US20140343248A1 - Method for enhancing immune response with peptide - Google Patents

Method for enhancing immune response with peptide Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140343248A1
US20140343248A1 US14/313,007 US201414313007A US2014343248A1 US 20140343248 A1 US20140343248 A1 US 20140343248A1 US 201414313007 A US201414313007 A US 201414313007A US 2014343248 A1 US2014343248 A1 US 2014343248A1
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peptide
seq
cysteine
administered
mice
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Junichi Matsuda
Kazuyoshi Kaminaka
Chikateru Nozaki
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Chemo Sero Therapeutic Research Institute Kaketsuken
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Chemo Sero Therapeutic Research Institute Kaketsuken
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0007—Nervous system antigens; Prions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/711—Natural deoxyribonucleic acids, i.e. containing only 2'-deoxyriboses attached to adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine and having 3'-5' phosphodiester links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4711—Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid plaque core protein

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response, comprising a peptide derived from amyloid ⁇ (A( ⁇ ), a causative substance of Alzheimer disease, or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine.
  • the present invention also relates to a medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises as an active ingredient said peptide.
  • the immunogenic peptide of the present invention as sufficiently inducing an enhanced immune response by itself without adjuvant, may safely be used as a medicament for the prevention or treatment without an adverse drug reaction associated with the use of adjuvant.
  • Immunity is one of self-protecting biological defense mechanisms against invading foreign organisms such as bacteria and viruses and includes innate immunity associated with phagocytosis of leukocytes etc. and acquired immunity against a specific antigen/pathogen.
  • a vaccine is a medicament for safely inducing the acquired immunity against a pathogen and recently has been used not only for protection but also for treatment.
  • a vaccine includes a live vaccine, an inactivated vaccine, a component vaccine, and the like.
  • a live vaccine is highly immunogenic and has a prolonged immunological effect but also has a risk that pathogenicity remains or is reverted.
  • An inactivated vaccine, prepared by treating viruses with formalin etc. to remove the pathogenicity, is safer than a live vaccine but has a defect that the resulting immunity is not prolonged.
  • a component vaccine comprises as a main component an antigenic protein, prepared by extracting and purifying a protein having a vaccinal effect from a pathogen or artificially prepared by genetic engineering techniques or chemical procedures, and is highly safe free from contamination of unwanted proteins.
  • a peptide vaccine as one of component vaccines has been studied profoundly.
  • a peptide refers to a molecule that consists of amino acids bound to each other through peptide linkage.
  • a peptide with 10 or less amino acid residues is called an oligopeptide
  • a peptide with less than 100 amino acid residues is called a polypeptide (both an oligopeptide and a polypeptide are herein referred to as a “peptide”)
  • a protein one with 100 or more amino acid residues is called a protein.
  • a peptide artificially synthesized based on such an amino acid sequence is used as a vaccine, which is referred to as a peptide vaccine.
  • the advantage of using a peptide as a vaccine is that a highly pure antigen can be obtained artificially without handling pathogenic microorganisms.
  • a peptide is combined with a large protein called a carrier protein so as to be recognized as a foreign substance and/or is administered together with an adjuvant (immunomodulator) in order to enhance immune effect.
  • an adjuvant immunomodulator
  • an antibody against a carrier protein may be produced or an adverse side effect of an adjuvant may unexpectedly be induced.
  • an adjuvant is proved to be effective on research level, it is only an aluminum hydroxide gel that is permitted in Japan for usage in human.
  • Alzheimer disease is one of dementia disorders and is associated with declined cognitive function and change in personality as principal symptoms.
  • the increasing number of patients along with rapid increase of aging population has become a social issue.
  • Alzheimer disease's pathological indications include three features of atrophy and/or fall-off of neurons, formation of senile plaques due to aggregation and/or deposition of A ⁇ and neurofibrillary changes due to abnormal tau proteins.
  • Onset of Alzheimer disease is initiated by deposition of A ⁇ peptides (senile plaque formation) followed by denaturing and fall-of of neurons with increase in A ⁇ deposition.
  • a ⁇ peptide is derived from an amyloid peptide precursor (APP) existing in the brain and the body.
  • APP amyloid peptide precursor
  • APP amyloid peptide precursor
  • APP amyloid peptide precursor
  • APP amyloid peptide precursor
  • APP amyloid peptide precursor
  • APP is cleaved by ⁇ -secretase in the middle and then by ⁇ -secretase in the C-terminal to generate a P3 peptide which is subsequently degraded completely.
  • a ⁇ peptide deposition APP is cleaved by ⁇ -secretase and then by ⁇ -secretase in the C-terminal to generate A ⁇ peptides consisting of 40 or 42 amino acid resides (A ⁇ 40, A ⁇ 42).
  • a ⁇ 42 easily aggregated and deposited, is extracellularly secreted to be insolubilized, and aggregated and deposited to form senile plaques. Increase in production and accumulation of A ⁇ 42 peptides would affect a synapse. Further, microglial cells and astrocytes are gathered around the aggregated A ⁇ peptides. It is thought that damages in the synapse and the neurite further progress to lead to degeneration and cell death of neurons, resulting in dementia.
  • a ⁇ peptides a method of treatment is considered for decreasing A ⁇ peptides, including, for instance, inhibition of the action of secretases which produce A ⁇ peptides, use of an A ⁇ degrading enzyme which may degrade the produced A ⁇ peptides, use of a vaccine or an antibody for removing those extracellularly excreted and those aggregated, and the like.
  • Non-patent reference 1 Approach of treating Alzheimer disease with a vaccine was first reported by Schenk et al. (Non-patent reference 1), which comprises administering A ⁇ 42 peptides together with an adjuvant by intramuscular injection to thereby produce an antibody against A ⁇ to remove the accumulated A ⁇ peptides.
  • a clinical trial for the vaccine was performed by administering intramuscularly a medicament comprising the A ⁇ 42 peptide together with a purified saponin as an adjuvant.
  • Non-patent reference 1 Schenk D, Barbour R, Dunn W, Gordon G, Grajeda H, Guido T, et al., Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer disease—disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 1999; 400: p. 173-177
  • Non-patent reference 2 Fox N C, Black R S, Gilman S, Rossor M N, Griffith S G, Jenkins L, et al. Effects of A beta immunization (AN1792) on MRI measures of cerebral volume in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005; 64: p. 1563-1572
  • Non-patent reference 3 Nicoll J A, Wilkinson D, Holmes C, Steart P, Markham H, Weller R O. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide: a case report. Nat Med 2003; 9: p. 448-452
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for enhancing an immune response using a substance which has already been confirmed to be safe for the living body and an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response for use in said method.
  • the present inventors have earnestly investigated a method for immunization and for enhancing immunization that is safe for the living body, efficacious and inexpensive, and as a result, have found that a capacity of inducing an enhanced immune response of a peptide of interest may be enhanced by addition or insertion of a cysteine residue, an amino acid constituting a naturally-occurring protein, to thereby accomplish the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to a method of enhancing an immune response inducing property of a peptide derived from A ⁇ , which is a causative substance of Alzheimer disease, or a portion thereof, characterized by addition or insertion of cysteine to A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof.
  • a ⁇ a causative substance of Alzheimer disease
  • cysteine a cysteine to A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof.
  • the present invention includes the followings:
  • An immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine;
  • immunogenic peptide according to any of the above (1) to (8) which consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 56;
  • a medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises as an active ingredient the immunogenic peptide of any of the above (1) to (9);
  • a medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises as an active ingredient the immunogenic peptide of any of the above (1) to (9) together with an adjuvant;
  • a DNA vaccine effective for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises a gene fragment encoding the amino acid sequence of the immunogenic peptide of any of the above (1) to (9);
  • a method for enhancing an immune response which comprises using an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine;
  • a method for enhancing an immune response which comprises using an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine together with an adjuvant;
  • a method for enhancing an immune response which comprises using as a DNA vaccine a vector containing a gene fragment encoding an amino acid sequence of an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine.
  • the present invention provides an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced and sufficient immune response even if it is used alone without an adjuvant. According to the present invention, merely by addition or insertion of cysteine residues to the amyloid ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof, antibody production of an immunogenic peptide may be enhanced. Therefore, there is no disadvantage associated with the use of an adjuvant to allow for easier design of a drug formulation.
