US20140171221A1

US20140171221A1 - Multi-piece solid golf ball

Info

Publication number: US20140171221A1
Application number: US13/716,866
Authority: US
Inventors: Hideo Watanabe
Original assignee: Bridgestone Sports Co Ltd
Current assignee: Bridgestone Sports Co Ltd
Priority date: 2012-12-17
Filing date: 2012-12-17
Publication date: 2014-06-19

Abstract

In a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, at least one intermediate layer encasing the core and a cover of at least one layer encasing the intermediate layer, each intermediate layer is formed primarily of a resin material and each layer of the cover is formed primarily of an ionomer resin. The intermediate layer has a Shore D material hardness of not more than 50 and the cover has a Shore D material hardness greater than 60, the material hardness of the cover being higher than the material hardness of the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer and the cover have a total thickness of not more than 2.2 mm. The cover has a larger thickness than the intermediate layer, the ratio (a)/(b) of the cover thickness (a) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) being at least 1.1 and not more than 2.0.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a multi-piece solid golf ball having a core, an intermediate layer and a cover formed as successive layers. More specifically, the invention relates to a multi-piece solid golf ball having an excellent flight performance which is intended for use by amateur golfers.
Numerous golf balls with three-piece constructions wherein, as described below, an intermediate layer is interposed between a core and a cover and each layer possesses a specific hardness and thickness have hitherto been disclosed as solid golf balls for addressing the needs of amateur golfers having relatively low head speeds of about 35 to 40 m/s when striking the ball with a driver (W#1). “Amateur golfers” refers herein to players who have lower head speeds than professionals and other skilled golfers, for whom the ball tends to rise poorly after being struck, and for whom the use of drivers having a somewhat large loft is generally regarded as preferable.
For example, prior-art disclosures on multiple-piece solid golf balls having a total cover thickness of 3.0 mm or less include the following: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,086,967, 7,270,611, 7,273,424, 7,201,671, 7,288,031, 7,445,566, 7,563,180, 7,270,614 and 7,377,864.
However, in the foregoing disclosures, there remains room for improvement in the flight performance as golf balls for amateur golfers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a multi-piece solid golf ball which achieves an even better flight performance when used by amateur golfers.
As a result of intensive investigations, the inventor has discovered that, in order to give the amateur golfer a competitive edge when playing golf, by forming the cover and the intermediate layer to relatively small thicknesses, optimizing the thickness ratio therebetween and also conferring the cover and the intermediate layer with suitable material hardnesses, the distance traveled by the ball on shots with a driver (W#1) by an amateur golfer can be increased, in addition to which a good feel having a suitably soft touch can be obtained on shots with a driver.
Accordingly, the invention provides the following multi-piece solid golf balls.
[1] A multi-piece solid golf ball comprising a core, at least one intermediate layer encasing the core and a cover of at least one layer encasing the intermediate layer, wherein each intermediate layer is formed primarily of a resin material; each layer of the cover is formed primarily of an ionomer resin; the intermediate layer has a Shore D material hardness of not more than 50 and the cover has a Shore D material hardness greater than 60, the material hardness of the cover being higher than the material hardness of the intermediate layer; the intermediate layer and the cover have a total thickness of not more than 2.2 mm; and the cover has a larger thickness than the intermediate layer, the ratio (a)/(b) of the cover thickness (a) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) being at least 1.1 and not more than 2.0.
[2] The multi-piece solid golf ball of [1], wherein the ratio (c)/(a) of the core diameter (c) to the cover thickness (a) is at least 30 and not more than 40.
[3] The multi-piece solid golf ball of [1], wherein the ratio (c)/(b) of the core diameter (c) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) is at least 41 and not more than 55.
[4] The multi-piece solid golf ball of [1], wherein the thickness of the cover is from 0.5 to 1.2 mm.
[5] The multi-piece solid golf ball of [1], wherein the resin material forming the intermediate layer has a melt index (MI) of at least 2 g/10 min and the resin material forming the cover has a melt index (MI) of at least 5 g/10 min.
[6] The multi-piece solid golf ball of [1], wherein at least 30 wt % of the total amount of resin material forming the intermediate layer is a non-ionomeric resin material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DIAGRAMS

