US20140138026A1 - High Strength Joining System For Fiber Reinforced Composites - Google Patents
High Strength Joining System For Fiber Reinforced Composites Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140138026A1 US20140138026A1 US13/926,809 US201313926809A US2014138026A1 US 20140138026 A1 US20140138026 A1 US 20140138026A1 US 201313926809 A US201313926809 A US 201313926809A US 2014138026 A1 US2014138026 A1 US 2014138026A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- fibers
- sheet form
- infused
- adhesion enhancement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/32—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials using means for protecting parts of a surface not to be coated, e.g. using stencils, resists
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1403—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the type of electromagnetic or particle radiation
- B29C65/1406—Ultraviolet [UV] radiation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
- B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
- B29C65/483—Reactive adhesives, e.g. chemically curing adhesives
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
- B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
- B29C65/483—Reactive adhesives, e.g. chemically curing adhesives
- B29C65/4845—Radiation curing adhesives, e.g. UV light curing adhesives
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
- B29C65/50—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
- B29C65/5007—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like characterised by the structure of said adhesive tape, threads or the like
- B29C65/5028—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like characterised by the structure of said adhesive tape, threads or the like being textile in woven or non-woven form
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
- B29C66/7214—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the length of the fibres
- B29C66/72141—Fibres of continuous length
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/7394—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8145—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/81455—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps being a fluid inflatable bag or bladder, a diaphragm or a vacuum bag for applying isostatic pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
- B29C70/546—Measures for feeding or distributing the matrix material in the reinforcing structure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L29/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical; Compositions of hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L29/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated alcohols
- C08L29/04—Polyvinyl alcohol; Partially hydrolysed homopolymers or copolymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/0266—Local curing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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- B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
- B29C66/7212—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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- B29C66/725—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs
- B29C66/7252—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs hollow-walled
- B29C66/72525—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being hollow-walled or honeycombs hollow-walled comprising honeycomb cores
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/7375—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
- B29C66/73755—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being fully cured, i.e. fully cross-linked, fully vulcanized
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/7379—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined degradable
- B29C66/73793—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined degradable soluble, e.g. water-soluble
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
- Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to connection of fiber reinforced structures, in particular the provision of exposed non-resin infused fiber at edges or surfaces of fiber reinforced components, which fiber may be beneficially used to reinforce subsequently formed joints between or to such fiber reinforced components.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,059 to Jacaruso et al discloses partial embedment of reinforcing fabric in thermoplastic materials for subsequent connection of thermoset composite structures, but without fiber continuity through the completed thermoset/thermoplastic/thermoset joints suggested therein.
- the various processes for increasing the surface energy and availability of potential bond sites are labor intensive, expensive, of dubious reliability, and are subject to reversal by brief environmental exposure.
- Electro-statically flocked carbon fibers have also been used for the purpose of enhancing heat transfer from electrical components and for heat transfer in Stirling engines.
- an object of one aspect of this invention to provide high strength connections between various fiber-reinforced structural components.
- the interior of an aircraft fuselage structure might be provided with a generally circular zone of exposed fibers for the purpose of being adhesively bonded to a pressure bulkhead with its fuselage-fitting perimeter featuring similarly exposed fibers.
- fibers continuous from within the fuselage structure are commingled and co-embedded in cured adhesive with fibers continuous from within the pressure bulkhead structure.
- the integrity of the combined structure is thus enhanced by continuity of fiber across the adhesive-to-cured-resin interfaces and thus does not rely on the strength of the adhesive-to-cured-resin bonds and also does not rely on the strength of un-reinforced adhesive.
- Loads may be reliably transferred from fiber to resin to fiber without the requirement for tensile load transfer across adhesive bond lines. Stresses within the adhesive itself are also reduced in accordance with the degree of fiber overlap achieved within the adhesive. Fiber overlap may be tailored to load requirements. For example, opposing electro-statically flocked bonding strips might be used in order to maximize the proportion of Z-axis fiber alignment within the joint. Connections with predominately shear loads might be adequately provided with partial exposure of woven reinforcing fabrics. Knitted fabrics would be expected to provide joint properties intermediate to those provided by flocked bonding strips and square woven fabric.
- a composite spacecraft structure might include surface zones of exposed fiber corresponding to zones of maximum reentry heating.
- Insulating refractory materials such as silica foam or alumina fiber may be readily attached to such a surface with adhesives such as RTV silicone elastomer.
- the adhesive may be reliably attached to the underlying composite structure without reliance on a chemical bond to a cured resin surface which may be relatively chemically inert.
- thermoplastic coatings such as phenolic coatings, radar absorbing coatings, electrochromic coatings, chemically resistant coatings, refractory coatings, electrically conductive coatings for EMI protection or lightening strike protection, ablative coatings, etc.
- thermoset coatings such as phenolic coatings, radar absorbing coatings, electrochromic coatings, chemically resistant coatings, refractory coatings, electrically conductive coatings for EMI protection or lightening strike protection, ablative coatings, etc.
- Any material into which the fibers, exposed in accordance with this invention, may be embedded may be reliably attached to the underlying structure into which said fibers are continuous.
- the bonding of two relatively stiff structures which may move relative to each other may require a flexible joint in order to reduce joint loads to within safe limits
- a landing gear or engine attachment to a fuselage might fall into this category.
- Provision, in accordance with this invention, of exposed fiber at the surfaces of the parts to be connected allows the creation of an elastomeric joint between otherwise relatively rigid structures. Integration of the exposed fibers of each structure into such an elastomeric joint provides not only joint attachment reliability but also the possibility of carrying substantial tensile loads through such a joint.
- Elastomeric connections of prior art have primarily used elastomeric elements in compression. In cases where loads reverse direction, redundant elastomeric elements have been required, with only one or the other elastomeric element carrying a load at any one time.
- some of the structural fibers that comprise the reinforcement of a wing, wherein they are embedded in a rigid polymer matrix might extend there from in exposed form through a zone of desired flexibility, into an aileron wherein they are embedded again in a rigid polymer matrix.
- the zone of exposed fiber would thus act as a hinge means and might be used with or without subsequent embedment in a flexible matrix such as elastomeric epoxy.
- one or more sheets of reinforcing fabric may be selectively infused with resin and resin blocking substance in a pattern which provides for features desired in a cured component made there from.
- Such selective infusion may be accomplished by screen printing or ink jet printing, for example.
- Such sheets may then be assembled and cured after which zones with resin blocking substance may be washed clean of such substance and used to form hinges, with or without the addition of infused elastomer, as well as bonds.
- a 5 cm length of carbon fiber yarn might be infused 1 cm on each end with rigid (non-plasticized) PVA, with the PVA further formed into sharp ends.
- This yarn might then be formed into the shape of a common paper staple with legs of 2 cm length. All of the non-PVA infused yarn would then be infused with resin and cured to a rigid form.
- Such a staple could be inserted through the thickness of a prepreg laminate, with the sharp PVA infused ends extending into a penetrable elastomeric pad similar to that used during the curing of structures incorporating Z-pins. After laminate curing, the PVA could be dissolved and the fibers at the ends of the “staple” spread out and glued to the surface of the laminate.
- a zone of thermal gradient may be established normal to a desired boundary between resin impregnated fiber and non-resin impregnated fiber.
- a molten resin blocking substance such as paraffin may be supplied to the reinforcing fibers near the higher temperature end of the thermal gradient zone.
- the resin blocking substance, such as paraffin will wet the heated fibers and follow the fibers by capillary action to a boundary where the temperature of the fiber causes solidification of the paraffin and cessation of capillary transport. Subsequent resin infusion of the portion of fiber not infused with paraffin results in a distinct resin boundary within the fiber matrix. Curing of the resin may be carried out at temperatures below the melting point of the resin blocking substance such as paraffin.
