US20140357651A1 - Combination pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof - Google Patents

Combination pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20140357651A1
US20140357651A1 US14/113,982 US201214113982A US2014357651A1 US 20140357651 A1 US20140357651 A1 US 20140357651A1 US 201214113982 A US201214113982 A US 201214113982A US 2014357651 A1 US2014357651 A1 US 2014357651A1
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alkyl
aryl
alkynyl
alkenyl
cycloalkyl
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Yi Liu
Pingda Ren
Katayoun Jessen
Xin Guo
Christian Rommel
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Intellikine LLC
Calithera Biosciences Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/52—Purines, e.g. adenine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with an oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2 or 6, but not in both
    • C07D473/32—Nitrogen atom
    • C07D473/34—Nitrogen atom attached in position 6, e.g. adenine

Definitions

  • Eukaryotic cell division proceeds through a highly regulated cell cycle comprising consecutive phases beginning with a phase termed G1, and followed by phases termed S (DNA synthesis), G2 and M (Mitosis).
  • G1 a phase termed G1
  • S DNA synthesis
  • G2 G2
  • M mitochondria
  • Disruption of the cell cycle or cell cycle control can result in cellular abnormalities or disease states such as cancer, which arise from multiple genetic changes that transform growth-limited cells to highly invasive cells that are unresponsive to normal control of growth. Transition of normal cells to cancer cells can arise through loss of correct function in DNA replication and DNA repair mechanisms.
  • Normal dividing cells are subject to a number of control mechanisms, known as cell-cycle checkpoints, which maintain genomic integrity by arresting or inducing destruction of aberrant cells. Investigation of cell cycle progression and control is consequently of significant interest in designing anticancer drugs (Flatt, P. M. and Pietenpol, J. A. Drug Metab. Rev., (2000), 32(3-4), 283-305;
  • Cell cycle progression is tightly regulated by defined temporal and spatial expression, localization and destruction of a number of cell cycle regulators, which exhibit highly dynamic behaviour during the cell cycle (Pines, J., Nature Cell Biology, (1999), 1, E73-E79). For example, at specific cell cycle stages some proteins translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, or vice versa, and some are rapidly degraded (Kohn, Molecular Biology of the Cell (1999), 10, 2703-2734).
  • G1 checkpoint-related proteins such as p53, Rb, MDM-2, p16 INK4 and p19 ARF (Levine (1997) Cell, 88:323).
  • mutations can cause overexpression and/or over-activation of oncogene products, e.g., Ras, MDM-2 and cyclin D, which reduce the stringency of G1 checkpoint.
  • excessive growth factor signaling can be caused by the overexpression of growth factors and can reduce the stringency of G1 checkpoint.
  • continuous activation by growth factor receptors or downstream signal-transducing molecules can cause cell transformation by overriding the G1 checkpoint.
  • G1 checkpoint A disrupted or abrogated G1 checkpoint contributes to higher mutation rates and the many mutations observed in cancer cells. As a result, many cancer cells depend on G2 checkpoint for survival against excessive DNA damage (O'Connor and Fan (1996) Prog. Cell Cycle Res., 2:165).
  • the G2 cell cycle checkpoint restricts the onset of mitosis until DNA replication and repair are complete. Malfunction of the G2 checkpoint would allow premature onset of mitosis prior to the completion of DNA replication and repair, producing daughter cells lacking a substantial portion of the genomic DNA or harboring mutations. Functions of the G2 checkpoint includes detecting DNA damage and generation of signal that can lead to cell cycle arrest when DNA damage is detected. The mechanism that promotes the cell cycle G2 arrest after DNA damage is believed to be conserved among species from yeast to human.
  • kinases play a central role in cell cycle regulation. Defects in various components of signal transduction pathways have been found to account for a vast number of diseases, including numerous forms of cancer, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, vascular and neuronal diseases (Gaestel et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry (2007) 14:2214-2234). In recent years, kinases that are associated with oncogenic signaling pathways have emerged as important drug targets in the treatment of various diseases including many types of cancers.
  • rapamycin also known as mechanistic target of rapamycin
  • mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, translational control, angiogenesis and/or cell survival.
  • mTOR is encoded by the FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 1 (FRAP1) gene.
  • FRAP1 FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 1
  • mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2.
  • mTORC1 is composed of mTOR, regulatory associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian LST8/G-protein ⁇ -subunit like protein (mLST8/G ⁇ L), PRAS40, and DEPTOR.
  • mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) is composed of mTOR, rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), G ⁇ L, and mammalian stress-activated protein kinase interacting protein
  • mTORC1 and mTORC2 are distinguished by their differential sensitivities to rapamycin and its analogs (also known as rapalogs). Rapamycin binds to and allosterically inhibits mTORC1, but mTORC2 is generally rapamycin-insensitive. As a result of this rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling mediated by mTORC2, cancer cells treated with rapamycin analogs usually display only partial inhibition of mTOR signaling, which can lead to enhanced survival and resistance to rapamycin treatment. Typically, mTOR inhibitors suppress cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase.
  • Paclitaxel is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic used as an anti-tumor agent in the treatment of carcinomas of the ovary, breast, lung and in the treatment AIDS related Karposi's sarcoma. Originally derived from the western yew, Taxus brevifolia , paclitaxel has been used to treat breast cancer by pre-operatively administering the drug systemically. At the molecular level, paclitaxel exerts an antitumor activity through its ability to promote apoptosis (programmed cell death) by inducing the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and preventing microtubules from depolymerization.
  • apoptosis programmeed cell death
  • the stabilized microtubules inhibit normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for vital interphase and mitotic functions.
  • paclitaxel induces abnormal arrays or “bundles” of microtubules throughout the cell cycle and multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis. As a result, paclitaxel increases the fraction of cells in G2 or M phase.
  • the invention addresses the need for improved treatments to a wide variety of diseases associated with dysregulation of kinases.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a proliferative disorder including but not limited to cancer.
  • the method comprises administering to a subject a first agent followed by administering to said subject an mTOR inhibitor, wherein said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase.
  • the first agent is administered before any effective amount of mTor inhibitor is administered to said subject.
  • the first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell cycle phases selected from the group consisting of G2, M, and G2/M transition.
  • the first agent is administered at two or more different times before administering the mTOR inhibitor.
  • the method further comprises administering the first agent one or more times after administering the mTOR inhibitor, such as weekly for at least two weeks, each of the first agent administrations being optionally followed by administering the mTOR inhibitor.
  • the first agent is a tubulin modulator, such as an agent that binds to polymerized tubulin, and including but not limited to paclitaxel or an analogue thereof.
  • the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor yield a synergistic effect in treating the proliferative disorder.
  • the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor is administered in an individually sub-therapeutic amount.
  • the proliferative disorder is a neoplastic condition, including but not limited to NSCLC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, neuoendocrine cancer, colorectal cancer, and endometrial cancer.
  • the mTOR inhibitor is administered more than 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 hours after said first agent; or more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days after said first agent.
  • the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor are administered parenterally, orally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, intramuscularly, liposomally, via local delivery by catheter or stent, subcutaneously, intraadiposally, or intrathecally.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a combination of an amount of a first agent and an amount of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein (i) said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase, and (ii) said pharmaceutical composition is formulated to release said mTOR inhibitor after releasing said first agent.
  • said combination comprises a synergistically effective amount of said first agent and said mTOR inhibitor.
  • the one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase is selected from the group consisting of G2, M, and G2/M transition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an oral dosage or in a drug eluting stent.
  • the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor are present in an individually sub-therapeutic amount.
  • the first agent is a tubulin modulator, such as an agent that binds to polymerized tubulin, and including but not limited to paclitaxel or an analogue thereof.
  • the mTor inhibitor in the methods and compositions of the invention inhibits mTORC1 selectively.
  • the mTor inhibitor inhibits mTORC1 with an IC50 value of about 1000 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 10 nM or less, as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
  • the mTor inhibitor is rapamycin or an analogue of rapamycin.
  • the mTor inhibitor is sirolimus (rapamycin), deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), everolimus (RAD-001), temsirolimus (CCI-779), zotarolimus (ABT-578), or biolimus A9 (umirolimus).
  • the mTOR inhibitor binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 500 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 10 nM or less, or 1 nM or less, as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and the mTOR inhibitor is substantially inactive against one or more types I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and the IC50 value is at least 2, 5 or 10 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
  • the mTOR inhibitor is a compound of Formula I:
  • X 1 is N or C-E 1
  • X 2 is N or C
  • X 3 is N or C
  • X 4 is C—R 9 or N
  • X 5 is N or C-E 1
  • X 6 is C or N
  • X 7 is C or N; and wherein no more than two nitrogen ring atoms are adjacent;
  • R 1 is H, -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylhetaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocylyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocylyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C 3
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • E 1 and E 2 are independently —(W 1 ) j —R 4 ;
  • M 1 is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted with R 5 and additionally optionally substituted with one or more —(W 2 ) k —R 2 ;
  • each k is 0 or 1;
  • j in E 1 or j in E 2 is independently 0 or 1;
  • W 1 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R)S(O) 2 —
  • W 2 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—,
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 ,
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , NR 31 R 32 , NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —NR
  • each of R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 is independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 3 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, hetaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;
  • each of R 7 and R 8 is independently hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 6 ;
  • R 6 is halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, hetaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkeny
  • R 9 is H, halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, hetaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, al
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of signaling pathways activated in human cancer.
  • FIG. 2 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor growth in mice, with the right graph showing a magnified view of the left graph.
  • FIG. 3 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor growth in mice, with the right graph showing a magnified view of the left graph.
  • FIG. 4 shows A) an illustration of the distinct signaling pathways mediated by mTORC1 and mTORC2 and B) a western blot depicting sensitivity of mTORC1-dependent NRDG1 phosphorylation to Compound B, but not rapamycin.
  • FIG. 5 shows a Western blot depicting differential inhibition of Akt phosphorylation at serine 473 over threonine 308 by Compound B (top panel), and a comparison of Akt phosphorylation inhibition for Pan-PI3K inhibitor versus Compound B.
  • FIG. 6A shows a Western blot depicting induction of pS6 by paclitaxel which is inhibited by addition of Compound B.
  • FIG. 6B shows induction of cleaved PARP by Compound B in combination with paclitaxel.
  • FIG. 7A shows the effect of Compound B and Taxol on proliferation of AN3-CA cells.
  • FIG. 7B shows synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor growth, as displayed by a combination index study in Hec-1A and AN-3CA cells.
  • FIG. 8 shows cell cycle population study indicating that the combination of Compound B with paclitaxel induces increased sub G0/G1 population over the use of either agent alone.
  • FIG. 9A shows partial inhibition of the growth of HEC59 (paclitaxel resistant cell line) cells by paclitaxel, but substantially higher inhibition by Compound B.
  • FIG. 9B shows the effects of combining Compound B with paclitaxel in HEC59 cells.
  • FIG. 10 shows alleviation of paclitaxel-induced ploidy by use of a combination of Compound B and paclitaxel.
  • FIG. 11 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor regression and tumor growth in mice.
  • FIG. 12A shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention as evidenced by delayed tumor regrowth in mice upon discontinuation of treatment (Hec-1A).
  • FIG. 12B shows prevention of activation of PI3K/AKT/mTor pathways in tumor lysates by a combination of Compound B and paclitaxel.
  • FIG. 13 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention as evidenced by enhanced tumor growth inhibition in a paclitaxel-resistant endometrial tumor model in mice (HEC59).
  • the term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.
  • Treatment “Treatment”, “treating”, “palliating” and “ameliorating”, as used herein, are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
  • a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
  • the compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
  • the term “neoplastic condition” refers to the presence of cells possessing abnormal growth characteristics, such as uncontrolled proliferation, immortality, metastatic potential, rapid growth and proliferation rate, perturbed oncogenic signaling, and certain characteristic morphological features. This includes but is not limited to the growth of: (1) benign or malignant cells (e.g., tumor cells) that correlates with overexpression of a tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase; (2) benign or malignant cells (e.g., tumor cells) that correlates with abnormally high level of tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase activity.
  • benign or malignant cells e.g., tumor cells
  • benign or malignant cells e.g., tumor cells
  • Exemplary tyrosine kinases implicated in a neoplastic condition include but are not limited to receptor tyrosine kinases such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF receptor), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, and cyotsolic tyrosine kinases such as src and abl kinase.
  • receptor tyrosine kinases such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF receptor), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors
  • cyotsolic tyrosine kinases such as src and abl kinase.
  • Non-limiting regime/threonine kinases implicated in neoplastic condition include but are not limited to raf and mek.
  • the term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of an inhibitor described herein that is sufficient to effect the intended application including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined below.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon the intended application (in vitro or in vivo), or the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term also applies to a dose that will induce a particular response in target cells, e.g., reduction of proliferation or downregulation of activity of a target protein.
  • the specific dose will vary depending on the particular compounds chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to which it is administered, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried.
  • a “sub-therapeutic amount” of an agent or therapy is an amount less than the effective amount for that agent or therapy, but when combined with an effective or sub-therapeutic amount of another agent or therapy can produce a result desired by the physician, due to, for example, synergy in the resulting efficacious effects, or reduced side effects.
  • a “synergistically effective therapeutic amount” or “synergistically effective amount” of an agent or therapy is an amount which, when combined with an effective or sub-therapeutic amount of another agent or therapy, produces a greater effect than when either of the two agents are used alone.
  • a synergistically effective therapeutic amount of an agent or therapy produces a greater effect when used in combination than the additive effects of each of the two agents or therapies when used alone.
  • agent refers to a biological, pharmaceutical, or chemical compound or other moiety.
  • Non-limiting examples include simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, a peptide, a protein, an oligonucleotide, an antibody, an antibody derivative, antibody fragment, a vitamin derivative, a carbohydrate, a toxin, or a chemotherapeutic compound.
  • Various compounds can be synthesized, for example, small molecules and oligomers (e.g., oligopeptides and oligonucleotides), and synthetic organic compounds based on various core structures.
  • various natural sources can provide compounds for screening, such as plant or animal extracts, and the like. A skilled artisan can readily recognize that there is no limit as to the structural nature of the agents of the present invention.
  • agonist refers to a compound having the ability to initiate or enhance a biological function of a target protein, whether by inhibiting the activity or expression of the target protein. Accordingly, the term “agonist” is defined in the context of the biological role of the target polypeptide. While preferred agonists herein specifically interact with (e.g., bind to) the target, compounds that initiate or enhance a biological activity of the target polypeptide by interacting with other members of the signal transduction pathway of which the target polypeptide is a member are also specifically included within this definition.
  • antagonists are used interchangeably, and they refer to a compound having the ability to inhibit a biological function of a target protein, whether by inhibiting the activity or expression of the target protein. Accordingly, the terms “antagonist” and “inhibitors” are defined in the context of the biological role of the target protein. While preferred antagonists herein specifically interact with (e.g., bind to) the target, compounds that inhibit a biological activity of the target protein by interacting with other members of the signal transduction pathway of which the target protein is a member are also specifically included within this definition.
