US20150060047A1 - Elastomeric ball seat for a frac plug - Google Patents
Elastomeric ball seat for a frac plug Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20150060047A1 US20150060047A1 US14/537,865 US201414537865A US2015060047A1 US 20150060047 A1 US20150060047 A1 US 20150060047A1 US 201414537865 A US201414537865 A US 201414537865A US 2015060047 A1 US2015060047 A1 US 2015060047A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- mandrel
- slip body
- disposed
- ball seat
- downhole tool
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002449 FKM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006172 Tetrafluoroethylene propylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/129—Packers; Plugs with mechanical slips for hooking into the casing
- E21B33/1293—Packers; Plugs with mechanical slips for hooking into the casing with means for anchoring against downward and upward movement
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/1208—Packers; Plugs characterised by the construction of the sealing or packing means
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells
- E21B23/06—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells for setting packers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/1204—Packers; Plugs permanent; drillable
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/128—Packers; Plugs with a member expanded radially by axial pressure
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
- E21B33/129—Packers; Plugs with mechanical slips for hooking into the casing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
- E21B33/134—Bridging plugs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells
- E21B23/01—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing, or removing tools, packers or the like in the boreholes or wells for anchoring the tools or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
- E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
- E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/14—Obtaining from a multiple-zone well
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
A composite frac plug (12) is provided which is formed of composite polymer materials, except for shear pins (52) and anchor cleats (96, 112) which are formed of metal. The composite materials provide for easy drilling of the frac plug (12) at the end of fracturing operations. The frac plug (12) has an elastomeric ball seat (44) which sealing engages with a frac ball (18). A ratchet lock assembly (26) has a split ratchet ring (82) which moves over the mandrel (22) in a downward direction only, and prevents movement of the mandrel (22) downward within the ratchet ring (92). An anchor assembly (28) has slip bodies (92, 108) which are segmented and separately urge anchor cleats (96, 112) into the interior surface of a well casing (136).
Description
- The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/288,014 and filed Nov. 2, 2011, and invented by Jimmy L. Carr, Derrek D. Drury, Robert C. Andres, and Trea H. Baker, and assigned to Diamondback Industries, Inc., the assignee of the present application.
- The present invention is related to downhole oil tools, and in particular to frac plugs, bridge plugs and packers for sealing well casing.
- In drilling oil and gas wells, it is common to run casing into a wellbore and cement the casing in place. Often, in shale formations fracturing is required to produce fluids in oil and gas bearing formations. Enabled fracturing of desired formations, frac plugs and bridge plugs are set in place on opposite sides of the formation being treated. Fluids are then pumped into the wellbore and out into the formation at high pressures to fracture formations. Prior art frac plugs, bridge plugs and packers have been formed of cast iron and other easily drillable materials so that they may be more easily drilled than if formed of steel. To further enhance the ease in which frac plugs, bridge plugs and packers may be drilled, they have made with composite materials formed of plastic rather than metal. Use of composite materials to replace cast iron and other metal components for frac plugs, bridge plugs and packers has resulted in reduced reliability and reduced operating performance parameters. Improvements in reliability and operating performance parameters are desired.
- A composite frac plug is provided which is formed of composite materials, except for shear pins and anchor cleats which are formed of metal. The composite materials provide for easy drilling of the frac plug at the end of fracturing operations. The frac plug has an elastomeric ball seat which sealing engages with a frac ball. A ratchet lock assembly is formed of composite materials and has a split ratchet ring which moves over a tool mandrel in a downward direction only, and prevents movement of the tool mandrel downward within the ratchet ring. An anchor assembly has a conical sleeves and slip bodies formed of composite materials, and anchor cleats formed of metal. The slip bodies are segmented and separate into slip segments when urging anchor cleats into the interior surface of a well casing.