- the paraffin may be removed by vacuum sublimation followed by solution in citric acid solution, for example.
- This sequence leaves exposed non-resin infused fibers which may be readily incorporated into a secondary joint.
- the marginal edges of two adjoining parts may be joined by overlapping or otherwise interlocking the exposed fibers of each part followed by resin infusion of the zone of interlocked fibers.
- the resulting structure benefits from continuity of reinforcement through the joint.
- a solution of plasticized polyvinyl alcohol may be used to infuse a zone of fiber and to create a barrier for use in controlling the subsequent infusion of resin.
- the plasticized PVA forms a flexible and heat resistant barrier which selectively blocks resin infusion during heated cure cycles, which may involve exothermically curing resin systems.
- the PVA may be dissolved with warm water to leave exposed fibers which are useful for construction of subsequent joints.
- a metal or alloy of metals may be infused under temperature gradient control into a fiber matrix.
- the remaining, non-metal infused, portion of the fiber matrix may subsequently be resin infused and the resin cured.
- Removal of the metal if desired, may be accomplished by melting, chemical corrosion, or electrochemical removal. For certain applications the metal may be left in place to provide enhanced electrical properties, for example.
- a soluble flexible sheet may anchor short lengths of fiber oriented primarily normal to the plane of the elastomeric sheet. Such a sheet may be applied to the surface of an uncured composite structure and left in place during curing. Subsequent to curing, the flexible sheet may be dissolved, leaving exposed fibers protruding from the surface of the cured composite structure.
- a fabric of soluble fiber such as PVA may be used in a manner similar to the supporting or ground fabric of carpet or velour. Reinforcing yarns, of carbon fiber for example, may subsequently be inserted and attached in accordance with conventional manufacturing techniques for carpets or incorporated as the looped fabric element of velour.
- the supporting or ground fabric surface may then be sealed with a flexible soluble filler, such as PVA.
- a fabric may then be applied to the surface of an uncured composite structure, with the exposed reinforcing fibers oriented towards the underlying structure.
- Resin to be cured may be pre-impregnated into such a fabric or may be infused into the fabric and the composite structure as a whole in accordance with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding practice, for example. After curing of the composite article, the soluble fabric and soluble filler would be dissolved, leaving exposed reinforcing fibers for subsequent use.
- a soluble polymer film such as PVA compound in a softened and adhesive state
- a soluble polymer film may have joint reinforcing fibers inserted therein endwise by means of electrostatic flocking.
- Electrostatic flocking has been used to insert in excess of 150,000 fibers per square inch.
- the resulting flexible fiber bearing sheet may be applied to a surface of an uncured composite article, which surface is intended for subsequent bonding. In such a configuration, the non-fiber bearing face of the flexible polymer film would remain exposed while the fibers protruding there from would be pressed into and intermingled with the underlying fibers of the composite article.
- the aforementioned steps may occur either before or after introduction of the resin with which the article is ultimately infused.
- the soluble polymer film may be dissolved and rinsed away, leaving a fuzzy surface well suited for subsequent adhesive bonding or for coating.
- joint reinforcing fibers may be applied in a purposely non-uniform orientation such as by means of pneumatic flocking.
- a soluble adhesive may be used secure flocked joint reinforcing fibers to a sheet such as cloth woven from PVA fibers.
- a soluble adhesive may be used to secure flocked joint reinforcing fibers to a non-soluble sheet to be mechanically removed at a later manufacturing stage by peeling, for example.
- flocking with or without an electrostatic component, may be used to apply joint reinforcing fibers directly to the surface of a composite article after resin infusion of said article but prior to curing.
- Such a method eliminates the rinse step and may be useful in conjunction with articles fabricated by wet lay-up methods.
- the surface to feature exposed joint reinforcing fibers would not be conventionally vacuum bagged, but would instead be held at a gas pressure sufficient to balance the combined effects of surface tension and resin hydrostatic pressure.
- the gas pressure is allowed to be atmospheric pressure, control would be by means of resin hydrostatic pressure and design control of the wetting characteristics of the joint reinforcing fiber.
- the wetting characteristics of the joint reinforcing fabric would preferably be selected so as to completely wet the underlying structural fibers while only partially wetting the joint reinforcing fibers, based on surface energy, fiber diameter, and fiber spacing.
- a joint reinforcing fabric may be applied to the to-later-be-joined exterior surfaces of a composite article.
- Said joint reinforcing fabric would have controlled wetting characteristics, such that the underlying structural reinforcing fibers would be thoroughly wet out at a predetermined resin hydrostatic pressure, while the joint reinforcing fabric would become only partially wetted.
- the to-later-be-joined exterior surfaces would feature partially embedded joint reinforcement fibers.
- a joint may be provided in which one or more components are match molded to each other.
- a laminate or sandwich structure may be built to include one or more surface zones wherein the outer fibers are protected by a resin blocking substance.
- additional structures may be built thereon which incorporate corresponding zones of resin blocked fiber in a back-to-back configuration with resin blocked fiber elements of the first structure.
- the structures may be disassembled from each other and their respective bonding zones cleaned of resin blocking substance.
- Such disassembly may be useful or required for the removal of mandrels or the insertion of other components, for example.
- the structures may subsequently be reassembled and adhesively bonded to each other with an assured fit.
- inert wedges may be used to beneficially position, relative to each other, the marginal edges of a plurality of reinforcing plies.
- Such reinforcing plies are preferably through-thickness resin blocked within their length in contact with the wedges, except with the possible exception of the zones nearest the narrow ends of the wedges. In this manner, the fibers will fan out into a dovetail groove where they may be secured by a secondary resin infusion process.
- a thermal gradient may be used to directly control resin infusion in order to establish a desired resin infusion configuration or extent.
- a radiation source may be used in order to fix the resin in position while maintaining a sufficiently low temperature to prevent resin migration. Electron beam curing is preferred because of controllability and penetration. Ultra-violet, X-ray, and Gamma ray curing would also be suitable. In the case of curing with ultraviolet light, glass fibers may be configured to both direct light and to provide structural reinforcement.
- an assembly of reinforcing fabric may be infused in conjunction with the presence of curing radiation provided at locations of intended lack of infusion.
- resin approaching the radiation source may be caused to cure, forming a dam that prevents further resin penetration.
- an ultraviolet light source may be used to create a resin barrier just beneath the uppermost fibers on a selected surface of an article being infused.
- the resin dam thus created provides un-infused fibers that may be beneficially used to adhere other components or special coatings.
- Such a radiation cure of near surface resin may be immediately followed by a thermal cure of the remaining resin. Using prior art techniques, the drop in viscosity with the onset of exothermic cure would make controlled limiting of resin infusion unlikely.
- a thermal gradient may be used to control the extent of infusion of a thermoplastic into a fiber matrix. Subsequent infusion of thermoset resin into the remainder of the fiber matrix can then be used to yield a part which may be thermally bonded to another such part with continuity of fiber reinforcement across the resin interfaces.
- This method combines the high glass transition temperature and favorable structural properties of thermoset resins with the weldability of thermoplastic parts.
- joint reinforcing fibers is meant to include fibers the function of which is to adhere a coating system to an article.
- resin is meant to include any polymerizable or cross-linkable compound which, when cured, provides a useful matrix connecting the fiber matrix from within. Examples include epoxy resins, polyester resins, acrylic resins, phenolic resins, vinyl resins, polyamides, silicones, and bis-maleimides.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are photos of a braided glass cord depicting a zone which was resin blocked using paraffin wax infused under a controlled thermal gradient and from which the paraffin was subsequently removed by vacuum sublimation and subsequent solution.
