoretical. Consolidation can be accomplished by hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or another suitable consolidation method.
- the consolidation of powder 102 can be hot worked by any suitable technique (for example, upset plus drawing) to produce the desired size for forging.
- Article 100 can then be forged using any suitable techniques (for example, those applicable to Alloy 706 and Alloy 718).
- Article 100 can be inspected for undesirable features by any suitable process (for example, ultrasonic inspecting). Inspection can be followed by finish machining by any suitable process.
- FIGS. 1 through 3 if article 100 is smaller than a desired size, laser beam or electron beam welding can be used for increasing the size of article 100 to form enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
- Powder 102 can be produced and laser beam welded or electron beam welded to increase the size of desired areas of article 100 to a desired size.
- the energy density of energy beam 105 from the electron beam or laser beam welded can be controlled permitting grain size of weld deposit 104 to be consistent with the other portions of article 100 .
- the energy density may be controlled by adjusting voltage, beam current, beam focus, beam oscillation, and/or travel speed.
- FIG. 1 shows article 100 and powder 102 positioned for increasing the size of article 100 .
- FIG. 1 shows article 100 and powder 102 positioned for increasing the size of article 100 .
- FIG. 2 shows energy beam 105 being applied to article 100 thereby welding powder 102 to article 100 and forming weld deposit 104 .
- Suitable energy beams may include electron beams, laser beams, or suitable other beams used for powder metallurgy processes.
- FIG. 3 shows article 100 having powder 102 welded to it, having increased size, and having weld deposit 104 thus forming enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
- an exemplary method 400 of increasing the size of article 100 includes determining whether article 100 is smaller than a desired size (box 402 ), positioning article 100 and a material (box 404 ) including a second alloy, and increasing the size of article 100 to the desired size by welding the second alloy material (box 406 ) to the article.
- article 100 includes Alloy 725. Determining whether article 100 is smaller than the desired size (box 402 ) can include determining whether a portion of article 100 is smaller than the desired size or whether the entire article 100 is smaller than the desired size. The determination can be made by any suitable technique (for example, visual inspection, computerized inspection, measurement of weight or volume, and/or comparison to standards).
- Positioning article 100 and additional alloy can include any suitable positioning method.
- the material includes a powder Alloy 725.
- Increasing the size of article (box 406 ) can be performed by laser beam welding or electron beam welding the material to article 100 .
- Method 400 can optionally include selecting a predetermined energy density of an energy beam for the laser beam welding or the electron beam welding. Upon repaired or enlarged article being of a predetermined size, the process is complete and enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 10 is formed.
- a second article 106 can be welded to article 100 . It can be desirable that second article 106 be welded to article 100 when article 100 is substantially smaller than the desired size. Second article 106 can be formed, and thus, forged, in the same process as article 100 . Upon positioning article 100 and second article 106 to be welded, article 100 and second article 106 can be welded to each other to increase the size of article 100 forming enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 . The welding of article 100 and second article 106 can be performed by furnace brazing, fusion arc, fusion beam, or solid-state joining.
- Enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 may include weld deposit 104 and include substantially uniform grain structure throughout.
- FIG. 5 shows article 100 and second article 106 positioned for increasing the size of article 100 .
- FIG. 6 shows article 100 having second article 106 welded to it, having increased size, and having weld deposit 104 thereby forming enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
- an exemplary method 700 of increasing the size of article 100 including a first alloy to form enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 includes determining whether article 100 is smaller than a desired size (box 702 ), positioning article 100 and a material (box 704 ) including a second alloy, and increasing the size of article 100 to the desired size by adding the additional alloy (box 706 ) thereby forming enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
- article 100 includes forged alloy.
- Positioning article 100 and the material (box 704 ) can include any suitable positioning method.
- the material includes additional article 106 .
- Increasing the size of article 100 to the desired size by adding the material can be performed by furnace brazing, fusion arc welding, fusion beam welding, or solid-state joining.
- method 700 may include selecting a predetermined energy density of an energy beam for fusion beam welding. Upon repaired or enlarged article being of a predetermined size, the process is complete and enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 is formed.
- article 100 exhibits cracks, oxidation, corrosion, defects, and/or other undesirable features
- the material can be used for repairing the undesirable feature of article 100 .
- defects refers to flaws or other undesirable aspects of the article but does not refer to an article being larger or smaller than a desired size.