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing a multi-piece solid golf ball (three-layer construction) according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is a front view of a golf ball showing the dimple pattern used on the balls in the examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is described in greater detail below.
The multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention, as shown in FIG. 1, is a golf ball G having a core 1, an intermediate layer 2 encasing the core, and a cover 3 encasing the intermediate layer. A large number of dimples D are formed on the surface of the cover. The core 1, the intermediate layer 2 and the cover 3 are not limited to single layers, and may each be formed of a plurality of two or more layers.
In the invention, the core diameter, while not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably at least 38.3 mm, more preferably at least 38.5 mm, and even more preferably at least 38.7 mm. The core diameter has no particular upper limit, but is preferably not more than 40.9 mm, more preferably not more than 40.1 mm, and even more preferably not more than 39.3 mm. At a core diameter outside of this range, the initial velocity of the ball may decrease or the feel at impact may worsen.
The core has a deflection when a load is applied thereto, i.e., a deflection (mm) when compressed under a final load of 1,275.9 N (130 kgf) from an initial load state of 98.1 N (10 kgf), which, although not particularly limited, is preferably at least 2.5 mm, more preferably at least 3.0 mm, and even more preferably at least 3.2 mm. The core deflection has no particular upper limit, but is preferably not more than 6.0 mm, more preferably not more than 5.0 mm, and even more preferably not more than 4.2 mm. If this value is too small, i.e., if the core is too hard, the spin rate may rise excessively, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance, and the feel on full shots may be too hard. On the other hand, if the above value is too large, i.e., if the core is too soft, the ball rebound may become too small, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance, and the feel on full shots may be too soft. Also, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The core has a surface hardness, expressed as a JIS-C hardness value, which, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably at least 70, more preferably at least 75, and even more preferably at least 80. The JIS-C surface hardness has no particular upper limit, but is preferably not more than 93, more preferably not more than 88, and even more preferably not more than 85. If this value is too low, the spin rate may rise excessively or the rebound may decrease, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance. On the other hand, if the above value is too large, the feel at impact may become hard or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
The core has a center hardness, expressed as a JIS-C hardness value, which, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably at least 55, more preferably at least 57, and even more preferably at least 59. The JIS-C center hardness has no particular upper limit, but is preferably not more than 68, more preferably not more than 65, and even more preferably not more than 64. If this value is too low, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the above value is too large, the spin rate may rise excessively, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance.
The cross-sectional hardness at a position midway between the surface and the center of the core, expressed as a JIS-C hardness value, is preferably at least 62, more preferably at least 65, and even more preferably at least 67. The cross-sectional hardness has no particular upper limit, but is preferably not more than 81, more preferably not more than 77, and even more preferably not more than 72. At a cross-sectional hardness outside of this range, the spin rate may increase, resulting in a poor flight, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
It is preferable for the core hardness to increase gradually from the center to the surface of the core, and for the difference therebetween to be at least 15 JIS-C hardness units. The hardness difference is more preferably at least 16, with the upper limit being preferably not more than 40, and more preferably not more than 35. If the above hardness difference is too small, the spin rate-lowering effect on shots with a W#1 may be inadequate, which may result in a less than satisfactory distance. On the other hand, if the above hardness difference is too large, the initial velocity of the ball on actual shots may become lower, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance, or the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen. It is desirable for the above core hardness profile to be one having a linear slope from the center toward the surface.
In addition, in the core hardness profile, the difference between the cross-sectional hardness A at a position midway between the center and the surface of the core and the average B of the hardnesses at the core center and core surface, i.e., the value A−B, is preferably ±5 or less, more preferably ±4 or less, and even more preferably ±3 or less. If this value A−B is too large, the spin rate-lowering effect on W#1 shots, may be inadequate, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance.
The material making up the core having the desired properties mentioned above is not subject to any particular limitation, although the core can be formed using a rubber composition which includes, for example, a co-crosslinking agent, an organic peroxide, an inert filler and an organosulfur compound. Polybutadiene is preferably used as the base rubber of such a rubber composition.
The polybutadiene has a cis-1,4 bond content on the polymer chain of typically at least 60 wt %, preferably at least 80 wt %, more preferably at least 90 wt %, and most preferably at least 95 wt %. Too low a cis-1,4 bond content among the bonds on the molecule may lead to a lower resilience.
The polybutadiene has a 1,2-vinyl bond content on the polymer chain of typically not more than 2%, preferably not more than 1.7%, and more preferably not more than 1.5%, of the bonds on the polymer chain. Too high a 1,2-vinyl bond content may lead to a lower resilience.
To obtain the rubber composition in a molded and vulcanized form having a high resilience that increases the distance traveled by the ball, the polybutadiene used in the invention is preferably one synthesized with a rare-earth catalyst or a Group VIII metal compound catalyst. Polybutadiene synthesized with a rare-earth catalyst is especially preferred.