  • the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response when administered to the living body, may rapidly and abundantly induce an antibody specific to the peptide in blood. No toxicity of cysteine is known but rather cysteine and its related substances are known to have an antitoxic effect in the living body and therefore the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response may be used in the body very safely.
  • the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response when used as a peptide vaccine, may be the simplest vaccine comprising as an active ingredient only the immunogenic peptide with addition or insertion of cysteine.
  • Such immunogenic peptide with addition or insertion of cysteine may be prepared by chemical synthesis without biological synthesis and hence in higher uniformity than the conventional component vaccines. Additionally, with the lowest risk of toxicity, infection and decrease in quality due to contamination, a safer vaccine may be provided.
  • a peptide preparation comprising the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response may be administered not only by injection such as subcutaneous or intramuscular administration but also by oral, transnasal or transdermal administration, which would avoid stress and medical accidents caused by syringe needle.
  • a cysteine residue may be added or inserted to the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof or alternatively a nucleotide sequence encoding cysteine may be added or inserted to the DNA or RNA sequence of the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof for expression.
  • cysteine may be added at the N-terminal or the C-terminal or both of the peptide and, in the case of insertion, cysteine may be inserted at any position in the peptide.
  • Addition at the C-terminal of the peptide is preferable wherein 1 or 2 cysteine residue(s) may be added.
  • the position of addition and insertion or the number of cysteine residues are not especially limited.
  • a peptide containing cysteine, in place of cysteine may also be added at the C-terminal of the peptide.
  • the A ⁇ peptide consists of 42 amino acid residues (A ⁇ 42) and has the following amino acid sequence: DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA (SEQ ID NO: 34). Cysteine (Cys) may be added or inserted to the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof to provide the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induce an enhanced immune response.
  • a portion of the A ⁇ peptide includes those consisting of an amino acid sequence comprising at least the 1st-28th of the aforementioned amino acid sequence of A ⁇ 42.
  • a peptide containing cysteine may be added to the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof. The thus obtained immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response is efficacious for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease.
  • a preferred example of the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response includes the following A ⁇ peptides with addition or insertion of cysteine wherein an added or inserted cysteine residue is underlined.
  • Cys28AA (SEQ ID NO: 40) C DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK (4) Peptide with addition of each 1 molecule at the C-terminal and the N-terminal:
  • Cys28AACys (SEQ ID NO: 42) C DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK C (5) Peptide with insertion of 1 molecule:
  • a peptide that induces an enhanced immune response may be prepared by adding cysteine at the N-terminal, the C-terminal, or both of the N-terminal and the C-terminal of the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof or by inserting cysteine into said peptide. Whether a peptide obtained after addition or insertion of cysteine exerts an immune response-enhancing effect may be corroborated by immunization of mice with the peptide using the conventional techniques and determining an anti-A ⁇ IgG antibody titer in blood.
  • the present invention also provides a method of preparing an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response characterized by adding one or more cysteines at the N-terminal, the C-terminal, or both at the N-terminal and the C-terminal of the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof or inserting one or more cysteines to the peptide, immunizing an animal with the resulting peptide, and then determining an anti-A ⁇ IgG antibody titer in blood of the animal.
  • a peptide preparation containing the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that has an enhanced immune response-inducing property may be administered by any route of administration such as subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, oral, or transnasal.
  • the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response may provide sufficient immunization even if it is administered alone without an adjuvant, it may provide further sufficient immunization if in combination with an adjuvant. It will thus become possible to select various types of adjuvants such as e.g. an adjuvant attached importance to an effect of enhancing immunization or an adjuvant attached importance to a safety.
  • a vector which comprises a gene fragment encoding each of the immunogenic peptides of the present invention as listed above that induce an enhanced immune response obtained by addition or insertion of cysteine to the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof may be used as a DNA vaccine for efficaciously preventing and treating Alzheimer disease.
  • a nucleotide sequence encoding cysteine includes e.g. tgt but may be any sequence as far as it encodes cysteine.
  • a gene fragment encoding the amino acid sequence of the A ⁇ peptide (A ⁇ 42) consisting of the 42 amino acid residues mentioned above (SEQ ID NO: 34) is described below. However, the nucleotide sequence described below represents a typical gene sequence of the A ⁇ peptide but any gene sequence may be employed insofar as it encodes the same amino acid sequence.
  • an example of a gene fragment encoding each of the immunogenic peptides of the present invention as listed above that induce an enhanced immune response obtained by addition or insertion of cysteine to the A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof includes those described below.
  • the nucleotide sequences described below represent a typical gene sequence encoding each of the peptides mentioned above but any gene sequence may be employed insofar as it encodes the same amino acid sequence.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 ⁇ L of the stock solution was added 900 ⁇ L of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 4 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AACys; Group 3 administered with 35AA; and Group 4 administered with 35AACys.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • a commercially available monoclonal antibody to A ⁇ (CHEMI-CON Corporation, MAB1560) was used as standard serum.
  • the standard serum was diluted with PBST to 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 ng/mL to prepare standards for the antibody titer measurement.
  • An anti-A ⁇ IgG antibody of each murine serum specimen was determined and simultaneously the OD450 value of each diluted specimen was measured.
  • An anti-A ⁇ IgG antibody titer of each murine serum specimen was calculated using the unit of the resulting standards and the standard curve of the OD450 value.
  • Table 1 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 1, as compared to the immunization with A ⁇ peptide fragments without addition of cysteine (28AA, 35AA), the immunization with A ⁇ peptide fragments with addition of cysteine (28AACys, 35AACys) provided a higher antibody titer against A ⁇ . Increase in the antibody titer was observed for the 28AA with addition of cysteine by about 39-fold and for the 35AA with addition of cysteine by about 26-fold.
  • 28AACys (SEQ ID NO: 6) DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK C 28AA-KLH: DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK-C-KLH
  • KLH keyhole limpet hemocyanin
  • Cys in the 28AA-KLH was used as a linker to combine the 28AA peptide with KLH and was not intended to enhance the immune response effect.
  • Cys is a routine method for peptide immunization.
  • FCA Freund's complete adjuvant
  • FICA Freund's incomplete adjuvant
  • GERBU Garbu adjuvant MM
  • Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% (Brenntag) which were commercially available were used as adjuvants.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (9 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 5 groups each comprising 5 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AACys; Group 2 administered with 28AA-KLH; Group 3 administered with 28AA-KLH+FCA/FICA; Group 4 administered with 28AA-KLH+Gerbu adjuvant MM; and Group 5 administered with 28AA-KLH+Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2%.
  • a primary dose of A ⁇ peptide was 100 ⁇ g per animal, and second and third doses were 50 ⁇ g per animal. Namely, to prepare the primary dose for the group administered with 28AACys, 0.5 mL of 28AACys and 0.5 mL of saline were mixed, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AACys and 0.75 mL of saline were mixed. To prepare the primary dose for the group administered with 28AA-KLH, 0.5 mL of 28AA-KLH and 0.5 mL of saline were mixed, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AA-KLH and 0.75 mL of saline were mixed.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 2 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups.
  • the A ⁇ peptide fragment with addition of a carrier KLH together with Freund's complete/incomplete adjuvant provided the highest antibody titer against A ⁇ .
  • the secondly highest antibody titer was provided by the A ⁇ peptide fragment with addition of cysteine, which was significantly higher than those of using as a adjuvant Gerbu adjuvant MM (GERBU) or Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% or of the A ⁇ peptide fragment with addition of a carrier KLH.