- FIG. 3 is a photo of a carbon fabric, from left to right, untreated, the PVA infused surface, and the surface opposite the PVA infused surface.
- FIG. 4 is a photo of a carbon fabric, from left to right, untreated, the PVA infused surface, and the surface opposite the PVA infused surface.
- FIG. 5 is an example time-temperature diagram of a process in accordance with one aspect of this invention.
- FIGS. 6 a and 6 b are scanning electron micrographs of carbon fibers exposed on the surface of a cured composite structure prepared in accordance with one aspect of this invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the infusion of reinforcing fabric with resin blocking substance in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic illustrating the controlled end-wise infusion of a resin blocking substance in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is an illustration of a unidirectional reinforcing tape prepared in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 illustrates a joint connecting previously cured laminates in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.
- FIGS. 11 a through 11 e illustrate the sequence of construction of a joint between a strut and a honeycomb sandwich structure in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 12 a and 12 b illustrate the preparation of a stepped lap joint in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 a through 13 d illustrates the steps by which a dovetail joint may be produced in accordance with the present invention.
- a braided glass fiber cord at an initial temperature of 20 deg C has been momentarily dipped in molten paraffin so as to allow infusion (wicking) of the molten paraffin to an intended future resin boundary.
- the infusion extends to a boundary 2 at which the molten paraffin dropped in temperature sufficiently to begin solidification and ceases to infuse.
- a transient temperature gradient thus controlled the extent of paraffin infusion.
- the paraffin in this case was used as a resin blocking substance.
- the specimen shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 was subsequently cooled to solidify the paraffin, infused with epoxy resin which that was then allowed to cure, and then cleaned of paraffin by sublimation and solution.
- the infusion of epoxy resin was precisely controlled by the paraffin infusion boundary 2 between glass fiber infused with subsequently cured epoxy resin 3 and non-infused glass fiber 1 .
- Such an arrangement is useful for a wide variety of fiber reinforced composite articles that are to be subsequently bonded, or for which flexible non-infused fibers may serve other purposes such as for flexure, heat transfer, or bonding of special purpose coatings thereto.
- a square woven carbon fiber cloth is shown on the left side of the photo.
- the center portion of the photo shows one surface of the same woven carbon fiber cloth infused with plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) under conditions of a through-thickness temperature gradient.
- the left hand portion of the photo of FIG. 3 shows the surface of the cloth opposite the surface from which the PVA was infused. This was the cold surface.
- the through-thickness temperature gradient caused the PVA to gel and cease infusion at the intended boundary within the material.
- a specimen was thus produced which may be used as the outermost layer of reinforcement, at a portion of a surface to be subsequently bonded, of a fiber reinforced component.
- the exposed fibers would be incorporated directly into the component, while the PVA infused fibers would be protected or blocked from resin infusion until after the resin was cured and could no longer migrate, after which the PVA could be removed with hot water at any time prior to final assembly and bonding.
- the PVA treated fabric of the type shown in FIG. 3 may also be infused with resin and then partially cured or gelled to provide a pre-preg material suitable for use on to-be-subsequently-bonded-or-coated surfaces of articles built up using pre-preg materials.
- FIG. 4 a woven glass fiber cloth is shown.
- the left hand portion of the photo shows untreated fabric
- the middle portion of the photo shows the PVA treated surface
- the right hand side of the photo shows the surface opposite the PVA treated side. All of the description relating to FIG. 3 also applies to FIG. 4 , except for the difference in fabric material; i.e., carbon for FIG. 3 and glass for FIG. 4 .
- a melting point reduced resin blocking substance is prepared.
- a cold drum or other suitable heat transfer surface is temperature controlled to a temperature below the gel point of the melting point reduced resin blocking substance. Note that the aforementioned stage is preparatory in nature and that the following fabric treatment stages are generally suitable for a continuous process flow.
- Fabric is brought into tight contact with the cold drum while molten melting point reduced resin blocking substance is brought into contact, by dipping for example, with the fabric.
- the melting point reduced resin blocking substance may be, for example, PVA in aqueous solution.
- PVA if used, is preferably plasticized with 1 to 3% glycerol or ethylene glycol in order to provide flexibility to the infused fabric.
- the temperature gradient required in order to infuse then stop the resin blocking substance may be either transient or steady state in nature or a combination thereof. A temperature gradient of some type is, in any case, a salient feature of this process.
- the fabric is used as intended in order to provide exposed fibers at the surface of a resin infused fiber reinforced component.
- the curing of such fiber reinforced components may require elevated curing temperatures which would have caused the original melting point reduced resin blocking substance to melt.
- the dry form of the resin blocking substance is, conversely, compatible with such elevated temperature cure cycles.
- the resin blocking substance may be dissolved or otherwise removed from the surface of the component in order to provide exposed fibers to which a reliable bond may be readily achieved. It should be noted that it may be desirable to transport and store such components with the resin blocking substance still in place in order to prevent damage to or contamination of the to-be-bonded fibers.
- FIGS. 6 a and 6 b exposed carbon fibers within the surface of a square woven carbon fiber fabric are shown in scanning electron micrographs.
- This specimen was prepared by the use of thermal gradient controlled infusion of melting point reduced plasticized PVA into the surface of the fabric shown.
- the fabric prepared in accordance with this invention was then incorporated with its resin blocked fibers toward the surface as the outermost layer of a multi-layer laminate. Infusion of epoxy resin into the fibers shown in the electron micrographs of FIGS. 6 a and 6 b was thus prevented. After curing of the epoxy the resin blocking PVA compound was removed with hot water.
- This specimen provides a surface which provides continuity of reinforcement from within the specimen into subsequently applied adhesives or coatings.
- FIG. 7 the dipping stage of FIG. 5 is illustrated.
- Fabric 4 is held against cold drum 5 by tension.
- Applicator roll 6 applies a resin blocking substance such as melting point reduced plasticized PVA to the surface of the fabric.
- the dew point in the vicinity of the cold drum should be held below the temperature of the cold drum. Condensed water on the cold drum could wick into the fabric and come into contact with the resin blocking substance, further depressing its melting point and causing uncontrolled infusion of the resin blocking substance into the fabric.
- the speed and temperature of the cold drum may be controlled in order to obtain optimum penetration of the resin blocking substance. Approximately 50% through thickness penetration may be desirable for many applications.
- a dryer 7 renders the coated fabric non-sticky and suitable for handling, storage, and subsequent resin infusion or coating application. It should be noted that flexible coatings may be applied to the non-resin-blocked surface of the fabric prior to incorporation into the final article. In such case the resin blocking substance would be dissolved prior to assembly.
- FIG. 8 a process is illustrated wherein a temperature gradient is established in order to control edgewise infusion of a resin blocking substance into the edge or end of a sheet fabric.
- Heat sink 8 creates a cold zone within fabric 4 in order to limit infusion of resin blocking substance 9 .
- fabric 4 is infused on its end with resin blocking substance 9 to form a resin blocker infused zone 11 .
- the fabric may then be assembled, infused with resin and cured in order to form a laminate 12 with edges 13 suitable for creation of high strength interleaved joints 14 .
- the blocking substance may be removed from the edges of the fabric in order to allow interleaving and adhesive of the fabric layers.
- FIGS. 11 a , 11 b , 11 c , 11 d , and 11 e the salient steps for bonding a rib to a honeycomb panel are illustrated.
- FIG. 11 a shows the application of a prepared strip of fabric 20 which is resin blocked on one surface 20 a and infused with pre-preg resin on the other surface 20 b .
- the pre-preg surface 20 b is applied to the uncured honeycomb structure 21 which is also of pre-preg construction.