  • a preferred biological activity inhibited by an antagonist is associated with the development, growth, or spread of a tumor, or an undesired immune response as manifested in autoimmune disease.
  • mTOR inhibitor that binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinases refers to an mTOR inhibitor that interacts with and reduces the kinase activity of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.
  • an “anti-cancer agent”, “anti-tumor agent” or “chemotherapeutic agent” refers to any agent useful in the treatment of a neoplastic condition.
  • One class of anti-cancer agents comprises chemotherapeutic agents.
  • “Chemotherapy” means the administration of one or more chemotherapeutic drugs and/or other agents to a cancer patient by various methods, including intravenous, oral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravesical, subcutaneous, transdermal, buccal, or inhalation or in the form of a suppository.
  • cell proliferation refers to a phenomenon by which the cell number has changed as a result of division. This term also encompasses cell growth by which the cell morphology has changed (e.g., increased in size) consistent with a proliferative signal.
  • co-administration encompass administration of two or more agents to an animal so that both agents and/or their metabolites are present in the animal at the same time.
  • Co-administration includes simultaneous administration in separate compositions, administration at different times in separate compositions, or administration in a composition in which both agents are present.
  • Co-administered agents may be in the same formulation.
  • Co-administered agents may also be in different formulations.
  • a “therapeutic effect,” as used herein, encompasses a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit as described above.
  • a prophylactic effect includes delaying or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids.
  • Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
  • Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like.
  • Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt is chosen from ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • Signal transduction is a process during which stimulatory or inhibitory signals are transmitted into and within a cell to elicit an intracellular response.
  • a modulator of a signal transduction pathway refers to a compound that modulates the activity of one or more cellular proteins mapped to the same specific signal transduction pathway.
  • a modulator may augment (agonist) or suppress (antagonist) the activity of a signaling molecule.
  • selective inhibition or “selectively inhibit” as applied to a biologically active agent refers to the agent's ability to selectively reduce the target signaling activity as compared to off-target signaling activity, via direct or interact interaction with the target.
  • Subject refers to an animal, such as a mammal, for example a human.
  • the methods described herein can be useful in both human therapeutics, pre-clinical, and veterinary applications.
  • the subject is a mammal, and in some embodiments, the subject is human.
  • in vivo refers to an event that takes place in a subject's body.
  • in vitro refers to an event that takes places outside of a subject's body.
  • an in vitro assay encompasses any assay run outside of a subject assay.
  • in vitro assays encompass cell-based assays in which cells alive or dead are employed.
  • In vitro assays also encompass a cell-free assay in which no intact cells are employed.
  • connection of compound name moieties are at the rightmost recited moiety. That is, the substituent name starts with a terminal moiety, continues with any linking moieties, and ends with the linking moiety.
  • heteroarylthio C 1-4 alkyl has a heteroaryl group connected through a thio sulfur to a C 1-4 alkyl radical that connects to the chemical species bearing the substituent.
  • the terminal group is a C 3-8 cycloalkyl group attached to a linking C 1-10 alkyl moiety which is attached to an element L, which is itself connected to the chemical species bearing the substituent.
  • Alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to ten carbon atoms (e.g., C 1 -C 10 alkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, it is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, septyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like.
  • the alkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like.
  • an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)R
  • halo or halogen refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halo groups, for example chloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 3-iodopropyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoropropyl, 8-chlorononyl, and the like.
  • “Acyl” refers to the groups (alkyl)-C(O)—, (aryl)-C(O)—, (heteroaryl)-C(O)—, (heteroalkyl)-C(O)—, and (heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality.
  • it is a C 1 -C 10 acyl radical which refers to the total number of chain or ring atoms of the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl portion of the acyloxy group plus the carbonyl carbon of acyl, i.e three other ring or chain atoms plus carbonyl.
  • R radical is heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl
  • the hetero ring or chain atoms contribute to the total number of chain or ring atoms.
  • the “R” of an acyloxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (i.e., C 2 -C 10 cycloalkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “3 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the cycloalkyl group may consist of 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl radical.
  • cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to the following moieties: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloseptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, norbornyl, and the like.
  • a cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(
  • C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl is used to describe an alkyl group, branched or straight chain and containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, attached to a linking cycloalkyl group which contains 3 to 8 carbons, such as for example, 2-methyl cyclopropyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • bicycloalkyl refers to a structure consisting of two cycloalkyl moieties, unsubstituted or substituted, that have two or more atoms in common. If the cycloalkyl moieties have exactly two atoms in common they are said to be “fused”. Examples include, but are not limited to, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, perhydronaphthyl, and the like. If the cycloalkyl moieties have more than two atoms in common they are said to be “bridged”. Examples include, but are not limited to, bicyclo[3.2.1]heptyl (“norbornyl”), bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, and the like.
  • heteroatom or “ring heteroatom” is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).
  • Heteroalkyl “heteroalkenyl” and “heteroalkynyl” include optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl radicals and which have one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof.
  • a numerical range may be given, e.g., C 1 -C 4 heteroalkyl which refers to the chain length in total, which in this example is 4 atoms long.
  • a —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 radical is referred to as a “C 4 ” heteroalkyl, which includes the heteroatom center in the atom chain length description.
  • a heteroalkyl group may be substituted with one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)R a , —N(R a )C(O)OR
  • heteroalkylaryl refers to a heteroalkyl group as defined above which is attached to an aryl group, and may be attached at a terminal point or through a branched portion of the heteroalkyl, for example, an benzyloxymethyl moiety. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroalkylheteroaryl refers likewise to a heteroalkyl group which is attached to a heteroaryl moiety, for example, an ethoxymethylpyridyl group. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl refers to a heteroalkyl group as defined above, which is attached to a heterocyclic group, for example, 4(3-aminopropyl)-N-piperazinyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroalkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl refers to a heteroalkyl group as defined above, which is attached to a cyclic alkyl containing 3 to 8 carbons, for example, 1-aminobutyl-4-cyclohexyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a bicycloalkyl structure, which is unsubstituted or substituted, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
  • heterospiroalkyl refers to a spiroalkyl structure, which is unsubstituted or substituted, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
  • alkene refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond
  • an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • the alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated, may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
  • Alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond, and having from two to ten carbon atoms (i.e., C 2 -C 10 alkenyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms.
  • an alkenyl comprises two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C 5 alkenyl).
  • the alkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), prop-1-enyl (i.e., allyl), but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, and the like.
  • an alkenyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)R
  • C 2-10 alkenyl-heteroalkyl refers to a group having an alkenyl moiety, containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking heteroalkyl group, such as, for example, allyloxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkynyl-heteroalkyl refers to a group having an alkynyl moiety, which is unsubstituted or substituted, containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking heteroalkyl group, such as, for example, 4-but-1-ynoxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • haloalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group substituted with one or more halo groups.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to a cyclic aliphatic 3 to 8 membered ring structure, optionally substituted with alkyl, hydroxy and halo, having 1 or 2 ethylenic bonds such as methylcyclopropenyl, trifluoromethylcyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl, and the like.
  • Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to ten carbon atoms (i.e., C 2 -C 10 alkynyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkynyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms.
  • an alkynyl has two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C 5 alkynyl).
  • the alkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like.
  • an alkynyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)R a , —N(R a )C(O)OR
  • C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl refers to a group containing an alkynyl group, containing 2 to 10 carbons and branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking cycloalkyl group containing 3 to 8 carbons, such as, for example 3-prop-3-ynyl-cyclopent-1yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • haloalkynyl refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more independent halo groups.
  • Amino or “amine” refers to a —N(R a ) 2 radical group, where each R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification.
  • R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification.
  • R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl
  • —N(R a ) 2 is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
  • an amino group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a ) 2 , —N(
  • “Amide” or “amido” refers to a chemical moiety with formula —C(O)N(R) 2 or —NHC(O)R, where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), each of which moiety may itself be optionally substituted. In some embodiments it is a C 1 -C 4 amido or amide radical, which includes the amide carbonyl in the total number of carbons in the radical.
  • the R 2′ of —N(R) 2 of the amide may optionally be taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
  • an amido group is optionally substituted independently by one or more of the substituents as described herein for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
  • An amide may be an amino acid or a peptide molecule attached to a compound of Formula (I), thereby forming a prodrug. Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be amidified.
  • “Aromatic” or “aryl” refers to an aromatic radical with six to ten ring atoms (e.g., C 6 -C 10 aromatic or C 6 -C 10 aryl) which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system which is carbocyclic (e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, and naphthyl).
  • Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals.
  • Bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two points of attachment is termed naphthylidene.
  • a numerical range such as “6 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “6 to 10 ring atoms” means that the aryl group may consist of 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 10 ring atoms.
  • an aryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )
  • Heteroaryl or, alternatively, “heteroaromatic” refers to a 5- to 18-membered aromatic radical (e.g., C 5 -C 13 heteroaryl) that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system.
  • a numerical range such as “5 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “5 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heteroaryl group may consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms.
  • Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene.
  • An N-containing “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” moiety refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom.
  • the polycyclic heteroaryl group may be fused or non-fused.
  • the heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized.
  • heteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s).
  • heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzof
  • a heteraryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , —SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)R a , —N(R a )S(
  • aryl-alkyl arylalkyl
  • arylalkyl arylalkyl
  • aralkyl a group wherein the alkyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion with the terminal aryl, as defined above, of the aryl-alkyl moiety.
  • aryl-alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted benzyl, phenethyl, phenpropyl and phenbutyl such as 4-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dibromobenzyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 2-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-nitrophenyl)ethyl, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl, 3-(2-methylphenyl)propyl, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl, 3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propyl
  • C 1-10 alkylaryl refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or unbranched, wherein the aryl group replaces one hydrogen on the alkyl group, for example, 3-phenylpropyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkyl monocycloaryl refers to a group containing a terminal alkyl group, branched or straight chain and containing 2 to 10 atoms attached to a linking aryl group which has only one ring, such as for example, 2-phenyl ethyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 1-10 alkyl bicycloaryl refers to a group containing a terminal alkyl group, branched or straight chain and containing 2 to 10 atoms attached to a linking aryl group which is bicyclic, such as for example, 2-(1-naphthyl)-ethyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-cycloalkyl and “arylcycloalkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the terminal aryl group is attached to a cycloalkyl group, for example phenylcyclopentyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroaryl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl and “heteroaryl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the terminal heteroaryl group is attached to a cycloalkyl group, which contains 3 to 8 carbons, for example pyrid-2-yl-cyclopentyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroaryl-heteroalkyl refers to a group wherein the terminal heteroaryl group is attached to a linking heteroalkyl group, such as for example, pyrid-2-yl methylenoxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-alkenyl arylalkenyl
  • arylalkenyl arylalkenyl
  • aralkenyl are used to describe a group wherein the alkenyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the aralkenyl moiety with the terminal aryl portion, as defined above, for example styryl (2-phenylvinyl), phenpropenyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl means an arylalkenyl as described above wherein the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as for example, styryl (2-phenylvinyl), and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkenyl-aryl is used to describe a group wherein the terminal alkenyl group, which contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and can be branched or straight chain, is attached to the aryl moiety which forms the linking portion of the alkenyl-aryl moiety, such as for example, 3-propenyl-naphth-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-alkynyl arylalkynyl
  • arylalkynyl arylalkynyl
  • aralkynyl are used to describe a group wherein the alkynyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the aryl-alkynyl moiety with the terminal aryl portion, as defined above, for example 3-phenyl-1-propynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl means an arylalkynyl as described above wherein the alkynyl moiety contains two to ten carbons, such as, for example 3-phenyl-1-propynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkynyl-aryl means a group containing an alkynyl moiety attached to an aryl linking group, both as defined above, wherein the alkynyl moiety contains two to ten carbons, such as, for example 3-propynyl-naphth-1-yl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-oxy aryloxy
  • aryloxy and “aroxy” are used to describe a terminal aryl group attached to a linking oxygen atom.
  • Typical aryl-oxy groups include phenoxy, 3,4-dichlorophenoxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • aryl-oxyalkyl refers to a group wherein an alkyl group is substituted with a terminal aryl-oxy group, for example pentafluorophenoxymethyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 1-10 alkoxy-C 1-10 alkyl refers to a group wherein an alkoxy group, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom within the branching or straight chain, is attached to a linking alkyl group, branched or straight chain which contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example methoxypropyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 1-10 alkoxy-C 2-10 alkenyl refers to a group wherein an alkoxy group, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom within the branching or straight chain, is attached to a linking alkenyl group, branched or straight chain which contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example 3-methoxybut-2-en-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 1-10 alkoxy-C 2-10 alkynyl refers to a group wherein an alkoxy group, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom within the branching or straight chain, is attached to a linking alkynyl group, branched or straight chain which contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example 3-methoxybut-2-in-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocycloalkenyl refers to a cycloalkenyl structure, which is unsubstituted or substituted in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl-oxy refers to a terminal heteroaryl group, which is unsubstituted or substituted, attached to a linking oxygen atom.
  • Typical heteroaryl-oxy groups include 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy and the like.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to a group wherein the alkyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heteroaralkyl moiety with the terminal heteroaryl portion, as defined above, for example 3-furylmethyl, thenyl, furfuryl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl is used to describe a heteroaryl alkyl group as described above where the alkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 1-10 alkyl-heteroaryl is used to describe a alkyl attached to a hetary group as described above where the alkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroarylalkenyl refers to a heteroarylalkenyl group wherein the alkenyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heteroaralkenyl moiety with the terminal heteroaryl portion, as defined above, for example 3-(4-pyridyl)-1-propenyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl group is used to describe a group as described above wherein the alkenyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkenyl-heteroaryl is used to describe a group containing an alkenyl group, which is branched or straight chain and contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and is attached to a linking heteroaryl group, such as, for example 2-styryl-4-pyridyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroarylalkynyl refers to a group wherein the alkynyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heteroaralkynyl moiety with the heteroaryl portion, as defined above, for example 4-(2-thienyl)-1-butynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl is used to describe a heteroarylalkynyl group as described above wherein the alkynyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkynyl-heteroaryl is used to describe a group containing an alkynyl group which contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking heteroaryl group such as, for example, 4(but-1-ynyl) thien-2-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a four-, five-, six-, or seven-membered ring containing one, two, three or four heteroaroms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the four-membered ring has zero double bonds
  • the five-membered ring has zero to two double bonds
  • the siz- and seven-membered rings have zero to three double bonds.
  • heterocyclyl also includes bicyclic groups in which the heterocyclyl ring is fused to another monocyclic heterocyclyl group, or a four- to se-membered aromatic or nonaromatic carbocyclic ring.
  • the heterocyclyl group can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through any carbon atom or nitrogen atom in the group.