  • GERBU adjuvant Gerbu adjuvant MM
  • Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% or of the A ⁇ peptide fragment with addition of a carrier KLH.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 ⁇ L of the stock solution was added 900 ⁇ L of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 15 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 26AACys; Group 2 administered with 27AACys; Group 3 administered with 28AACys; Group 4 administered with 29AACys; Group 5 administered with 30AACys; Group 6 administered with 31AACys; Group 7 administered with 32AACys; Group 8 administered with 33AACys; Group 9 administered with 34AACys; Group 10 administered with 35AACys; Group 11 administered with 36AACys; Group 12 administered with 37AACys; Group 13 administered with 38AACys; Group 14 administered with 39AACys; and Group 15 administered with 40AACys.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 3 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 3, it was observed that, among the groups administered with A ⁇ peptides with addition of cysteine which have 26 to 40 amino acid residues in length, those with 28 or more amino acid residues in length had the antibody inducing ability against A ⁇ . In particular, 28AACys, 29AACys, 31AACys, 35AACys, 36AACys, 39AACys, and 40AACys showed the higher antibody titer.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 3 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AACys; and Group 3 administered with 28AACysCys.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 4 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 4, almost the same antibody inducing ability was found in the groups administered with 28AACys or 28AACysCys.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 3 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AACys; Group 2 administered with Cys28AA; and Group 3 administered with Cys28AACys.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 5 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 5, regardless of position of Cys addition, the antibody inducing ability was found in all the groups.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Sigma-Aldrich Japan K.K.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • the 28 mice were divided into 7 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA7Cys; Group 2 administered with 28AA10Cys; Group 3 administered with 28AA18Cys; Group 4 administered with 28AA25Cys; Group 5 administered with 33AA28Cys; Group 6 administered with 35AA28Cys; and Group 7 administered with 28AACys.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 6 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 6, the antibody inducing ability was found in the groups administered with 28AA18Cys, 28AA25Cys, 33AA28Cys, 35AA28Cys or 28AACys. In particular, a higher antibody inducing ability was found for the group administered with 28AA18Cys, the 28 amino acids A ⁇ peptide with insertion of cysteine between the 18th and 19th amino acid residue, as compared to the group administered with 28AACys, the 28 amino acid A ⁇ peptide with addition of cysteine at the C-terminal.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 4 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AACys; Group 3 administered with 28AACysTTD; and Group 4 administered with 28AACysTTD.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 7 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 7, the antibody inducing ability was found in the groups administered with 28AACys, 28AACysTTD or 28AACysEIFEFTTD. Thus, it was found that the antibody inducing ability of A ⁇ sequence with addition of Cys remained even if an additional exogenous peptide sequence was bound to said A ⁇ sequence.
  • 35AACys (SEQ ID NO: 21) DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC
  • the above peptide was synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 3 groups each comprising 3 mice: Group 1 nasally administered; Group 2 intradermally administered; and Group 3 orally administered.
  • mice to 200 ⁇ L of the stock solution was added 1800 ⁇ L of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and 200 ⁇ L of the mixture was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g).
  • Tuberculin syringe Tuumo, SS-01T2613S
  • the 2nd, 3rd and 4th (final) immunizations of the mice of each group were conducted at weekly intervals after the primary immunization as described below.
  • mice On the day before the administration the back of mice was shaved. Under anesthetization with isoflurane, the shaved area was disinfected with 70% alcohol and dried before administration and then 20 ⁇ L of the stock solution was administered dropwise to mice using Pipetman P-20 (Gilson) (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g).
  • Table 8 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 8, it was found that A ⁇ peptide fragment with addition of cysteine showed the antibody inducing ability against A ⁇ irrespective of nasal, percutaneous or oral administration.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 2 groups each comprising 5 mice: Group 1 administered with 35 amino acids A ⁇ peptide with addition of cysteine; and Group 2 administered with 35 amino acids A ⁇ peptide without addition of cysteine.
  • the primary immunization was conducted as in Example 8.
  • the 2nd, 3rd and 4th (final) immunizations were done at weekly intervals after the primary immunization as described below.
  • On the day before the administration the back of mice was shaved. Under anesthetization with isoflurane, the shaved area was disinfected with 70% alcohol before administration, application/peeling-off of a surgical tape (Nichiban Co., Ltd.) was repeated 10 times to remove the corneal layer of epidermis and then 20 ⁇ L of the stock solution was administered dropwise to mice using Pipetman P-20 (Gilson) (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g).
  • Table 9 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 9, it was found that A ⁇ peptide fragment with addition of cysteine showed a higher antibody inducing ability by 10-fold or more as compared to A ⁇ peptide without addition of cysteine.
  • the above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 ⁇ L of the stock solution was added 900 ⁇ L of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • Quil-A As an adjuvant, the commercially available Quil-A (Accurate Chemical & Scientific Corporation) and MPL+TDM emulsion (Corixa) were used. Quil-A was dissolved in saline to obtain 5 mg/mL of a stock solution. In addition, 1 vial of MPL+TDM emulsion was dissolved in 1 mL of saline to obtain a stock solution, which was stored at 4° C. till use.
  • mice Male C57BL/6 mice (9 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 6 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AA+Quil-A; Group 3 administered with 28AA+MPL+TDM emulsion; Group 4 administered with 28AACys; Group 5 administered with 28AACys+Quil-A; and Group 6 administered with 28AACys+MPL+TDM emulsion.
  • a dose of A ⁇ peptide was 100 ⁇ g per animal and 0.2 mL of 500 ⁇ g/mL of sample for administration was administered.
  • 20 ⁇ L of each of the stock solution and 180 ⁇ L of saline were mixed and the mixture was stored at ⁇ 80° C. until the administration.
  • 20 ⁇ L of each of the stock solution, 10 ⁇ L of 5 mg/mL the stock solution of Quil-A (50 ⁇ g per animal) and 170 ⁇ L of saline were mixed and the mixture was stored at ⁇ 80° C. until the administration.
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
  • Table 10 shows the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 10, it was found that antibody induction against A ⁇ could hardly be observed for 28AA together with Quil-A but observed for 28AA together with MPL+TDM emulsion. In case of 28AACys, a high antibody titer could be observed either with Quil-A or with MPL+TDM emulsion. The antibody induction of 28AACys alone was similar to that of 28AA together with MPL+TDM emulsion.
  • the above peptide was synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 ⁇ L of the stock solution was added 900 ⁇ L of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at ⁇ 80° C. or lower till use.
  • mice which showed Alzheimer-like pathological condition with accumulation of human A ⁇ in the brain through expression of a human A ⁇ precursor protein, were purchased from Taconic Farms, Inc. and bred in SPF environment.
  • mice were divided into 2 groups each comprising 3 mice: Group 1 administered with 35AACys; and Group 2 not administered (control).
  • mice Each 200 ⁇ L/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 ⁇ g).
  • the mice were immunized 4 times at 2-week intervals from 18-week old and then at monthly intervals with a total of 11 immunizations.
  • TBS TBS containing a proteinase inhibitor (Roche, Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Set, 1 tablet/50 mL of solution) (20 mM Tris, 137 mM NaCl, pH 7.6; hereinafter referred to as “CP/TBS”) to 150 mg (wet weight of brain)/mL and the mixture was homogenized with a homogenizer made of Teflon (trademark). Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4° C. for 10 min.
  • CP/TBS proteinase inhibitor
  • the supernatant was discarded and the resulting precipitate was resuspended in 1% TritonX-100/CP/TBS (in the same amount as that of CP/TBS above) and the suspension was vortexed for 1 min.
  • the suspension was centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4° C. for 10 min.
  • the supernatant was discarded and the resulting precipitate was resuspended in 2% SDS/CP/TBS (in the same amount as that of CP/TBS above) and the suspension was vortexed for 1 min.
  • the suspension was further centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4° C. for 10 min.
  • the resulting supernatant was used as a sample fraction containing the human A ⁇ deposited in the brain.
  • the labeled antibody solution was discarded and the microtiter plate was washed 5 times with 350 ⁇ L/well of the wash solution.
  • a TMB solution chromogenic agent; 100 ⁇ L
  • 100 ⁇ L/well of the stop solution was added to quench the enzymatic reaction and optical density at 450 nm was measured (OD450 value).
  • a standard curve was made using the attached standard solution (human ⁇ amyloid (1-42), 20 pmoL/L). On the measurement of the samples, said standard solution was diluted with the standard dilution solution to 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 pmol/mL. OD450 value of each of the diluted standard solution was measured simultaneously with the measurement of each of the sample.
  • a human A ⁇ concentration in each of the samples was calculated using the resulting unit of the standards and the standard curve of OD450 value.
  • Tables 11 and 12 show the calculated anti-A ⁇ antibody titer in the murine serum and the concentration of human A ⁇ deposited in the brain of each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 11, production of antibody against A ⁇ was observed for Alzheimer model mice immunized with 35AACys. Besides, as shown in Table 12, a concentration of human A ⁇ (hA ⁇ ) deposition in the brain was found to be lower than that with Alzheimer model mice with no administration. Thus, it was proved that A ⁇ peptide with addition of Cys was efficacious not only as a prophylactic (peptide vaccine) but also as a therapeutic agent.