- FIG. 11 b shows the arrangement of peel ply 17 , breather 18 and vacuum bag 19 relative to the prepared strip of fabric 20 .
- FIG. 11 c shows the removal, after curing, of the resin blocking substance.
- FIG. 11 a shows the application of a prepared strip of fabric 20 which is resin blocked on one surface 20 a and infused with pre-preg resin on the other surface 20 b .
- the pre-preg surface 20 b is applied to the uncured honeycomb structure 21 which is also of pre-pre
- FIG. 11 d shows the application of strip (B-stage) adhesive 15 between the aforementioned prepared surface and the similarly prepared surface of a rib 16 .
- FIG. 11 e illustrates the arrangement of peel ply, breather and vacuum bag relative to the prepared joint in preparation for curing of the joining adhesive.
- Laminate 22 a is co-cured with bonding prepared bonding strip 20 a .
- Laminate 22 b is likewise co-cured with bonding strip 20 b .
- the joint is completed by removal of the resin blocking substance from bonding strips 20 a and 20 b and the application and curing of adhesive.
- Adhesive may be of any suitable variety such as liquid, gel, paste, or B-stage sheet adhesive. In the case of sheet adhesive, vacuum bag curing as illustrated in FIG. 11 e might be used.
- FIGS. 13 a , 13 b , 13 c , and 13 d the construction of a dovetail joint is illustrated wherein fibers are continuous from within a cured component 23 into a dovetail receptacle 24 within structure 33 .
- the portion of the reinforcing fibers which are to form the dovetail connection 31 a , 31 b , 31 c , 31 d , and 31 e are infused with resin blocking substance prior to curing of component 23 .
- Spaces 28 a , 28 b , 28 c , 28 d , and 28 e may be blocked with elastomeric wedges, for example, during resin infusion and curing of component 23 .
- FIG. 13 c illustrates an example curing arrangement which provides for evacuation of receptacle 24 and subsequent resin infusion.
- Vacuum/resin injection line 30 is connected to cavity 24 which is sealed by gum tape 32 .
- each of the connection means as herein disclosed and described ii) the related methods disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these devices and methods, iv) those alternative designs which accomplish each of the functions shown as are disclosed and described, v) those alternative designs and methods which accomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplish that which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, and step shown as separate and independent inventions, vii) the applications enhanced by the various systems or components disclosed, viii) the resulting products produced by such systems or components, ix) methods and apparatuses substantially as described hereinbefore and with reference to any of the accompanying examples, x) the various combinations and permutations of each of the elements disclosed, xi) each potentially dependent claim or concept as a dependency on each and every one of the independent claims or concepts presented, and xxii) the various combinations and permutations of each of the above.
Abstract
The invention relates to joined fiber reinforced composite structures with continuity of fiber reinforcement across adhesive-to-substrate boundaries. Use of a thermal gradient to control the extent of infusion of resin blocking substances into fiber reinforced material, and subsequent resin infusion and resin blocking substance removal, during manufacture of components to be subsequently bonded, provides partially exposed reinforcing fibers which serve to reinforce a subsequently formed joint or boundary.
Description
- This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/792,903 filed Jun. 8, 2007 (published on Mar. 12, 2009 as 2009/0068365A1 and issued on Jun. 25, 2013 as patent number 8470404), which itself is the United States national phase patent application of, and claims priority to International Application No. PCT/US2005/031243, filed 31 Aug. 2005, published on Mar. 9, 2006 as WO 2006/026734, which itself is an application claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application 60/606,231, filed 31 Aug. 2004, each of said applications incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
- The present invention relates to connection of fiber reinforced structures, in particular the provision of exposed non-resin infused fiber at edges or surfaces of fiber reinforced components, which fiber may be beneficially used to reinforce subsequently formed joints between or to such fiber reinforced components.
- Most adhesively bonded joints in fiber reinforced composites lack any continuity of reinforcement, with the notable exception of Z-pin technology such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,821,368 B2 to Benson et al. Continuity of fiber reinforcement across joints is desirable because the fiber reinforcement is far stronger than the polymer matrix and is stronger yet compared to adhesively bonded joints within a polymer matrix. Polymer joints lacking fiber reinforcement can be expected to lack the inherent fatigue resistance of fiber reinforced structures. Additionally, adhesively bonded joints between polymer structures are subject to environmental degradation. Cured resin systems of composite components leave relatively few sites for chemical bonding to occur when the article is later joined in a secondary bonding step. These limitations of conventional adhesively bonded joints in fiber reinforced composites have been well documented by:
- J. M. Koyler, et al, Intl. SAMPE Tech. Conf. Series. 45, 365 (2000)
- D. M. Gleich, et al, Intl. SAMPE Tech. Conf. Series. 45, 818 (2000)
- R. H. Bossi, R. L. Nereberg. Intl. SAMPE Tech. Conf. Series. 45, 1787 (2000)
- Heselhurst R. B. Joining Composite Structures, Tutorial notes SAMPE 2001.
- The above mentioned references are hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,059 to Jacaruso et al discloses partial embedment of reinforcing fabric in thermoplastic materials for subsequent connection of thermoset composite structures, but without fiber continuity through the completed thermoset/thermoplastic/thermoset joints suggested therein. The various processes for increasing the surface energy and availability of potential bond sites are labor intensive, expensive, of dubious reliability, and are subject to reversal by brief environmental exposure.
- The benefits of z-axis fibers within individual composite articles are known. For example, individual plies of pre-preg material have been treated with flocked fibers in order to obtain improved inter-laminar strength. Three dimensional woven pre-forms have also been used. An example of such 3 dimensional woven pre-forms is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,099 B2 to Schmidt et al. Although such structures may provide superior Z axis delamination resistance within integrally cured components, such structures do not in themselves provide for increased adhesive joint strength. Several methods for providing reinforcement across joints have been proposed in the past. These include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,879,492 and 6,645,610 B1 to Reis and Wong which disclose the use of peel ply sheets which, when peeled from the cured composite, are intended to leave embedded in the composite structure, fibers which are intended to reinforce a subsequent adhesive joint. The use of both co-woven and flocked fibers is disclosed. Such systems result in the conflicting requirements for good wetting properties of the fibers to be left behind in the cured resin, and for good release properties of the fiber to be peeled away.
- Obviously, this would not work well with a single type of fiber with a single type of surface treatment. Furthermore, release agents that might be applied to the fibers to be peeled may be prone to migrate during cure onto the fibers to be embedded, thus diminishing the strength and reliability of any adhesive joint which such embedded fibers are intended to reinforce.
- Electro-statically flocked carbon fibers have also been used for the purpose of enhancing heat transfer from electrical components and for heat transfer in Stirling engines.
- It is an object of one aspect of this invention to provide high strength connections between various fiber-reinforced structural components. For example, the interior of an aircraft fuselage structure might be provided with a generally circular zone of exposed fibers for the purpose of being adhesively bonded to a pressure bulkhead with its fuselage-fitting perimeter featuring similarly exposed fibers. Upon bonding, fibers continuous from within the fuselage structure are commingled and co-embedded in cured adhesive with fibers continuous from within the pressure bulkhead structure. The integrity of the combined structure is thus enhanced by continuity of fiber across the adhesive-to-cured-resin interfaces and thus does not rely on the strength of the adhesive-to-cured-resin bonds and also does not rely on the strength of un-reinforced adhesive. Loads may be reliably transferred from fiber to resin to fiber without the requirement for tensile load transfer across adhesive bond lines. Stresses within the adhesive itself are also reduced in accordance with the degree of fiber overlap achieved within the adhesive. Fiber overlap may be tailored to load requirements. For example, opposing electro-statically flocked bonding strips might be used in order to maximize the proportion of Z-axis fiber alignment within the joint. Connections with predominately shear loads might be adequately provided with partial exposure of woven reinforcing fabrics. Knitted fabrics would be expected to provide joint properties intermediate to those provided by flocked bonding strips and square woven fabric.
