US20150132599A1 - Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode - Google Patents
Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150132599A1 US20150132599A1 US14/534,589 US201414534589A US2015132599A1 US 20150132599 A1 US20150132599 A1 US 20150132599A1 US 201414534589 A US201414534589 A US 201414534589A US 2015132599 A1 US2015132599 A1 US 2015132599A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- fin
- gyrolaser
- coating material
- cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
- C03C27/04—Joining glass to metal by means of an interlayer
- C03C27/042—Joining glass to metal by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts
- C03C27/046—Joining glass to metal by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts of metals, metal oxides or metal salts only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/02—Constructional details
- H01S3/03—Constructional details of gas laser discharge tubes
- H01S3/038—Electrodes, e.g. special shape, configuration or composition
- H01S3/0382—Cathodes or particular adaptations thereof
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C19/00—Gyroscopes; Turn-sensitive devices using vibrating masses; Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses; Measuring angular rate using gyroscopic effects
- G01C19/58—Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses
- G01C19/64—Gyrometers using the Sagnac effect, i.e. rotation-induced shifts between counter-rotating electromagnetic beams
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C19/00—Gyroscopes; Turn-sensitive devices using vibrating masses; Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses; Measuring angular rate using gyroscopic effects
- G01C19/58—Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses
- G01C19/64—Gyrometers using the Sagnac effect, i.e. rotation-induced shifts between counter-rotating electromagnetic beams
- G01C19/66—Ring laser gyrometers
- G01C19/661—Ring laser gyrometers details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/02—Constructional details
- H01S3/03—Constructional details of gas laser discharge tubes
- H01S3/038—Electrodes, e.g. special shape, configuration or composition
- H01S3/0385—Shape
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/08—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
- H01S3/081—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof comprising three or more reflectors
- H01S3/083—Ring lasers
- H01S3/0835—Gas ring lasers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12389—All metal or with adjacent metals having variation in thickness
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Gyroscopes (AREA)
- Spark Plugs (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Abstract
An electrode (2) of metallic material comprising an axis of revolution (6) and a bottom face (2 a) of outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of a top face (2 b), characterized in that it comprises a fin (10) of revolution about said axis of revolution (6), on the bottom part of the lateral face (2 c), said fin (10) having a radial length L and a thickness h such that the ratio L/h is below a threshold, L and h observing the following relationship:
in which:
-
- E represents the Young's modulus of the metallic material;
- X represents the minimum deflection tolerated by the fin; and
- σ represents the thermal stress acting on the fin.
Description
- The present invention relates to an electrode of metallic material, and a laser gyrometer, or gyrolaser, comprising at least one such electrode.
- The laser gyrometers or
gyrolasers 1 compriseelectrodes 2, cathodes and anodes, as illustrated inFIG. 1 , used to prime the gaseous mixture, generally a Helium-Neon mixture, in order to obtain the laser effect. Theseelectrodes 2 are linked to a glass or vitroceramic structure 3 (for example of ZERODUR®) by compression of a malleable metallic material 4 (typically an indium alloy). ZERODUR® is a well known non-porous, inorganic glass ceramic material. In order to protect the joint of thelink 4, a coating material 5 (typically glue or silicone) is deposited on top in order to insulate theinterface material 4 from the environment and safeguard against corrosion phenomena representing a hazard for the operating life of thegyrolaser 1. Such electrodes are generally axially symmetrical relative to an axis 6. - As illustrated in
FIG. 2 , during temperature rise and cooling cycles, the coating material orglue 5 is subject tostresses 7 because of the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients. They can lead to tensile stresses, and these phenomena are sometimes critical to the integrity of theglue 5. They are observed mainly on the cathode because the stresses involved are greater because of the dimensions. Thesestresses 7 can result in a slight detachment 8 of theglue 5 and/or cracking 9. - Hereinafter in the present application, the term “glue” for
coating material 5 will be taken purely as a non-limiting example. - One aim of the invention is to reduce the tensile stresses on the
glue 5, in order to improve the operating life of the junction between theelectrodes 2 and the ZERODUR® 3 by limiting premature breaks in the film ofglue 5, and do so at reduced cost and without modifying the production line. - There is proposed, according to one aspect of the invention, an electrode of metallic material comprising an axis of revolution and a bottom face of outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of a top face, characterized in that it comprises a fin of revolution about said axis of revolution, on the bottom part of the lateral face, said fin having a radial length L and a thickness h such that the ratio L/h is below a threshold, L and h observing the following relationship:
-
- in which:
- E represents the Young's modulus of the metallic material;
- X represents the minimum deflection tolerated by the fin; and
- σ represents the thermal stress acting on the fin.