  • Heterocycloalkyl refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “3 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heterocycloalkyl group may consist of 3 ring atoms, 4 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C 5 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, it is a C 4 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems.
  • the heteroatoms in the heterocycloalkyl radical may be optionally oxidized.
  • One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized.
  • the heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated.
  • the heterocycloalkyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s).
  • heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-o-
  • a heterocycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR a , SR a , —OC(O)—R a , —N(R a ) 2 , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)N(R a ) 2 , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)OR a , —N(R a )C(O)R a , —N(R a )S(
  • Heterocycloalkyl also includes bicyclic ring systems wherein one non-aromatic ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, contains at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; and the other ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, optionally contains 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen and is not aromatic.
  • heterocyclylalkyl refers to the divalent derivative of heterocycloalkyl.
  • C 1-10 alkyl-heterocycyl refers to a group as defined above where the alkyl moiety contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclic group refers to a group containing a terminal heterocyclic group attached to a linking alkyl group which contains 1 to 10 carbons and is branched or straight chain, such as, for example, 4-morpholinyl ethyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclylalkenyl refers to the divalent derivative of heterocyclylalkenyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocycyl-C 2-10 alkenyl refers to a group as defined above where the alkenyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, such as, for example, 4-(N-piperazinyl)-but-2-en-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclylalkynyl refers to a group wherein the alkynyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heterocyclylalkynyl moiety with the terminal heterocyclyl portion, as defined above, for example 2-pyrrolidinyl-1-butynyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocycyl-C 2-10 alkynyl refers to a group as defined above where the alkynyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, such as, for example, 4-(N-piperazinyl)-but-2-yn-1-yl, and the like.
  • aryl-heterocycyl refers to a group containing a terminal aryl group attached to a linking heterocyclic group, such as for example, N4-(4-phenyl)-piperazinyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heteroaryl-heterocycyl refers to a group containing a terminal heteroaryl group attached to a linking heterocyclic group, such as for example, N4-(4-pyridyl)-piperazinyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • carboxylalkyl refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to branched or straight chain alkyl groups as defined above.
  • carboxylalkenyl refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to branched or straight chain alkenyl groups as defined above.
  • carboxylalkynyl refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to branched or straight chain alkynyl groups as defined above.
  • carboxylcycloalkyl refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to a cyclic aliphatic ring structure as defined above.
  • carboxylcycloalkenyl refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to a cyclic aliphatic ring structure having ethylenic bonds as defined above.
  • cycloalkylalkyl and “cycloalkyl-alkyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkyl group as defined above attached to an alkyl group, for example cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • cycloalkylalkenyl and “cycloalkyl-alkenyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkyl group as defined above attached to an alkenyl group, for example cyclohexylvinyl, cycloheptylallyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • cycloalkylalkynyl and “cycloalkyl-alkynyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkyl group as defined above attached to an alkynyl group, for example cyclopropylpropargyl, 4-cyclopentyl-2-butynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • cycloalkenylalkyl and “cycloalkenyl-alkyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkenyl group as defined above attached to an alkyl group, for example 2-(cyclopenten-1-yl)ethyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • cycloalkenylalkenyl and “cycloalkenyl-alkenyl” refer to terminal a cycloalkenyl group as defined above attached to an alkenyl group, for example 1-(cyclohexen-3-yl)allyl and the like.
  • cycloalkenylalkynyl and “cycloalkenyl-alkynyl” refer to terminal a cycloalkenyl group as defined above attached to an alkynyl group, for example 1-(cyclohexen-3-yl)propargyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • alkoxy refers to the group —O-alkyl, including from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups containing one to six carbons. In some embodiments, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, is an alkyl group which encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyls of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halo groups, for example chloromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, perfluoroisobutoxy, and the like.
  • alkoxyalkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy moiety which is in turn is substituted with a second alkoxy moiety, for example methoxymethoxymethyl, isopropoxymethoxyethyl, and the like. This moiety is substituted with further substituents or not substituted with other substituents.
  • alkylthio includes both branched and straight chain alkyl groups attached to a linking sulfur atom, for example methylthio and the like.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, for example isopropoxymethyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • alkoxyalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, for example 3-methoxyallyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • alkoxyalkynyl refers to an alkynyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, for example 3-methoxypropargyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkenylC 3-8 cycloalkyl refers to an alkenyl group as defined above substituted with a three to eight membered cycloalkyl group, for example, 4-(cyclopropyl)-2-butenyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • C 2-10 alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkyl refers to an alkynyl group as defined above substituted with a three to eight membered cycloalkyl group, for example, 4-(cyclopropyl)-2-butynyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclyl-C 1-10 alkyl refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above substituted with an alkyl group as defined above having 1 to 10 carbons, for example, 4-(N-methyl)-piperazinyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclyl-C 2-10 alkenyl refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above, substituted with an alkenyl group as defined above, having 2 to 10 carbons, for example, 4-(N-allyl) piperazinyl, and the like. Moieties wherein the heterocyclic group is substituted on a carbon atom with an alkenyl group are also included. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • heterocyclyl-C 2-10 alkynyl refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above, substituted with an alkynyl group as defined above, having 2 to 10 carbons, for example, 4-(N-propargyl) piperazinyl, and the like. Moieties wherein the heterocyclic group is substituted on a carbon atom with an alkenyl group are also included. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • oxo refers to an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.
  • oxo requires a second bond from the atom to which the oxo is attached.
  • oligomer refers to a low-molecular weight polymer, whose number average molecular weight is typically less than about 5000 g/mol, and whose degree of polymerization (average number of monomer units per chain) is greater than one and typically equal to or less than about 50.
  • “Sulfonamidyl” or “sulfonamido” refers to a —S( ⁇ O) 2 —NR′R′ radical, where each R′ is selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon).
  • the R′ groups in —NR′R′ of the —S( ⁇ O) 2 —NR′R′ radical may be taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
  • a sulfonamido group is optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents described for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl respectively.
  • Compounds described can contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers.
  • the present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Compounds may be shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions.
  • the present invention includes all stereoisomers of the disclosed compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
  • the present invention includes all manner of rotamers and conformationally restricted states of an inhibitor of the invention.
  • Substituents for alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl monovalent and divalent derivative radicals can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —OR′, ⁇ O, ⁇ NR′, ⁇ N—OR′, —NR′R′′, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R′′R′′′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO 2 R′, —
  • R′, R′′, R′′′ and R′′′′ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups.
  • each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R′′, R′′′ and R′′′′ groups when more than one of these groups is present.
  • R′ and R′′ or R′′ and R′′′ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
  • —NR′R′′ is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 4 piperazinyl, and 4-morpholinyl.
  • alkyl is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 3 ) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , —C(O)CF 3 , —C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like).
  • haloalkyl e.g., —CF 3 and —CH 2 CF 3
  • acyl e.g., —C(O)CH 3 , —C(O)CF 3 , —C(O)CH 2 OCH 3 , and the like.
  • exemplary substituents for aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: halogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —OR′, —NR′R′′, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R′′R′′′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO 2 R′, —C(O)NR′R′′, —OC(O)NR′R′′, —NR′′C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR′′R′′′, —NR′′C(O)OR′, —NR—C(NR′R′′R′′′) ⁇ NR′′′′, —NR—C(NR′
  • 0-2 in the context of —S(O) (0-2) — are integers of 0, 1, and 2.
  • Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′) q —U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′— or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3.
  • two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH 2 ) r —B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4.
  • One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond.
  • two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′) s —X′—(C′′R′′′) d —, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X′ is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, or —S(O) 2 NR′—.
  • the substituents R, R′, R′′ and R′′′ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of atoms that constitute such compounds.
  • the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating a proliferative disorder in a subject by administering to a subject a first agent followed by administering to said subject an mTOR inhibitor, wherein said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase.
  • the one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase is selected from the group consisting of G2 phase, M phase, and G2/M transition phase.
  • administration of the first agent precedes the first administration of an mTOR inhibitor as part of a therapeutic regimen.
  • administering the first agent followed by administering the mTOR inhibitor yields a synergistic effect.
  • the synergistic effect may be a therapeutic effect that is greater than either agent used alone in comparable amounts under comparable conditions.
  • the synergistic effect may be a therapeutic effect that is greater than results expected by adding the effects of each agent alone.
  • the synergistic effect is a therapeutic effect that is greater than the effect of administering the agents simultaneously, or in the reverse order.
  • This method may encompass delivery of a composition comprising both an mTOR inhibitor and a first agent, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is substantially released from the composition in an active form at a later point in time than the release of the first agent in an active form.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor administered in the order disclosed herein refers to a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor, wherein the combination is sufficient to effect the intended application including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined herein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor in combination is sufficient to effect the intended application including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined herein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor in combination to effect such treatment.
  • a sub-therapeutic amount of a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor in the combination for treating an intended disease condition.
  • the individual components of the combination though present in sub-therapeutic amounts, synergistically yield an efficacious effect and/or reduced a side effect in an intended application.
  • the amount of the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor administered in the order disclosed herein may vary depending upon the intended application (in vitro or in vivo), or the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the first agent suitable for use in the subject methods can be selected from a variety types of molecules.
  • the first agent can be a biological or chemical compound such as a simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, peptide, peptide mimetic, protein (e.g. antibody), liposome, or a polynucleotide (e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme, or triple helix).
  • a biological or chemical compound such as a simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, peptide, peptide mimetic, protein (e.g. antibody), liposome, or a polynucleotide (e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme, or triple helix).
  • a polynucleotide e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme,
  • the first agent preferentially or specifically suppresses progression of a single cell-cycle phase or phase transition after G1.
  • Phases of the cell cycle subsequent to G1 include S (i.e. synthesis), G2, and M (i.e. mitosis) phases, as well as transitions between each of the phases (i.e. G1/S transition, S/G2 transition, and G2/M transition).
  • M phases further comprises progression through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, and concludes with cytokinesis.
  • a first agent of the present invention may suppress one or more cell cycle phase after G1, in any combination. Suppression by a first agent may be specific to cells associated with a proliferative disorder (e.g.
  • a first agent is specific to dividing cells.
  • suppression of progression of a phase of the cell cycle is evidenced by the accumulation of cells in the suppressed phase in a treated population of cells with respect to a control population of untreated cells.
  • suppression of a phase transition in the cell cycle is evidenced by the accumulation of cells in the phase immediately before the transition (e.g. accumulation in late G2 phase for a suppressor of the G2/M transition) with respect to a control population of untreated cells.
  • a cell-cycle phase suppressor suppresses cell-cycle progression in at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of treated cells relative to a control population of untreated cells.
  • Suppression of one or more cell-cycle phases may be routinely determined by any method known in the art, for known and new agents.
  • cell cycle status for cell populations may be determined by flow cytometry using fluorescent dyes which stain the DNA content of cell nuclei (Barlogie, B. et al, Cancer Res., (1983), 43(9), 3982-97).
  • Flow cytometry yields quantitative information on the DNA content of cells and hence allows determination of the relative numbers of cells in the G1, S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle.
  • EP 798386 describes a method for the analysis of the cell cycle of cell sub-populations present in heterogeneous cell samples. This method uses sequential incubation of the sample with fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibodies to identify specific cell types and a fluorochrome that specifically binds to nucleic acids.
  • the first agent comprises one or more tubulin modulator (e.g. an anti-microtubule or anti-mitotic agent).
  • Tubulin modulators include any agent capable of modulating the function of tubulin within a cell, such as inhibiting polymerization, inhibiting depolymerization, and otherwise disrupting an activity of function of microtubules.
  • Tubulin modulators include phase specific agents active against the microtubules of tumor cells during M or the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.
  • anti-microtubule agents include, but are not limited to, diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids. Diterpenoids, which are derived from natural sources, are phase specific anti-cancer agents that operate at the G 2 /M phases of the cell cycle.
  • diterpenoids stabilize the ⁇ -tubulin subunit of the microtubules, by binding with this protein. Disassembly of the protein appears then to be inhibited with mitosis being arrested and cell death following.
  • diterpenoids include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel and its analog docetaxel.
  • Paclitaxel 5 ⁇ ,20-epoxy-1,2 ⁇ ,4,7 ⁇ ,10 ⁇ ,13 ⁇ -hexa-hydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2R,3S)—N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine, is a natural diterpene product isolated from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia and is commercially available as an injectable solution TAXOL®. It is a member of the taxane family of terpenes. One mechanism for its activity relates to paclitaxel's capacity to bind tubulin, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth.
  • Paclitaxel has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer in the United States and for the treatment of breast cancer. It is a potential candidate for treatment of neoplasms in the skin and head and neck carcinomas. The compound also shows potential for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease, lung cancer and malaria.
  • Treatment of subjects with paclitaxel results in bone marrow suppression (multiple cell lineages, Ignoff, R. J. et. al, Cancer Chemotherapy Pocket Guide, 1998) related to the duration of dosing above a threshold concentration (50 nM) (Kearns, C. M. et. al., Seminars in Oncology, 3(6) p. 16-23, 1995).
  • Docetaxel (2R,3S)—N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine, N-tert-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5 ⁇ -20-epoxy-1,2 ⁇ ,4,7 ⁇ ,10 ⁇ ,13 ⁇ -hexahydroxytax-1-1-en-9-one 4-acetate 2-benzoate, trihydrate; is commercially available as an injectable solution as TAXOTERE®.
  • Docetaxel is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer.
  • Docetaxel is a semisynthetic derivative of paclitaxel q.v., prepared using a natural precursor, 10-deacetyl-baccatin III, extracted from the needle of the European Yew tree. The dose limiting toxicity of docetaxel is neutropenia.
  • the first agent comprises one or more vinca alkaloids, which include phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the periwinkle plant.
  • Vinca alkaloids act at the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle by binding specifically to tubulin. Consequently, the bound tubulin molecule is unable to polymerize into microtubules. Mitosis is believed to be arrested in metaphase with cell death following.
  • vinca alkaloids include, but are not limited to, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. Vinblastine, vincaleukoblastine sulfate, is commercially available as VELBAN® as an injectable solution.
  • Vinorelbine 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-C′-norvincaleukoblastine [R—(R*,R*)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:2)(salt)], commercially available as an injectable solution of vinorelbine tartrate (NAVELBINE®), is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid.
  • Vinorelbine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, in the treatment of various solid tumors, particularly non-small cell lung, advanced breast, and hormone refractory prostate cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of vinorelbine.
  • the first agent comprises one or more topoisomerase II inhibitors, which include, but are not limited to, epipodophyllotoxins.
  • Epipodophyllotoxins are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the mandrake plant. Epipodophyllotoxins typically affect cells in the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle by forming a ternary complex with topoisomerase II and DNA causing DNA strand breaks. The strand breaks accumulate and cell death follows.
  • Examples of epipodophyllotoxins include, but are not limited to, etoposide and teniposide.