  • the immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an A ⁇ peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine and the gene fragment encoding said peptide of the present invention may be used as a safe and convenient means for immune stimulation in a peptide vaccine, a DNA vaccine and the like.
  • the A ⁇ peptide that induces an enhanced immune response or a portion thereof, prepared by a method for enhancing an immune response of the present invention may be an efficacious medicament for preventing or treating of Alzheimer disease.

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Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide a safe and effective method for enhancing an immune response and a medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease comprising amyloid β peptide that induces an enhanced immune response. An amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine and a method for enhancing an immune response using the peptide or a method for enhancing an immune response using the peptide together with an adjuvant. A medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease comprising an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof that induces an enhanced immune response. A DNA vaccine, that may have the same effect, comprising the gene encoding an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof that induces an enhanced immune response with addition or insertion of cysteine.

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention relates to an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response, comprising a peptide derived from amyloid β (A(β), a causative substance of Alzheimer disease, or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine. The present invention also relates to a medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises as an active ingredient said peptide. The immunogenic peptide of the present invention, as sufficiently inducing an enhanced immune response by itself without adjuvant, may safely be used as a medicament for the prevention or treatment without an adverse drug reaction associated with the use of adjuvant.
    • BACKGROUND ART
  • Immunity is one of self-protecting biological defense mechanisms against invading foreign organisms such as bacteria and viruses and includes innate immunity associated with phagocytosis of leukocytes etc. and acquired immunity against a specific antigen/pathogen. A vaccine is a medicament for safely inducing the acquired immunity against a pathogen and recently has been used not only for protection but also for treatment.
  • A vaccine includes a live vaccine, an inactivated vaccine, a component vaccine, and the like. A live vaccine is highly immunogenic and has a prolonged immunological effect but also has a risk that pathogenicity remains or is reverted. An inactivated vaccine, prepared by treating viruses with formalin etc. to remove the pathogenicity, is safer than a live vaccine but has a defect that the resulting immunity is not prolonged.
  • A component vaccine comprises as a main component an antigenic protein, prepared by extracting and purifying a protein having a vaccinal effect from a pathogen or artificially prepared by genetic engineering techniques or chemical procedures, and is highly safe free from contamination of unwanted proteins. Recently, a peptide vaccine as one of component vaccines has been studied profoundly. A peptide refers to a molecule that consists of amino acids bound to each other through peptide linkage. Generally, a peptide with 10 or less amino acid residues is called an oligopeptide, a peptide with less than 100 amino acid residues is called a polypeptide (both an oligopeptide and a polypeptide are herein referred to as a “peptide”), and one with 100 or more amino acid residues is called a protein.
  • Recently, amino acid sequences of various proteins and viral antigenic proteins have been determined. A peptide artificially synthesized based on such an amino acid sequence is used as a vaccine, which is referred to as a peptide vaccine. The advantage of using a peptide as a vaccine is that a highly pure antigen can be obtained artificially without handling pathogenic microorganisms. On the other hand, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient immune effect since a peptide has a small molecular weight and hence is not recognized as a foreign substance in the living body on immunization. Hence, a peptide is combined with a large protein called a carrier protein so as to be recognized as a foreign substance and/or is administered together with an adjuvant (immunomodulator) in order to enhance immune effect. However, with these treatments, it is possible that an antibody against a carrier protein may be produced or an adverse side effect of an adjuvant may unexpectedly be induced. Besides, while an adjuvant is proved to be effective on research level, it is only an aluminum hydroxide gel that is permitted in Japan for usage in human.
  • On the other hand, a peptide vaccine has been attempted for use for preventing and/or treating diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease is one of dementia disorders and is associated with declined cognitive function and change in personality as principal symptoms. The increasing number of patients along with rapid increase of aging population has become a social issue. Alzheimer disease's pathological indications include three features of atrophy and/or fall-off of neurons, formation of senile plaques due to aggregation and/or deposition of Aβ and neurofibrillary changes due to abnormal tau proteins. Onset of Alzheimer disease is initiated by deposition of Aβ peptides (senile plaque formation) followed by denaturing and fall-of of neurons with increase in Aβ deposition. The deposition of Aβ peptides then trigger deposition of tau proteins followed by neurofibrillary changes. Aβ peptide is derived from an amyloid peptide precursor (APP) existing in the brain and the body. In normal process, APP is cleaved by α-secretase in the middle and then by γ-secretase in the C-terminal to generate a P3 peptide which is subsequently degraded completely. In the case of Aβ peptide deposition, APP is cleaved by β-secretase and then by γ-secretase in the C-terminal to generate Aβ peptides consisting of 40 or 42 amino acid resides (Aβ40, Aβ42). Among these, Aβ42, easily aggregated and deposited, is extracellularly secreted to be insolubilized, and aggregated and deposited to form senile plaques. Increase in production and accumulation of Aβ42 peptides would affect a synapse. Further, microglial cells and astrocytes are gathered around the aggregated Aβ peptides. It is thought that damages in the synapse and the neurite further progress to lead to degeneration and cell death of neurons, resulting in dementia.
  • Nowadays, targeting Aβ peptides, a method of treatment is considered for decreasing Aβ peptides, including, for instance, inhibition of the action of secretases which produce Aβ peptides, use of an Aβ degrading enzyme which may degrade the produced Aβ peptides, use of a vaccine or an antibody for removing those extracellularly excreted and those aggregated, and the like.
  • Approach of treating Alzheimer disease with a vaccine was first reported by Schenk et al. (Non-patent reference 1), which comprises administering Aβ42 peptides together with an adjuvant by intramuscular injection to thereby produce an antibody against Aβ to remove the accumulated Aβ peptides. A clinical trial for the vaccine was performed by administering intramuscularly a medicament comprising the Aβ42 peptide together with a purified saponin as an adjuvant. As a result, it was shown that an antibody specific to Aβ peptide was produced in Alzheimer disease patients by administration of the vaccine and that the production of the antibody specific to Aβ peptide could retard the development of cognitive disturbance in Alzheimer disease patients (Non-patent reference 2) and it was proved that senile plaques were disappeared (Non-patent reference 3). However, since serious meningoencephalitis was observed in some subjects, the clinical trial was discontinued. It is supposed that one of causes of the adverse side effect is the adjuvant contained in the vaccine. Accordingly, for a peptide vaccine, development of a formulation that is efficient and safe is strongly desired.
  • Non-patent reference 1: Schenk D, Barbour R, Dunn W, Gordon G, Grajeda H, Guido T, et al., Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer disease—disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 1999; 400: p. 173-177
    Non-patent reference 2: Fox N C, Black R S, Gilman S, Rossor M N, Griffith S G, Jenkins L, et al. Effects of A beta immunization (AN1792) on MRI measures of cerebral volume in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005; 64: p. 1563-1572
    Non-patent reference 3: Nicoll J A, Wilkinson D, Holmes C, Steart P, Markham H, Weller R O. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide: a case report. Nat Med 2003; 9: p. 448-452
    • DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem to be Solved by the Invention
  • As mentioned above, there is a concern that the substances known to have an adjuvant effect may exert adverse side effects contrary to the adjuvant effect. Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for enhancing an immune response using a substance which has already been confirmed to be safe for the living body and an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response for use in said method.
    • Means for Solving the Problems
  • The present inventors have earnestly investigated a method for immunization and for enhancing immunization that is safe for the living body, efficacious and inexpensive, and as a result, have found that a capacity of inducing an enhanced immune response of a peptide of interest may be enhanced by addition or insertion of a cysteine residue, an amino acid constituting a naturally-occurring protein, to thereby accomplish the present invention.