- the material can be added to article 100 by brazing, fusion, or solid-state joining.
- the material for repairing article 100 may be powder 102 and can be added similar to the manner described above with reference to FIGS. 1 through 4 .
- Laser beam or electron beam welding can be used for adding the second alloy to article 100 .
- Powder 102 can be formed and laser beam welded or electron beam welded to build up desired areas of article 100 to repair and/or patch the undesirable feature.
- the energy density of energy beam 105 from the electron beam or laser beam can be controlled permitting grain size of weld deposit 104 to be uniform with the other portions of article 100 thereby forming enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
- the material for repairing article 100 may be a second article 106 can be added similar to the manner described above with reference to FIGS. 5 through 7 .
- Second article 106 can be welded to article 100 to form enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
- Second article 106 can be formed, and thus, forged, in the same process as article 100 .
- article 100 and second article 106 can be welded to repair the undesirable feature.
- the welding of article 100 and second article 106 can be performed by furnace brazing, fusion arc, fusion beam, or solid-state joining
- the repaired article 100 may include weld deposit 104 and include substantially consistent grain size throughout article 100 thereby forming enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 110 .
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Abstract
A powder metallurgical article and process are disclosed. The article is a repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article. The repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a formed article including a first alloy and a material including a second alloy. The material is welded to the formed article to form the repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article. The repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a substantially uniform grain structure.
Description
- This patent application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/651,756 filed on Jan. 4, 2010, entitled “Powder Metallurgical Article and Process”, now pending, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
- The present disclosure generally relates to powder metallurgical articles and processes. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a welding process and an enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article formed by a formed article and a material added to the formed article, the enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article having a substantially uniform grain structure.
- Many superalloys have been developed. Of the many superalloys that have been developed, only a few have been adopted for use. Often, the expense of using a new alloy exceeds the benefit associated with using the new alloy. Due to this expense of using a new alloy, the properties of many alloys are not exploited.
- In the past, articles have been formed by conventional forging techniques. The conventional forging techniques can be expensive, can only be performed by a few facilities, can result in unusable scrap material, and can be susceptible to cracking, oxidation, and/or contamination by foreign objects.
- Alternative to conventional forging techniques, some alloys can be formed through powder metallurgy processes. The powder metallurgy process can include remelting a preliminary ingot then atomizing it into small droplets that solidify as miniature ingots with limited or no segregation of alloy elements. The powders are consolidated by hot isostatic pressing and/or by extrusion and processed to achieve as much as 100% density. The aggregates are generally homogenous and can display uniform properties. Sometimes, the powder can be pressed directly to form a final size/shape, but usually the powder is compacted to an intermediate stage (for example, extruded billet) and forged to final form. Powder metallurgy can be expensive, but can result in savings on subsequent machining costs, the ability to control defects, and the ability to use very high strength compositions.
- Alloys formed from powder metallurgy can be difficult to weld. Furthermore, in the past, adding additional alloy to articles formed from powder metallurgy resulted in inconsistent grain structure.
- In an exemplary embodiment, a method of forming an enlarged powder metallurgical article includes determining a size of a formed article, the formed article comprising a first alloy, positioning the formed article and a material, the material comprising a second alloy, and increasing the size of the formed article by adding the second alloy material. In the embodiment, the enlarged article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the added second alloy material.
- In another exemplary embodiment, a method of repairing a formed powder metallurgical article includes identifying an undesirable feature of the formed article, the formed article comprising an alloy, positioning the formed article and a material, the material comprising a second alloy, and repairing the undesirable feature of the formed article by adding the material. In the embodiment, the repaired formed article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the added material.
- In another exemplary embodiment, a repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a formed article comprising a first alloy and a material comprising a second alloy. In the embodiment, the material is welded to the formed article. The repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the material.
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FIGS. 1 through 3 show schematic views of an exemplary embodiment of an article being increased in size according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process. -
FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process. -
FIGS. 5 and 6 show schematic views of an exemplary embodiment of an article being increased in size according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process. -
FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram according to an exemplary embodiment of a welding process. - Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to represent the same parts.
- Provided is a powder metallurgy welding process for forming an enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article. The enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article is formed by a formed article and a material. The formed article can be increase in size or have undesirable features repaired to form the enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article. Embodiments include a formed powder metal alloy and additional alloy added to the formed powder metal alloy having a substantially uniform grain structure, higher material utilization due to lower levels of in-process scrap, increased uniformity of grain structure throughout the article, the ability for improved repair of field-run hardware, increased ability to utilize nickel-based alloys, such as Alloy 725.
- In one embodiment, Alloy 725 is added to an article comprising Alloy 725 by welding. Alloy 725 is a known alloy composition and includes Nickel at 55.0-59.0%, Chromium at 19.0-22.5%, Molybdenum at 7.0-9.5%, Niobium at 2.75-4.0%, Titanium at 1.0-1.7%. Aluminum at 0.35 max %, at Carbon 0.03 max %, Manganese at 0.35 max %, Silicon at 0.20 max %, Phosphorus at 0.015 max %, Sulfur at 0.010 max %, and an Iron balance (the term “balance” is used for the purposes of identifying the predominant component of the balance).
- Referring to
FIGS. 1 and 5 , anarticle 100 including a first alloy (for example, Alloy 725) can be formed by a powder metallurgy process. Upon being formed by the powder metallurgy process,article 100 includes the first alloy. In one embodiment,article 100 may include field-run alloy (as used herein, the term “field-run” refers to having been exposed to conditions associated with operation and/or use, for example, having experienced cycles of compressive and/or tensile forces). According to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, a material including a second alloy (for example, Alloy 725) can be welded toarticle 100 including the first alloy. In one embodiment, both the second alloy and the first alloy are Alloy 725. - Referring to
FIG. 1 , the second alloy material can be in the form of apowder 102.Powder 102 can be formed by any suitable processes for forming a powder metal. Referring toFIGS. 2 and 3 , aweld deposit 104 formed by welding the material toarticle 100 can be of substantially the uniform grain size asarticle 100. Upon the material being welded toarticle 100, an enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110 is formed. Enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110 can include substantially uniform grain structure. - Referring to
FIG. 5 , in another embodiment, the material added can be in the form of asecond article 106 formed by a powder metallurgy process.Article 106 includes the first alloy and can be formed by the same process asarticle 100 or any other suitable process. Referring toFIG. 6 , upon thesecond article 106 being welded toarticle 100,weld deposit 104 is formed. Uponarticle 106 being welded toarticle 100, an enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110 is formed. Enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110 can include substantially uniform grain structure. - In one embodiment,
article 100 can be formed through a powder metallurgy process by formingpowder 102,positioning powder 102, evacuatingpowder 102, consolidatedpowder 102, hot working theconsolidation powder 102, and forging to formarticle 100. - Forming
powder 102 can include forming a melt of a first alloy (for example, Alloy 725) by any suitable powder metal processing (for example, vacuum melting induction processing, electroslag remelting processing, vacuum arc remelting processing). The melt can be formed under vacuum or in an inert environment resulting in a molten condition. While in the molten condition, the alloy can be converted intopowder 102 by atomization or another suitable process to produce generally spherical particles ofpowder 102.Powder 102 can be sieved to a predetermined size. In one embodiment, the particles produced have diameters of predominantly 0.004 inch (about 0.100 mm) or smaller. The powder can be sieved to remove particles larger than 0.004 inch (about 0.100 mm) for the purpose of reducing the potential for defects in the forging process. - Once a sufficient amount of
powder 102 has been produced,powder 102 can be positioned. Positioning can be configured for the desired size ofarticle 100. Positioning can be performed in inert gas or vacuum. Upon being positioned,powder 102 can be evacuated and moderately heated (for example, above about 200° F. (about 93° C.)). Thereafter,powder 102 can be consolidated at a desired temperature, time, and pressure to produce a consolidation having a density of at least about 99.9% of theoretical. Consolidation can be accomplished by hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or another suitable consolidation method. - The consolidation of
powder 102 can be hot worked by any suitable technique (for example, upset plus drawing) to produce the desired size for forging.Article 100 can then be forged using any suitable techniques (for example, those applicable toAlloy 706 and Alloy 718).Article 100 can be inspected for undesirable features by any suitable process (for example, ultrasonic inspecting). Inspection can be followed by finish machining by any suitable process. - Referring to
FIGS. 1 through 3 , ifarticle 100 is smaller than a desired size, laser beam or electron beam welding can be used for increasing the size ofarticle 100 to form enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110.Powder 102 can be produced and laser beam welded or electron beam welded to increase the size of desired areas ofarticle 100 to a desired size. The energy density ofenergy beam 105 from the electron beam or laser beam welded can be controlled permitting grain size ofweld deposit 104 to be consistent with the other portions ofarticle 100. The energy density may be controlled by adjusting voltage, beam current, beam focus, beam oscillation, and/or travel speed.FIG. 1 showsarticle 100 andpowder 102 positioned for increasing the size ofarticle 100.FIG. 2 showsenergy beam 105 being applied toarticle 100 thereby weldingpowder 102 toarticle 100 and formingweld deposit 104. Suitable energy beams may include electron beams, laser beams, or suitable other beams used for powder metallurgy processes.FIG. 3 showsarticle 100 havingpowder 102 welded to it, having increased size, and having weld deposit 104 thus forming enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110. - Referring to
FIG. 4 , anexemplary method 400 of increasing the size ofarticle 100 includes determining whetherarticle 100 is smaller than a desired size (box 402),positioning article 100 and a material (box 404) including a second alloy, and increasing the size ofarticle 100 to the desired size by welding the second alloy material (box 406) to the article. Inmethod 400,article 100 includes Alloy 725. Determining whetherarticle 100 is smaller than the desired size (box 402) can include determining whether a portion ofarticle 100 is smaller than the desired size or whether theentire article 100 is smaller than the desired size. The determination can be made by any suitable technique (for example, visual inspection, computerized inspection, measurement of weight or volume, and/or comparison to standards).Positioning article 100 and additional alloy (box 404) can include any suitable positioning method. Inmethod 400, the material includes a powder Alloy 725. Increasing the size of article (box 406) can be performed by laser beam welding or electron beam welding the material toarticle 100.Method 400 can optionally include selecting a predetermined energy density of an energy beam for the laser beam welding or the electron beam welding. Upon repaired or enlarged article being of a predetermined size, the process is complete and enlarged or repaired powder metallurgical article 10 is formed. - Referring to
FIGS. 5 and 6 , ifarticle 100 is smaller than a desired size, then asecond article 106 can be welded toarticle 100. It can be desirable thatsecond article 106 be welded toarticle 100 whenarticle 100 is substantially smaller than the desired size.Second article 106 can be formed, and thus, forged, in the same process asarticle 100. Upon positioningarticle 100 andsecond article 106 to be welded,article 100 andsecond article 106 can be welded to each other to increase the size ofarticle 100 forming enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110. The welding ofarticle 100 andsecond article 106 can be performed by furnace brazing, fusion arc, fusion beam, or solid-state joining. Enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110 may includeweld deposit 104 and include substantially uniform grain structure throughout.FIG. 5 showsarticle 100 andsecond article 106 positioned for increasing the size ofarticle 100.FIG. 6 showsarticle 100 havingsecond article 106 welded to it, having increased size, and having weld deposit 104 thereby forming enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110. - Referring to
FIG. 7 , anexemplary method 700 of increasing the size ofarticle 100 including a first alloy to form enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110.Method 700 includes determining whetherarticle 100 is smaller than a desired size (box 702),positioning article 100 and a material (box 704) including a second alloy, and increasing the size ofarticle 100 to the desired size by adding the additional alloy (box 706) thereby forming enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110. Inmethod 700,article 100 includes forged alloy.Positioning article 100 and the material (box 704) can include any suitable positioning method. Inmethod 700, the material includesadditional article 106. Increasing the size ofarticle 100 to the desired size by adding the material (box 706) can be performed by furnace brazing, fusion arc welding, fusion beam welding, or solid-state joining. In one embodiment,method 700 may include selecting a predetermined energy density of an energy beam for fusion beam welding. Upon repaired or enlarged article being of a predetermined size, the process is complete and enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110 is formed. - If
article 100 exhibits cracks, oxidation, corrosion, defects, and/or other undesirable features, then the material can be used for repairing the undesirable feature ofarticle 100. As used herein the term “defects” refers to flaws or other undesirable aspects of the article but does not refer to an article being larger or smaller than a desired size. The material can be added toarticle 100 by brazing, fusion, or solid-state joining. - In one embodiment, the material for repairing
article 100 may bepowder 102 and can be added similar to the manner described above with reference toFIGS. 1 through 4 . Laser beam or electron beam welding can be used for adding the second alloy toarticle 100.Powder 102 can be formed and laser beam welded or electron beam welded to build up desired areas ofarticle 100 to repair and/or patch the undesirable feature. The energy density ofenergy beam 105 from the electron beam or laser beam can be controlled permitting grain size ofweld deposit 104 to be uniform with the other portions ofarticle 100 thereby forming enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110. - In another embodiment, the material for repairing
article 100 may be asecond article 106 can be added similar to the manner described above with reference toFIGS. 5 through 7 .Second article 106 can be welded toarticle 100 to form enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110.Second article 106 can be formed, and thus, forged, in the same process asarticle 100. Upon positioningarticle 100 andsecond article 106 to be welded,article 100 andsecond article 106 can be welded to repair the undesirable feature. The welding ofarticle 100 andsecond article 106 can be performed by furnace brazing, fusion arc, fusion beam, or solid-state joining The repairedarticle 100 may includeweld deposit 104 and include substantially consistent grain size throughoutarticle 100 thereby forming enlarged or repaired powdermetallurgical article 110. - While the disclosure has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (20)
1. A repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article, comprising:
a formed article comprising a first alloy;
a material comprising a second alloy;
wherein the material is welded to the formed article, and
wherein the repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the material.
2. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the formed article is formed of a consolidated powder metal.
3. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the material welded to the formed article is a powdered metal.
4. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the material welded to the formed article is a second formed article.
5. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , further comprising a weld deposit formed by the material.
6. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the first alloy and second alloy are nickel-based alloys.
7. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the formed article and the material include Nickel at 55.0-59.0%, Chromium at 19.0-22.5%, Molybdenum at 7.0-9.5%, Niobium at 2.75-4.0%, Titanium at 1.0-1.7%, Aluminum at 0.35 max %, at Carbon 0.03 max %, Manganese at 0.35 max %, Silicon at 0.20 max %, Phosphorus at 0.015 max %, Sulfur at 0.010 max %, and an Iron balance.
8. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the first alloy is a field-run alloy.
9. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the formed article includes an undesirable feature.
10. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 9 , wherein the undesirable feature is selected from the group consisting of a crack, oxidation, corrosion, a defect, and combinations thereof
11. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 10 , wherein the second material forms a repair on the undesirable feature.
12. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the second material forms a weld deposit on the article.
13. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the second material is a brazed or fusion arc welded alloy.
14. A repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article, comprising:
a formed article comprising a first nickel-based alloy, the first nickel-based alloy being a consolidated powder metal;
a material comprising a second nickel-based alloy;
wherein the material is welded to the formed article, and
wherein the repaired or enlarged powder metallurgical article includes a substantially uniform grain structure between the formed article and the material.
15. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 14 , wherein the formed article and the material include Nickel at 55.0-59.0%, Chromium at 19.0-22.5%, Molybdenum at 7.0-9.5%, Niobium at 2.75-4.0%, Titanium at 1.0-1.7%, Aluminum at 0.35 max %, at Carbon 0.03 max %, Manganese at 0.35 max %, Silicon at 0.20 max Phosphorus at 0.015 max %, Sulfur at 0.010 max %, and an Iron balance.
16. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 1 , wherein the first alloy is a field-run alloy.
17. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 14 , wherein the formed article includes an undesirable feature.
18. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 17 , wherein the undesirable feature is selected from the group consisting of a crack, oxidation, corrosion, a defect, and combinations thereof
19. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 18 , wherein the second material forms a repair on the undesirable feature.
20. The repaired or enlarged article of claim 14 , wherein the second material is a brazed or fusion arc welded alloy.
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US10773340B2 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2020-09-15 | General Electric Company | Metal additive manufacturing using gas mixture including oxygen |
CN114101886B (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2023-04-18 | 太原航空仪表有限公司 | Method for welding nickel-based high-temperature alloy membrane by electron beam |
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US5156321A (en) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-10-20 | Liburdi Engineering Limited | Powder metallurgy repair technique |
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US8414267B2 (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2013-04-09 | General Electric Company | Multiple alloy turbine rotor section, welded turbine rotor incorporating the same and methods of their manufacture |
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US5156321A (en) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-10-20 | Liburdi Engineering Limited | Powder metallurgy repair technique |
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CN111926216A (en) * | 2020-07-13 | 2020-11-13 | 燕山大学 | Alloying powder of corrosion-resistant layer for automobile skin and laser alloying method |
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