- For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings in which
FIGS. 1 through 9 show various aspects for composite frac plug devices made according to the present invention, as set forth below: -
FIG. 1 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of a tool string having a frac plug made according to the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of the frac plug of the present invention shown in a run-in position; -
FIG. 3 is perspective view of a plurality of anchor cleats used for securing the frac plug within casing; -
FIG. 4 is one-quarter longitudinal section view of a segmented slip body for use in the frac plug; -
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section view of the frac plug shown in a set position within casing; -
FIG. 6 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of the frac plug ofFIG. 2 , enlarged to show a rachet lock assembly; -
FIG. 7 is a side view of the frac plugFIG. 2 , enlarged to show a seal assembly; -
FIG. 8 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of a bridge plug made according to the present invention; and -
FIG. 9 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of a packer and a stinger for use with the packer according to the present invention. -
FIG. 1 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of a portion of atool string 10 which includes afrac plug 12 made according to the present invention, shown in a run-in position. Also shown is asetting sleeve 14 and amandrel adapter 16 which is mounted atop of thefrac plug 12. Afrac ball 18 is also shown, although it would typically not be included in thefrac plug 12 when run into a well. The frac plug's primary components include amandrel 22, aseal assembly 24, aratchet lock assembly 26 and ananchor assembly 28. Thetool string 10 and thefrac plug 12 are symmetrically disposed about alongitudinal axis 20. -
FIG. 2 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of thefrac plug 12 shown in the run-in position. Themandrel 22 has amandrel bore 30 running the full length thereof. Anupper end 32 of the exterior surface of themandrel 22 is threaded, and anintermediate portion 34 of themandrel 22 is smooth. Alower end 36 of themandrel 22 is larger than theintermediate portion 34 and the threadedupper end 32. Four laterally extendingtabs 38 extending longitudinally downward and laterally outward on the lowermost terminal end of themandrel 22. Fourslots 40 are formed in the upper terminal end of themandrel 22, and are configured for registering with and receiving thetabs 38 of amandrel 22 of a second frac plug set in a well casing abovefrac plug 12, such that the two frac plugs will lock together and one will not rotate on top of the other, allowing the upper frac plug to be more easily drilled should it fall on top of thebridge plug 12 when being drilled out. Located adjacent the mandrel bore 30 in the upper end of themandrel 22 is aseat pocket 42, preferably defined as a cylindrical recess larger in diameter than the diameter of themandrel bore 30. Theseat pocket 42 is provided for receiving aball seat 44. Theball seat 44 is preferably made of an elastomeric materials for sealingly engaging thefrac ball 18. Theball seat 44 has acentral bore 46 which is preferably slightly larger than the mandrel bore 30. The uppermost end of thecentral bore 46 has a chamferedsurface 48. Theball seat 44 is preferably formed of Viton® (a registered trademark of DuPont Performance Elastomers L.L.C) or AFLAS® (a registered trademark of Asahi Glass Company, Limited, a corporation of Japan, with the material available from Parker Hannifin Corporation). Theball seat 44 is provided for receiving thefrac ball 18 and sealingly engages thechamfered surface 48 against thefrac ball 18. - Extending into the exterior surface of the upper end of the
mandrel 22 are preferably eightshear pin holes 50.Shear pins 52 extend into and are secured within theshear pin holes 50 in themandrel 22. Theshear pins 52 secure themandrel adapter 16 to the upper end of themandrel 22 to allow run-in and setting of thefrac plug 12. Theshear pins 52 may be threadingly secured, secured by means of adhesives, or sonically welded to mandrel 22. Preferably, themandrel adapter 16 is removed from the well with the setting tool after thefrac plug 12 is set within casing. Themandrel adapter 16 and thesetting sleeve 14 are preferably formed of steel. Themandrel 22 is formed of either a composite polymer plastic materials, or composed fully of a polymer plastic materials. In the current embodiment, themandrel 22 is formed of polyamide plastics. Composite materials used to form the various components of thefrac plug 12 may be fiber wound, such as using glass or carbon fibers, or impregnated with particles of various sizes, including glass particles, carbon particles, or micro-particles of various materials. Preferably the eightshear pins 52 are provided by brass shear screws which are easily drilled and are rated at a tensile strength of 3,750 pounds each. Theshear pins 52 are sheared when thefrac plug 12 is set, releasing themandrel adapter 16 for removal form themandrel 22 of thefrac plug 12. - A