  • Etoposide 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-ethylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside]
  • VePESID® an injectable solution or capsules
  • VP-16 an injectable solution or capsules
  • Etoposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of testicular and non-small cell lung cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common side effect of etoposide. The incidence of leucopenia tends to be more severe than thrombocytopenia.
  • Teniposide 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-thenylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution as VUMON® and is commonly known as VM-26.
  • Teniposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in children. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of teniposide.
  • Teniposide can induce both leucopenia and thrombocytopenia.
  • Other topoisomerase II inhibitors include epirubicin, idarubicin, nemorubicin, mitoxantrone, and losoxantrone.
  • the first agent comprises one or more antimetabolite neoplastic agents, which include phase specific anti-neoplastic agents that act at S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis or by inhibiting purine or pyrimidine base synthesis and thereby limiting DNA synthesis. Consequently, S phase does not proceed and cell death follows.
  • antimetabolite anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine. 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2,4-(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione, is commercially available as fluorouracil.
  • 5-fluorouracil leads to inhibition of thymidylate synthesis and is also incorporated into both RNA and DNA. The result typically is cell death.
  • 5-fluorouracil is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas. Myelosuppression and mucositis are dose limiting side effects of 5-fluorouracil.
  • Other fluoropyrimidine analogs include 5-fluoro deoxyuridine (floxuridine) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate.
  • Cytarabine 4-amino-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone, is commercially available as CYTOSAR-U® and is commonly known as Ara-C. It is believed that cytarabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA chain elongation by terminal incorporation of cytarabine into the growing DNA chain. Cytarabine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Other cytidine analogs include 5-azacytidine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine).
  • Cytarabine induces leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis.
  • Mercaptopurine 1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate, is commercially available as PURINETHOL®.
  • Mercaptopurine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism.
  • Mercaptopurine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal mucositis are expected side effects of mercaptopurine at high doses.
  • a useful mercaptopurine analog is azathioprine.
  • Thioguanine 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, is commercially available as TABLOID®.
  • Thioguanine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism.
  • Thioguanine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia.
  • Myelosuppression including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of thioguanine administration. However, gastrointestinal side effects occur and can be dose limiting.
  • Other purine analogs include pentostatin, erythrohydroxynonyladenine, fludarabine phosphate, and cladribine.
  • Gemcitabine 2′-deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride ( ⁇ -isomer), is commercially available as GEMZAR®.
  • GEMZAR® 2′-deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride
  • Gemcitabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase and by blocking progression of cells through the G1/S boundary.
  • Gemcitabine is indicated in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and alone in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
  • Myelosuppression including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of gemcitabine administration.
  • Methotrexate N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, is commercially available as methotrexate sodium. Methotrexate exhibits cell phase effects specifically at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis, repair and/or replication through the inhibition of dyhydrofolic acid reductase which is required for synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate.
  • Methotrexate is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of choriocarcinoma, meningeal leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and carcinomas of the breast, head, neck, ovary and bladder.
  • Myelosuppression (leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) and mucositis are expected side effect of methotrexate administration.
  • the first agent comprises one or more topoisomerase I inhibitors, which include camptothecins such as camptothecin and camptothecin derivatives, and typically function by suppressing the cell cycle during S and/or G2 phases. Camptothecin cytotoxic activity is believed to be related to its Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Examples of camptothecins include, but are not limited to irinotecan and topotecan.
  • Irinotecan HCl (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-9-[(4-piperidinopiperidino) carbonyloxy]-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione hydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution CAMPTOSAR®.
  • Irinotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds, along with its active metabolite SN-38, to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex.
  • cytotoxicity occurs as a result of irreparable double strand breaks caused by interaction of the topoisomerase I:DNA:irinotecan or SN-38 ternary complex with replication enzymes.
  • Irinotecan is indicated for treatment of metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum.
  • the dose limiting side effects of irinotecan HCl are myelosuppression, including neutropenia, and GI effects, including diarrhea.
  • Topotecan HCl (S)-10-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-ethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]-indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-(4H,12H)-dione monohydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution HYCAMTIN®.
  • Topotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and prevents religation of singles strand breaks caused by Topoisomerase I in response to torsional strain of the DNA molecule.
  • Topotecan is indicated for second line treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary and small cell lung cancer.
  • the dose limiting side effect of topotecan HCl is myelosuppression, primarily neutropenia.
  • cell cycle-specific agents that suppress progression of cell-cycle phases after G1 phase are known in the art, and include, without limitation, bleomycin, hydroxyurea, and vindesine.
  • Also useful as first agents are any chemotherapeutic compounds described herein that are known to suppress a cell-cycle phase after G1, or may be determined to suppress a cell-cycle phase after G1 using any method known in the art, including cell-cycle determination methods described and referenced herein.
  • An mTOR inhibitor for use in the present invention can be any mTOR inhibitor that is known in the art, and can include any chemical entity that, upon administration to a patient, results in inhibition of mTOR in the patient.
  • An mTOR inhibitor can inhibit mTOR by any biochemical mechanism, including competition at the ATP binding site, competition elsewhere at the catalytic site of mTOR kinase, non-competitive inhibition, irreversible inhibition (e.g. covalent protein modification), or modulation of the interactions of other protein subunits or binding proteins with mTOR kinase in a way that results in inhibition of mTOR kinase activity (e.g.
  • mTOR inhibitors include: rapamycin; other rapamycin macrolides, or rapamycin analogues, derivatives or prodrugs; RAD001 (also known as Everolimus, RAD001 is an alkylated rapamycin (40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • CCI-779 also known as Temsirolimus, CCI-779 is an ester of rapamycin (42-ester with 3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpropionic acid), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,718; Wyeth); AP23573 or AP23841 (Ariad Pharmaceuticals); ABT-578 (40-epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin; Abbott Laboratories); KU-0059475 (Kudus Pharmaceuticals); and TAFA-93 (a rapamycin prodrug; Isotechnika).
  • Examples of rapamycin analogs and derivatives known in the art include those compounds described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • Rapamycin derivatives are also disclosed for example in WO 94/09010, WO 95/16691, WO 96/41807, or WO 99/15530, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Such analogs and derivatives include 32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32 (S or R)-dihydro-rapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32 (S or R)-dihydro-40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, 40-0-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, 32-deoxorapamycin and 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32(S)-dihydro-rapamycin.
  • Rapamycin derivatives may also include the so-called rapalogs, e.g. as disclosed in WO 98/02441 and WO 01/14387 (e.g. AP23573, AP23464, AP23675 or AP23841). Further examples of a rapamycin derivative are those disclosed under the name biolimus-7 or biolimus-9 (BIOLIMUS A9TM) (Biosensors International, Singapore). Any of the above rapamycin analogs or derivatives may be readily prepared by procedures as described in the above references.
  • mTOR inhibitors useful in the invention described herein include those disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,700,594 and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,651,687, a series of compounds that inhibit mTOR by binding to and directly inhibiting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinases. Similar results can be obtained with any compound that inhibits mTOR by binding to and directly inhibiting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinases, such as those whose structures are disclosed herein.
  • mTOR inhibitors that are dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitors, such as for example the compound PI-103 as described in Fan, Q-W et al (2006) Cancer Cell 9:341-349 and Knight, Z. A. et al. (2006) Cell 125:733-747.
  • the capacity of an mTOR inhibitor to inhibit mTOR is expressed in terms of an IC50 value.
  • IC50 refers to the half maximal inhibitory concentration of an inhibitor in inhibiting biological or biochemical function. This quantitative measure indicates how much of a particular inhibitor is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50).
  • EC50 refers to the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect in vivo.
  • Determination of IC50 can be made by determining and constructing a dose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrations of an inhibitor on reversing agonist activity. In vitro assays that are useful in making these determinations are referred to as “in vitro kinase assays.”
  • an in vitro kinase assay includes the use of labeled ATP as phosphodonor, and following the kinase reaction the substrate peptide is captured on an appropriate filter. Unreacted labeled ATP and metabolites are resolved from the radioactive peptide substrate by various techniques, such as involving trichloroacetic acid precipitation and extensive washing. Addition of several positively charged residues allows capture on phosphocellulose paper followed by washing. Radioactivity incorporated into the substrate peptide is detected by scintillation counting.
  • This assay is relatively simple, reasonably sensitive, and the peptide substrate can be adjusted both in terms of sequence and concentration to meet the assay requirements.
  • Other exemplary kinase assays are detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,787 and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/728,926, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the mTOR inhibitor utilized in the subject methods is typically highly selective for the target molecule.
  • the mTOR inhibitor binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
  • Such ability can be ascertained using any method known in the art or described herein.
  • inhibition of mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 activity can be determined by a reduction in signal transduction of the PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway.
  • a wide variety of readouts can be utilized to establish a reduction of the output of such signaling pathway.
  • Some non-limiting exemplary readouts include (1) a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt at residues, including but not limited to S473 and T308; (2) a decrease in activation of Akt as evidenced by a reduction of phosphorylation of Akt substrates including but not limited to FoxO1/O3a T24/32, GSK3 ⁇ / ⁇ S21/9, and TSC2 T1462; (3) a decrease in phosphorylation of signaling molecules downstream of mTor, including but not limited to ribosomal S6 S240/244, 70S6K T389, and 4EBP1 T37/46; (4) inhibition of proliferation of cells including but not limited to normal or neoplastic cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, leukemic blast cells, cancer stem cells, and cells that mediate autoimmune reactions; (5) induction of apoptosis of cells or cell cycle arrest (e.g. accumulation of cells in G1 phase); (6) reduction of cell chemotaxis; and (7) an increase in binding
  • mTOR exists in two types of complexes, mTorC1 containing the raptor subunit and mTorC2 containing rictor.
  • rictor refers to a cell growth regulatory protein having human gene locus 5p13.1. These complexes are regulated differently and have a different spectrum of substrates. For instance, mTorC1 phosphorylates S6 kinase (S6K) and 4EBP1, promoting increased translation and ribosome biogenesis to facilitate cell growth and cell cycle progression. S6K also acts in a feedback pathway to attenuate PI3K/Akt activation.
  • S6K S6 kinase
  • 4EBP1 S6 kinase
  • inhibition of mTorC1 results in activation of 4EBP1, resulting in inhibition of (e.g. a decrease in) RNA translation.
  • mTorC2 is generally insensitive to rapamycin and selective inhibitors and is thought to modulate growth factor signaling by phosphorylating the C-terminal hydrophobic motif of some AGC kinases such as Akt.
  • Akt AGC kinases
  • mTorC2 is required for phosphorylation of the S473 site of Akt.
  • mTorC1 activity is partly controlled by Akt whereas Akt itself is partly controlled by mTorC2.
  • Akt Growth factor stimulation of PI3K causes activation of Akt by phosphorylation at the two key sites, S473 and T308. It has been reported that full activation of Akt requires phosphorylation of both S473 and T308 Active. Akt promotes cell survival and proliferation in many ways including suppressing apoptosis, promoting glucose uptake, and modifying cellular metabolism. Of the two phosphorylation sites on Akt, activation loop phosphorylation at T308, mediated by PDK1, is believed to be indispensable for kinase activity, while hydrophobic motif phosphorylation at S473 enhances Akt kinase activity.
  • Inhibition of Akt phosphorylation can be determined using any methods known in the art or described herein. Representative assays include but are not limited to immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation with antibodies such as anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies that recognize the specific phosphorylated proteins. Cell-based ELISA kit quantifies the amount of activated (phosphorylated at S473) Akt relative to total Akt protein is also available (SuperArray Biosciences).
  • Selective mTor inhibition may also be determined by expression levels of the mTor genes, its downstream signaling genes (for example by RT-PCR), or expression levels of the proteins (for example by immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, Western blots) as compared to other PI3-kinases or protein kinases.
  • Cell-based assays for establishing selective inhibition of mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 can take a variety of formats. This generally will depend on the biological activity and/or the signal transduction readout that is under investigation. For example, the ability of the agent to inhibit mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 to phosphorylate downstream substrate(s) can be determined by various types of kinase assays known in the art. Representative assays include but are not limited to immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation with antibodies such as anti-phosphotyrosine, anti-phosphoserine or anti-phosphothreonine antibodies that recognize phosphorylated proteins.
  • kinase activity can be detected by high throughput chemiluminescent assays such as AlphaScreenTM (available from Perkin Elmer) and eTagTM assay (Chan-Hui, et al. (2003) Clinical Immunology 111: 162-174).
  • single cell assays such as flow cytometry as described in the phosflow experiment can be used to measure phosphorylation of multiple downstream mTOR substrates in mixed cell populations.
  • One advantage of the immunoblotting and phosflow methods is that the phosphorylation of multiple kinase substrates can be measured simultaneously. This provides the advantage that efficacy and selectivity can be measured at the same time.
  • cells may be contacted with an mTOR inhibitor at various concentrations and the phosphorylation levels of substrates of both mTOR and other kinases can be measured.
  • a large number of kinase substrates are assayed in what is termed a “comprehensive kinase survey.”
  • Selective mTOR inhibitors are expected to inhibit phosphorylation of mTOR substrates without inhibiting phosphorylation of the substrates of other kinases.
  • selective mTOR inhibitors may inhibit phosphorylation of substrates of other kinases through anticipated or unanticipated mechanisms such as feedback loops or redundancy.
  • Non-limiting examples of cell proliferation assays include testing for tritiated thymidine uptake assays, BrdU (5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine) uptake (kit marketed by Calibochem), MTS uptake (kit marketed by Promega), MTT uptake (kit marketed by Cayman Chemical), CyQUANT® dye uptake (marketed by Invitrogen).
  • Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest analysis can be performed with any methods exemplified herein as well other methods known in the art. Many different methods have been devised to detect apoptosis. Exemplary assays include but are not limited to the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling) analysis, ISEL (in situ end labeling), and DNA laddering analysis for the detection of fragmentation of DNA in populations of cells or in individual cells, Annexin-V analysis that measures alterations in plasma membranes, detection of apoptosis related proteins such p53 and Fas.
  • TUNEL TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling
  • ISEL in situ end labeling
  • DNA laddering analysis for the detection of fragmentation of DNA in populations of cells or in individual cells
  • Annexin-V analysis that measures alterations in plasma membranes
  • detection of apoptosis related proteins such p53 and Fas.
  • a cell-based assay typically proceeds with exposing the target cells (e.g., in a culture medium) to a test compound which is a potential mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 selective inhibitor, and then assaying for readout under investigation.
  • a test compound which is a potential mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 selective inhibitor
  • they can directly be added to the cells or in conjunction with carriers.
  • the agent is nucleic acid
  • it can be added to the cell culture by methods well known in the art, which include without limitation calcium phosphate precipitation, microinjection or electroporation.
  • the nucleic acid can be incorporated into an expression or insertion vector for incorporation into the cells.