- Such a fin or blade makes it possible to reduce the tensile stresses on the glue, and improve the operating life of the junction between the electrodes and the ZERODUR® by limiting premature breaks in the film of glue, and does so at reduced cost and without modifying the production line.
- In effect, the glue is less subject to tensile stress and more to shear stress, the stresses are distributed over a greater surface area. Therefore, the detachment and the cracking of the glue are significantly limited.
- In one embodiment, said threshold depends on the metallic material of the electrode.
- Thus, the threshold is adapted to the metallic material of the electrode which makes it possible to best design the suitable fin as a function of the metallic material of the electrode.
- According to one embodiment, the fin is straight.
- Such a fin is simple to produce.
- As a variant, the fin is crenellated.
- A crenellated fin improves the limiting of the detachment and the cracking of the glue.
- According to one embodiment, said electrode is a cathode.
- In effect, the problems of cracks and detachment of the coating material are above all observed on the cathode or cathodes because the stresses involved are greater because of the dimensions.
- There is also proposed, according to another aspect of the invention, a gyrolaser comprising at least one electrode as previously described, further comprising a glass or vitroceramic element, a malleable metallic link material arranged between the bottom face of the electrode and the glass or vitroceramic element, and a coating material insulating the link material (or interface material) to safeguard against corrosion phenomena, in which said fin is arranged inside said insulating coating material.
- Such a gyrolaser has improved robustness with respect to the external thermal and chemical stresses.
- In one embodiment, the metallic material of the electrode comprises aluminum.
- The use of aluminum is inexpensive while providing a high resistance to the phenomena of electronic sputtering that exist in the cathodes.
- According to one embodiment, said malleable metallic link material comprises indium.
- Indium has the advantages of being malleable, even at low temperatures (<−50° C.), hermetic and capable of withstanding the difference in thermal expansion coefficient of the materials of the electrode.
- In one embodiment, said insulating coating material comprises glue.
- Thus, the indium is insulated from the outside environment which may consist of corrosive/reactive elements, and the use of glue as coating material exhibits an excellent adhesion to the different materials such as metal or glass.
- According to one embodiment, said glass or vitroceramic element is of
- ZERODUR®.
- Thus, the cavity length of the gyrolaser remains constant over the operating temperature range of the gyrolaser.
- The invention will be better understood on studying a few embodiments described as non-limiting examples and illustrated by the attached drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a gyrolaser electrode according to the prior art; -
FIG. 2 illustrates the problems of the prior art; and -
FIGS. 3 , 4 a and 4 b illustrate a gyrolaser electrode embodiment. - In all the Figures, the elements that have identical references are similar.