lock ring sleeve 56 is shown disposed adjacent to the threadedupper end 32 of themandrel 22, in proximity to theshear pin holes 50, and spaced beneath theshear pin holes 50. Thelock ring sleeve 56 has an L-shaped cross-section defined in part by an annularshaped tab 58 which extends downward and inward to define anannular space 60 with an open upper end and a closed lower end. Theannular space 60 extends between the inner surface of thelock ring sleeve 56 and the upper threadedend 32 of themandrel 22. Preferably, the interior surface of the annular shapedtab 58 of thelock ring sleeve 56 has a smooth interior surface which is disposed adjacent to the threadedupper end 32 of themandrel 22. The interior surface of thetab 58 is smooth for sliding downward over the threadedupper end 32 of themandrel 22. Alock ring 64 is annular shaped and has a threadedbore 66 with thesmooth exterior surface 68. Threaded bore 66 is of a similar thread to that of the threadedupper end 32 of themandrel 22 for threadingly securing thelock ring 64 in a desired position along the longitudinal length of themandrel 22. - A
ratchet sleeve 72 is shown adjacent to the lowermost end of thelock ring sleeve 56, and has a cylindrically shaped exterior surface and an L-shaped cross-section. The lowermost end of theratchet sleeve 72 has an inwardly protruding annular shapedtab 74, similar to that of thelock ring sleeve 56. The annular shapedtab 74 defines an annular shapedrecess 76 with an open upper end for receiving aratchet ring 82. Theratchet sleeve 72 has a threadedinterior surface 78 for engaging aratchet ring 82. - The
ratchet ring 82 is preferably a split ring having a longitudinally extending slot 84 (shown inFIG. 6 ) which extends completely through a sidewall of theratchet ring 82, preferably parallel to thelongitudinal axis 20. Thelongitudinally extending slot 84 extends the full length of and through the sidewall to allow theratchet ring 82 to expand and open. The ratchet ring has an inner threadedsurface 86 and an outer threadedsurface 88, with the threadedsurface 86 having finer threads, with a higher pitch, as compared to the course threads of the outer threadedsurface 88. Theratchet ring 82 is urged to open by engagement of the fine threads of the upper threadedsurface 86 on the threadedupper end 32 of themandrel 22. The fine threads of the inner threadedsurface 86 threadingly engage the threads of the threadedupper end 32 of themandrel 22, such that themandrel 22 will move upward in relation to theratchet ring 82, having a cam type engagement between the threads which urges expansion of theratchet ring 82 when themandrel 22 is being urged to move upward within theratchet ring 82. The mating fine threads are also formed such that theratchet ring 82 will not open in response to the mandrel being moved downward within theratchet ring 82. - The outer threads on the outer threaded
surface 88 of theratchet ring 82 have a top portion at a substantially ninety degree angle to thelongitudinal axis 20, and a lower surface which is at approximately a forty-five degree angle to approximately a thirty degree angle to thelongitudinal axis 20. Configuration of the threads on the inner threadedsurface 86 and the outer threadedsurface 88 are such that when they work in conjunction, themandrel 22 may move upward relative to theratchet ring 82, but not downwards. The course threads mating between theratchet ring 82 and theratchet sleeve 72 are configured such that thesplit ratchet ring 82 will not expand in response to themandrel 22 moving downward within theratchet ring 82, but theratchet ring 82 will expand as theratchet ring 82 moves downward over themandrel 22. This avoids downward creep of themandrel 22 due to high pressure being are applied to the top of thefrac plug 12 during use. Should there still be some slippage caused by expansion of the thermoplastic materials used in the components of thefrac plug 12, thelock ring 64 acts as a secondary lock should any slippage occur of themandrel 22 downward within theratchet ring 82, such that theseal assembly 24 will remain firmly secured within the casing. - The