  • Vectors that contain both a promoter and a cloning site into which a polynucleotide can be operatively linked are well known in the art. Such vectors are capable of transcribing RNA in vitro or in vivo, and are commercially available from sources such as Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.) and Promega Biotech (Madison, Wis.). In order to optimize expression and/or in vitro transcription, it may be necessary to remove, add or alter 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated portions of the clones to eliminate extra, potential inappropriate alternative translation initiation codons or other sequences that may interfere with or reduce expression, either at the level of transcription or translation.
  • consensus ribosome binding sites can be inserted immediately 5′ of the start codon to enhance expression.
  • vectors are viruses, such as baculovirus and retrovirus, bacteriophage, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, cosmid, plasmid, fungal vectors and other recombination vehicles typically used in the art which have been described for expression in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, and may be used for gene therapy as well as for simple protein expression.
  • viruses such as baculovirus and retrovirus, bacteriophage, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, cosmid, plasmid, fungal vectors and other recombination vehicles typically used in the art which have been described for expression in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, and may be used for gene therapy as well as for simple protein expression.
  • non-viral vectors including DNA/liposome complexes, and targeted viral protein DNA complexes.
  • nucleic acid or proteins of this invention can be conjugated to antibodies or binding fragments thereof which bind cell surface antigens.
  • Liposomes that also comprise a targeting antibody or fragment thereof can be used in the methods of this invention.
  • Other biologically acceptable carriers can be utilized, including those described in, for example, REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 19th Ed. (2000), in conjunction with the subject compounds. Additional methods for cell-based assays for determining effects of agents on cell-cycle progression are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,612,189, incorporated herein by reference.
  • any cells that express PI3-kinase ⁇ , mTorC1, mTorC2 and/or Akt can be target cells.
  • specific cell types whose proliferation can be inhibited include fibroblast, cells of skeletal tissue (bone and cartilage), cells of epithelial tissues (e.g. liver, lung, breast, skin, bladder and kidney), cardiac and smooth muscle cells, neural cells (glia and neurones), endocrine cells (adrenal, pituitary, pancreatic islet cells), melanocytes, and many different types of haemopoietic cells (e.g., cells of B-cell or T-cell lineage, and their corresponding stem cells, lymphoblasts).
  • haemopoietic cells e.g., cells of B-cell or T-cell lineage, and their corresponding stem cells, lymphoblasts.
  • cells exhibiting a neoplastic propensity or phenotype are also of interest.
  • diseases involving abnormal functioning of genes include but are not limited to autoimmune diseases, cancer, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, neuronal and/or muscular degenerative diseases, cardiac diseases, endocrine disorders, and any combinations thereof.
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1 nM, 2 nM, 5 nM, 7 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 40 nM, 50 nM, 60 nM, 70 nM, 80 nM, 90 nM, 100 nM, 120 nM, 140 nM, 150 nM, 160 nM, 170 nM, 180 nM, 190 nM, 200 nM, 225 nM, 250 nM, 275 nM, 300 nM, 325 nM, 350 nM, 375 nM, 400 nM, 425 nM, 450 nM, 475 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 200, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1 or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. In one instance, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. As another example, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
  • the present invention provides the use of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein the mTOR inhibitor directly binds to and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about or less than a predetermined value, as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1 nM or less, 2 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 7 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 20 nM or less, 30 nM or less, 40 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 60 nM or less, 70 nM or less, 80 nM or less, 90 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 120 nM or less, 140 nM or less, 150 nM or less, 160 nM or less, 170 nM or less, 180 nM or less, 190 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 225 nM or less, 250 nM or less, 275 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 325 nM or less, 350 nM or less, 375 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 425 nM or less, 425
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1 nM or less, 2 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 7 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 20 nM or less, 30 nM or less, 40 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 60 nM or less, 70 nM or less, 80 nM or less, 90 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 120 nM or less, 140 nM or less, 150 nM or less, 160 nM or less, 170 nM or less, 180 nM or less, 190 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 225 nM or less, 250 nM or less, 275 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 325 nM or less, 350 nM or less, 375 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 425 nM or less, 425
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and the mTOR inhibitor is substantially inactive against one or more types I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
  • substantially inactive refers to an inhibitor that inhibits the activity of its target by less than approximately 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% of its maximal activity in the absence of the inhibitor, as determined by an in vitro enzymatic assay (e.g. in vitro kinase assay).
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1000, 500, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100 or 100 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 5 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
  • the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 5 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
  • the mTOR inhibitor utilized in the subject methods inhibits one of mTORC1 and mTORC2 selectively with an IC50 value of about 1000, 500, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase.
  • an mTOR inhibitor utilized in the subject methods inhibits mTORC1 selectively with an IC50 value of about 1000, 500, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
  • rapamycin and rapamycin derivatives or analogues have been shown to primarily inhibit mTORC1 and not mTORC2.
  • Suitable mTORC1 inhibitor compounds include, for example, sirolimus (rapamycin), deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), everolimus (RAD-001), temsirolimus (CCI-779), zotarolimus (ABT-578), and biolimus A9 (umirolimus).
  • mTOR inhibitors suitable for use in the subject methods can be selected from a variety types of molecules.
  • an inhibitor can be biological or chemical compound such as a simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, peptide, peptide mimetic, protein (e.g. antibody), liposome, or a polynucleotide (e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme, or triple helix).
  • a polynucleotide e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme, or triple helix.
  • cancer cells may depend on overactive signaling for their survival (known as the oncogene addiction hypothesis). In this way, cancer cells are frequently observed to adapt to drug inhibition of an aberrant signaling component by selecting for mutations in the same pathway that overcome the effect of the drug. Therefore, cancer therapies may be more successful in overcoming the problem of drug resistance if they target a signaling pathway as a whole, or target more than one component within a signaling pathway.
  • Akt serine/threonine kinase
  • Akt possesses a protein domain known as a PH domain, or Pleckstrin Homology domain, which binds to phosphoinositides with high affinity.
  • PH domain protein domain
  • Pleckstrin Homology domain which binds to phosphoinositides with high affinity.
  • PIP3 phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
  • PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 PtdIns(3,4,5)P3
  • PIP2 phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate, PtdIns(3,4)P2
  • PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 in response to signals from chemical messengers, such as ligand binding to G protein-coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinases. Phosphorylation by PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3, recruiting Akt to the cell membrane where it is phosphorylated at serine 473 (S473) by mTORC2. Phosphorylation of Akt at another site, threonine 308 (T308), is not directly dependent on mTORC2, but requires PI3K activity. Therefore, PI3K activity towards Akt can be isolated from mTOR activity by examining Akt threonine 308 phosphorylation status in cells lacking mTORC2 activity.
  • the invention provides a compound which is an inhibitor of mTor of the Formula I:
  • X 1 is N or C-E 1
  • X 2 is N or C
  • X 3 is N or C
  • X 4 is C—R 9 or N
  • X 5 is N or C-E 1
  • X 6 is C or N
  • X 7 is C or N; and wherein no more than two nitrogen ring atoms are adjacent;
  • R 1 is H, -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylhetaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocylyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocylyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C 3
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • E 1 and E 2 are independently —(W 1 ) j —R 4 ;
  • M 1 is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted with R 5 and additionally optionally substituted with one or more —(W 2 ) k —R 2 ;
  • each k is 0 or 1;
  • j in E 1 or j in E 2 is independently 0 or 1;
  • W 1 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R)S(O) 2 —;
  • W 2 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—,
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , NR 31 R 32 , NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —R 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —NR
  • each of R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 is independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, hetaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;
  • each of R 7 and R 8 is independently hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 6 ;
  • R 6 is halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, hetaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkeny
  • R 9 is H, halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, hetaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, hetaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, al
  • M 1 is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic.
  • the monocyclic M 1 ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R 5 substituents (including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R 5 substituents).
  • the monocyclic M 1 ring is aromatic (including phenyl) or heteroaromatic (including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrimidinyl).
  • the monocyclic M 1 ring may be a 5 or 6 membered ring (including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrimidinyl).
  • M 2 is a five membered heteroaromatic group with one heteroatom, wherein the heteroatom is N, S, or O.
  • M 2 is a five membered heteroaromatic group with two heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are nitrogen and oxygen or nitrogen and sulfur.
  • the bicyclic M 1 ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R 5 substituents (including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 R 5 substituents).
  • Bicyclic M 1 ring is a 7, 8, 9, or 10 membered aromatic or heteroaromatic.
  • Examples of an aromatic bicyclic M 1 ring include naphthyl.
  • the bicyclic M 1 ring is heteroaromatic and includes but is not limited to benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, and benzoimidazolyl.
  • the invention also provides compounds wherein M 1 is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-A or Formula M1-B:
  • W 1 , W 2 , and W 7 are independently N or C—R 5 ;
  • W 4 and W 10 are independently N—R 5 , O, or S;
  • W 6 and W 8 are independently N or C—R 5 ;
  • W 5 and W 9 are independently N or C—R 2 ;
  • W 3 is C or N, provided no more than two N and/or N—R 5 are adjacent and no two O or S are adjacent.
  • the M 1 moiety of Formula M1-A is a moiety of Formula M1-A1, Formula M1-A2, Formula M1-A3, or Formula M1-A4:
  • W 4 is N—R 5 , O, or S; W 6 is N or C—R 5 and W 5 is N or C—R 2 .
  • M 1 moiety of Formula M1-A include:
  • R 5 is —(W) k —R 53 or R 55 ; each k is independently 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and —(W 1 ) k —R 53 and R 55 are as defined above.
  • the M 1 moiety of Formula M1-B is a moiety of Formula M1-B1, Formula M1-B2, Formula M1-B3, or Formula M1-B4:
  • W 10 is N—R 5 , O, or S
  • W 8 is N or C—R 5
  • W 5 is N or C—R 2 .
  • M 1 moiety of Formula M1-B include:
  • R′ 5 is —(W 1 ) k —R 53 or R 55 ; k is 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and —(W 1 ) k —R 53 and R 55 are as defined above.
  • the invention also provides compounds wherein M 1 is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-C or Formula M1-D:
  • W 12 , W 13 , W 14 , and W 15 are independently N or C—R 5 ;
  • W 11 and W 18 are independently N—R 5 , O, or S;
  • W 16 and W 17 are independently N or C—R 5 ; provided no more than two N are adjacent.
  • the M 1 moiety of Formula M1-C or Formula M1-D is a moiety of Formula M1-C1 or Formula M1-D1:
  • W 11 and W 18 are N—R 5 , O, or S; and W 16 and W 17 are N or C—R 5 .
  • M 1 moiety of Formula M1-C and Formula M1-D include:
  • R′ 5 is —(W) k —R 53 or R 55 ; k is 0 or 1, and —(W) k —R 53 and R 55 are as defined above.
  • the invention also provides compounds wherein M 1 is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E:
  • X 11 , X 12 , X 13 , X 14 , X 15 , X 16 , and X 17 are independently N, or C—R 5 ; provided that no more than two N are adjacent.
  • the M 1 moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E1, M1-E2, M1-E3, M1-E4, M1-E5, M1-E6, M1-E7, or M1-E8:
  • the M 1 moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E is a moiety having a structure:
  • M 1 moiety of Formula M1-E include:
  • R′ 5 is —(W 1 ) k —R 53 or R 55 ; k is 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and —(W) k —R 53 or R 55 are as defined above. In some embodiments, k is 0, and R 5 is R 53 .
  • R 53 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl (which includes but is not limited to —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl), or unsubstituted or substituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl (which includes but is not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl).
  • C 1 -C 10 alkyl which includes but is not limited to —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl
  • C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl
  • R 53 is monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein the R 53 aryl is unsubstituted or substituted. Some examples of aryl include but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl or fluorenyl. In some other embodiments, R 53 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, including but not limited to monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl. Monocyclic heteroaryl R 53 includes but is not limited to pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridinyl, pyranyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, and oxazolyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl R 53 includes but is not limited to benzothiophenyl, benzofuryl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinazolinyl, azaindolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, and purinyl.
  • R 53 may be alkylcycloalkyl (including but not limited to cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, and cyclobutylpropyl), -alkylaryl (including but not limited to benzyl, phenylethyl, and phenylnaphthyl), -alkylhetaryl (including but not limited to pyridinylmethyl, pyrrolylethyl, and imidazolylpropyl), or -alkylheterocyclyl (non-limiting examples are morpholinylmethyl, 1-piperazinylmethyl, and azetidinylpropyl).
  • R 53 is unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 10 alkenyl (including but not limited to alkenyl such as, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1-methyl propen-1-yl, butenyl, or pentenyl) or unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl (including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 10 alkynyl such as acetylenyl, propargyl, butynyl, or pentynyl).
  • alkenyl including but not limited to alkenyl such as, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1-methyl propen-1-yl, butenyl, or pentenyl
  • unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 10 alkynyl such as acetylenyl, propargyl, butynyl, or pentynyl.
  • R 53 wherein R 53 is alkenylaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, alkenylheteroalkyl, or alkenylheterocyclcyl, wherein each of alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl, and heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the alkenylaryl, alkenylhetaryl, alkenylheteroalkyl, or alkenylheterocyclcyl moiety is attached to M 1 through the alkenyl.
  • R 53 is -alkynylaryl, -alkynylhetaryl, -alkynylheteroalkyl, -alkynylheterocylyl, -alkynylcycloalkyl, or -alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkenyl, wherein each of alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl, and heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the alkynylaryl, alkynylhetaryl, alkynylheteroalkyl, or alkynylheterocyclcyl moiety is attached to M 1 through the alkynyl.
  • R 53 is -alkoxyalkyl, -alkoxyalkenyl, or -alkoxyalkynyl, wherein each of alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl is as described herein and wherein the -alkoxyalkyl, -alkoxyalkenyl, or -alkoxyalkynyl moiety is attached to M 1 through the alkoxy.
  • R 53 is -heterocyclylalkyl, -heterocyclylalkenyl, or -heterocyclylalkynyl, wherein the heterocyclyl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is as described herein and wherein the -heterocyclylalkyl, -heterocyclylalkenyl, or -heterocyclylalkynyl is attached to to M 1 through the heterocyclyl portion of the moiety.
  • R 53 may be aryl-alkenyl, aryl-alkynyl, or aryl-heterocyclyl, wherein the aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the aryl-alkenyl, aryl-alkynyl, or aryl-heterocyclyl moiety is attached to M 1 through the aryl portion of the moiety.
  • R 53 is heteroaryl-alkyl, heteroaryl -alkenyl, heteroaryl -alkynyl, heteroaryl-cycloalkyl, heteroaryl -heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl -heterocyclyl, wherein each of heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, and heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the heteroaryl-alkyl, heteroaryl-alkenyl, heteroaryl -alkynyl, heteroaryl-cycloalkyl, heteroaryl -heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl -heterocyclyl moiety is attached to M 1 through the heteroaryl portion of the moiety.
  • the aryl or heteroaryl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NNR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 2 R 32 R 33 , —R 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 ,
  • each of the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moieties forming part of all of R 53 is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —O-aryl, —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NNR 34 R 35 , or —C( ⁇ O)NR 32 substituents.