Such rare-earth catalysts are not subject to any particular limitation. Exemplary rare-earth catalysts include those made up of a combination of a lanthanide series rare-earth compound with an organoaluminum compound, an alumoxane, a halogen-bearing compound and an optional Lewis base.
Examples of suitable lanthanide series rare-earth compounds include halides, carboxylates, alcoholates, thioalcoholates and amides of atomic number 57 to 71 metals.
The use of a neodymium catalyst in which a neodymium compound serves as the lanthanide series rare-earth compound is particularly advantageous because it enables a polybutadiene rubber having a high cis-1,4 bond content and a low 1,2-vinyl bond content to be obtained at an excellent polymerization activity. Suitable examples of such rare-earth catalysts include those mentioned in JP-A 11-35633, JP-A 11-164912 and JP-A 2002-293996.
To enhance the resilience, it is preferable for the polybutadiene synthesized using the lanthanide series rare-earth compound catalyst to account for at least 10 wt %, preferably at least 20 wt %, and more preferably at least 40 wt %, of the rubber components.
Rubber components other than the above-described polybutadiene may be included in the base rubber insofar as the objects of the invention are attainable. Illustrative examples of rubber components other than the above-described polybutadiene include other polybutadienes and other diene rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene rubber, natural rubber, isoprene rubber and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber.
Examples of co-crosslinking agents include unsaturated carboxylic acids and the metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Specific examples of unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid. Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are especially preferred.
The metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids, while not subject to any particular limitation, are exemplified by the above-mentioned unsaturated carboxylic acids neutralized with a desired metal ion. Specific examples include the zinc and magnesium salts of methacrylic acid and acrylic acid. The use of zinc acrylate is especially preferred.
The unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or metal salt thereof is included in an amount, per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber, of generally at least 10 parts by weight, preferably at least 15 parts by weight, and more preferably at least 18 parts by weight, but generally not more than 60 parts by weight, preferably not more than 50 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 45 parts by weight, and most preferably not more than 40 parts by weight. Too much may make the core too hard, giving the ball an unpleasant feel on impact, whereas too little may lower the rebound.
The organic peroxide may be a commercially available product, suitable examples of which include Percumyl D (produced by NOF Corporation), Perhexa 3M (NOF Corporation) and Luperco 231XL (Atochem Co.). These may be used singly, or two or more may be used together.
The amount of organic peroxide included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is generally at least 0.1 part by weight, preferably at least 0.3 part by weight, more preferably at least 0.5 part by weight, and most preferably at least 0.7 part by weight. The upper limit is generally not more than 5 parts by weight, preferably not more than 4 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, and most preferably not more than 2 parts by weight. Too much or too little organic peroxide may make it impossible to achieve a ball having a good feel, durability and rebound.
Examples of suitable inert fillers include zinc oxide, barium sulfate and calcium carbonate. These may be used singly, or two or more may be used together.
The amount of inert filler included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is generally at least 1 part by weight, and preferably at least 5 parts by weight, but generally not more than 100 parts by weight, preferably not more than 80 parts by weight, and more preferably not more than 60 parts by weight. Too much or too little inert filler may make it impossible to achieve a proper weight and a good rebound.
In addition, an antioxidant may be included if necessary. Illustrative examples of suitable commercial antioxidants include Nocrac NS-6 and Nocrac NS-30 (both available from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), and Yoshinox 425 (available from Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.). These may be used singly, or two or more may be used together.
The amount of antioxidant included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is more than 0, preferably at least 0.05 part by weight, and more preferably at least 0.1 part by weight, but generally not more than 3 parts by weight, preferably not more than 2 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 1 part by weight, and most preferably not more than 0.5 part by weight. Too much or too little antioxidant may make it impossible to achieve a good rebound and durability.
An organosulfur compound may be included in the core so as to enhance the rebound and increase the initial velocity of the golf ball. It is recommended that thiophenols, thionaphthols, halogenated thiophenols, or metal salts thereof be included here as the organosulfur compound. Illustrative examples include pentachlorothiophenol, pentafluorothiophenol, pentabromothiophenol, p-chlorothiophenol, the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, and diphenylpolysulfides, dibenzylpolysulfides, dibenzoylpolysulfides, dibenzothiazoylpolysulfides and dithiobenzoylpolysulfides having 2 to 4 sulfurs. The use of diphenyldisulfide or the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol is especially preferred.
The amount of the organosulfur compound included per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber is preferably not more than 5 parts by weight, more preferably not more than 3 parts by weight, and even more preferably not more than 2.5 parts by weight. With the inclusion of too much organosulfur compound, it may not be possible to expect a further rebound-improving effect (particularly on shots with a W#1), the core may become too soft, and the feel may worsen.