seal assembly 24 includes anupper slip body 92 which has an upper end defining a shoulder which disposed adjacent a lower end of theratchet sleeve 72. Agroove 94 extends around a circumference of anupper slip body 92 for receivinganchor cleats 96 andfasteners 98 for securing theanchor cleats 96 in spaced apart relation within thegroove 94. An upper conically shapedsleeve 100 is disposed adjacent the lower end of theupper slip body 92. The upperconical sleeve 100 is disposed adjacent one of the spacer rings 105, with thespacer ring 105 disposed adjacent to the uppermost one of thepacker elements 102. Thepacker elements 102 are preferably provided by elastomeric materials. Spacer rings 104 are disposed between the threepacker elements 102. Asecond spacer ring 105 is disposed between thepacker elements 102 and the lowerconical sleeve 106. Preferably, a central one of thepacker elements 102 will be of a different material than the upper andlower packer elements 102, preferably having a lesser hardness than the upper andlower packer elements 102. A lowerconical sleeve 106 is disposed immediately beneath thesecond spacer ring 105. The spacer rings 104 and 105 are provided to allow release of thepacker elements 102 from sealingly engaging a well casing. Aslip body 108 is disposed adjacent the lower end of the lowerconical sleeve 106. Agroove 110 circumferentially extends around and into thelower slip body 108 for receivinganchor cleats 112.Fasteners 114 secure theanchor cleats 112 into theupper slip body 92 and thelower slip body 108. A lowermost end of the lowerconical sleeve 106 engages against ashoulder 116 portion of thelower end 36 of themandrel 22. -
FIG. 3 is perspective view of a portion of theanchor cleats 96 andfasteners 98 secured to one of theupper slip body 92 and thelower slip body 108. The anchor cleats 96 are preferably formed of a case hardened cast iron.FIG. 4 is one-quarter longitudinal section view of theupper slip body 92, which is of the same shape as thelower slip body 108 except oriented in a different direction. Slipbodies sip bodies elongated slots 124 which extend longitudinally into theslip bodies slots 124 extend from an interior surface to an exterior surface of theslip bodies portions 126 defined on opposite terminal ends ofelongate slots 124. Theslots 124 are angularly spaced about a centrallongitudinal axis 20 to define eightseparate slip segments 128, with each of theslip segments 128 preferably having two of the anchor cleats 96.Holes 130 extend radially into the bottom of thegroove 94 for securing thefasteners 98 therein to secure theanchor cleats 112 within thegrooves 94.Fasteners 98 may be threaded, secured with an adhesive, or sonically welded intoholes 130. Twogrooves 132 extend circumferentially around the exterior of each of theslip bodies elastomeric retention bands 134 which retain theslip segments 128 against themandrel 22 should theshear portions 126 separate prior to setting thefrac plug 12. (Grooves 132 andbands 134 are shown inFIG. 4 only). -
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section view of thefrac plug 12 shown in a set position within acasing 136. Thefrac ball 18 is shown disposed in the upper end ofmandrel 22, engaging with theball seat 44 to seal the upper end of thefrac plug 12 that has been set by holding themandrel 22 stationary and pushing downward with the settingsleeve 14 to move theratchet ring 82 and theratchet sleeve 72 downward over themandrel 22. The lower end of theratchet sleeve 72 will push theslip body 92 onto the upperconical sleeve 100 and will squeeze thepacker elements 102 to engage between the exterior surface of themandrel 22 and an interior surface of thecasing 136. Pushing theconical sleeve 100 downward also pushes the lowerconical sleeve 106 against thelower slip body 108, which pushes thelower slip body 108 outward and against theshoulder 116 on thelower end 36 of themandrel 22, which is held stationary. Shaped surfaces of the upperconical sleeve 100 and the lowerconical sleeve 106 engage the conical-shapedrecesses 122 of theupper slip body 92 and thelower slip body 108, pushing theslip bodies shear portions 126 and breaking theslip bodies segments 128. Thesegments 128 are pushed outwards to press the anchor cleats 96, 112 into thecasing 136 to lock thefrac plug 12 in position within thecasing 136. -
FIG. 6 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of therachet lock assembly 26 showing a partial view of themandrel 22, thesplit ratchet ring 82 and therachet sleeve 72. -