  • The present invention relates to a method of enhancing an immune response inducing property of a peptide derived from Aβ, which is a causative substance of Alzheimer disease, or a portion thereof, characterized by addition or insertion of cysteine to Aβ peptide or a portion thereof. The present invention includes the followings:
  • (1) An immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine;
  • (2) The immunogenic peptide according to the above (1) wherein cysteine is added at the N-terminal or the C-terminal or both of the amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof;
  • (3) The immunogenic peptide according to the above (1) or (2) wherein cysteine is added at the C-terminal of the amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof;
  • (4) The immunogenic peptide according to any of the above (1) to (3) wherein 1 or 2 molecules of cysteine are added;
  • (5) The immunogenic peptide according to the above (1) wherein the peptide containing cysteine is added at the C-terminal of the amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof;
  • (6) The immunogenic peptide according to the above (1) wherein cysteine is inserted into the amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof;
  • (7) The immunogenic peptide according to the above (6) wherein cysteine is inserted between the 18th and 19th amino acid residues, between the 25th and 26th amino acid residues, or between the 28th and 29th amino acid residues counted from the N-terminus of an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof;
  • (8) The immunogenic peptide according to any of the above (1) to (7) wherein the amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34 or a portion thereof;
  • (9) The immunogenic peptide according to any of the above (1) to (8) which consists of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 48, SEQ ID NO: 50, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 56;
  • (10) A medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises as an active ingredient the immunogenic peptide of any of the above (1) to (9);
  • (11) A medicament for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises as an active ingredient the immunogenic peptide of any of the above (1) to (9) together with an adjuvant;
  • (12) A DNA vaccine effective for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease which comprises a gene fragment encoding the amino acid sequence of the immunogenic peptide of any of the above (1) to (9);
  • (13) A method for enhancing an immune response which comprises using an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine;
  • (14) A method for enhancing an immune response which comprises using an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine together with an adjuvant;
  • (15) A method for enhancing an immune response which comprises using as a DNA vaccine a vector containing a gene fragment encoding an amino acid sequence of an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine.
    • Effects of the Invention
  • The present invention provides an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced and sufficient immune response even if it is used alone without an adjuvant. According to the present invention, merely by addition or insertion of cysteine residues to the amyloid β peptide or a portion thereof, antibody production of an immunogenic peptide may be enhanced. Therefore, there is no disadvantage associated with the use of an adjuvant to allow for easier design of a drug formulation.
  • The immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response, when administered to the living body, may rapidly and abundantly induce an antibody specific to the peptide in blood. No toxicity of cysteine is known but rather cysteine and its related substances are known to have an antitoxic effect in the living body and therefore the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response may be used in the body very safely.
  • The immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response, when used as a peptide vaccine, may be the simplest vaccine comprising as an active ingredient only the immunogenic peptide with addition or insertion of cysteine. Such immunogenic peptide with addition or insertion of cysteine may be prepared by chemical synthesis without biological synthesis and hence in higher uniformity than the conventional component vaccines. Additionally, with the lowest risk of toxicity, infection and decrease in quality due to contamination, a safer vaccine may be provided.
  • A peptide preparation comprising the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response may be administered not only by injection such as subcutaneous or intramuscular administration but also by oral, transnasal or transdermal administration, which would avoid stress and medical accidents caused by syringe needle.
    • BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
  • For preparing the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response, a cysteine residue may be added or inserted to the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof or alternatively a nucleotide sequence encoding cysteine may be added or inserted to the DNA or RNA sequence of the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof for expression. With respect to the position of addition or insertion of cysteine in the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof, in the case of addition, cysteine may be added at the N-terminal or the C-terminal or both of the peptide and, in the case of insertion, cysteine may be inserted at any position in the peptide. Addition at the C-terminal of the peptide is preferable wherein 1 or 2 cysteine residue(s) may be added. However, insofar as the immune response enhancing effect may be obtained, the position of addition and insertion or the number of cysteine residues are not especially limited. In another aspect of the present invention, a peptide containing cysteine, in place of cysteine, may also be added at the C-terminal of the peptide.
  • The Aβ peptide consists of 42 amino acid residues (Aβ42) and has the following amino acid sequence: DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIA (SEQ ID NO: 34). Cysteine (Cys) may be added or inserted to the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof to provide the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induce an enhanced immune response. A portion of the Aβ peptide includes those consisting of an amino acid sequence comprising at least the 1st-28th of the aforementioned amino acid sequence of Aβ42. Alternatively, a peptide containing cysteine may be added to the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof. The thus obtained immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response is efficacious for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease.
  • Specifically, a preferred example of the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response includes the following Aβ peptides with addition or insertion of cysteine wherein an added or inserted cysteine residue is underlined.
  • (1) Peptide with addition of 1 molecule at the C-terminal:
  • 28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC
    29AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 8)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGC 
    30AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAC
    31AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 12)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIC
    35AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 21)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC 
    36AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 23)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVC
    37AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 25)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGC
    38AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 27)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGC 
    39AACys:
    (SEQ I D NO: 29)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVC
    40AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 32)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVC
    42AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 36)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVIAC

    (2) Peptide with addition of 2 molecules at the C-terminal:
  • 28AACysCys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 38)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCC

    (3) Peptide with addition of 1 molecule at the N-terminal:
  • Cys28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 40)
    CDAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK

    (4) Peptide with addition of each 1 molecule at the C-terminal and the N-terminal:
  • Cys28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 42)
    CDAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC

    (5) Peptide with insertion of 1 molecule:
  • 28AA18Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 46)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVCFFAEDVGSNK
    28AA25Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 48)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGCSNK
    33AA28Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 50)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCGAIIG
    35AA28Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 52)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCGAIIGLM

    (6) Peptide with addition of 1 molecule at the C-terminal+addition of an exogenous peptide (the exogenous peptide is positioned at the C-terminal of the added cysteine residue):
  • 2BAACysTTD:
    (SEQ ID NO: 54)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCTTD
    28AACysEIFEFTTD:
    (SEQ ID NO: 56)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCEIFEFTTD
  • Among the Aβ peptides with addition or insertion of cysteine aforementioned, 28-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (28AACys: SEQ ID NO: 6), 29-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (29AACys: SEQ ID NO: 8), 31-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (31AACys: SEQ ID NO: 12), 35-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (35AACys: SEQ ID NO: 21), 36-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (36AACys: SEQ ID NO: 23), 39-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (39AACys: SEQ ID NO: 29), 40-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (40AACys: SEQ ID NO: 32), 42-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine (42AACys: SEQ ID NO: 36), 28-amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of 2 cysteines at the C-terminal (28AACysCys: SEQ ID NO: 38) and 28-amino acid Aβ peptide with insertion of cysteine between 18th-19th amino acid residues (28AA18Cys: SEQ ID NO: 46) could particularly induce the enhanced immune response and thus may be used to prevent or treat Alzheimer disease efficaciously.
  • According to the present invention, a peptide that induces an enhanced immune response may be prepared by adding cysteine at the N-terminal, the C-terminal, or both of the N-terminal and the C-terminal of the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof or by inserting cysteine into said peptide. Whether a peptide obtained after addition or insertion of cysteine exerts an immune response-enhancing effect may be corroborated by immunization of mice with the peptide using the conventional techniques and determining an anti-Aβ IgG antibody titer in blood. Thus, the present invention also provides a method of preparing an immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response characterized by adding one or more cysteines at the N-terminal, the C-terminal, or both at the N-terminal and the C-terminal of the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof or inserting one or more cysteines to the peptide, immunizing an animal with the resulting peptide, and then determining an anti-Aβ IgG antibody titer in blood of the animal.
  • A peptide preparation containing the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that has an enhanced immune response-inducing property may be administered by any route of administration such as subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, oral, or transnasal.
  • While the immunogenic peptide of the present invention that induces an enhanced immune response may provide sufficient immunization even if it is administered alone without an adjuvant, it may provide further sufficient immunization if in combination with an adjuvant. It will thus become possible to select various types of adjuvants such as e.g. an adjuvant attached importance to an effect of enhancing immunization or an adjuvant attached importance to a safety.
  • Moreover, a vector which comprises a gene fragment encoding each of the immunogenic peptides of the present invention as listed above that induce an enhanced immune response obtained by addition or insertion of cysteine to the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof may be used as a DNA vaccine for efficaciously preventing and treating Alzheimer disease. A nucleotide sequence encoding cysteine includes e.g. tgt but may be any sequence as far as it encodes cysteine. A gene fragment encoding the amino acid sequence of the Aβ peptide (Aβ42) consisting of the 42 amino acid residues mentioned above (SEQ ID NO: 34) is described below. However, the nucleotide sequence described below represents a typical gene sequence of the Aβ peptide but any gene sequence may be employed insofar as it encodes the same amino acid sequence.
  • (SEQ ID NO: 35)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc
    atcaaaaatt ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa
    caaaggtgca atcattggac tcatggtggg cggtgttgtc
    atagcg
  • An example of a gene fragment encoding each of the immunogenic peptides of the present invention as listed above that induce an enhanced immune response obtained by addition or insertion of cysteine to the Aβ peptide or a portion thereof includes those described below. However, the nucleotide sequences described below represent a typical gene sequence encoding each of the peptides mentioned above but any gene sequence may be employed insofar as it encodes the same amino acid sequence.