It is desirable to produce the core by using an ordinary mixing apparatus such as a Banbury mixer or a roll mill to mix the core composition containing the above ingredients, compression-molding or injection-molding the mixed composition using a core-forming mold, then suitably heating and curing the molded body at a temperature sufficient for the crosslinking agent and the co-crosslinking agent to act, generally from about 130° C. to about 170° C., and especially 150 to 160° C., for a period of from 10 to 40 minutes, and especially 12 to 20 minutes, so as to achieve the intended hardness profile.
Next, the intermediate layer is described.
The intermediate layer has a material hardness, expressed as a Shore D hardness value (measured with a type D durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240; the same applies below), of not more than 50, preferably not more than 45, and more preferably not more than 40. The intermediate layer material hardness has a lower limit value, expressed in terms of Shore D hardness, of at least 15, and preferably at least 25. If the intermediate layer is too soft, the spin rate on full shots may rise excessively, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance and the durability to cracking under repeated impact may worsen. On the other hand, if the intermediate layer is too hard, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen, and the spin rate on full shots may rise, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance. Moreover, in such cases, the feel at impact may worsen.
The intermediate layer has a thickness of preferably at least 0.4 mm, more preferably at least 0.6 mm, and even more preferably at least 0.8 mm. The upper limit is preferably not more than 1.0 mm, more preferably not more than 0.95 mm, and even more preferably not more than 0.9 mm. If the intermediate layer is too thin, the durability of the ball to cracking on repeated impact may worsen or the feel at impact may worsen.
The intermediate layer material is not particularly limited; various types of thermoplastic resins or thermoplastic elastomers may be used for this purpose. In particular, the use of non-ionomeric resin materials such as polyester elastomers, polyurethanes, styrene-based elastomers and olefin-based elastomers is preferred. The use of polyester elastomers is most preferred. In such a case, setting the amount of non-ionomeric resin material to at least 30 wt % of the total amount of resin material in the intermediate layer is preferred from the standpoint of increasing the ball rebound and distance. The amount is more preferably at least 50 wt %, and even more preferably 100 wt %. At a non-ionomeric resin material content below the above range, it may not be possible to obtain an intermediate layer material that is soft and has a high resilience, and it may not be possible to achieve an increased distance.
From the standpoint of, for example, ensuring flow properties that are particularly suitable for injection molding and thus improving the moldability, it is preferable to regulate the melt index of the above intermediate layer material. In this case, the melt index (MI), as measured in accordance to ASTM D1238 at a test temperature of 190° C. and a test load of 21.2 N (2.16 kgf), is typically at least 5 g/10 min, preferably at least 7 g/10 min, and more preferably at least 9 g/10 min. It is recommended that the upper limit be set to preferably not more than 20 g/10 min. If the melt index is too low, molding may be difficult to carry out or the sphericity of the intermediate layer-covered sphere may decrease, giving rise to variability in the cover thickness, which may result in greater variability in the flight of the ball. On the other hand, if the melt index is too high, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
Next, the Shore D material hardness of the cover used in the invention is a value which is greater than 60, preferably at least 62, and more preferably at least 63, but preferably not more than 70, and more preferably not more than 67. If the cover is softer than the above range, the ball may be too receptive to spin or the rebound may be inadequate, resulting in a shorter distance, or the scuff resistance may worsen. On the other hand, if the cover is too hard, the ball may have a poor durability to cracking on repeated impact, or may have a poor feel at impact in the short game or when struck with a putter.
The cover has a thickness of preferably at least 0.5 mm, more preferably at least 0.7 mm, and even more preferably at least 0.9 mm, but preferably not more than 1.2 mm, more preferably not more than 1.15 mm, and even more preferably not more than 1.1 mm. At a cover thickness greater than the above range, the ball may be too receptive to spin on shots with a W#1, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance. On the other hand, if the cover is thinner than the above range, the ball may have a poor durability to cracking on repeated impact, or may be too receptive to spin on shots with a W#1, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance.
The cover material is formed primarily of an ionomer resin. Use can be made of, specifically, an ionomer such as Surlyn (available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.), and Himilan and AM7331 (both from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.).
From the standpoint of, for example, ensuring flow properties that are particularly suitable for injection molding, and thus a good moldability, it is preferable to regulate the melt index of the above cover material. In this case, the melt index (MI), as measured in accordance to ASTM D1238 at a test temperature of 190° C. and a test load of 21.2 N (2.16 kgf), is typically at least 2 g/10 min, preferably at least 2.5 g/10 min, and more preferably at least 3 g/10 min. It is recommended that the upper limit be set to preferably not more than 10 g/10 min, and more preferably not more than 5 g/10 min. If the melt index is too low, molding may be difficult to carry out or the sphericity of the ball may decrease, which may result in greater variability in the flight of the ball. On the other hand, if the melt index is too high, the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.
In addition to the above resin components, various additives may be optionally included in the above-described resin materials for the intermediate layer and the cover. Examples of such additives include pigments, dispersants, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, ultraviolet stabilizers, mold release agents, plasticizers, and inorganic fillers (e.g., zinc oxide, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide).