FIG. 7 is a side view of the anchor assembly shown inFIG. 2 show in a run-in position, and shows the spacer rings 105 disposed between theconical sleeves packer elements 102, and the spacer rings 104 disposed between thepacker elements 102. The spacer rings 104 and 105 haveinner surfaces 186 which slidingly engage against themandrel 22, andouter surfaces 188 which space apart outer edges of thepacker elements 102. Theouter surfaces 188 are preferably slightly larger in diameter than thepacker elements 102 during run-in. The spacer rings 104 and 105 further have annular-shapedsidewalls inner surfaces 186 and theouter surfaces 188. The annular-shapedsidewalls 192 are provided on one side of each of the spacer rings 105, and are flat, preferably perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis 20 of thefrac plug 12. Thesidewalls 192 engage against sidewalls of theconical sleeves sidewalls 190 of the spacer rings 104 and 105 are disposed directly against thepacker elements 120, and are provided on two sides of each of the spacer rings 104 and on one side of the spacer rings 105. Thesidewalls 190 haveinward portions 194 which are preferably perpendicular to alongitudinal axis 20 for thefrac plug 12, andoutward portions 196 which are outwardly tapered such thatouter portions 196 extend toward adjacent ones of thepacker elements 102 for guiding thepacker elements 120 in a direction away from thesidewalls 190 during setting. Theoutward portions 196 preferably extend in a radial direction, that is, with a radial component which is orthogonal to thelongitudinal axis 20, for a distance of approximately thirty percent to forty percent of the radial thickness of thesidewalls 190. - It should be noted that the above-described components of the
frac plug 12 may be used in configurations providing other downhole tools formed of composite polymeric materials, such as a bridge plugs and packers.FIG. 8 a one-quarter longitudinal section view of abridge plug 142 made of composite materials according to the present invention for sealing well casing. Thebridge plug 142 is formed of like components to thefrac plug 12 discussed above, except that thebridge plug 142 includes a mandrel 144 rather then themandrel 22 of thefrac plug 12. Themandrel 22 has anupper bore 146 formed as a blind hole, alower bore 148 also formed as a blind hole, a solid section formed between inward terminal ends of theupper bore 146 and thelower bore 148. -
FIG. 9 is a one-quarter longitudinal section view of a packer 156 and astinger 158 formed of composite plastic materials according to the present invention for sealing well casing. The packer 156 uses like components to the components of thefrac plug 12 and thebridge plug 142. The packer 156 has mandrel 160 which differs from themandrels 22 and 144. Areceptacle sleeve 162 which is preferably formed of aluminum fits within a bore extending through the packer 156. Thesleeve 162 extends through a terminal end ofmandrel 22 and hasseals 164 provided by two O'rings which seal between themandrel 160 and thesleeve 162. Thesleeve 162 has an enlarged upper end defining ashoulder 162 for engaging a stop shoulder in the bore of thefrac plug 10. Thelower bore 168 is polished for sealingly engaging with thestinger 158. An enlarged end bore 170 is provided on an upper terminal end of themandrel 160, and atapered section 172 extends between thebore 170 and thepolished bore 168. Threaded sections 174 secure thereceptacle sleeve 162 within themandrel 160. Thestinger 158 is provided by atubular member 176 having an upwardlydisposed connector end 178 for machining to secure to a drill collar fitting of a tool string. Alower end 180 hasseals 182, which are preferably provided by three separate seal stacks composed of chevron-shaped seal elements. Thestinger 158 fits within thereceptacle sleeve 162 to sealingly engage theseals 182 with thepolished bore 168. - The present invention provides downhole tools formed of composite polymeric materials for sealing well casing, such as frac plugs, bridge plugs and packers, with the only metal parts being brass shear screws which secure such tools to adapter heads and setting tools, anchor cleats which are made from case hardened cast iron for anchoring the downhole tools within well casing, and an aluminum sleeve insert which is polished to provide a polished bore to seal against. The composite materials provide for easy drilling of the downhole tools, as compared to drilling prior art cast iron frac plugs, bridge plugs and packers. An elastomeric ball seat is further provided, allowing for sealing engagement with the frac ball and ease of drilling as compared to prior art polished metal ball seats. A ratchet lock assembly provides for movement of a split ratchet ring over the mandrel in a downward direction, but prevents movement of the mandrel downward within the ratchet ring. Further, an anchor assembly provides slip bodies are segmented for separating into slip segments which are pushed outward from a tool mandrel for urging anchor cleats into the interior surface of a well casing. The tool mandrels, ratchet lock and anchor assembly are formed of composite plastic materials, except for the anchor cleats mounted to the slip segments.