- It is an object of an aspect of a further embodiment of this invention to provide a high strength connection between an underlying structure and a coating system. For example, a composite spacecraft structure might include surface zones of exposed fiber corresponding to zones of maximum reentry heating. Insulating refractory materials such as silica foam or alumina fiber may be readily attached to such a surface with adhesives such as RTV silicone elastomer. In this manner, the adhesive may be reliably attached to the underlying composite structure without reliance on a chemical bond to a cured resin surface which may be relatively chemically inert. Other example coating systems to which this invention is applicable include epoxy paint, elastomeric coatings, thermoplastic coatings, thermoset coatings such as phenolic coatings, radar absorbing coatings, electrochromic coatings, chemically resistant coatings, refractory coatings, electrically conductive coatings for EMI protection or lightening strike protection, ablative coatings, etc. Any material into which the fibers, exposed in accordance with this invention, may be embedded may be reliably attached to the underlying structure into which said fibers are continuous.
- It is an object of a further aspect of this invention to provide a high strength, yet flexible, connection between several structural components. For example, the bonding of two relatively stiff structures which may move relative to each other may require a flexible joint in order to reduce joint loads to within safe limits A landing gear or engine attachment to a fuselage might fall into this category. Provision, in accordance with this invention, of exposed fiber at the surfaces of the parts to be connected allows the creation of an elastomeric joint between otherwise relatively rigid structures. Integration of the exposed fibers of each structure into such an elastomeric joint provides not only joint attachment reliability but also the possibility of carrying substantial tensile loads through such a joint. Elastomeric connections of prior art have primarily used elastomeric elements in compression. In cases where loads reverse direction, redundant elastomeric elements have been required, with only one or the other elastomeric element carrying a load at any one time.
- It is a further object of this invention to provide, within a zone of desired structural flexibility, a flexible matrix around fibers that may be generally continuous between two or more relatively articulated structural elements. For example, some of the structural fibers that comprise the reinforcement of a wing, wherein they are embedded in a rigid polymer matrix, might extend there from in exposed form through a zone of desired flexibility, into an aileron wherein they are embedded again in a rigid polymer matrix. The zone of exposed fiber would thus act as a hinge means and might be used with or without subsequent embedment in a flexible matrix such as elastomeric epoxy.
- In accordance with a further aspect of the aforementioned embodiment of this invention, one or more sheets of reinforcing fabric may be selectively infused with resin and resin blocking substance in a pattern which provides for features desired in a cured component made there from. Such selective infusion may be accomplished by screen printing or ink jet printing, for example. Such sheets may then be assembled and cured after which zones with resin blocking substance may be washed clean of such substance and used to form hinges, with or without the addition of infused elastomer, as well as bonds.
- It is a further object of this invention to provide improved discrete fasteners particularly advantageous for the connection of fiber reinforced structures, equivalent, for example, to nails, staples, or rivets. For example, a 5 cm length of carbon fiber yarn might be infused 1 cm on each end with rigid (non-plasticized) PVA, with the PVA further formed into sharp ends. This yarn might then be formed into the shape of a common paper staple with legs of 2 cm length. All of the non-PVA infused yarn would then be infused with resin and cured to a rigid form. Such a staple could be inserted through the thickness of a prepreg laminate, with the sharp PVA infused ends extending into a penetrable elastomeric pad similar to that used during the curing of structures incorporating Z-pins. After laminate curing, the PVA could be dissolved and the fibers at the ends of the “staple” spread out and glued to the surface of the laminate.
- According to one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a zone of thermal gradient may be established normal to a desired boundary between resin impregnated fiber and non-resin impregnated fiber. A molten resin blocking substance such as paraffin may be supplied to the reinforcing fibers near the higher temperature end of the thermal gradient zone. The resin blocking substance, such as paraffin, will wet the heated fibers and follow the fibers by capillary action to a boundary where the temperature of the fiber causes solidification of the paraffin and cessation of capillary transport. Subsequent resin infusion of the portion of fiber not infused with paraffin results in a distinct resin boundary within the fiber matrix. Curing of the resin may be carried out at temperatures below the melting point of the resin blocking substance such as paraffin. After the resin is cured, the paraffin may be removed by vacuum sublimation followed by solution in citric acid solution, for example. This sequence leaves exposed non-resin infused fibers which may be readily incorporated into a secondary joint. For example, the marginal edges of two adjoining parts may be joined by overlapping or otherwise interlocking the exposed fibers of each part followed by resin infusion of the zone of interlocked fibers. The resulting structure benefits from continuity of reinforcement through the joint.
- According to an aspect of another embodiment of the present invention a solution of plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) may be used to infuse a zone of fiber and to create a barrier for use in controlling the subsequent infusion of resin. After solidification, the plasticized PVA forms a flexible and heat resistant barrier which selectively blocks resin infusion during heated cure cycles, which may involve exothermically curing resin systems. Upon curing of the resin system, the PVA may be dissolved with warm water to leave exposed fibers which are useful for construction of subsequent joints.
- According to a further aspect of one embodiment of this invention, a metal or alloy of metals may be infused under temperature gradient control into a fiber matrix. The remaining, non-metal infused, portion of the fiber matrix may subsequently be resin infused and the resin cured. Removal of the metal, if desired, may be accomplished by melting, chemical corrosion, or electrochemical removal. For certain applications the metal may be left in place to provide enhanced electrical properties, for example.
- According to a further aspect of this invention a soluble flexible sheet may anchor short lengths of fiber oriented primarily normal to the plane of the elastomeric sheet. Such a sheet may be applied to the surface of an uncured composite structure and left in place during curing. Subsequent to curing, the flexible sheet may be dissolved, leaving exposed fibers protruding from the surface of the cured composite structure.
- According to one aspect of a further embodiment of this invention, a fabric of soluble fiber such as PVA may be used in a manner similar to the supporting or ground fabric of carpet or velour. Reinforcing yarns, of carbon fiber for example, may subsequently be inserted and attached in accordance with conventional manufacturing techniques for carpets or incorporated as the looped fabric element of velour. The supporting or ground fabric surface may then be sealed with a flexible soluble filler, such as PVA. Such a fabric may then be applied to the surface of an uncured composite structure, with the exposed reinforcing fibers oriented towards the underlying structure. Resin to be cured may be pre-impregnated into such a fabric or may be infused into the fabric and the composite structure as a whole in accordance with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding practice, for example. After curing of the composite article, the soluble fabric and soluble filler would be dissolved, leaving exposed reinforcing fibers for subsequent use.
- Alternatively, in accordance with a further aspect of an embodiment of this invention, a soluble polymer film, such as PVA compound in a softened and adhesive state, may have joint reinforcing fibers inserted therein endwise by means of electrostatic flocking. Electrostatic flocking has been used to insert in excess of 150,000 fibers per square inch. Upon hardening of the polymer film, the resulting flexible fiber bearing sheet may be applied to a surface of an uncured composite article, which surface is intended for subsequent bonding. In such a configuration, the non-fiber bearing face of the flexible polymer film would remain exposed while the fibers protruding there from would be pressed into and intermingled with the underlying fibers of the composite article. The aforementioned steps may occur either before or after introduction of the resin with which the article is ultimately infused. Upon curing of the resin infused article, the soluble polymer film may be dissolved and rinsed away, leaving a fuzzy surface well suited for subsequent adhesive bonding or for coating.