  • Gene fragment encoding 26AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 2)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcatgt
    Gene fragment encoding 27AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 4)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa ctgt
    Gene fragment encoding 28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 7)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaatgt
    Gene fragment encoding 29AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 9)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggttgt
    Gene fragment encoding 30AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 11)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca tgt
    Gene fragment encoding 31AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 13)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atctgt
    Gene fragment encoding 32AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 15)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcatttgt
    Gene fragment encoding 33AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 17)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggat gt
    Gene fragment encoding 34AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 19)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tctgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 35AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 22)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatgtgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 36AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 24)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatggtgtg t 
    Gene fragment encoding 37AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 26)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatggtggg ctgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 38AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 28)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatggtggg cggttgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 39AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 30)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatggtggg cggtgtttgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 40AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 33)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatggtggg cggtgttgtc tgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 42AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 37)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaaggtgca atcattggac
    tcatggtggg cggtgttgtc atagcgtgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 28AACysCys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 39)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaatgttgt 
    Gene fragment encoding Cys28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 41)
    tgtgatgcag aattccgaca tgactcagga tatgaagttc atcatcaaaa
    attggtgttc tttgcagaag atgtgggttc aaacaaa 
    Gene fragment encoding Cys28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 43)
    tgtgatgcag aattccgaca tgactcaggatat gaagttc atcatcaaaa
    attggtgttc tttgcagaag atgtgggttc aaacaaatgt 
    Gene fragment encoding 28AA18Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 47)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgtgtttc tttgcagaag atgtgggttc aaacaaa 
    Gene fragment encoding 28AA25Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 49)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttgttcaaa caaa 
    Gene fragment encoding 33AA28Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 51)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaatgtggt gcaatcattg ga
    Gene fragment encoding 35AA2BCys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 53)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaatgtggt gcaatcattg
    gactcatg
    Gene fragment encoding 28AACysTTD:
    (SEQ ID NO: 55)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaatgtact actgac
    Gene fragment encoding 28AACysEIFEFTTD:
    (SEQ ID NO: 57)
    gatgcagaat tccgacatga ctcaggatat gaagttcatc atcaaaaatt
    ggtgttcttt gcagaagatg tgggttcaaa caaatgtgaa atcttcgaat
    tcactactga c 
  • The present invention is explained in more detail by means of the following Examples but should not be construed to be limited thereto.
    • EXAMPLE 1 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability Between Aβ Peptides with and without Addition of Cysteine
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with Addition of Cysteine
  • 28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 5)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK
    28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC
    35AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 20)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLM
    35AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 21)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 μL of the stock solution was added 900 μL of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 16 mice were divided into 4 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AACys; Group 3 administered with 35AA; and Group 4 administered with 35AACys.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 of the 2nd immunization, 50 to 150 μL of blood was collected from the tail vein. Further, on Day 7 from the final 3rd immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • The Aβ peptide (1-40 amino acid sequence:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 31)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVV

    synthesized by Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.), diluted to 10 μg/mL with 0.1M carbonate buffer, pH 9.6, was added to 8-well strips (Nalge Nunc K.K., Immobilizer Amino) at 100 μL/well and left to incubate at 4° C. overnight for immobilization. On the following day, each well was washed 3 times with 300 μL of PBS containing 0.05% Tween20 (PBST), added with 10mM ethanolamine at 300 μL/well and left to incubate at room temperature for 1 hour.
  • After 1 hour, the 10 mM ethanolamine was fully removed and a specimen diluted with PBST by 50- to 10000-fold was added to each well at 100 μL/well. After reaction at room temperature for 1 hour, the diluted serum added was discarded and each well was washed 3 times with 300 μL/well of PBST. After washing, the wash solution in the well was fully removed, an HRP-labeled anti-mouse IgG goat antibody (American Curlex, A131PS) diluted with the solution for the specimen dilution by 2000-fold was added at 100 μL/well followed by reaction at room temperature for 1 hour. After the reaction, the solution for labeled antibody dilution was discarded and each well was washed twice with 300 μL/well of PBST and twice with the equivalent amount of distilled water, to which 100 μL/well of a chromogenic substrate solution TMB+ (Dako Inc.) was added followed by reaction at room temperature for 30 min. under shading. Then, 100 μL/well of 1N sulfuric acid was added to quench development and optical density at 450 nm (OD450 value) was measured.
  • A commercially available monoclonal antibody to Aβ (CHEMI-CON Corporation, MAB1560) was used as standard serum. The standard serum was diluted with PBST to 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 ng/mL to prepare standards for the antibody titer measurement. An anti-Aβ IgG antibody of each murine serum specimen was determined and simultaneously the OD450 value of each diluted specimen was measured. An anti-Aβ IgG antibody titer of each murine serum specimen was calculated using the unit of the resulting standards and the standard curve of the OD450 value.
  • Table 1 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 1, as compared to the immunization with Aβ peptide fragments without addition of cysteine (28AA, 35AA), the immunization with Aβ peptide fragments with addition of cysteine (28AACys, 35AACys) provided a higher antibody titer against Aβ. Increase in the antibody titer was observed for the 28AA with addition of cysteine by about 39-fold and for the 35AA with addition of cysteine by about 26-fold.
    • Table 1 EXAMPLE 2 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability Between Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine and Carrier-Linked Aβ Peptide (with/without Adjuvant)
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine and Carrier-Linked Aβ Peptide
  • 28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC
    28AA-KLH:
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK-C-KLH
  • The above peptides were synthesized (KITAYAMA LABES Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 1 mg/mL stock solution which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use. KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) is a carrier protein of 60 kDa. Cys in the 28AA-KLH was used as a linker to combine the 28AA peptide with KLH and was not intended to enhance the immune response effect. To combine a carrier protein with the immunogenic peptide using Cys is a routine method for peptide immunization.
    • (2) Adjuvant
  • Freund's complete adjuvant (hereafter referred to as “FCA”), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (hereafter referred to as “FICA”), (GERBU, #1841, #1842), Gerbu adjuvant MM (GERBU, #3001.0106) and Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% (Brenntag) which were commercially available were used as adjuvants.
    • (3) Administered Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (9 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (4) Immunization Groups
  • The 25 mice were divided into 5 groups each comprising 5 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AACys; Group 2 administered with 28AA-KLH; Group 3 administered with 28AA-KLH+FCA/FICA; Group 4 administered with 28AA-KLH+Gerbu adjuvant MM; and Group 5 administered with 28AA-KLH+Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2%.
    • (5) Dose and Preparation of Sample for Administration
  • A primary dose of Aβ peptide was 100 μg per animal, and second and third doses were 50 μg per animal. Namely, to prepare the primary dose for the group administered with 28AACys, 0.5 mL of 28AACys and 0.5 mL of saline were mixed, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AACys and 0.75 mL of saline were mixed. To prepare the primary dose for the group administered with 28AA-KLH, 0.5 mL of 28AA-KLH and 0.5 mL of saline were mixed, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AA-KLH and 0.75 mL of saline were mixed. To prepare the primary dose for the group administered with 28AA-KLH+FCA/FICA, 0.5 mL of 28AA-KLH and 0.5 mL of FCA were mixed to be emulsified, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AA-KLH, 0.25 mL of saline and 0.5 mL of FICA were mixed to be emulsified. To prepare the primary dose for the group administered with 28AA-KLH+Gerbu adjuvant MM, 0.5 mL of 28AA-KLH, 0.4 mL of saline and 0.1 mL of Gerbu adjuvant MM were mixed, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AA-KLH, 0.65 mL of saline and 0.1 mL of Gerbu adjuvant MM were mixed. To prepare the first dosage for the group administered with 28AA-KLH+Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2%, 0.5 mL of 28AA-KLH and 0.5 mL of Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% were mixed, and to prepare the second and third doses, 0.25 mL of 28AA-KLH, 0.25 mL of saline and 0.5 mL of Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% were mixed.
    • (6) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (7) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 3rd immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (8) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 2 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 2, the Aβ peptide fragment with addition of a carrier KLH together with Freund's complete/incomplete adjuvant provided the highest antibody titer against Aβ. The secondly highest antibody titer was provided by the Aβ peptide fragment with addition of cysteine, which was significantly higher than those of using as a adjuvant Gerbu adjuvant MM (GERBU) or Alhydrogel ‘85’ 2% or of the Aβ peptide fragment with addition of a carrier KLH.