- Although the preferred embodiment has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (14)
1. A downhole tool for sealing a well casing comprising:
a mandrel defining a longitudinal axis for said downhole tool, said mandrel having an upper portion, an intermediate portion and a lower end, said lower end of said mandrel having a larger diameter than said upper portion and said intermediate portion, and said mandrel having a mandrel bore;
a seal assembly having elastomeric packer elements which are squeezed when the plug is set to sealingly engage between said mandrel and casing within a well;
at least one slip body disposed on at least one side of said seal assembly;
said at least one slip body having anchor cleats which are disposed in spaced apart relation, extending about a longitudinal axis of said;
wherein said downhole tool is moved to a set position by moving said slip body to move outward and upon a conically shaped surface of said downhole tool;
a ball seat disposed in an upper end of said mandrel, said ball seat having a central bore and an upwardly facing surface defined adjacent to said central bore for receiving a ball and sealingly engaged against said ball; and
wherein said ball seat is formed of elastomeric materials.
2. The downhole tool according to claim 1 , further comprising a ball seat pocket formed into an uppermost end of said mandrel, adjacent said mandrel bore, wherein said ball seat is disposed in said ball seat pocket.
3. The downhole tool according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one upper slip body has a smooth interior bore, a conically-shaped interior recess in one end, and a plurality of slots extending longitudinally into said slip body, said slots being spaced apart in angular alignments about said longitudinal axis to define shear portions disposed adjacent opposite ends to the elongate slots and to define slip segments disposed between said shear portions.
4. The downhole according to claim 3 , wherein said slip body has at least one circumferentially extending groove extending into exterior surfaces thereof for receiving an elastomeric band for retaining slip segments against said mandrel during run-in.
5. The downhole according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a lock ring which is threadingly secured to said mandrel, said lock ring having an annular-shaped body which extends circumferentially about said mandrel; and
a lock ring sleeve disposed circumferentially around and projecting beneath said lock ring.
6. A downhole tool for sealing a well casing comprising:
a mandrel defining a longitudinal axis for said downhole tool and having an upper portion, an intermediate portion and a lower end, said lower end of said mandrel having a larger diameter than said upper portion and said intermediate portion, and said mandrel having a mandrel bore which extending interiorly within said mandrel;
a seal assembly having elastomeric packer elements which are squeezed when the plug is set to sealingly engage between said mandrel and casing within a well;
an upper slip body and a lower slip body disposed around said mandrel, spaced apart along said longitudinal axis on opposite sides said seal assembly;
said upper slip body and said lower slip body each having an annular shaped groove formed into an exterior surface thereof for receiving anchor cleats which are secured by fasteners within respective one of said grooves and disposed in spaced apart relation, extending about said longitudinal axis of said mandrel, and fasteners securing said anchor cleats within respective ones of said grooves in said upper slip body and said lower body;
wherein said downhole tool is moved to a set position by moving said sleeve and said ratchet sleeve downward to urge upper slip body to move outward and upon a conically shaped surface of said downhole tool; and
a ball seat disposed in an upper end of said mandrel, said ball seat having a central bore and an upwardly facing surface defined adjacent to said central bore for receiving a ball and sealingly engaged against said ball; and
wherein said ball seat is formed of elastomeric materials.
7. The downhole tool according to claim 6 , further comprising a ball seat pocket formed into an uppermost end of said mandrel, adjacent said mandrel bore, wherein said ball seat is disposed in said ball seat pocket.
8. The downhole tool according to claim 7 , wherein said upper slip body and said lower slip body have a smooth interior bore, a conically-shaped interior recess in one end, and a plurality of slots extending longitudinally into respective bodies of said slip bodies, said slots being spaced apart in angular alignments about said longitudinal axis to define shear portions disposed adjacent opposite ends to the elongate slots and to define slip segments disposed between said shear portions.
9. The downhole according to claim 8 , wherein said upper slip body and said lower slip body each have at least one circumferentially extending groove extending into exterior surfaces thereof for receiving an elastomeric band for retaining slip segments against said mandrel during run-in.