- In accordance with a further aspect of the above mentioned embodiment of the present invention, joint reinforcing fibers may be applied in a purposely non-uniform orientation such as by means of pneumatic flocking.
- In accordance with a further aspect of the above mentioned embodiments, a soluble adhesive may be used secure flocked joint reinforcing fibers to a sheet such as cloth woven from PVA fibers.
- In accordance with a further aspect of the above mentioned embodiments, a soluble adhesive may be used to secure flocked joint reinforcing fibers to a non-soluble sheet to be mechanically removed at a later manufacturing stage by peeling, for example.
- In accordance with a further aspect of this invention, flocking, with or without an electrostatic component, may be used to apply joint reinforcing fibers directly to the surface of a composite article after resin infusion of said article but prior to curing. Such a method eliminates the rinse step and may be useful in conjunction with articles fabricated by wet lay-up methods. In this case, the surface to feature exposed joint reinforcing fibers would not be conventionally vacuum bagged, but would instead be held at a gas pressure sufficient to balance the combined effects of surface tension and resin hydrostatic pressure. I case the gas pressure is allowed to be atmospheric pressure, control would be by means of resin hydrostatic pressure and design control of the wetting characteristics of the joint reinforcing fiber. The wetting characteristics of the joint reinforcing fabric would preferably be selected so as to completely wet the underlying structural fibers while only partially wetting the joint reinforcing fibers, based on surface energy, fiber diameter, and fiber spacing.
- In accordance with a further aspect of this invention, a joint reinforcing fabric may be applied to the to-later-be-joined exterior surfaces of a composite article. Said joint reinforcing fabric would have controlled wetting characteristics, such that the underlying structural reinforcing fibers would be thoroughly wet out at a predetermined resin hydrostatic pressure, while the joint reinforcing fabric would become only partially wetted. Upon first stage curing of the composite article, the to-later-be-joined exterior surfaces would feature partially embedded joint reinforcement fibers.
- In accordance with one aspect of a further embodiment of this invention, a joint may be provided in which one or more components are match molded to each other. For example, a laminate or sandwich structure may be built to include one or more surface zones wherein the outer fibers are protected by a resin blocking substance. Either before or after curing of such a structure, additional structures may be built thereon which incorporate corresponding zones of resin blocked fiber in a back-to-back configuration with resin blocked fiber elements of the first structure. Upon curing of such assembled structures in their respective assembled positions, the structures may be disassembled from each other and their respective bonding zones cleaned of resin blocking substance. Such disassembly may be useful or required for the removal of mandrels or the insertion of other components, for example. After removal of resin blocking substance, the structures may subsequently be reassembled and adhesively bonded to each other with an assured fit.
- In accordance with a further aspect of one embodiment of this invention, inert wedges may be used to beneficially position, relative to each other, the marginal edges of a plurality of reinforcing plies. Such reinforcing plies are preferably through-thickness resin blocked within their length in contact with the wedges, except with the possible exception of the zones nearest the narrow ends of the wedges. In this manner, the fibers will fan out into a dovetail groove where they may be secured by a secondary resin infusion process.
- In accordance with a further aspect of this invention, a thermal gradient may be used to directly control resin infusion in order to establish a desired resin infusion configuration or extent. In order to cure the resin without disturbing the resin configuration, a radiation source may be used in order to fix the resin in position while maintaining a sufficiently low temperature to prevent resin migration. Electron beam curing is preferred because of controllability and penetration. Ultra-violet, X-ray, and Gamma ray curing would also be suitable. In the case of curing with ultraviolet light, glass fibers may be configured to both direct light and to provide structural reinforcement.
- In accordance with one aspect of a further embodiment of this invention, an assembly of reinforcing fabric may be infused in conjunction with the presence of curing radiation provided at locations of intended lack of infusion. In this manner, resin approaching the radiation source may be caused to cure, forming a dam that prevents further resin penetration. For example, an ultraviolet light source may be used to create a resin barrier just beneath the uppermost fibers on a selected surface of an article being infused. The resin dam thus created provides un-infused fibers that may be beneficially used to adhere other components or special coatings. Such a radiation cure of near surface resin may be immediately followed by a thermal cure of the remaining resin. Using prior art techniques, the drop in viscosity with the onset of exothermic cure would make controlled limiting of resin infusion unlikely.
- In accordance with a further embodiment of one aspect of the present invention, a thermal gradient may be used to control the extent of infusion of a thermoplastic into a fiber matrix. Subsequent infusion of thermoset resin into the remainder of the fiber matrix can then be used to yield a part which may be thermally bonded to another such part with continuity of fiber reinforcement across the resin interfaces. This method combines the high glass transition temperature and favorable structural properties of thermoset resins with the weldability of thermoplastic parts.
- The terms “joint reinforcing fibers” is meant to include fibers the function of which is to adhere a coating system to an article. The term “resin” is meant to include any polymerizable or cross-linkable compound which, when cured, provides a useful matrix connecting the fiber matrix from within. Examples include epoxy resins, polyester resins, acrylic resins, phenolic resins, vinyl resins, polyamides, silicones, and bis-maleimides.
-
FIGS. 1 and 2 are photos of a braided glass cord depicting a zone which was resin blocked using paraffin wax infused under a controlled thermal gradient and from which the paraffin was subsequently removed by vacuum sublimation and subsequent solution. -
FIG. 3 is a photo of a carbon fabric, from left to right, untreated, the PVA infused surface, and the surface opposite the PVA infused surface. -
FIG. 4 is a photo of a carbon fabric, from left to right, untreated, the PVA infused surface, and the surface opposite the PVA infused surface. -
FIG. 5 is an example time-temperature diagram of a process in accordance with one aspect of this invention. -
FIGS. 6 a and 6 b are scanning electron micrographs of carbon fibers exposed on the surface of a cured composite structure prepared in accordance with one aspect of this invention. -
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the infusion of reinforcing fabric with resin blocking substance in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. -
FIG. 8 is a schematic illustrating the controlled end-wise infusion of a resin blocking substance in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. -
FIG. 9 is an illustration of a unidirectional reinforcing tape prepared in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. -
FIG. 10 illustrates a joint connecting previously cured laminates in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. -
FIGS. 11 a through 11 e illustrate the sequence of construction of a joint between a strut and a honeycomb sandwich structure in accordance with the present invention. -
FIGS. 12 a and 12 b illustrate the preparation of a stepped lap joint in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. -
FIG. 13 a through 13 d illustrates the steps by which a dovetail joint may be produced in accordance with the present invention. - Referring to
FIGS. 1 and 2 , a braided glass fiber cord at an initial temperature of 20 deg C, has been momentarily dipped in molten paraffin so as to allow infusion (wicking) of the molten paraffin to an intended future resin boundary. The infusion extends to aboundary 2 at which the molten paraffin dropped in temperature sufficiently to begin solidification and ceases to infuse. A transient temperature gradient thus controlled the extent of paraffin infusion. The paraffin in this case was used as a resin blocking substance. The specimen shown inFIGS. 1 and 2 was subsequently cooled to solidify the paraffin, infused with epoxy resin which that was then allowed to cure, and then cleaned of paraffin by sublimation and solution. The infusion of epoxy resin (under effectively isothermal conditions) was precisely controlled by theparaffin infusion boundary 2 between glass fiber infused with subsequently curedepoxy resin 3 andnon-infused glass fiber 1. Such an arrangement is useful for a wide variety of fiber reinforced composite articles that are to be subsequently bonded, or for which flexible non-infused fibers may serve other purposes such as for flexure, heat transfer, or bonding of special purpose coatings thereto. - Referring to