    • Table 2 EXAMPLE 3 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability Among Aβ Peptides with Addition of Cysteine Having 26-40 Amino Acid Sequence in Length
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with Addition of Cysteine
  • 26AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 1)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSC 
    27AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 3)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNC 
    28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC 
    29AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 8)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGC 
    30AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAC 
    31AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 12)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIC 
    32AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 14)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIC 
    33AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 16)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGC
    34AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLC
    35AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 21)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC
    36AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 23)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVC
    37AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 25)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGC
    38AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 27)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGC
    39AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 29)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVC 
    40AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 32)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMVGGVVC
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 μL of the stock solution was added 900 μL of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 60 mice were divided into 15 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 26AACys; Group 2 administered with 27AACys; Group 3 administered with 28AACys; Group 4 administered with 29AACys; Group 5 administered with 30AACys; Group 6 administered with 31AACys; Group 7 administered with 32AACys; Group 8 administered with 33AACys; Group 9 administered with 34AACys; Group 10 administered with 35AACys; Group 11 administered with 36AACys; Group 12 administered with 37AACys; Group 13 administered with 38AACys; Group 14 administered with 39AACys; and Group 15 administered with 40AACys.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 3rd immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 3 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 3, it was observed that, among the groups administered with Aβ peptides with addition of cysteine which have 26 to 40 amino acid residues in length, those with 28 or more amino acid residues in length had the antibody inducing ability against Aβ. In particular, 28AACys, 29AACys, 31AACys, 35AACys, 36AACys, 39AACys, and 40AACys showed the higher antibody titer.
    • Table 3 EXAMPLE 4 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability Among Aβ Peptides without Addition of Cysteine, with Addition of 1 Molecule of Cysteine and with Addition of 2 Molecules of Cysteine
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides without and with Addition of Cysteine.
  • 28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 5)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK 
    28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC 
    28AACysCys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 38)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCC 
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 12 mice were divided into 3 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AACys; and Group 3 administered with 28AACysCys.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 4th immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 4 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 4, almost the same antibody inducing ability was found in the groups administered with 28AACys or 28AACysCys.
    • Table 4 EXAMPLE 5 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability Among Aβ Peptides with Addition of Cysteine at the C-terminal, the N-terminal and Both Terminals
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with Addition of Cysteine
  • 28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC 
    Cys28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 40)
    CDAEFRHDSGYEVHEQKLVFFAEDVGSNK 
    Cys28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 42)
    CDAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC 
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 12 mice were divided into 3 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AACys; Group 2 administered with Cys28AA; and Group 3 administered with Cys28AACys.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 4th immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl) and the mice were sacrificed. The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 5 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 5, regardless of position of Cys addition, the antibody inducing ability was found in all the groups.
    • Table 5 EXAMPLE 6 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability Among Aβ Peptide Sequences with Insertion of Cysteine
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with Insertion of Cysteine
  • 28AA7Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 44)
    DAEFRHDCSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK 
    28AA10Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 45)
    DAEFRHDSGYCEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK 
    28AA18Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 46)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVCFFAEDVGSNK 
    28AA25Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 48)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGCSNK 
    33AA28Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 50)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCGAIIG 
    35AA28Cys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 52)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCGAIIGLM 
    28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC 
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Sigma-Aldrich Japan K.K.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 28 mice were divided into 7 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA7Cys; Group 2 administered with 28AA10Cys; Group 3 administered with 28AA18Cys; Group 4 administered with 28AA25Cys; Group 5 administered with 33AA28Cys; Group 6 administered with 35AA28Cys; and Group 7 administered with 28AACys.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 4th immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 6 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 6, the antibody inducing ability was found in the groups administered with 28AA18Cys, 28AA25Cys, 33AA28Cys, 35AA28Cys or 28AACys. In particular, a higher antibody inducing ability was found for the group administered with 28AA18Cys, the 28 amino acids Aβ peptide with insertion of cysteine between the 18th and 19th amino acid residue, as compared to the group administered with 28AACys, the 28 amino acid Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine at the C-terminal.
    • Table 6 EXAMPLE 7 Assessment of Antibody Inducing Ability of Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine Together with Addition of Exogenous Amino Acid Sequence (Not Derived from Aβ Peptide)
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with and without Addition of Cysteine
  • 28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 5)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK
    28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC
    28AACysTTD:
    (SEQ ID NO: 54)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCTTD 
    28AACysEIFEFTTD:
    (SEQ ID NO: 56)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKCEIFEFTTD 
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 16 mice were divided into 4 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AACys; Group 3 administered with 28AACysTTD; and Group 4 administered with 28AACysTTD.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 4th immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 7 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 7, the antibody inducing ability was found in the groups administered with 28AACys, 28AACysTTD or 28AACysEIFEFTTD. Thus, it was found that the antibody inducing ability of Aβ sequence with addition of Cys remained even if an additional exogenous peptide sequence was bound to said Aβ sequence.
    • Table 7 EXAMPLE 8 Nasal, Intradermal and Oral Administration of Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine
  • 35AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 21)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC
  • The above peptide was synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 9 mice were divided into 3 groups each comprising 3 mice: Group 1 nasally administered; Group 2 intradermally administered; and Group 3 orally administered.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule Primary Immunization
  • Common to each of Groups, to 200 μL of the stock solution was added 1800 μL of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and 200 μL of the mixture was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The 2nd, 3rd and 4th (final) immunizations of the mice of each group were conducted at weekly intervals after the primary immunization as described below.
    • Group 1: Nasal Administration
  • Each 20 μL of the stock solution was administered to mice via the nasal cavity using Pipetman P-20 (Gilson) (dose per mouse: 100 μg).
    • Group 2: Intradermal Administration
  • On the day before the administration the back of mice was shaved. Under anesthetization with isoflurane, the shaved area was disinfected with 70% alcohol and dried before administration and then 20 μL of the stock solution was administered dropwise to mice using Pipetman P-20 (Gilson) (dose per mouse: 100 μg).
    • Group 3: Oral Administration
  • For the 2nd and 3rd immunizations, to 200 μL of the stock solution was added 2300 μL of saline to 0.2 mg/mL of the concentration and each 500 μL/mouse of the mixture was administered into the stomach of mice using a probe for oral use (Natsume Seisakusho CO LTD., KN-348, for mice) attached to a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) (dose per mouse: 200 μg). For the 4th (final) immunization, to 100 μL of the stock solution was added 2400 μL of saline to 0.2 mg/mL of the concentration and each 500 μL/mouse of the mixture was administered into the stomach of mice using a probe for oral use attached to a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (dose per mouse: 100 μg).
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 6 from the primary immunization, on Day 6 from the 2nd immunization and on Day 6 from the 3rd immunization, 50 to 150 μL of blood was collected from the tail vein. Further on Day 7 from the final 4th immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 8 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 8, it was found that Aβ peptide fragment with addition of cysteine showed the antibody inducing ability against Aβ irrespective of nasal, percutaneous or oral administration.
    • Table 8 EXAMPLE 9 Comparison of Antibody Inducing Ability of in Intradermal Administration Between Aβ Peptides with and without Addition of Cysteine
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with and without Addition of Cysteine
  • 35AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 20)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLM
    35AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 21)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution, which was stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 10 mice were divided into 2 groups each comprising 5 mice: Group 1 administered with 35 amino acids Aβ peptide with addition of cysteine; and Group 2 administered with 35 amino acids Aβ peptide without addition of cysteine.
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • The primary immunization was conducted as in Example 8. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th (final) immunizations were done at weekly intervals after the primary immunization as described below. On the day before the administration the back of mice was shaved. Under anesthetization with isoflurane, the shaved area was disinfected with 70% alcohol before administration, application/peeling-off of a surgical tape (Nichiban Co., Ltd.) was repeated 10 times to remove the corneal layer of epidermis and then 20 μL of the stock solution was administered dropwise to mice using Pipetman P-20 (Gilson) (dose per mouse: 100 μg).
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 4th immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 9 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 9, it was found that Aβ peptide fragment with addition of cysteine showed a higher antibody inducing ability by 10-fold or more as compared to Aβ peptide without addition of cysteine.