Combined Thickness of Intermediate Layer and Cover

In this invention, the combined thickness of the intermediate layer and the cover is not more than 2.2 mm, preferably not more than 2.1 mm, and more preferably not more than 2.0 mm. The lower limit in the combined thickness is preferably at least 0.9 mm, more preferably at least 1.3 mm, and even more preferably at least 1.7 mm. If the combined thickness is too large, the spin rate on full shots will increase, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance. On the other hand, if the combined thickness is too small, the spin rate on full shots may increase, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance and the durability to cracking on repeated impact may worsen.

Ratio of Cover Thickness to Intermediate Layer Thickness

In this invention, it is critical for the ratio of the cover thickness to the intermediate layer thickness to be suitably set within a given range. Specifically, the ratio (a)/(b) of the cover thickness (a) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) is at least 1.1, preferably at least 1.15, and more preferably at least 1.2, with the upper limit being not more than 2.0, preferably not more than 1.5, and even more preferably not more than 1.4. At a value outside the above range, a suitable spin rate is not obtained, resulting in a less than satisfactory distance.

Ratio of Core Diameter to Cover Thickness

In this invention, although not subject to any particular limitation, it is preferable for the ratio of the core diameter to the cover thickness to be suitably set within a given range. Specifically, the ratio (c)/(a) of the core diameter (c) to the cover thickness (a) is preferably at least 30, more preferably at least 32, and even more preferably at least 34, with the upper limit being preferably not more than 40, more preferably not more than 38, and even more preferably not more than 36. At a value outside the above range, a suitable spin rate may not be obtained, which may result in a less than satisfactory distance.

Ratio of Core Diameter to Intermediate Layer Thickness

In this invention, although not subject to any particular limitation, it is preferable for the ratio of the core diameter to the intermediate layer thickness to be suitably set within a given range. Specifically, the ratio (c)/(b) of the core diameter (c) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) is preferably at least 41, more preferably at least 43, and even more preferably at least 45, with the upper limit being preferably not more than 55, more preferably not more than 50, and even more preferably not more than 48. At a value outside the above range, a suitable spin rate may not be obtained, which may result in a less than satisfactory distance.

Relationship Between Intermediate Layer Material Hardness and Cover Material Hardness

In the present invention, it is critical for the following relationship between the intermediate layer material hardness and the cover material hardness to be satisfied:
cover material hardness>intermediate layer material hardness.
By designing the golf ball in such a way that the material hardness of the cover is higher than the material hardness of the intermediate layer, the flight performance can be further enhanced, enabling a crisp feel at impact to be obtained.
In the practice of the invention, numerous dimples may be formed on the surface of the cover. The dimples arranged on the cover surface, while not subject to any particular limitation, number preferably at least 280, more preferably at least 300, and even more preferably at least 320, but preferably not more than 360, more preferably not more than 350, and even more preferably not more than 320. If the number of dimples is higher than the above range, the ball will tend to have a low trajectory, which may shorten the distance of travel. On the other hand, if the number of dimples is smaller than the above range, the ball will tend to have a high trajectory, as a result of which an increased distance may not be achieved.
The geometric arrangement of the dimples on the ball may be, for example, octahedral or icosahedral. In addition, the dimple shapes may be of one, two or more types suitably selected from among not only circular shapes, but also various polygonal shapes, such as square, hexagonal, pentagonal and triangular shapes, as well as dewdrop shapes and oval shapes. The diameter (in polygonal shapes, the lengths of the diagonals), although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set to from 2.5 to 6.5 mm. In addition, the depth, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set to from 0.08 to 0.30 mm.
The value V₀, defined as the spatial volume of a dimple below the flat plane circumscribed by the dimple edge, divided by the volume of the cylinder whose base is the flat plane and whose height is the maximum depth of the dimple from the base, although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to from 0.35 to 0.80 in this invention.
From the standpoint of reducing aerodynamic resistance, the ratio SR of the sum of individual dimple surface areas, each defined by the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, with respect to the surface area of a hypothetical sphere were the ball surface to have no dimples thereon, although not subject to any particular limitation, is preferably set to from 60 to 90%.
The ratio VR of the sum of the spatial volumes of individual dimples, each formed below the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, with respect to the volume of a hypothetical sphere were the ball surface to have no dimples thereon, although not subject to any particular limitation, may be set to from 0.6 to 1% in this invention.
In this invention, by setting the above V₀, SR and VR values in the foregoing ranges, the aerodynamic resistance is reduced, in addition to which a trajectory which provides a good distance readily arises, enabling the flight performance to be enhanced.
The golf ball of the invention, which can be manufactured so as to conform with the Rules of Golf for competitive play, is preferably produced to a ball diameter which is of a size that will not pass through a ring having an inside diameter of 42.672 mm, but is not more than 42.80 mm, and to a weight of generally from 45.0 to 45.93 g.
In the invention, the surface of the golf ball cover may be subjected to various types of treatment, such as surface preparation, stamping and painting, in order to enhance the design and durability of the ball.
As was explained above, the multi-piece solid golf ball of the invention further increases the flight performance, enabling amateur golfers to play golf very competitively. Moreover, a good, solid feel at impact can be obtained.

EXAMPLES

Working Examples of the invention and Comparative Examples are given below by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation.

Examples 1 to 3, Comparative Examples 1 to 6

Solid cores were produced by preparing rubber compositions according to the formulations shown in Table 1 below, then molding and vulcanizing the compositions at 155° C. for 15 minutes.

TABLE 1

Core
formulation
(parts by	Example	Comparative Example

weight)	1	2	3	1	2	3	4	5	6

Polybutadiene	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Zinc acrylate	28.5	26.1	23.7	23.7	23.7	28.5	28.5	28.5	28.5
Peroxide	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2
Antioxidant	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Zinc oxide	20.1	21.1	22.1	17.2	28.1	17.5	19.4	24.2	20.8

Details on the above core materials are given below. The numbers in the table represent parts by weight.

Polybutadiene: Available under the trade name “BR 730” from JSR Corporation.
Peroxide: A mixture of 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane and silica, available under the trade name “Perhexa C-40” from NOF Corporation.
Antioxidant: 2,2-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-butylphenol), available under the trade name “Nocrac NS-6” from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

Formation of Intermediate Layer and Cover

Next, intermediate layers were formed by injection-molding resin materials of the compositions shown in Table 2 over the respective solid cores fabricated as described above, thereby giving in each Example a sphere composed of a solid core encased by an intermediate layer (an intermediate layer-covered sphere). Next, a cover was formed by injection-molding over this sphere a resin material of the composition shown in Table 2, thereby giving a multi-piece solid golf ball having a three-layer construction composed of a solid core encased by an intermediate layer and a cover. Dimples in the arrangement shown in FIG. 2 were formed at this time on the surface of the ball cover in each of the Examples of the invention and the Comparative Examples. Details on the dimples are given in Table 3.

TABLE 2

No. 1	No. 2	No. 3	No. 4	No. 5

Surlyn 9945		50
Surlyn 8940		50
Surlyn 8120				100
Himilan 1557					30
Himilan 1855					20
AM7331					50
Hytrel 3046	100
Hytrel 4001			15
T-8260			100
Polyethylene wax			1.5
Isocyanate compound			9
Titanium oxide		5	3.5	5	2.5

Numbers in the table indicate parts by weight.

The above trade names are explained below.
The trade names of the chief materials mentioned in the table are as follows.

Surlyn: Ionomers available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.
Himilan and AM7331: Ionomers available from DuPont-Mitsui Polychemicals Co., Ltd.
Hytrel: Polyester elastomers available from DuPont-Toray Co., Ltd.
T-8260: A MDI-PTMG type thermoplastic polyurethane available from DIC Bayer Polymer under the trade name “Pandex”
Polyethylene wax: Available under the trade name “Sanwax 161P” from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.
Isocyanate compound: 4,4′-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate

TABLE 3

	Number of	Diameter	Depth
No.	dimples	(mm)	(mm)	V₀	SR	VR

1	12	4.6	0.15	0.47	81	0.783
2	234	4.4	0.15	0.47
3	60	3.8	0.14	0.47
4	6	3.5	0.13	0.46
5	6	3.4	0.13	0.46
6	12	2.6	0.10	0.46
Total	330

Dimple Definitions

Diameter: Diameter of flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.
Depth: Maximum depth of dimple from flat plane circumscribed by edge of dimple.
V₀: Spatial volume of dimple below flat plane circumscribed by dimple edge, divided by volume of cylinder whose base is the flat plane and whose height is the maximum depth of dimple from the base.
SR: Sum of individual dimple surface areas, each defined by the flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, as a percentage of the surface area of a hypothetical sphere were the ball to have no dimples on the surface thereof (units: %).
VR: Sum of spatial volumes of individual dimples formed below flat plane circumscribed by the edge of a dimple, as a percentage of the volume of a hypothetical sphere were the ball to have no dimples on the surface thereof (units: %).

For each of the golf balls obtained, physical properties such as the thicknesses and hardnesses of the respective layers, and also the flight performance and feel at impact of the balls, were evaluated by the methods described below. The results are presented in Tables 4 and 5. All of the measurements were carried out in a 23.9±1° C. atmosphere.

(1) Core Deflection (mm)

The core or an intermediate layer-covered sphere was compressed in a 23.9±1° C. atmosphere at a rate of 10 mm/s, and the deflection (mm) upon applying a final load of 1,275.9 N (130 kgf) from an initial load state of 98.1 N (10 kgf) was measured. In each case, the average of measurements taken on ten balls (N=10) was determined.

(2) Center Hardness, Surface Hardness and Cross-Sectional Hardness of Core

The surface of the core being spherical, the durometer indenter was set substantially perpendicular to this spherical surface, and the Shore D hardness was measured with a type D durometer in accordance with ASTM-2240. The JIS-C hardness was measured in accordance with JIS K6301-1975.
The center hardness and the cross-sectional hardness midway between the core surface and the core center were determined by cutting the core into two with a fine cutter, and measuring the hardnesses at specific positions in accordance with the respective hardness standards.

(3) Material Hardnesses of Intermediate Layer and Cover (Hardnesses of Sheet-Type Molded Materials)

The material that forms each layer was molded into a sheet having a thickness of 2 mm and held for 2 weeks at 23±2° C., following which the Shore D hardness was measured with a type D durometer in accordance with ASTM-2240.

(4) Melt Index (MI) Values of Intermediate Layer Material and Cover Material

The melt index (MI) values of the materials used to form the respective layers were measured in accordance with ASTM D1238 (test temperature, 190° C.; test load, 21.2 N (2.16 kgf)).
(5) Flight Performance on Shots with a Driver
The distance was measured by mounting a driver (W#1) manufactured by Bridgestone Sports Co., Ltd. (TourStage ViQ, 2012 model; loft, 11.5°) on a golf swing robot and striking the ball at a head speed (HS) of 38 m/s. The flight performance was rated according to the criteria indicated below. In addition, the spin rate of the ball immediately after being struck in the same way was measured with an apparatus for measuring initial conditions.

- Good: Total distance was 178 m or more
- NG: Total distance was less than 178 m

(6) Feel

The feel of the ball when hit with a driver (W#1) by ten amateur golfers having head speeds (HS) of 35 to 40 m/s was sensory evaluated under the following criteria.

- Good: At least seven out of the ten golfers rated the ball as having a good feel
- NG: Three or fewer of the ten golfers rated the ball as having a good feel
  (A “good feel” refers to a feel having a suitably soft touch; a feel which is too soft or too hard is a bad feel.)

In addition, the feel on shots with a putter was sensory evaluated under the following criteria.

- Good: At least seven out of the ten golfers rated the ball as having a good feel
- NG: Three or fewer of the ten golfers rated the ball as having a good feel

	TABLE 4

	Example	Comparative Example

	1	2	3	1	2	3	4	5	6

Core	Diameter (mm)	38.8	38.8	38.8	38.8	35.9	38.8	38.8	37.2	38.8
	Weight (g)	35.3	35.3	35.3	34.4	28.9	34.8	35.2	31.8	35.4
	Deflection under	3.4	3.7	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4
	10-130 kgf loading (mm)

Surface hardness	JIS-C	83	81	80	80	79	83	83	83	83
	Shore D	55	54	52	52	52	55	55	55	55
Hardness 19.4 mm	JIS-C	71	69	67	67	—	71	71	—	71
from center: A	Shore D	46	44	43	43	—	46	46	—	46
(between core
surface and center)
Hardness 17.95 mm	JIS-C	—	—	—	—	67	—	—	—	—
from center: A	Shore D	—	—	—	—	43	—	—	—	—
(between core
surface and center)
Hardness 18.6 mm	JIS-C	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	71	—
from center: A	Shore D	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	46	—
(between core
surface and center)
Center hardness	JIS-C	63	61	60	60	60	63	63	63	63
	Shore D	40	39	38	38	38	40	40	40	40
Surface − Center	JIS-C	20	20	20	20	19	20	20	20	20
	Shore D	15	15	14	14	14	15	15	15	15

	(Surface + Center)/2: B (JIS-C)	73	71	70	70	70	73	73	73	73
	B − A (JIS-C)	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	2
Intermediate	Material (type)	No. 1	No. 1	No. 1	No. 1	No. 1	No. 5	No. 1	No. 1	No. 1
layer	Specific gravity	1.07	1.07	1.07	1.07	1.07	1.19	1.07	1.07	1.07
	Material hardness (Shore D)	27	27	27	27	27	55	27	27	27
	Melt index (at 190° C.)	10	10	10	10	10	—	10	10	10
	Thickness (mm)	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	1.5	0.85	1.1	0.85	0.85
Intermediate	Diameter (mm)	40.5	40.5	40.5	40.5	38.9	40.5	41	38.9	40.5
layer-covered	Weight (g)	39.8	39.8	39.8	38.9	35.9	39.8	41.1	35.9	39.9
sphere
Cover	Material (type)	No. 2	No. 2	No. 2	No. 3	No. 2	No. 4	No. 2	No. 2	No. 5
	Specific gravity	0.98	0.98	0.98	1.14	0.98	0.98	0.98	0.98	0.96
	Material hardness (Shore D)	63	63	63	63	63	45	63	63	53
	Melt index (at 190° C.)	3.2	3.2	3.2	—	3.2	1	3.2	3.2	2.2
	Thickness (mm)	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.9	1.1	0.85	1.9	1.1
Ball	Diameter (mm)	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7	42.7
	Weight (g)	45.5	45.5	45.5	45.5	45.5	45.5	45.5	45.5	45.5

Cover thickness/Intermediate layer thickness	1.29	1.29	1.29	1.29	1.27	1.29	0.77	2.24	1.29
Core diameter/Cover thickness	35.3	35.3	35.3	35.3	18.9	35.3	45.6	19.6	35.3
Core diameter/Intermediate layer thickness	45.6	45.6	45.6	45.6	23.9	45.6	35.3	43.8	45.6

	TABLE 5

	Example	Comparative Example

	1	2	3	1	2	3	4	5	6

Flight	W#	1	Total	179.7	179.5	179.3	176.5	177.7	173.5	177.8	177.6	174.0
	(HS =	distance
	38 m/s)	(m)
		Spin rate	3,030	2,948	2,866	3,103	3,236	3,210	3,100	3,125	3,234
		(rpm)
		Distance	good	good	good	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG	NG
		(m)

Feel on shots	good	good	good	good	good	good	good	good	good
with W#1
Feel on shots	good	good	good	good	good	good	good	good	good
with putter

As is apparent from Table 5, the respective Comparative Examples were inferior to the Working Examples of the invention in the following ways.
In Comparative Example 1, the cover material was composed primarily of urethane, the spin rate was high and the rebound was low, as a result of which a good distance was not achieved.
In Comparative Example 2, the combined thickness of the cover and the intermediate layer was more than 2.2 mm and the spin rate was high, as a result of which a good distance was not achieved.
In Comparative Example 3, the cover was softer than the intermediate layer, the Shore D hardness of the intermediate layer material was higher than 50, and the spin rate was high, as a result of which a good distance was not achieved.
In Comparative Example 4, the cover thickness/intermediate layer thickness ratio was smaller than 1.1 and the spin rate was high, as a result of which a good distance was not achieved.
In Comparative Example 5, the cover thickness/intermediate layer thickness ratio was larger than 2.0 and the spin rate was high, as a result of which a good distance was not achieved.
In Comparative Example 6, the Shore D hardness of the cover material was softer than 60 and the spin rate was high, as a result of which a good distance was not achieved.

Claims

1. A multi-piece solid golf ball comprising a core, at least one intermediate layer encasing the core and a cover of at least one layer encasing the intermediate layer, wherein each intermediate layer is formed primarily of a resin material; each layer of the cover is formed primarily of an ionomer resin; the intermediate layer has a Shore D material hardness of not more than 50 and the cover has a Shore D material hardness greater than 60, the material hardness of the cover being higher than the material hardness of the intermediate layer; the intermediate layer and the cover have a combined thickness of not more than 2.2 mm; and the cover has a larger thickness than the intermediate layer, the ratio (a)/(b) of the cover thickness (a) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) being at least 1.1 and not more than 2.0.

2. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the ratio (c)/(a) of the core diameter (c) to the cover thickness (a) is at least 30 and not more than 40.

3. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the ratio (c)/(b) of the core diameter (c) to the intermediate layer thickness (b) is at least 41 and not more than 55.

4. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the cover is from 0.5 to 1.2 mm.

5. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein the resin material forming the intermediate layer has a melt index (MI) of at least 2 g/10 min and the resin material forming the cover has a melt index (MI) of at least 5 g/10 min.

6. The multi-piece solid golf ball of claim 1, wherein at least 30 wt % of the total amount of resin material forming the intermediate layer is a non-ionomeric resin material.