FIG. 3 , a square woven carbon fiber cloth is shown on the left side of the photo. The center portion of the photo shows one surface of the same woven carbon fiber cloth infused with plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) under conditions of a through-thickness temperature gradient. The left hand portion of the photo ofFIG. 3 shows the surface of the cloth opposite the surface from which the PVA was infused. This was the cold surface. The through-thickness temperature gradient caused the PVA to gel and cease infusion at the intended boundary within the material. A specimen was thus produced which may be used as the outermost layer of reinforcement, at a portion of a surface to be subsequently bonded, of a fiber reinforced component. The exposed fibers would be incorporated directly into the component, while the PVA infused fibers would be protected or blocked from resin infusion until after the resin was cured and could no longer migrate, after which the PVA could be removed with hot water at any time prior to final assembly and bonding. It should be noted that the PVA treated fabric of the type shown inFIG. 3 may also be infused with resin and then partially cured or gelled to provide a pre-preg material suitable for use on to-be-subsequently-bonded-or-coated surfaces of articles built up using pre-preg materials. - Referring to
FIG. 4 a woven glass fiber cloth is shown. The left hand portion of the photo shows untreated fabric, the middle portion of the photo shows the PVA treated surface, and the right hand side of the photo shows the surface opposite the PVA treated side. All of the description relating toFIG. 3 also applies toFIG. 4 , except for the difference in fabric material; i.e., carbon forFIG. 3 and glass forFIG. 4 . - Referring now to
FIG. 5 , the principal stages of a process sequence, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, are illustrated. Principal stages sequentially are: 1) A melting point reduced resin blocking substance is prepared. A cold drum or other suitable heat transfer surface is temperature controlled to a temperature below the gel point of the melting point reduced resin blocking substance. Note that the aforementioned stage is preparatory in nature and that the following fabric treatment stages are generally suitable for a continuous process flow. 2) Fabric is brought into tight contact with the cold drum while molten melting point reduced resin blocking substance is brought into contact, by dipping for example, with the fabric. The melting point reduced resin blocking substance may be, for example, PVA in aqueous solution. PVA, if used, is preferably plasticized with 1 to 3% glycerol or ethylene glycol in order to provide flexibility to the infused fabric. As the resin blocking substance penetrates the fabric it cools and eventually gels, at which point it ceases penetration and defines a boundary for future resin infusion from the opposite direction. It should be noted that the temperature gradient required in order to infuse then stop the resin blocking substance may be either transient or steady state in nature or a combination thereof. A temperature gradient of some type is, in any case, a salient feature of this process. 3) Additional cooling gels and temporarily secures the resin blocking substance within the fabric. 4) Drying provides a robust coating on one side of the treated fabric, allowing the fabric to be shipped, stored, and handled without damage. Note that succeeding steps are no longer directly associated with the preceding continuous-process compatible steps. 5) The fabric is used as intended in order to provide exposed fibers at the surface of a resin infused fiber reinforced component. The curing of such fiber reinforced components may require elevated curing temperatures which would have caused the original melting point reduced resin blocking substance to melt. The dry form of the resin blocking substance is, conversely, compatible with such elevated temperature cure cycles. 6) After curing of the fiber reinforced component, but anytime up until bonding to the surface of the component is required, the resin blocking substance may be dissolved or otherwise removed from the surface of the component in order to provide exposed fibers to which a reliable bond may be readily achieved. It should be noted that it may be desirable to transport and store such components with the resin blocking substance still in place in order to prevent damage to or contamination of the to-be-bonded fibers. - Referring to
FIGS. 6 a and 6 b, exposed carbon fibers within the surface of a square woven carbon fiber fabric are shown in scanning electron micrographs. This specimen was prepared by the use of thermal gradient controlled infusion of melting point reduced plasticized PVA into the surface of the fabric shown. The fabric prepared in accordance with this invention was then incorporated with its resin blocked fibers toward the surface as the outermost layer of a multi-layer laminate. Infusion of epoxy resin into the fibers shown in the electron micrographs ofFIGS. 6 a and 6 b was thus prevented. After curing of the epoxy the resin blocking PVA compound was removed with hot water. This specimen provides a surface which provides continuity of reinforcement from within the specimen into subsequently applied adhesives or coatings. - Referring to
FIG. 7 , the dipping stage ofFIG. 5 is illustrated.Fabric 4 is held againstcold drum 5 by tension. Applicator roll 6 applies a resin blocking substance such as melting point reduced plasticized PVA to the surface of the fabric. The dew point in the vicinity of the cold drum should be held below the temperature of the cold drum. Condensed water on the cold drum could wick into the fabric and come into contact with the resin blocking substance, further depressing its melting point and causing uncontrolled infusion of the resin blocking substance into the fabric. The speed and temperature of the cold drum may be controlled in order to obtain optimum penetration of the resin blocking substance. Approximately 50% through thickness penetration may be desirable for many applications. Adryer 7 renders the coated fabric non-sticky and suitable for handling, storage, and subsequent resin infusion or coating application. It should be noted that flexible coatings may be applied to the non-resin-blocked surface of the fabric prior to incorporation into the final article. In such case the resin blocking substance would be dissolved prior to assembly. - Referring to
FIG. 8 , a process is illustrated wherein a temperature gradient is established in order to control edgewise infusion of a resin blocking substance into the edge or end of a sheet fabric. Heat sink 8 creates a cold zone withinfabric 4 in order to limit infusion ofresin blocking substance 9. - Referring to
FIG. 9 ,fabric 4 is infused on its end withresin blocking substance 9 to form a resin blocker infusedzone 11. - Referring to
FIG. 10 , the fabric may then be assembled, infused with resin and cured in order to form a laminate 12 withedges 13 suitable for creation of high strength interleaved joints 14. After curing of such alaminate 12, the blocking substance may be removed from the edges of the fabric in order to allow interleaving and adhesive of the fabric layers. - Referring to
FIGS. 11 a, 11 b, 11 c, 11 d, and 11 e, the salient steps for bonding a rib to a honeycomb panel are illustrated.FIG. 11 a shows the application of a prepared strip offabric 20 which is resin blocked on onesurface 20 a and infused with pre-preg resin on theother surface 20 b. Thepre-preg surface 20 b is applied to theuncured honeycomb structure 21 which is also of pre-preg construction.FIG. 11 b shows the arrangement of peel ply 17,breather 18 andvacuum bag 19 relative to the prepared strip offabric 20.FIG. 11 c shows the removal, after curing, of the resin blocking substance.FIG. 11 d shows the application of strip (B-stage) adhesive 15 between the aforementioned prepared surface and the similarly prepared surface of arib 16.FIG. 11 e illustrates the arrangement of peel ply, breather and vacuum bag relative to the prepared joint in preparation for curing of the joining adhesive. - Referring to
FIGS. 12 a and 12 b, a stepped lap joint is illustrated in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.Laminate 22 a is co-cured with bondingprepared bonding strip 20 a.Laminate 22 b is likewise co-cured withbonding strip 20 b. The joint is completed by removal of the resin blocking substance from bondingstrips FIG. 11 e might be used. - Referring to
FIGS. 13 a, 13 b, 13 c, and 13 d, the construction of a dovetail joint is illustrated wherein fibers are continuous from within a curedcomponent 23 into adovetail receptacle 24 withinstructure 33. The portion of the reinforcing fibers which are to form thedovetail connection component 23.Spaces component 23. After curing ofcomponent 23, the resin blocking substance is removed, leavingfabric portions dovetail receptacle 24 usingguides FIG. 13 c illustrates an example curing arrangement which provides for evacuation ofreceptacle 24 and subsequent resin infusion. Vacuum/resin injection line 30 is connected tocavity 24 which is sealed bygum tape 32. - Patents, publications, or other references mentioned in this application for patent are hereby incorporated by reference. In addition, as to each term used it should be understood that unless its utilization in this application is inconsistent with such interpretation, both traditional and common dictionary definitions should be understood as incorporated for each term and all definitions, alternative terms, and synonyms such as contained in the Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, second edition are hereby incorporated by reference. Finally, all references listed in the list of References To Be Incorporated By Reference In Accordance With The Provisional Patent Application or other information statement filed with the application are hereby appended and hereby incorporated by reference, however, as to each of the above, to the extent that such information or statements incorporated by reference might be considered inconsistent with the patenting of this/these invention(s) such statements are expressly not to be considered as made by the applicant(s).