    • Table 9 EXAMPLE 10 Comparison of Aβ Peptide with/without Addition of Cysteine Between with and without Addition of Adjuvant
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptides with/without Addition of Cysteine
  • 28AA:
    (SEQ ID NO: 5)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNK
    28AACys:
    (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKC
  • The above peptides were synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 μL of the stock solution was added 900 μL of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Adjuvant
  • As an adjuvant, the commercially available Quil-A (Accurate Chemical & Scientific Corporation) and MPL+TDM emulsion (Corixa) were used. Quil-A was dissolved in saline to obtain 5 mg/mL of a stock solution. In addition, 1 vial of MPL+TDM emulsion was dissolved in 1 mL of saline to obtain a stock solution, which was stored at 4° C. till use.
    • (3) Immunized Mice
  • Male C57BL/6 mice (9 weeks old, SPF) were purchased from Japan Charles River Co., Ltd. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (4) Immunization Groups
  • The 24 mice were divided into 6 groups each comprising 4 mice: Group 1 administered with 28AA; Group 2 administered with 28AA+Quil-A; Group 3 administered with 28AA+MPL+TDM emulsion; Group 4 administered with 28AACys; Group 5 administered with 28AACys+Quil-A; and Group 6 administered with 28AACys+MPL+TDM emulsion.
    • (5) Dose and Preparation of Sample for Administration
  • A dose of Aβ peptide was 100 μg per animal and 0.2 mL of 500 μg/mL of sample for administration was administered. With respect to the group administered with 28AA and the group administered with 28AACys, 20 μL of each of the stock solution and 180 μL of saline were mixed and the mixture was stored at −80° C. until the administration. With respect to the group administered with 28AA+Quil-A and the group administered with 28AACys+Quil-A, 20 μL of each of the stock solution, 10 μL of 5 mg/mL the stock solution of Quil-A (50 μg per animal) and 170 μL of saline were mixed and the mixture was stored at −80° C. until the administration. With respect to the group administered with 28AA+MPL+TDM emulsion and the group administered with 28AACys+MPL+TDM emulsion, 90 μL of each of the stock solution and 660 μL of saline were mixed to prepared the stock solution for administration, which was stored at −80° C. 0.5 mL of the MPL+TDM emulsion stock solution was added just before administration to obtain suspension (for 4.5 individual).
    • (6) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 3 times at 2-week intervals.
    • (7) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 7 from the final 3rd immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (8) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above. Table 10 shows the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer of the murine serum in each of the immunization Groups. As shown in Table 10, it was found that antibody induction against Aβ could hardly be observed for 28AA together with Quil-A but observed for 28AA together with MPL+TDM emulsion. In case of 28AACys, a high antibody titer could be observed either with Quil-A or with MPL+TDM emulsion. The antibody induction of 28AACys alone was similar to that of 28AA together with MPL+TDM emulsion.
    • Table 10 EXAMPLE 11 Pharmacological Evaluation of Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine Using Alzheimer Disease Model Mice
  • (1) Preparation of Aβ Peptide with Addition of Cysteine 35AACys:

  • DAEFRHDSGYEVHHQKLVFFAEDVGSNKGAIIGLMC (SEQ ID NO: 21)
  • The above peptide was synthesized (Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd.) and diluted with saline to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. To 100 μL of the stock solution was added 900 μL of saline to 0.5 mg/mL of the concentration and the mixture was dispensed into 1.5 mL tube (immunogen) and stored at −80° C. or lower till use.
    • (2) Immunized Mice
  • Transgenic mice (TG2576, female, 11 weeks old, SPF), which showed Alzheimer-like pathological condition with accumulation of human Aβ in the brain through expression of a human Aβ precursor protein, were purchased from Taconic Farms, Inc. and bred in SPF environment.
    • (3) Immunization Groups
  • The 6 mice were divided into 2 groups each comprising 3 mice: Group 1 administered with 35AACys; and Group 2 not administered (control).
    • (4) Immunization and Schedule
  • Each 200 μL/mouse of an immunogen was administered to mice using a 1 mL tuberculin syringe (Terumo, SS-01T2613S) intradermally or subcutaneously at the abdomen (dose per mouse: 100 μg). The mice were immunized 4 times at 2-week intervals from 18-week old and then at monthly intervals with a total of 11 immunizations.
    • (5) Blood Sampling
  • On Day 13 from the final immunization, blood was collected from the abdominal aorta of all mice under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Somnopentyl). The sampling blood was transferred to the Microtainer (Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd), adequate clotting has occurred at room temperature and then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Each of the separated serum was dispensed into two 0.5 mL tubes and stored at −80° C. or lower until measurement.
    • (6) Extraction of Human Aβ Deposited in Brain
  • After blood sampling, the cerebrum was isolated via craniotomy. A part of the frontal lobe was sectioned and weighed. Thereto was added TBS containing a proteinase inhibitor (Roche, Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail Set, 1 tablet/50 mL of solution) (20 mM Tris, 137 mM NaCl, pH 7.6; hereinafter referred to as “CP/TBS”) to 150 mg (wet weight of brain)/mL and the mixture was homogenized with a homogenizer made of Teflon (trademark). Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4° C. for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the resulting precipitate was resuspended in 1% TritonX-100/CP/TBS (in the same amount as that of CP/TBS above) and the suspension was vortexed for 1 min. The suspension was centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4° C. for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the resulting precipitate was resuspended in 2% SDS/CP/TBS (in the same amount as that of CP/TBS above) and the suspension was vortexed for 1 min. The suspension was further centrifuged at 12,000 g at 4° C. for 10 min. The resulting supernatant was used as a sample fraction containing the human Aβ deposited in the brain.
    • (7) Measurement of Anti-Aβ IgG Antibody
  • Measurement of the anti-Aβ IgG antibody was conducted as described above.
    • (8) Measurement of Human Aβ Deposited in Brain
  • Measurement was performed using the human β amyloid (1-42) ELISA kit WAKO (WAKO, code number 296-64401). To a microtiter plate immobilized with a human antibody against Aβ (BAN50) was added a sample containing 50-fold diluted human Aβ at 100 μL/well. After overnight reaction at 4° C., each of the diluted samples added was discarded and the microtiter plate was washed 5 times with 350 μL/well of the wash solution in the kit. An HRP labeled antibody (BC05) solution (100 μL) was added to each of the wells followed by 1 hour reaction at 4° C. After the reaction, the labeled antibody solution was discarded and the microtiter plate was washed 5 times with 350 μL/well of the wash solution. A TMB solution (chromogenic agent; 100 μL) was added to each of the wells, followed by 30 min. reaction at room temperature in the dark. Then, 100 μL/well of the stop solution was added to quench the enzymatic reaction and optical density at 450 nm was measured (OD450 value). A standard curve was made using the attached standard solution (human β amyloid (1-42), 20 pmoL/L). On the measurement of the samples, said standard solution was diluted with the standard dilution solution to 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 pmol/mL. OD450 value of each of the diluted standard solution was measured simultaneously with the measurement of each of the sample. A human Aβ concentration in each of the samples was calculated using the resulting unit of the standards and the standard curve of OD450 value.
  • Tables 11 and 12 show the calculated anti-Aβ antibody titer in the murine serum and the concentration of human Aβ deposited in the brain of each of the immunization groups. As shown in Table 11, production of antibody against Aβ was observed for Alzheimer model mice immunized with 35AACys. Besides, as shown in Table 12, a concentration of human Aβ (hAβ) deposition in the brain was found to be lower than that with Alzheimer model mice with no administration. Thus, it was proved that Aβ peptide with addition of Cys was efficacious not only as a prophylactic (peptide vaccine) but also as a therapeutic agent.
    • Table 11 Table 12 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
  • The immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response comprising an Aβ peptide or a portion thereof with addition or insertion of cysteine or with addition of a peptide containing cysteine and the gene fragment encoding said peptide of the present invention may be used as a safe and convenient means for immune stimulation in a peptide vaccine, a DNA vaccine and the like. Moreover, the Aβ peptide that induces an enhanced immune response or a portion thereof, prepared by a method for enhancing an immune response of the present invention, may be an efficacious medicament for preventing or treating of Alzheimer disease.

Claims (2)

1. (canceled)
2. An immunogenic peptide that induces an enhanced immune response consisting of amino acids 1-28 of an amyloid β peptide with addition of a cysteine only at the C-terminus.
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