  • R 5 is is —W 1 —R 53 .
  • R 5 is —OR 53 , including but not limited to Oalkyl (including but not limited to methoxy or ethoxy), —Oaryl (including but not limited to phenoxy), —O-heteroaryl (including but not limited to pyridinoxy) and —O-heterocycloxy (including but not limited to 4-N-piperidinoxy).
  • R 5 is —NR 6 R 53 (including but not limited to anilinyl, diethylamino, and 4-N-piperidinylamino.
  • R 5 is —S(O) 0-2 R 53 , including but not limited to phenylsulfonyl and pyridinylsulfonyl.
  • the invention also provides compounds wherein R 5 is —C(O) (including but not limited to acetyl, benzoyl, and pyridinoyl) or —C(O)O R 53 (including but not limited to carboxyethyl, and carboxybenzyl).
  • R 5 is —C(O)N(R 6 )R 53 (including but not limited to C(O)NH(cyclopropyl) and C(O)N(Me)(phenyl)) or —CH(R 6 )N(R 7 )R 53 (including but not limited to —CH 2 —NH-pyrrolidinyl, CH 2 —NHcyclopropyl, and CH 2 -anilinyl).
  • R 5 is —N(R 6 )C(O)R 53 (including but not linited to —NHC(O)phenyl, —NHC(O)cyclopentyl, and to —NHC(O)piperidinyl) or —N(R 6 )S(O) 2 R 53 (including but not limited to —NHS(O) 2 phenyl, —NHS(O) 2 piperazinyl, and —NHS(O) 2 methyl.
  • R 5 is —N(R 6 )S(O) R 53 , —CH(R 6 )N(C(O)OR 7 )R 53 , —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 7 )R 53 , —CH(R 6 )N(SO 2 R 7 )R 53 , —CH(R 6 )N(R 7 )R 53 , —CH(R 6 )C(O)N(R 7 )R 53 , —CH(R 6 )N(R 7 )C(O) R 53 , —CH(R 6 )N(R 7 )S(O) R 53 , or —CH(R 6 )N(R 7 )S(O) 2 R 53 .
  • R 5 is R 55 .
  • R 55 is halo, —OH, —NO 2 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , or —CN.
  • R 55 is —R 31 , —OR 31 (including but not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, and butoxy) —C(O)R 31 (non-limiting examples include acetyl, propionyl, and pentanoyl), or —CO 2 R 31 (including but not limited to carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl and carboxypropyl).
  • R 55 is —NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , or —S(O) 0-2 R 31 .
  • R 55 is —NR 34 R 35 or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , wherein R 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen to which R 34 R 35 are attached to form a cyclic moiety.
  • the cyclic moiety so formed may be unsubstituted or substituted, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —C(O)alkyl, —S(O) 2 alkyl, and —S(O) 2 aryl.
  • R 55 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —R 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 , —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 , —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NNR 34 R 35 , —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 , —P(O)OR 3 OR 32 , or —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32
  • the invention further provides a compound which is an mTor inhibitor, wherein the compound has the Formula I-A:
  • X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is N, X 3 is C, and X 4 is C—R 9 or N; or X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is C, X 3 is N, and X 4 is C—R 9 or N;
  • R 1 is —H, -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • M 1 is a moiety having the structure of Formula M1-F1 or M1-F2:
  • k 0 or 1
  • E 1 and E 2 are independently —(W 1 ) j —R 4 ;
  • j in each instance (i.e., in E 1 or j in E 2 ), is independently 0 or 1
  • W 1 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O
  • W 2 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)——, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , NR 31 R 32 , NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —R 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —R 31 C( ⁇ R 32 )OR 33 , —R
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;
  • R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 6 ;
  • R 6 is halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkyny
  • R 9 is H, halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alky
  • X 4 is C—R 9 .
  • the invention also provides an inhibitor as defined above, wherein the compound is of Formula I:
  • the compound of Formula I-B or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a compound having the structure of Formula I-B1 or Formula I-B2:
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is N. In yet other embodiments, X 1 is NH and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is CH-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is C—(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • X 1 is CH. In yet another embodiment, X 1 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 it is C—(W 1 ) j —R 4 .
  • W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • X 1 is CH 2 . In yet another embodiment, X 1 is CH-halogen, where halogen is CL, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 is N.
  • X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 2 is C.
  • E 2 is —(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • E 2 is CH. In yet another embodiment, E 2 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • E 2 it is —(W 1 ), —R 4 .
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • M 1 when M 1 is a moiety of Formula M1-F1, M 1 is benzoxazolyl substituted with —(W 2 ) k —R 2 . In some embodiments, M 1 is a benzoxazolyl substituted at the 2-position with —(W 2 ) j —R 2 . In some embodiments, M 1 is either a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, optionally substituted at the 2-position with —(W 2 ) j —R 2 .
  • Exemplary Formula M1-F1M 1 moieties include but are not limited to the following:
  • Formula M1-F2 is an aza-substituted benzoxazolyl moiety having a structure of one of the following formulae:
  • Exemplary Formula M1-F2M 1 moieties include but are not limited to the following:
  • M 1 In various embodiments of M 1 , k is 0. In other embodiments of M 1 , k is 1, and W 2 is selected from one of the following: —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, or —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—.
  • k is 1, and W 2 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, or —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—.
  • k is 1, and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—.
  • k is 1, and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • the invention provides an inhibitor of mTor which is a compound of Formula I-C or Formula I-D:
  • X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is N, and X 3 is C; or X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is C, and X 3 is N;
  • R 1 is —H, -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • E 1 and E 2 are independently —(W 1 ) j —R 4 ;
  • j in E 1 or j in E 2 is independently 0 or 1;
  • W 1 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R)S(O) 2 —;
  • W 2 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—,
  • k 0 or 1
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR, NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 33 R 32 , —NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 ,
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom; and
  • R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 6 ; and R 6 is halo, —OR 31 , —SH, NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O) NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, or C 2-10 alkynyl; or R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl
  • the compound of Formula I-C has a structure of Formula I-C1 or Formula I-C2:
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is N. In yet other embodiments, X 1 is NH and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is CH-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is C. In yet other embodiments, X 1 is NH and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is CH-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • the compound of Formula I-D has a structure of Formula I-D1 or Formula I-D2:
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is N. In yet other embodiments, X 1 is NH and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is CH-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is C—(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • X 1 is CH. In yet another embodiment, X 1 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 it is C—(W 1 ) j —R 4 .
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • X 1 is CH—(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • X 1 is CH 2 . In yet another embodiment, X 1 is CH-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 it is CH—(W 1 ) j —R 4 .
  • W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • X 1 is N.
  • X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 2 is C.
  • E 2 is —(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • E 2 is CH. In yet another embodiment, E 2 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • E 2 it is —(W 1 ) j R 4 .
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • k is 0. In other embodiments, k is 1 and W 2 is —O—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —NR 7 —. In yet another embodiment of, k is 1, and W 2 is —S(O) 0-2 —. In another embodiment of, k is 1 and W 2 is —C(O)—. In a further embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—. In another embodiment, k is 1, and W 2 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In still yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In a further embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —C(O)O—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • the invention also provides a compound which is an mTor inhibitor of Formula I-E:
  • X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is N, and X 3 is C; or X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is C, and X 3 is N;
  • R 1 is —H, -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • M 1 is a moiety having the structure of Formula M1-F1 or Formula M1-F2:
  • k 0 or 1
  • E 1 and E 2 are independently —(W 1 ) j —R 4 ;
  • j in E 1 or j in E 2 is independently 0 or 1;
  • W 1 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O
  • W 2 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)——, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —NR
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;
  • R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 6 ;
  • R 6 is halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkyny
  • R 9 is H, halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alky
  • the compound of Formula I-E has a structure of Formula I-E1 or Formula I-E2:
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is N. In yet other embodiments, X 1 is NH and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is CH-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is C—(W 1 ) j R 4 , where j is 0.
  • X 1 is CH. In yet another embodiment, X 1 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 it is C—(W 1 ) j R 4 .
  • W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 , is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—.
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • X 1 is N.
  • X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 2 is C.
  • E 2 is —(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • E 2 is CH. In yet another embodiment, E 2 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • E 2 it is —(W 1 ) j —R 4 .
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • M 1 when M 1 is a moiety of Formula I-E1, M 1 is benzoxazolyl substituted with —(W 2 ) k —R 2 . In some embodiments, M 1 is a benzoxazolyl moiety, substituted at the 2-position with —(W 2 ) k —R 2 . In some embodiments, M 1 is either a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, optionally substituted with —(W 2 ) k —R 2 .
  • Exemplary Formula I-E1M 1 moieties include but are not limited to the following:
  • Formula I-E2 is an aza-substituted benzoxazolyl moiety having a structure of one of the following formulae:
  • Exemplary Formula I-E2 M 1 moieties include but are not limited to the following:
  • M 1 In various embodiments of M 1 , k is 0. In other embodiments of M, k is 1 and W 2 is —O—. In another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —NR 7 —. In yet another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W is —S(O) 0-2 —. In another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —C(O)—. In a further embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—. In another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —C(O)O—.
  • k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—.
  • M 1 k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In a further embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In yet another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—.
  • M 1 In another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R)S(O)—. In yet another embodiment of M 1 , k is 1 and W 2 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • L is absent.
  • L is —(C ⁇ O)—.
  • L is C( ⁇ O)O—.
  • L is —C( ⁇ O) NR 31 —.
  • L is —S—.
  • L is —S(O)—.
  • L is —S(O) 2 —.
  • L is —S(O) 2 NR 31 —.
  • L is —NR 31 —.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted, and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , and L is absent.
  • R 1 is H.
  • R 1 is -L-aryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R 1 is -L-aryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 . In another embodiment, R 1 is -L-aryl which is unsubstituted, and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R 1 is -L-aryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaryl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R, is -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R, is -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R, is -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R, is -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 . In a further embodiment, R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylaryl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylaryl which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl which is unsubstituted, and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroalkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-aralkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R 1 is -L-aralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 . In a further embodiment, R 1 is -L-aralkyl which is unsubstituted. In yet another embodiment, R 1 is -L-aralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaralkyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaralkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heteroaralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heterocyclyl, which is unsubstituted.
  • R 1 is -L-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 .
  • R 1 is -L-heterocyclyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent.
  • R 1 is -L-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R 3 , where L is absent.
  • R 1 is a substituent as shown below:
  • R 2 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 2 is halogen. In another embodiment, R 2 is —OH. In another embodiment, R 2 is —R 31 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —CF 3 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —OCF 3 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —NR 34 R 3 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —C(O)R 31 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —CO 2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 2 is —NO 2 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —CN. In another embodiment, R 2 is —S(O) 0-2 R 3 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 2 is —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 2 is —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 2 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ R 32 )NR 33 R 32 .
  • R 2 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 .
  • R 2 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 .
  • R 2 is —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 .
  • R 2 is —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 2 is —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 .
  • R 2 is —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 2 is —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is monocyclic aryl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl.
  • R 2 is substituted monocyclic aryl.
  • R 2 is heteroaryl.
  • R 2 is C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 2 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 2 is C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is C 1-10 alkyl-monocyclic aryl.
  • R 2 is C 2-10 alkyl-monocyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R 2 is monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is C 1-10 alkyl-bicyclicaryl. In another embodiment, R 2 is bicyclicaryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is C 2-10 alkenylaryl.
  • R 2 is C 2-10 alkenylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 2 is C 2-10 alkenylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is C 2-10 alkenylheterocyclcyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynylaryl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is —C 2-10 alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkenyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 1-10 alkoxy-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 1-10 alkoxy-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is —C 1-10 alkoxy-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is -heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heterocyclylC 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heterocyclylC 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is aryl-C 2-10 alkyl.
  • R 2 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is aryl-heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heteroaryl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heteroaryl-heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 2 is heteroaryl-heterocyclyl.
  • R 2 when R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is unsubstituted.
  • R 2 when R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent halo.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OH.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —R 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CF 3 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OCF.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2 -10alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OR 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(O)R 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CO 2 R 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NO 2 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CN.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —S(O) 0-2 R 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent, —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent alkyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heteroalkyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent alkenyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent alkynyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent aryl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent arylalkyl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heteroaryl.
  • R 2 is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heteroarylalkyl.
  • R 3 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 3 is halogen. In another embodiment, R 3 is —OH. In another embodiment, R 3 is —R 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —CF 3 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —OCF 3 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —C(O)R 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —CO 2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 3 is —NO 2 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —CN. In another embodiment, R 3 is —S(O) 0-2 R 3 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 3 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 3 is —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 3 is —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 3 is —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 3 is aryl.
  • R 2 is heteroaryl.
  • R 3 is C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 3 is C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 3 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 3 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 3 is —C 1-10 alkyl —C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 3 is C 2-10 alkyl-monocyclic aryl.
  • R 3 is monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl.
  • R 3 is C 1-10 alkyl-bicyclicaryl. In another embodiment, R 3 is bicyclicaryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkenylaryl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkenylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkenylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkenylheterocyclcyl.
  • R 3 is —C 2-10 alkynylaryl. In another embodiment, R 3 is —C 2-10 alkynylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 3 is —C 2-10 alkynylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkynylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is —C 2-10 alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 2-10 alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkenyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is —C 1-10 alkoxy-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is C 1-10 alkoxy-C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 3 is —C 1-10 alkoxy-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heterocyclyl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is -heterocyclylC 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heterocyclyl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is aryl-heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 3 is heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heteroaryl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heteroaryl-heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is heteroaryl-heterocyclyl.
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent halo.
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OH. In another embodiment, when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —R 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CF 3 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OCF.
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OR 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(O)R 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CO 2 R 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 3 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NO 2 . In another embodiment, when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CN.
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —S(O) 0-2 R 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 3 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent, —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 3 when R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 4 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 4 is halogen. In another embodiment, R 4 is —OH. In another embodiment, R 4 is —R 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —CF 3 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —OCF 3 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —C(O)R 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —CO 2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 4 is —NO 2 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —CN. In another embodiment, R 4 is —S(O) 0-2 R 3 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 4 is —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ R 3 2)NR 33 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 4 is —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 4 is —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 4 is aryl.
  • R 4 is heteroaryl.
  • R 4 is C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R 4 is C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 4 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 4 is C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • R 4 is C 1-10 alkylaryl.
  • R 4 is C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl.
  • R 4 is C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl.
  • R 4 is C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 4 is C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl. R 4 is C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkenylaryl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkenyl-heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkenylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkenylheterocyclcyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is —C 2-10 alkynylaryl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkynylheteroaryl.
  • R 4 is C 2-10 alkynylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkynylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 2-10 alkynylC 3-8 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is heterocyclylC 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is heterocyclyl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • R 4 is aryl-heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 4 is C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent halo.
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OH. In another embodiment, when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —R 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CF 3 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OCF.
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OR 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(O)R 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CO 2 R 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NO 2 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CN.
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —S(O) 0-2 R 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent, —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 4 when R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, heterocyclyl C 1-10 alkyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 5 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 5 is halogen. In another embodiment, R 5 is —OH. In another embodiment, R 5 is —R 31 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —CF 3 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —OCF 3 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —C(O)R 31 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —CO 2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 5 is —NO 2 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —CN. In another embodiment, R 5 is —S(O) 0-2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 5 is —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 .
  • R 5 is —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 5 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 .
  • R 5 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 .
  • R 5 is —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )SR 33 .
  • R 5 is —OC( ⁇ O)OR 33 .
  • R 5 is —OC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 5 is —OC( ⁇ O)SR 31 .
  • R 5 is —SC( ⁇ O)OR 31 .
  • R 5 is —P(O)OR 31 OR 32 .
  • R 5 is or —SC( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 7 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 7 is unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 7 is unsubstituted C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 7 is unsubstituted aryl. In another embodiment, R 7 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 7 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 7 is unsubstituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 7 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 7 is C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 .
  • R 7 is aryl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 7 is heteroaryl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 7 is heterocycyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 7 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 .
  • R 8 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 8 is unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is unsubstituted C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is unsubstituted aryl. In another embodiment, R 8 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R 8 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is unsubstituted C 3-10 cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 8 is C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 .
  • R 8 is aryl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 8 is heteroaryl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 8 is heterocyclyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 . In another embodiment, R 8 is C 3-10 cycloalkyl substituted by one or more independent R 6 .
  • R 6 is halo, In another embodiment, R 6 is —OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —SH. In another embodiment, R 6 is NH 2 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —CO 2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —CO 2 aryl. In another embodiment, R 6 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 6 is C( ⁇ O) NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —NO 2 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —CN.
  • R 6 is —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is —S(O) 0-2 aryl. In another embodiment, R 6 is —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 6 is —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 6 is C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is unsubstituted aryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is unsubstituted aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 6 is unsubstituted aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent halo.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent cyano.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent nitro.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —OC 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —COOH.
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C( ⁇ O) NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 6 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 9 is H. In another embodiment, R 9 is halo. In another embodiment, R 9 is —OR 31 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —SH. In another embodiment, R 9 is NH 2 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —CO 2 R 31 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —CO 2 aryl. In another embodiment, R 9 is —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 9 is C( ⁇ O) NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —NO 2 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —CN.
  • R 9 is —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is —S(O) 0-2 aryl. In another embodiment, R 9 is —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 . In another embodiment, R 9 is —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 . In another embodiment, R 9 is C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is unsubstituted aryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is unsubstituted aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 9 is unsubstituted aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl. In another embodiment, R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent halo.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent cyano.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent nitro.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —OC 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C 1-10 alkyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —COOH.
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C( ⁇ O)NR 3 R 32 .
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C( ⁇ O) NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR 31 R 32 .
  • R 9 is aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, or heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR 34 R 35 .
  • R 31 is H. In some embodiments, R 31 is unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 31 is substituted C 1-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 31 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more aryl. In some embodiments, R 31 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 31 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R 31 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl.
  • each of said aryl substituents is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heteroalkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(C 1
  • R 32 is H. In some embodiments, R 32 is unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 32 is substituted C 1-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 32 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more aryl. In some embodiments, R 32 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 32 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R 32 is C 10 alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl.
  • each of said aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(C 1
  • each of said heteroalkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(C 1
  • R 33 is unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 33 is substituted C 1-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 33 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more aryl. In some embodiments, R 33 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 33 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R 33 is C 1-10 alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl.
  • each of said aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(C 1
  • each of said heteroalkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(
  • each of said heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH,—C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkyl, —CO 2 —C 1-10 alkylaryl, —CO 2 -aryl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —C( ⁇ O)NH(C 1-10
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen.
  • the R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form:
  • X 1 is C—NH 2 .
  • X 1 is C—NH—R 4 , where —NH—R 4 is:
  • the invention provides an inhibitor of Formula I-C1 where R 5 is H. In another embodiment, the invention provides an inhibitor of Formula I-C2 where R 5 is H.
  • the invention provides an inhibitor of Formula I-C1a:
  • E 2 is —H
  • X 1 and X 2 are N;
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 3 ;
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • R 3 is hydrogen, —OH, —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —C(O)R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C(
  • —(W 2 ) k — is —NH—, —N(H)C(O)— or —N(H)S(O) 2 —;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —S(O) 0-2 , R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , bicyclic aryl, substituted monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 2-10 alkenyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 2-10 alkynyl, C 2-10 alkyl-monocyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alky
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted;
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen.
  • an inhibitor of Formula I-C1 is a compound of Formula I-C1a:
  • R 1 is -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 3 ;
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • R 3 is hydrogen, —OH, —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —C(O)R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-4 alkyl, C 10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇
  • —(W 2 ) k — is —NH—, —N(H)C(O)— or —N(H)S(O) 2 —;
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , bicyclic aryl, substituted monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl-C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkyl-monocyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl-C 2-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkylbicycloaryl, bicycloaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, substituted C 1-10 alkylaryl, substituted aryl-C 1-10
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted;
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen.
  • the invention further provides a compound which is an mTor inhibitor, wherein the compound has the Formula I-A:
  • X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is N, X 3 is C, and X 4 is C—R 9 or N; or X 1 is N or C-E 1 , X 2 is C, X 3 is N, and X 4 is C—R 9 or N;
  • R 1 is —H, -L-C 1-10 alkyl, -L-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 1-10 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheteroaryl, -L-C 1-10 alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl, -L-C 2-10 alkenyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-C 2-10 alkynyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C
  • L is absent, —(C ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O) N(R 31 )—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(R 31 )—, or —N(R 31 )—;
  • M 1 is benzothiazolyl substituted with —(W 2 ) k —R 2 ;
  • k 0 or 1
  • E 1 and E 2 are independently —(W 1 ) j —R 4 ;
  • j in each instance (i.e., in E 1 or j in E 2 ), is independently 0 or 1
  • W 1 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 7 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—, or —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O
  • W 2 is —O—, —NR 7 —, —S(O) 0-2 —, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R 7 )—, —N(R 7 )C(O)—, —N(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —N(R 7 )S(O)—, —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —, —C(O)O—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)——, —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O
  • R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 3 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )NR 33 R 32 , NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —
  • R 3 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R 31 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OR 31 , —NR 31 R 32 , —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)R 31 , —CO 2 R 31 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 R 31 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)OR 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ O)NR 32 R 33 , —NR 31 S(O) 0-2 R 32 , —C( ⁇ S)OR 31 , —C( ⁇ O)SR 31 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 NR 33 R 32 , —NR 31 C( ⁇ NR 32 )OR 33 , —
  • R 31 , R 32 , and R 33 are independently H or C 1-10 alkyl, wherein the C 1-10 alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C 1-10 alkyl, —CF 3 , —O-aryl, —OCF 3 , —OC 1-10 alkyl, —NH 2 , —N(C 1-10 alkyl)(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(C 1-10 alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR 34 R 35 , —C(O)(C — 10alkyl), —C(O)(C 1-10 alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO 2
  • R 34 and R 35 in —NR 34 R 35 , —C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 34 R 35 , or —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR 31 R 32 , hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;
  • R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C 3-10 cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R 6 ;
  • R 6 is halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkyny
  • R 9 is H, halo, —OR 31 , —SH, —NH 2 , —NR 34 R 35 , —NR 31 R 32 , —CO 2 R 31 , —CO 2 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 31 R 32 , C( ⁇ O)NR 34 R 35 , —NO 2 , —CN, —S(O) 0-2 C 1-10 alkyl, —S(O) 0-2 aryl, —SO 2 NR 34 R 35 , —SO 2 NR 31 R 32 , C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl; aryl-C 1-10 alkyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, aryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, heteroaryl-C 1-10 alkyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkenyl, heteroaryl-C 2-10 alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alky
  • X 4 is C—R 9 .
  • the invention also provides an inhibitor as defined above, wherein the compound is of Formula I-B:
  • the compound of Formula I-B or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is an inhibitor having the structure of Formula I-B1 or Formula I-B2:
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is N. In yet other embodiments, X 1 is NH and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is CH-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is C. In further embodiments, X 1 is C-E 1 and X 2 is C.
  • X 1 is C—(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • X 1 is CH. In yet another embodiment, X 1 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 it is C—(W 1 ) j —R 4 .
  • W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—.
  • X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of X 1 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • X 1 is CH 2 . In yet another embodiment, X 1 is CH-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • X 1 is N.
  • X 2 is N. In other embodiments, X 2 is C.
  • E 2 is —(W 1 ) j —R 4 , where j is 0.
  • E 2 is CH. In yet another embodiment, E 2 is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.
  • E 2 it is —(W 1 ) j R 4 .
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 7 —.
  • W 1 is —NH—.
  • W 1 is —S(O) 0-2 —.
  • W 1 is —C(O)—.
  • j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)N(R 7 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )C(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —N(R 7 )S(O) 2 —. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is CH(R 7 )N(C(O)OR 8 )—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(C(O)R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(SO 2 R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )C(O)N(R 8 )—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )C(O)—.
  • E 2 j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O)—. In various embodiments of E 2 , j is 1, and W 1 is —CH(R 7 )N(R 8 )S(O) 2 —.
  • M 1 is:
  • M 1 is benzothiazolyl substituted with —(W 2 ) k —R 2 .
  • W 2 can be —O—, —S(O) 0-2 — (including but not limited to —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O) 2 —), —C(O)—, or —C(O)O—.
  • W 1 is —NR 6 — or —CH(R 6 )N(R 7 )—, wherein R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 10 alkyl (which includes but is not limited to —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl), unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 10 alkenyl (including but not limited to alkenyl such as, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1-methyl propen-1-yl, butenyl, or pentenyl).
  • C 2 -C 10 alkyl which includes but is not limited to —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-but
  • R 6 and R 7 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted aryl (including phenyl and naphthtyl).
  • R 6 and R 7 are each independently heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted.
  • R 6 and R 7 heteroaryl is monocyclic heteroaryl, and includes but is not limited to imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, and pyridinyl.
  • R 6 and R 7 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl (which includes but is not limited to pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, and piperazinyl) or unsubstituted or substituted C 3-8 cycloalkyl (including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl).
  • Non exemplary W 2 include —NH—, —N(cyclopropyl), and —N(4-N-piperidinyl).
  • exemplary mTor inhibitors of the invention have the Formulas:
  • mTor inhibitor compounds disclosed herein may be prepared by the routes described below. Materials used herein are either commercially available or prepared by synthetic methods generally known in the art. These schemes are not limited to the compounds listed or by any particular substituents employed for illustrative purposes. Numbering does not necessarily correspond to that of claims or other tables.
  • compounds are synthesized by condensing a functionalized heterocycle A-1 with formamide, to provide a pyrazolopyrimidine A-2.
  • the pyrazolopyrimidine is treated with N-iodosuccinimide, which introduces an iodo substituent in the pyrazole ring as in A-3.
  • the R 1 substituent is introduced by reacting the pyrazolopyrimidine A3 with a compound of Formula R 1 -Lg in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate to produce a compound of Formula A-4.
  • bases that are suitable for use in this step include but are not limited to sodium hydride and potassium t-butoxide.
  • the compound of Formula R 1 -Lg has a moiety R 1 as defined for R 1 of a compound of Formula I-A, and wherein -Lg is an appropriate leaving group such as halide (including bromo, iodo, and chloro), tosylate, or other suitable leaving group,
  • Mitsunobu chemistry can be used to obtain alkylated pyrazolopyrimidine A-4, as shown in Scheme A-1.
  • Iodopyrazolopyrimidine A-3 is reacted with a suitable alcohol, in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD) to produce pyrazolopyrimidine A-4.
  • DIAD diisopropylazodicarboxylate
  • the compounds of the invention may be synthesized via a reaction scheme represented generally in Scheme B.
  • the synthesis proceeds via coupling a compound of Formula A with a compound of Formula B to yield a compound of Formula C.
  • the coupling step is typically catalyzed by using, e.g., a palladium catalyst, including but not limited to palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine).
  • the coupling is generally performed in the presence of a suitable base, a nonlimiting example being sodium carbonate.
  • a suitable solvent for the reaction is aqueous dioxane.
  • a compound of Formula A for use in Scheme B has a structure of Formula A, wherein T 1 is triflate or halo (including bromo, chloro, and iodo), and wherein R 1 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , R 31 and R 32 are defined as for a compound of Formula I-A.
  • M is either M 1 or M 2 .
  • M 1 is defined as for a compound of Formula I-A.
  • M 1 can be a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, including but not limited to those M 1 moieties disclosed herein.
  • M 2 is a moiety which is synthetically transformed to form M 1 , after the M 2 moiety has been coupled to the bicyclic core of the compound of Formula A.
  • G is hydrogen or R G1 , wherein R G1 is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl.
  • B(OG) 2 is taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered cyclic moiety.
  • the compound of Formula B is a compound having a structure of Formula E:
  • G is H or R G1 ;
  • R G1 is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl.
  • R 2 is a R G2 moiety, wherein the R G2 moiety is H, acyl, or an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), and the like.
  • R G2 moiety is H, acyl, or an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), and the like.
  • a compound of Formula B is a compound of Formula B′, wherein G is R G1 . or a compound of Formula B′′, wherein G is hydrogen.
  • Scheme C depicts an exemplary scheme for synthesizing a compound of Formula B′ or, optionally, Formula B′′ for use in Reaction Scheme C.
  • This reaction proceeds via reacting a compound of Formula D with a trialkyl borate or a boronic acid derivative to produce a compound of Formula B′.
  • the reaction is typically run a solvent such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the trialkyl borate includes but is not limited to triisopropyl borate and the boronic acid derivative includes but is not limited to bis(pinacolato)diboron.
  • a base such as n-butyllithium is first added to the compound of Formula D to generate an anion, prior to the addition of the borate.
  • a boronic acid derivative such as bis(pinacolato)diboron
  • a palladium catalyst and a base is used.
  • Typical palladium catalysts include but is not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene).
  • a suitable base includes but is not limited to potassium acetate.
  • a compound of Formula D for use in Scheme C is a compound wherein T 2 is halo or another leaving group, and M is as defined above in Scheme B.
  • the compound of Formula B′ may further be converted to a compound of Formula B′′ by treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid.
  • the G groups are hydrogen. In another of a compound of Formula B, B′, B′′, or E, the G groups are R G1 .
  • no further synthetic transformation of M 1 moiety is performed after the coupling reaction when, e.g. M 1 is 2-N-acetyl-benzoxazol-5-yl.
  • a compound of Formula E is synthesized from a compound of Formula F, as shown in Scheme C-1:
  • Scheme C-1 depicts an exemplary scheme for synthesizing a compound of Formula E. This reaction proceeds via reacting a compound of Formula F with a trialkyl borate or a boronic acid derivative to produce a compound of Formula E. The conditions of the reaction are as described above in Scheme C.