10. The downhole according to claim 6 , further comprising:
a lock ring which is threadingly secured to said mandrel, said lock ring having an annular-shaped body which extends circumferentially about said mandrel; and
a lock ring disposed circumferentially around and projecting beneath said lock ring.
11. A downhole tool for sealing a well casing comprising:
a mandrel formed of composite material defining a longitudinal axis for said downhole tool, said mandrel extending longitudinally about said longitudinal axis, having an upper portion, an intermediate portion and a lower end, said lower end of said mandrel having a larger diameter than said upper portion and said intermediate portion, and said mandrel having a mandrel bore extending interiorly within and continuously through said mandrel for passing fluids through said mandrel bore;
a seal assembly having elastomeric packer elements which are squeezed when the plug is set to sealingly engage between said mandrel and casing within a well;
an upper slip body and a lower slip body, each formed of composite materials and disposed around said mandrel, spaced apart along said longitudinal axis on opposite sides said seal assembly;
said upper slip body and said lower slip body each having an annular shaped groove formed into an exterior surface thereof for receiving anchor cleats which are secured by fasteners within respective one of said grooves and disposed in spaced apart relation, extending about said longitudinal axis of said mandrel, and fasteners securing said anchor cleats within respective ones of said grooves in said upper slip body and said lower body;
said upper slip body and said lower slip body each having a smooth interior bore, a conically-shaped interior recess in one end, and a plurality of slots extending longitudinally into respective bodies of said slip bodies, said slots being spaced apart in angular alignments about said longitudinal axis to define shear portions disposed adjacent opposite ends to the elongate slots and to define slip segments disposed between said shear portions;
wherein said downhole tool is moved to a set position by moving said sleeve and said ratchet sleeve downward to urge upper slip body to move outward and upon a conically shaped surface of said downhole tool;
a ball seat disposed in an upper end of said mandrel, said ball seat having a central bore and an upwardly facing surface defined adjacent to said central bore for receiving a ball and sealingly engaged against said ball; and
wherein said ball seat is formed of elastomeric materials.
12. The downhole tool according to claim 11 , further comprising a ball seat pocket formed into an uppermost end of said mandrel, adjacent said mandrel bore, wherein said ball seat is disposed in said ball seat pocket.
13. The downhole according to claim 12 , wherein said upper slip body and said lower slip body each have at least one circumferentially extending groove extending into exterior surfaces thereof for receiving an elastomeric band for retaining slip segments against said mandrel during run-in.
14. The downhole according to claim 11 , further comprising:
a lock ring formed of composite materials which is threadingly secured to said mandrel, said lock ring having an annular-shaped body which extends circumferentially about said mandrel; and
a lock ring sleeve formed of composite materials, said lock ring sleeve disposed circumferentially around and projecting beneath said lock ring.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/537,865 US20150060047A1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2014-11-10 | Elastomeric ball seat for a frac plug |
US14/543,687 US9506316B2 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2014-11-17 | Composite slips for a frac plug |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/288,014 US8887818B1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2011-11-02 | Composite frac plug |
US14/537,865 US20150060047A1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2014-11-10 | Elastomeric ball seat for a frac plug |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/288,014 Continuation US8887818B1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2011-11-02 | Composite frac plug |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/288,014 Continuation US8887818B1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2011-11-02 | Composite frac plug |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20150060047A1 true US20150060047A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
Family
ID=51870021
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/288,014 Expired - Fee Related US8887818B1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2011-11-02 | Composite frac plug |
US14/537,865 Abandoned US20150060047A1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2014-11-10 | Elastomeric ball seat for a frac plug |
US14/543,687 Active - Reinstated US9506316B2 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2014-11-17 | Composite slips for a frac plug |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/288,014 Expired - Fee Related US8887818B1 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2011-11-02 | Composite frac plug |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/543,687 Active - Reinstated US9506316B2 (en) | 2011-11-02 | 2014-11-17 | Composite slips for a frac plug |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (3) | US8887818B1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20150068729A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
US8887818B1 (en) | 2014-11-18 |
US9506316B2 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
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Legal Events
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STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |