US20140145687A1 - Multiphase power converter - Google Patents
Multiphase power converter Download PDFInfo
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- US20140145687A1 US20140145687A1 US13/688,644 US201213688644A US2014145687A1 US 20140145687 A1 US20140145687 A1 US 20140145687A1 US 201213688644 A US201213688644 A US 201213688644A US 2014145687 A1 US2014145687 A1 US 2014145687A1
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- set point
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
- H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to power converters, and more specifically, to multiphase power converters.
- Radio frequency (RF) system performance requirements are placing tighter noise voltage requirements on the converters that supply power to the RF systems.
- the noise voltage output from a converter ultimately is imposed on the phase noise of the RF system.
- previous systems often used a single converter.
- the passive components (inductors and capacitors) of the single converter were large in size and have large parasitic elements.
- the active devices switch slower as they become larger in order to manage the large parasitics that contribute to the noise voltage.
- the single converter system is less fault tolerant because the single converter offers a single point of failure.
- Multiphase power converters offer a number of advantages over the use of a single converter.
- the use of a plurality of converter cells that are modulated allows the use of smaller passive and active components in each cell as compared to the sizes of the active and passive components for a similarly rated single converter system.
- low pass filters may be used to reduce output noise voltage from a multiphase power converter, the additional components used in a low pass filter reduce efficiency and consume valuable space.
- dither techniques may increase effective pulse width modulated (PWM), dither techniques fail to address reduction in control resolution in multiphase applications.
- Multiphase power converters include two or more interleaved converters or cells that are connected to output a summation of the cell outputs.
- the cells operate at a common frequency (f) and the phases of the outputs of each of the cells are shifted by control logic.
- the control logic controls the switching time of each cell to induce a difference in phase angle between the outputs of each cell of 360°/n.
- the cell outputs are connected in parallel.
- the output of the converter has an output ripple frequency of n ⁇ f.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art example of a multiphase power converter (converter) 100 .
- the converter 100 includes n number of cells (e.g., 102 a, 102 b , 102 n ).
- Each cell 102 includes a power stage portion 104 that receives a V in signal, a current sense portion 106 that senses the current output by the power stage portion 104 , an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 108 that converts the sensed current signal to a digital output, and a current loop compensator 110 that provides a duty cycle signal to the power stage portion 104 .
- the outputs of each of the cells 102 are connected in parallel and output a signal V out .
- the V out signal is converted by another ADC 112 that outputs a digital signal that is biased by a voltage loop compensator portion 114 .
- the voltage loop compensator portion 114 outputs an I set signal.
- the current loop compensator portion 110 receives the I set signal and the signal from the ADC 108 to output the duty cycle signal to the power stage portion 104 .
- a multiphase power converter device includes a first cell operative to receive a first voltage signal and output a second voltage signal, and a second cell operative to receive the first voltage signal and output a second voltage signal, wherein the output of the first cell is connected in parallel with the output of the second cell such that an output (Vout) of the multiphase power converter includes the output of the first cell and the output of the second cell, wherein, the first cell includes, a power stage portion operative to receive the first voltage signal and output the second voltage signal, and a control portion operative to sense a current output by the power stage portion, receive a current set point value, process the current set point value to calculate a current set point associated with the first cell, and control the power stage portion such that the power stage portion outputs a current substantially equal to the current set point associated with the first cell, and wherein the second cell includes a power stage portion operative to receive the first voltage signal and output the second voltage signal, and a control portion operative to receive a signal indicative of a current
- a method for controlling a power converter that includes a first cell having an output connected at a first node in parallel with a second cell includes sensing a voltage signal at the first node, defining a current set point associated with the converter, processing the current set point associated with the converter to define a current set point associated with the first cell, sensing a current output by the first cell, controlling the first cell such that the first cell outputs a current substantially similar to the current set point associated with the first cell, processing the current set point associated with the converter to define a current set point associated with the second cell, sensing a current output by the second cell, and controlling the second cell such that the second cell outputs a current substantially similar to the current set point associated with the second cell.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art example of a multiphase power converter.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a multiphase converter system.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the voltage loop compensator portion.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the current loop compensator portion.
- the prior art converter 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 provides advantages over the use of a single converter; however, as the number of cells n increases, the current set point becomes undesirably more coarse. The control portion often jumps between discrete set points to find steady state, which results in higher jitter on the pulse width modulator (PWM) and higher output noise.
- PWM pulse width modulator
- FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a multiphase converter system (converter) 200 that includes a modulator that provides reduced output voltage noise.
- the converter 200 includes n number of cells 202 a - 202 n.
- Each cell 202 includes a similar arrangement (as shown in 202 n of FIG. 2B ) of a power stage portion 204 that receives the V in signal and converts the V in signal to an output voltage and a control portion that includes control logic.
- the control portion may include for example, an integrated processor, a programmable integrated controller, a field programmable gate array, or a logic circuit.
- the control portion in each cell 202 includes a current sense portion 206 , an ADC 208 , a current loop compensator portion 210 and an I set function portion 218 .
- the converter 200 includes an ADC 212 , a voltage loop compensator portion 214 , and an I set scaling portion 216 that are operative to control the converter 200 .
- the current sense portion 206 senses the current output by the power stage portion 204 and outputs a signal (I sense ) indicative of the sensed current to the ADC 208 that outputs a digital signal indicative of the sensed current output by the power stage portion 204 .
- Each of the outputs of the cells 202 is connected in parallel to output a V out signal from the converter 200 .
- the V out signal at a node 201 is converted by the ADC 212 into a digital signal that is received by the voltage loop compensator portion 214 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the voltage loop compensator portion 214 .
- the voltage loop compensator portion 214 is operative to compare the V out signal with a voltage setpoint with a comparator 302 that outputs an error signal, which signal is fed to a discrete compensator 304 that produces a digital value representing a current set point (I set ) that is output by the voltage loop compensator portion 214 .
- the I set scaling portion 216 scales the resolution of the I set signal by the number of cells n and outputs a modified or scaled signal (I setmod ). In this regard, the output range, or resolution of the voltage compensator is multiplied by n. This increases the output resolution of the voltage compensator.
- the I set function portion 218 receives the I setmod signal, processes the I setmod signal, and outputs an I setcelln signal.
- the cell number associated with each cell 202 may be assigned arbitrarily.
- the cell number assignment for each cell 202 may also be modulated over time, rearranged on a multiple of switching cycles, or an alternative time interval.
- the functions described above are mere examples, alternative embodiments may include other functions or alternative means for control such as, for example, look up tables stored in memory and used by a control processor and/or additional discrete communications paths.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the current loop compensator portion 210 .
- the current loop compensator portion 210 receives the I setcelln signal from the I set function portion 218 and the digitally converted I sense signal from the ADC 208 .
- the current loop compensator portion 201 is operative to compare the I setcelln signal with the I sense signal to produce an error signal.
- the generated error signal is fed into a discrete compensator which produces a digital value output by the current loop compensator portion 210 representing a desired on-time, or duty cycle signal, by the PWM (pulse width modulator) located in power stage portion 204 .
- the digital PWM converts this value to a duty cycle for the switching converter.
- a conversion ratio that is dependent on the power stage topology of the cell relates the commanded duty cycle to a particular output signal from the power stage.
- the methods and embodiments described above offer a modulation scheme for a multiphase power converter system.
- Each of the cells in the power converter system receive a scaled current set command that is modulated such that each cell has a particular current set point to control the PWM of the cell.
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- Power Engineering (AREA)
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- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to power converters, and more specifically, to multiphase power converters.
- Radio frequency (RF) system performance requirements are placing tighter noise voltage requirements on the converters that supply power to the RF systems. The noise voltage output from a converter ultimately is imposed on the phase noise of the RF system. For power requirements up to, for example, 2 kW, previous systems often used a single converter. The passive components (inductors and capacitors) of the single converter were large in size and have large parasitic elements. The active devices switch slower as they become larger in order to manage the large parasitics that contribute to the noise voltage. The single converter system is less fault tolerant because the single converter offers a single point of failure.
- Multiphase power converters offer a number of advantages over the use of a single converter. In this regard, the use of a plurality of converter cells that are modulated allows the use of smaller passive and active components in each cell as compared to the sizes of the active and passive components for a similarly rated single converter system. Though low pass filters may be used to reduce output noise voltage from a multiphase power converter, the additional components used in a low pass filter reduce efficiency and consume valuable space. Though dither techniques may increase effective pulse width modulated (PWM), dither techniques fail to address reduction in control resolution in multiphase applications.
- Multiphase power converters (converters) include two or more interleaved converters or cells that are connected to output a summation of the cell outputs. The cells operate at a common frequency (f) and the phases of the outputs of each of the cells are shifted by control logic. In this regard, for n number of cells, the control logic controls the switching time of each cell to induce a difference in phase angle between the outputs of each cell of 360°/n. The cell outputs are connected in parallel. The output of the converter has an output ripple frequency of n×f.
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art example of a multiphase power converter (converter) 100. Theconverter 100 includes n number of cells (e.g., 102 a, 102 b, 102 n). Each cell 102 includes apower stage portion 104 that receives a Vin signal, acurrent sense portion 106 that senses the current output by thepower stage portion 104, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 108 that converts the sensed current signal to a digital output, and acurrent loop compensator 110 that provides a duty cycle signal to thepower stage portion 104. The outputs of each of the cells 102 are connected in parallel and output a signal Vout. The Vout signal is converted by anotherADC 112 that outputs a digital signal that is biased by a voltageloop compensator portion 114. The voltageloop compensator portion 114 outputs an Iset signal. The currentloop compensator portion 110 receives the Iset signal and the signal from theADC 108 to output the duty cycle signal to thepower stage portion 104. - According to one embodiment of the present invention, a multiphase power converter device includes a first cell operative to receive a first voltage signal and output a second voltage signal, and a second cell operative to receive the first voltage signal and output a second voltage signal, wherein the output of the first cell is connected in parallel with the output of the second cell such that an output (Vout) of the multiphase power converter includes the output of the first cell and the output of the second cell, wherein, the first cell includes, a power stage portion operative to receive the first voltage signal and output the second voltage signal, and a control portion operative to sense a current output by the power stage portion, receive a current set point value, process the current set point value to calculate a current set point associated with the first cell, and control the power stage portion such that the power stage portion outputs a current substantially equal to the current set point associated with the first cell, and wherein the second cell includes a power stage portion operative to receive the first voltage signal and output the second voltage signal, and a control portion operative to receive a signal indicative of a current output by the power stage portion, receive the current set point value, process the current set point value as a function of the number of cells in the multiphase power converter to calculate a current set point associated with the second cell, and control the power stage portion such that the power stage portion outputs a current substantially similar to the current set point associated with the second cell.
- According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for controlling a power converter that includes a first cell having an output connected at a first node in parallel with a second cell includes sensing a voltage signal at the first node, defining a current set point associated with the converter, processing the current set point associated with the converter to define a current set point associated with the first cell, sensing a current output by the first cell, controlling the first cell such that the first cell outputs a current substantially similar to the current set point associated with the first cell, processing the current set point associated with the converter to define a current set point associated with the second cell, sensing a current output by the second cell, and controlling the second cell such that the second cell outputs a current substantially similar to the current set point associated with the second cell.
- Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with the advantages and the features, refer to the description and to the drawings.
- The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The forgoing and other features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art example of a multiphase power converter. -
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a multiphase converter system. -
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the voltage loop compensator portion. -
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the current loop compensator portion. - The
prior art converter 100 illustrated inFIG. 1 provides advantages over the use of a single converter; however, as the number of cells n increases, the current set point becomes undesirably more coarse. The control portion often jumps between discrete set points to find steady state, which results in higher jitter on the pulse width modulator (PWM) and higher output noise. -
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a multiphase converter system (converter) 200 that includes a modulator that provides reduced output voltage noise. Referring toFIG. 2A , theconverter 200 includes n number of cells 202 a-202 n. Each cell 202 includes a similar arrangement (as shown in 202 n ofFIG. 2B ) of apower stage portion 204 that receives the Vin signal and converts the Vin signal to an output voltage and a control portion that includes control logic. The control portion may include for example, an integrated processor, a programmable integrated controller, a field programmable gate array, or a logic circuit. The control portion in each cell 202 includes acurrent sense portion 206, anADC 208, a currentloop compensator portion 210 and an Iset function portion 218. Theconverter 200 includes anADC 212, a voltageloop compensator portion 214, and an Iset scaling portion 216 that are operative to control theconverter 200. Thecurrent sense portion 206 senses the current output by thepower stage portion 204 and outputs a signal (Isense) indicative of the sensed current to theADC 208 that outputs a digital signal indicative of the sensed current output by thepower stage portion 204. Each of the outputs of the cells 202 is connected in parallel to output a Vout signal from theconverter 200. The Vout signal at anode 201 is converted by theADC 212 into a digital signal that is received by the voltageloop compensator portion 214. -
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the voltageloop compensator portion 214. The voltageloop compensator portion 214 is operative to compare the Vout signal with a voltage setpoint with acomparator 302 that outputs an error signal, which signal is fed to adiscrete compensator 304 that produces a digital value representing a current set point (Iset) that is output by the voltageloop compensator portion 214. The Iset scalingportion 216 scales the resolution of the Iset signal by the number of cells n and outputs a modified or scaled signal (Isetmod). In this regard, the output range, or resolution of the voltage compensator is multiplied by n. This increases the output resolution of the voltage compensator. The Isetfunction portion 218 receives the Isetmod signal, processes the Isetmod signal, and outputs an Isetcelln signal. The Isetfunction portion 218 defines the Isetcelln signal as a function of the Isetmod signal. For example Isetcelln=[Isetmod+(n-cell number)]/n, where cell number is the particular number of a cell (e.g.,cell 202 a has a cell number=1,cell 202 b has a cell number=2,. . . cell 202 n has a cell number=n). The cell number associated with each cell 202 may be assigned arbitrarily. The cell number assignment for each cell 202 may also be modulated over time, rearranged on a multiple of switching cycles, or an alternative time interval. The functions described above are mere examples, alternative embodiments may include other functions or alternative means for control such as, for example, look up tables stored in memory and used by a control processor and/or additional discrete communications paths. -
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the currentloop compensator portion 210. The currentloop compensator portion 210 receives the Isetcelln signal from the Iset function portion 218 and the digitally converted Isense signal from theADC 208. The currentloop compensator portion 201 is operative to compare the Isetcelln signal with the Isense signal to produce an error signal. The generated error signal is fed into a discrete compensator which produces a digital value output by the currentloop compensator portion 210 representing a desired on-time, or duty cycle signal, by the PWM (pulse width modulator) located inpower stage portion 204. The digital PWM converts this value to a duty cycle for the switching converter. A conversion ratio that is dependent on the power stage topology of the cell, relates the commanded duty cycle to a particular output signal from the power stage. - The methods and embodiments described above offer a modulation scheme for a multiphase power converter system. Each of the cells in the power converter system receive a scaled current set command that is modulated such that each cell has a particular current set point to control the PWM of the cell.
- The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.
- The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated
- The diagrams depicted herein are just one example. There may be many variations to this diagram or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the steps may be performed in a differing order or steps may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention.
- While the preferred embodiment to the invention had been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various improvements and enhancements which fall within the scope of the claims which follow. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the invention first described.
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US13/688,644 US8754619B1 (en) | 2012-11-29 | 2012-11-29 | Multiphase power converter |
PCT/US2013/061269 WO2014084953A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 | 2013-09-24 | Multiphase power converter |
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Cited By (3)
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CN108292891A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-07-17 | 株式会社村田制作所 | Switching power unit and error correcting method |
CN108352783A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-07-31 | 株式会社村田制作所 | Switching power unit and droop characteristic correction method |
US20210343679A1 (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2021-11-04 | Cree, Inc. | Wirebond-Constructed Inductors |
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US7521913B2 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2009-04-21 | Primarion Corporation | Active transient response circuits, system and method for digital multiphase pulse width modulated regulators |
US7023188B1 (en) | 2004-09-10 | 2006-04-04 | Semiconductor Components Industries, L.L.C. | Method of forming a multi-phase power supply controller |
US7759918B2 (en) * | 2006-06-16 | 2010-07-20 | Semiconductor Components Industries, L.L.C. | Method for inhibiting thermal run-away |
US7339361B2 (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2008-03-04 | Intersil Americas Inc. | Multi-phase DC-DC converter using auxiliary resistor network to feed back multiple single-ended sensed currents to supervisory controller for balanced current-sharing among plural channels |
TW201008122A (en) | 2008-08-07 | 2010-02-16 | Richtek Technology Corp | Current balancing device and method for a multi-phase power converter with constant working time control |
US8441241B2 (en) | 2010-05-03 | 2013-05-14 | Intel Corporation | Methods and systems to digitally balance currents of a multi-phase voltage regulator |
TWI450478B (en) * | 2010-08-30 | 2014-08-21 | Upi Semiconductor Corp | Current balancer |
TWI408881B (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2013-09-11 | Richtek Technology Corp | Enhanced phase control circuit and method for a multiphase power converter |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108292891A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-07-17 | 株式会社村田制作所 | Switching power unit and error correcting method |
CN108352783A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-07-31 | 株式会社村田制作所 | Switching power unit and droop characteristic correction method |
EP3386086A4 (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2018-12-19 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Switching power source device and error correction method |
US10243466B2 (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2019-03-26 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Switching power supply apparatus and error correction method |
US20210343679A1 (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2021-11-04 | Cree, Inc. | Wirebond-Constructed Inductors |
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US8754619B1 (en) | 2014-06-17 |
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