- As illustrated in
FIG. 3 , anelectrode 2, in this case a cathode, of a gyrolaser, according to one aspect of the invention, is linked to a glass or vitroceramic structure 3 (for example of ZERODUR®) by compression of a malleable metallic material 4 (typically an indium alloy). In order to protect the joint of thelink 4, a coating material 5 (typically glue or silicone) is deposited on top in order to insulate theinterface material 4 from the environment and safeguard against phenomena of corrosion that represent a hazard for the operating life of thegyrolaser 1. Such electrodes are generally axially symmetrical relative to an axis 6. Thecathode 2 is provided with abottom face 2 a of outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of atop face 2 b. - The
cathode 2 is provided with a fin orblade 10, in this case of revolution according to the axis of revolution 6, on the bottom part of the lateral face 2 c. - The
fin 10 has a radial length L and a height h such that the ratio L/h is below a threshold, which can depend on the metallic material of the electrode. - As illustrated in
FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, the radial length L represents the length of thefin 10 in a direction at right angles to the axis of revolution 6. - The
fin 10 forms a ledge on the perimeter of theelectrode 2, on which thecoating material 5 insulating theinterface material 4 rests. In addition to increasing the contact surface area, the fin 10 favors a shear stress over a good portion of its surfaces. - Furthermore, the interface material or
joint 4 is not in contact with the outside environment, or only in the case of large cracking or complete detachment of thecoating material 5 on the fin. Thejoint 4 therefore has threefold protection: - the
coating material 5 is less subject to tensile stress and more to shear stress; - the stresses are distributed over a greater surface area; and
- the detachment and the cracking do not have the same level of criticality because of the morphology of the coating, for example the bonding.
- The cathode or cathodes of the gyrolaser have a
fin 10 on the circumference in order for thecoating material 5 to adhere thereto while being less exposed to any damage of mechanical type because of the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients. - The link between electrode 2 (for example of aluminum) and the ZERODUR® 3 is made by thermo compression of an
indium joint 4. The metallic contact, in addition to residues of chloride on thejoint 4, leads, in the presence of an aqueous and/or oxygenated environment, to the corrosion of thejoint 4. The operating life of the gyrolaser depends on the integrity of the aluminum/indium interface, because a leak would result in loss of the laser effect in the gyrolaser because of the air pollution. The corrosion threatens this integrity, which is why a protection in the form of glue orother coating product 5 is deposited on thejoint 4 in order to insulate it from the environment and thus reduce the risks of localized corrosion. - However, because of the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients, stresses appear in the
glue 5 that can lead either to a detachment or a cracking. The most critical types of stresses are tensile stresses. - The
fin 10 makes it possible to safeguard against the opening of the insulation. It can for example be straight (FIG. 4 a) or crenellated (FIG. 4 b) and serves as an attachment surface for thecoating material 5. - The
indium joint 4 is situated under thefin 10. When theglue 5 is deposited, the latter is fixed mostly on the ledge formed (horizontal part) and less on the body of the cathode 2 (vertical part). - The fixing on the horizontal parts is mainly subject to shear stresses, the bonding is therefore more resistant. By adding crenellations, it is possible to increase the bonding surface area and therefore improve the general withstand strength by distributing the stresses.
- Finally, even in the case of detachment on the vertical part or of cracking, the joint 4 is protected from the environment by the
fin 10. - For the
protection glue 5 to work primarily in shear mode, and not in compression mode, the dimensions of thefin 10 observe the following condition: -
- in which
- E represents the Young's modulus of the metallic material;
- X represents the minimum deflection tolerated by the fin; and
- σ represents the thermal stress acting on the fin.
- By observing this inequation, the
fin 10 deflects upon the appearance of the thermal stresses rather than the latter working to tear thejoint 4. - The dimensions are quite obviously subject to the rules of feasibility by considering the typical dimensions of a
gyrolaser electrode 2, all the bearings (L; h) that satisfy this inequation are valid. - The typical electrode is between 0.5 cm and 4 cm in diameter. Preferentially, the
fin 10 has a length of 2.5 mm for a maximum height of 0.5 mm.
Claims (20)
1. An electrode (2) of metallic material comprising an axis of revolution (6) and a bottom face (2 a) of outer diameter greater than the outer diameter of a top face (2 b), characterized in that it comprises a fin (10) of revolution about said axis of revolution (6), on the bottom part of the lateral face (2 c), said fin (10) having a radial length L and a thickness h such that the ratio L/h is below a threshold, L and h observing the following relationship:
in which:
E represents the Young's modulus of the metallic material;
X represents the minimum deflection tolerated by the fin (10); and
σ represents the thermal stress acting on the fin (10).
2. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 1 , being a cathode.
3. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 1 , in which the fin (10) is straight.
4. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 3 , being a cathode.
5. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 1 , in which the fin (10) is crenellated.
6. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 5 , being a cathode.
7. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 1 , in which said threshold depends on the metallic material of the electrode (2).
8. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 7 , in which the fin (10) is straight.
9. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 8 , being a cathode.
10. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 7 , in which the fin (10) is crenellated.
11. The electrode (2) as claimed in claim 10 , being a cathode.
12. A gyrolaser (1) comprising at least one electrode (2) as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a glass or vitroceramic element (3), a malleable metallic link material (4) arranged between the bottom face (2 a) of the electrode (2) and the glass or vitroceramic element (3), and a coating material (5) insulating the link material (4) to safeguard against corrosion phenomena, in which said fin (10) is arranged inside said insulating coating material (5).
13. The gyrolaser as claimed in one of claim 12 , in which the glass or vitroceramic element (3) is of ZERODUR®.
14. The gyrolaser as claimed claim 12 , in which said insulating coating material (5) comprises glue.
15. The gyrolaser as claimed in claim 12 , in which said malleable metallic link material (4) comprises indium.
16. The gyrolaser as claimed claim 15 , in which said insulating coating material (5) comprises glue.
17. The gyrolaser as claimed in claim 12 , in which the metallic material of the electrode (2) comprises aluminum.
18. The gyrolaser as claimed in claim 17 , in which said insulating coating material (5) comprises glue.
19. The gyrolaser as claimed in claim 17 , in which said malleable metallic link material (4) comprises indium.
20. The gyrolaser as claimed in claim 19 , in which said insulating coating material (5) comprises glue.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/682,445 US9293883B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-04-09 | Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1302585 | 2013-11-08 | ||
FR1302585A FR3013158B1 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2013-11-08 | ELECTRODE OF METAL MATERIAL, AND GYROLASER COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE SUCH ELECTRODE |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/682,445 Continuation US9293883B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-04-09 | Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150132599A1 true US20150132599A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
Family
ID=50288129
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/534,589 Abandoned US20150132599A1 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2014-11-06 | Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode |
US14/682,445 Active US9293883B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-04-09 | Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/682,445 Active US9293883B2 (en) | 2013-11-08 | 2015-04-09 | Electrode of metallic material, and gyrolaser comprising at least one such electrode |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20150132599A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2876749A3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR3013158B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10320142B2 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2019-06-11 | Thales | Device for generating a laser radiation and associated fabrication method |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4595377A (en) * | 1984-12-10 | 1986-06-17 | Rockwell International Corporation | Cold cathode fabrication for ring laser gyroscope |
FR2625536B1 (en) * | 1987-12-30 | 1990-07-27 | Sfena | DEVICE FOR FIXING TWO ELEMENTS USING A HIGH PRESSURE CRUSHED INTERMEDIATE JOINT |
US6931711B2 (en) * | 2002-09-03 | 2005-08-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Methods and apparatus for removing gases from enclosures |
FR2991767B1 (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2015-06-19 | Thales Sa | GYROLASER COMPRISING A DEVICE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION |
-
2013
- 2013-11-08 FR FR1302585A patent/FR3013158B1/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-10-29 EP EP14190923.4A patent/EP2876749A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-11-06 US US14/534,589 patent/US20150132599A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2015
- 2015-04-09 US US14/682,445 patent/US9293883B2/en active Active
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10320142B2 (en) | 2016-06-28 | 2019-06-11 | Thales | Device for generating a laser radiation and associated fabrication method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20150214689A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
EP2876749A2 (en) | 2015-05-27 |
FR3013158B1 (en) | 2017-05-26 |
FR3013158A1 (en) | 2015-05-15 |
US9293883B2 (en) | 2016-03-22 |
EP2876749A3 (en) | 2015-07-22 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: THALES, FRANCE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MARY, ALEXANDRE;FOUCRET, DOMINIQUE;REEL/FRAME:034847/0728 Effective date: 20150123 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: EXPRESSLY ABANDONED -- DURING EXAMINATION |