  • a compound of Formula F for use in Scheme C-1 is a compound wherein T 2 is halo (including Br, Cl, and I) or another leaving group (including but not limited to triflate, tosylate, and mesylate), and the G p moiety is H, acyl, or an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), and the like.
  • T 2 is halo (including Br, Cl, and I) or another leaving group (including but not limited to triflate, tosylate, and mesylate)
  • the G p moiety is H, acyl, or an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxy
  • the compound of Formula E, wherein G is alkyl may further be converted to a compound of Formula E, wherein G is hydrogen, by treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid
  • deprotection of a substituent e.g., removal of Boc protection from an amino substituent
  • M 1 of Formula C benzoxazolyl moiety
  • Some exemplary compounds with such protecting groups include but are not limited to compounds of the following formulae:
  • Step 1 a compound of Formula 3-1 is reacted with boronic acid 3-2, in the presence of palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) and a suitable base, such as sodium carbonate in an aqueous/organic solvent mixture to produce a compound of Formula 3-3.
  • Step 2 the compound of Formula 3-3 is reacted with about 2 equivalents of nitric acid in acetic acid as solvent to produce a compound of Formula 3-4.
  • Two alternative transformations may be used to effect the next transformation of Step 3.
  • the compound of Formula 3-4 is treated with sodium dithionite and sodium hydroxide in water to produce a compound of Formula 3-5.
  • the compound of Formula 3-4 is reduced using palladium on carbon in a suitable solvent under a hydrogen atmosphere to yield a compound of Formula 3-5.
  • Step 4 compound 3-5 is reacted with about 1.2 equivalents of cyanogen bromide in a solvent such as methanol/tetrahydrofuran mixture to produce a compound of Formula 3-6.
  • a solvent such as methanol/tetrahydrofuran mixture
  • the compound of Formula 3-6 may be further transformed by other substitution or derivatization.
  • a compound of Formula 3-1 useful in the method of Scheme D is a compound having a structure of Formula 3-1, wherein T 1 is triflate or halo (including bromo, chloro, and iodo), and wherein R 1 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , R 31 and R 32 are defined as for a compound of Formula I-A.
  • Exemplary compounds having a pyrazolopyrimidine core can be synthesized via Scheme E.
  • Step 1 of Scheme E compound A-2 in dimethylformamide (DMF), is reacted with an N-halosuccinimide (NT 1 S) at about 80° C., to provide compound 4-1, where T 1 is iodo or bromo.
  • compound 4-1 in DMF is reacted with a compound R 1 T x , in the presence of potassium carbonate, to provide compound 4-2.
  • compound 4-2 is coupled with a compound of Formula B using palladium catalysis such as palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), and in the presence of sodium carbonate, to yield a pyrazolopyrimidine compound as shown.
  • a compound of Formula R 1 T x suitable for use in Reaction Scheme E is the compound wherein R 1 is cycloalkyl or alkyl and T x is halo (including bromo, iodo, or chloro) or a leaving group, including but not limited to mesylate or tosylate.
  • Reaction Schemes F-M illustrate methods of synthesis of borane reagents useful in preparing intermediates of use in synthesis of the compounds of the invention as described in Reaction Schemes A, B, and E above, to introduce M 1 substituents.
  • a compound of Formula N-1 and a compound of N-2 are coupled to produce a compound of Formula C.
  • the coupling step is typically catalyzed by using, e.g., a palladium catalyst, including but not limited to palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine).
  • the coupling is generally performed in the presence of a suitable base, a nonlimiting example being sodium carbonate.
  • a suitable base a nonlimiting example being sodium carbonate.
  • a suitable solvent for the reaction is aqueous dioxane.
  • a compound of Formula N-1 for use in Scheme N has a structure of Formula N-1, wherein G is hydrogen or R G1 , wherein R G1 is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl.
  • B(OG) 2 of the compound of Formula N-1 is taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered cyclic moiety.
  • R 1 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , R 31 and R 32 of the compound of Formula N-1 are defined as for a compound of Formula I-A.
  • a compound of Formula N-2 for use in Scheme N has a structure of Formula N-2 wherein T 1 is triflate or halo (including bromo, chloro, and iodo).
  • M of the compound of Formula N-2 is either M 1 or M 2 .
  • M 1 is defined as for a compound of Formula I.
  • M 1 can be a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, including but not limited to those M 1 moieties disclosed herein.
  • M 2 is a moiety which is synthetically transformed to form M 1 , after the M 2 moiety has been coupled to the bicyclic core of the compound of Formula N-1.
  • a compound of Formula N-1 may be synthesized as shown in Scheme N-1.
  • a compound of Formula N-1 is reacted with a trialkyl borate or a boronic acid derivative to produce a compound of Formula N-1.
  • the reaction is typically run a solvent such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran.
  • the trialkyl borate includes but is not limited to triisopropyl borate and the boronic acid derivative includes but is not limited to bis(pinacolato)diboron.
  • a base such as n-butyllithium is first added to the compound of Formula N-3 to generate an anion, prior to the addition of the borate.
  • a boronic acid derivative such as bis(pinacolato)diboron
  • a palladium catalyst and a base is used.
  • Typical palladium catalysts include but is not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene).
  • a suitable base includes but is not limited to potassium acetate.
  • a compound of Formula N-3 suitable for use in Scheme N-1 is a compound wherein T 2 is halo or another leaving group such as mesylate, tosylate, or triflate.
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , R 1 , R 31 , and R 32 of the compound of Formula N-3 is as defined for a compound of Formula I-A.
  • a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B′′, C, C′′, D, E, E′′, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1′′, N-3′′, 3-1′′, 3-3′′, 3-4′′, 3-5′′, 3-6′′, N-1′′, or N-3′′ is provided as its salt, including but not limited to hydrochloride, acetate, formate, nitrate, sulfate, and boronate.
  • a palladium compound including but not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), is used in the synthesis of a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B′′, C, C′′, D, E, E′′, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1′′, N-3′′, 3-1′′, 3-3′′, 3-4′′, 3-5′′, 3-6′′, N-1′′, or N-3′′.
  • palladium chloride diphenylphosphino
  • palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine
  • a palladium compound When a palladium compound is present in the synthesis of a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B′′, C, C′′, D, E, E′′, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1′′, N-3′′, 3-1′′, 3-3′′, 3-4′′, 3-5′′, 3-6′′, N-1′′, or N-3′′, it is present in an amount ranging from about 0.005 molar equivalents to about 0.5 molar equivalents, from about 0.05 molar equivalents to about 0.20 molar equivalents, from about 0.05 molar equivalents to about 0.25 molar equivalents, from about 0.07 molar equivalents to about 0.15 molar equivalents, or about 0.8 molar equivalents to about 0.1 molar equivalents of the compound of Formula A, B, B′, B′′, C, D, E, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1, or N-3.
  • a a palladium compound including but not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) is present in the synthesis of a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B′′, C, C′′, D, E, E′′, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1′′, N-3′′, 3-1′′, 3-3′′, 3-4′′, 3-5′′, 3-6′′, N-1′′, or N-3′′ in about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.10, about 0.11, about 0.12, about 0.13, about 0.14, or about 0.15 molar equivalents of a starting material of Formula A, B, B′, B′′, C, C′′, D, E, E′′, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1′′, N-3′′, 3-1′′, 3-3′′, 3-4′′
  • the R G2 moiety is removed, using suitable methods, at any point desired, whereupon the compound of Formula C, 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, A-2, 4-1, 4-2, N-1 or N-3 has a R 31 hydrogen replacing the R G2 moiety on the amino moiety.
  • This transformation is specifically illustrated for the conversion of a compound of Formula C′′ to a compound of C (i.e., as in Step 4 of Scheme E′) and for the conversion of a compound of Formula 3-6′′ to a compound of Formula 3-6 (i.e., as in Step 5 of Scheme D′).
  • This illustration is in no way limiting as to the choice of steps wherein a compound comprising a NR 31 R G2 moiety may be converted to a compound comprising a NR 31 R 32 moiety wherein the R 3 moiety is hydrogen.
  • the invention encompasses methods of synthesis of the compounds of A, B, B′, B′′, C, E, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1 or N-3, wherein one or more of M, M 1 , or R has a protecting group present during one or more steps of the synthesis.
  • Protecting groups suitable for use for a M, M 1 , or R moiety are well known in the art, as well as the methods of incorporation and removal, and the reagents suitable for such transformations.
  • Reaction Schemes O, P and Q illustrate methods of synthesis of borane reagents useful in preparing intermediates of use in synthesis of the compounds of the invention as described in Reaction Schemes 1 and 2 above, to introduce benzothiazolyl substituents.
  • a compound of Formula O-1 is treated with, for example, nitric acid to produce a compound of Formula O-2.
  • the compound of Formula O-2 is treated with a reducing agent such as stannous chloride to produce a compound of Formula O-3.
  • the compound of O-3 is treated with sodium nitrate in acide and cupric bromide to produce a compound of Formula O-4.
  • the compound of O-4 is treated a base such as butyl lithium and boron tris-isopropoxide to produce a compound of Formula O-5.
  • a compound of Formula P-1 is treated with, for example, potassium thiocyanate and bromine in acetic acid to produce a compound of Formula P-2.
  • the compound of Formula P-2 is treated with an acteylating reagent such as acetyl chloride to produce a compound of Formula P-3.
  • the compound of P-3 is reacted with, for example, bis(pinacolato)diboron (compound P-4) in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium chloride to produce a compound of Formula P-5.
  • the compound of Formula P-2 is reacted with, for example, methyl carbamic acid chloride to produce a compound of Formula Q-1.
  • the compound of Formula Q-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron (compound P-4) in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd 2 (dba) 3 , 2-chlorohexylphosphino-2,4,6-triisopropylbiphenyl, a base suchy as potassium acetate, to produce the compound of Formula Q-2.
  • Illustrative compounds of the invention include those of subclass 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 15a, 15b, 16a, or 16b, where the substituents R 1 , X 1 , and V are as described below.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is H and X 1 is N
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is CH 3 and X 1 is N
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is Et and X 1 is N
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is iPr and X 1 is N
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is iPr, X 1 is N, and V is NH 2 .
  • R 1 is iPr, X 1 is N, and V is NHCOMe.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is cyclopentyl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenyl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is pyridin-2-yl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is N-methylaminocyclohex-4-yl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is tert-butyl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is 1-cyano-but-4-yl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is 1-cyano-prop-3-yl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is 3-azetidinyl and X 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is N
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is CH
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.
  • R 1 is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH 2 , NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO 2 Me.

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  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
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US9981975B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2018-05-29 Incyte Corporation Pyrrolotriazine compounds as tam inhibitors
US10172858B2 (en) 2011-05-04 2019-01-08 Intellikine Llc Combination pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof
CN111918654A (zh) * 2017-12-21 2020-11-10 盖尔德马研究及发展公司 Mtor的抑制剂化合物
US10844067B2 (en) 2016-04-15 2020-11-24 Cancer Research Technology Limited Heterocyclic compounds as RET kinase inhibitors
US10954241B2 (en) 2016-04-15 2021-03-23 Cancer Research Technology Limited Heterocyclic compounds as ret kinase inhibitors
US11352361B2 (en) 2017-04-13 2022-06-07 Cancer Research Technology Limited Compounds useful as RET inhibitors

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US20110224223A1 (en) 2008-07-08 2011-09-15 The Regents Of The University Of California, A California Corporation MTOR Modulators and Uses Thereof
CA2835197A1 (en) * 2011-05-06 2012-11-15 Intellikine Llc Treatment of polycystic disease
CN105209042B (zh) 2013-03-22 2019-03-08 米伦纽姆医药公司 催化性mtorc 1/2抑制剂与选择性极光a激酶抑制剂的组合
WO2015002766A1 (en) * 2013-07-02 2015-01-08 Nikolai Khodarev Anti-tumor therapy
WO2016004166A1 (en) * 2014-07-02 2016-01-07 Xavier University Of Louisiana Boron-based prodrug strategy for increased bioavailability and lower-dosage requirements for drug molecules containing at least one phenol (or aromatic hydroxyl) group
CN107073066B (zh) * 2014-09-11 2021-09-17 加利福尼亚大学董事会 mTORC1抑制剂
WO2016057931A1 (en) 2014-10-10 2016-04-14 The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York Trifluoromethoxylation of arenes via intramolecular trifluoromethoxy group migration
US10214537B2 (en) 2014-10-22 2019-02-26 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Bicyclic heteroaryl amine compounds
ES2749679T3 (es) 2014-10-22 2020-03-23 Bristol Myers Squibb Co Compuestos de pirrolotriazina amina sustituidos como inhibidores de PI3k
WO2018067943A1 (en) * 2016-10-07 2018-04-12 Abraxis Bioscience, Llc Methods of treating biliary tract cancer
FR3075794A1 (fr) 2017-12-21 2019-06-28 Galderma Research & Development Nouveaux composes inhibiteurs de mtor
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JP7381492B2 (ja) 2018-05-01 2023-11-15 レヴォリューション・メディスンズ，インコーポレイテッド Ｍｔｏｒ阻害剤としてのｃ２６－連結ラパマイシン類似体
JPWO2021157689A1 (de) * 2020-02-07 2021-08-12
US12014835B2 (en) 2020-02-19 2024-06-18 Vanderbilt University Methods for evaluating therapeutic benefit of combination therapies
US20230084515A1 (en) * 2020-02-19 2023-03-16 Vanderbilt University Therapeutic methods and compositions for treating cancer using braf and/or mek inhibitor combination therapy

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10172858B2 (en) 2011-05-04 2019-01-08 Intellikine Llc Combination pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof
US9981975B2 (en) 2016-03-28 2018-05-29 Incyte Corporation Pyrrolotriazine compounds as tam inhibitors
US10844067B2 (en) 2016-04-15 2020-11-24 Cancer Research Technology Limited Heterocyclic compounds as RET kinase inhibitors
US10954241B2 (en) 2016-04-15 2021-03-23 Cancer Research Technology Limited Heterocyclic compounds as ret kinase inhibitors
US11548896B2 (en) 2016-04-15 2023-01-10 Cancer Research Technology Limited Heterocyclic compounds as RET kinase inhibitors
US11661423B2 (en) 2016-04-15 2023-05-30 Cancer Research Technology Limited Heterocyclic compounds as RET kinase inhibitors
US11352361B2 (en) 2017-04-13 2022-06-07 Cancer Research Technology Limited Compounds useful as RET inhibitors
US11680068B2 (en) 2017-04-13 2023-06-20 Cancer Research Technology Limited Compounds useful as RET inhibitors
CN111918654A (zh) * 2017-12-21 2020-11-10 盖尔德马研究及发展公司 Mtor的抑制剂化合物

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