- Thus, the applicant(s) should be understood to claim at least: i) each of the connection means as herein disclosed and described, ii) the related methods disclosed and described, iii) similar, equivalent, and even implicit variations of each of these devices and methods, iv) those alternative designs which accomplish each of the functions shown as are disclosed and described, v) those alternative designs and methods which accomplish each of the functions shown as are implicit to accomplish that which is disclosed and described, vi) each feature, component, and step shown as separate and independent inventions, vii) the applications enhanced by the various systems or components disclosed, viii) the resulting products produced by such systems or components, ix) methods and apparatuses substantially as described hereinbefore and with reference to any of the accompanying examples, x) the various combinations and permutations of each of the elements disclosed, xi) each potentially dependent claim or concept as a dependency on each and every one of the independent claims or concepts presented, and xxii) the various combinations and permutations of each of the above.
- It should also be understood that for practical reasons and so as to avoid adding potentially hundreds of claims, the applicant may eventually present claims with initial dependencies only. Support should be understood to exist to the degree required under new matter laws—including but not limited to European Patent Convention Article 123(2) and United States Patent Law 35 USC 132 or other such laws—to permit the addition of any of the various dependencies or other elements presented under one independent claim or concept as dependencies or elements under any other independent claim or concept. Further, if or when used, the use of the transitional phrase “comprising” is and will be used to maintain the “open-end” claims herein, according to traditional claim interpretation. Thus, unless the context requires otherwise, it should be understood that the term “comprise” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, are intended to imply the inclusion of a stated element or step or group of elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other element or step or group of elements or steps. Such terms should be interpreted in their most expansive form so as to afford the applicant the broadest coverage legally permissible.
Claims (21)
1-11. (canceled)
12. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material comprising structural fiber with B-stage resin infused into one surface and a flexible water soluble polymer infused into the opposite surface.
13. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material comprising structural fiber infused with a soluble resin blocking substance on one surface and with free fibers on the opposite surface.
14-18. (canceled)
19. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material as described in claim 12 wherein said flexible water soluble polymer comprises PVA.
20. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material as described in claim 12 wherein said structural fiber is electrostatically flocked into said material.
21. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material as described in claim 12 wherein said structural fiber with B-stage resin infused into one surface comprises pre-preg.
22. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material as described in claim 13 wherein said soluble resin blocking substance comprises PVA.
23. A generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material as described in claim 13 wherein said structural fiber is electrostatically flocked into said material.
24. A method of providing exposed structural fibers at a surface for bonding of an article thereto, said method comprising the steps of:
establishing a generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material against the surface of a second material,
wherein said second material comprises structural fiber and B-stage resin infused into said surface thereof,
wherein said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material comprises structural fiber with B-stage resin infused into one surface and a flexible water soluble polymer infused into the opposite surface, and
wherein said step of establishing comprises the step of establishing said B-stage resin infused surface of said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material to said B-stage resin infused surface of said second material,
said method further comprising the steps of:
curing said two materials; and
removing said flexible water soluble polymer from said opposite surface of said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material, thereby exposing a portion of said structural fibers thereof at said opposite surface.
25. A method as described in claim 24 further comprising the step of bonding said article to said opposite surface having exposed fibers.
26. A method as described in claim 25 wherein said step of bonding said article comprises the step of bonding a surface of said article having exposed fibers.
27. A method as described in claim 24 wherein said B-stage resin infused surfaces both comprise pre-preg.
28. A method as described in claim 24 wherein said flexible water soluble polymer comprises PVA.
29. A method of providing exposed structural fibers at a surface for bonding of an article thereto, said method comprising the steps of:
establishing a generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material against the surface of a second material,
wherein said second material comprises structural fiber, at least some of which are exposed at a surface thereof,
wherein said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material comprises structural fiber infused with a resin blocking substance on one surface and with free fibers on the opposite surface, and
wherein said step of establishing comprises the step of establishing said opposite surface, with said free fibers, of said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material against said surface of said second material with said exposed fibers,
said method further comprising the steps of:
establishing resin between said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material and said second material;
curing said two materials; and
removing said resin blocking substance from said surface of said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material, thereby exposing a portion of said structural fibers thereof at said surface.
30. A method as described in claim 29 further comprising the step of bonding said article to said surface of said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material having exposed fibers.
31. A method as described in claim 30 wherein said step of bonding said article comprises the step of bonding a surface of said article having exposed fibers at said surface.
32. A method as described in claim 29 wherein said resin blocking substance comprises PVA.
33. A method as described in claim 29 wherein said resin blocking substance is soluble.
34. A method as described in claim 33 wherein said resin blocking substance is water soluble.
35. A method as described in claim 29 wherein said step of establishing resin between said generally sheet form adhesion enhancement material and said second material comprises the step of using a vacuum.
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US13/926,809 US20140138026A1 (en) | 2004-08-31 | 2013-06-25 | High Strength Joining System For Fiber Reinforced Composites |
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- 2005-08-31 EA EA200700520A patent/EA010821B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-08-31 ES ES05813025T patent/ES2386026T3/en active Active
- 2005-08-31 AT AT05813025T patent/ATE556166T1/en active
- 2005-08-31 AU AU2005279775A patent/AU2005279775B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-08-31 KR KR1020127015502A patent/KR20120088843A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-08-31 CN CN2005800359780A patent/CN101043954B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-31 DK DK05813025.3T patent/DK1791997T3/en active
- 2005-08-31 CA CA2620563A patent/CA2620563C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-31 US US11/792,903 patent/US8470404B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-31 EP EP05813025A patent/EP1791997B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-08-31 MX MX2007003695A patent/MX2007003695A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2005-08-31 WO PCT/US2005/031243 patent/WO2006026734A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-08-31 KR KR1020077006442A patent/KR101226541B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2013
- 2013-06-25 US US13/926,809 patent/US20140138026A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10179282B2 (en) | 2016-02-26 | 2019-01-15 | Impyrium, Inc. | Joystick input apparatus with living hinges |
IT201900022026A1 (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2021-05-25 | Torino Politecnico | Process of acid etching of the surface of polymeric matrix composites without interrupting the continuity of the fibers, in order to improve the mechanical strength of a joint |
WO2021105893A1 (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2021-06-03 | Politecnico Di Torino | Process of acid etching of the surface of polymer matrix composites without interrupting the continuity of the fibers, in order to improve the adhesion of a coating or the mechanical strength of a joint |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2620563C (en) | 2013-05-28 |
AU2005279775A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
AU2005279775B2 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
ATE556166T1 (en) | 2012-05-15 |
WO2006026734A3 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
CN101043954B (en) | 2012-11-21 |
EP1791997A2 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
DK1791997T3 (en) | 2012-08-13 |
US20090068365A1 (en) | 2009-03-12 |
KR20070056103A (en) | 2007-05-31 |
KR101226541B1 (en) | 2013-02-07 |
EP1791997A4 (en) | 2009-04-22 |
WO2006026734B1 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
CA2620563A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
ES2386026T3 (en) | 2012-08-07 |
EP1791997B1 (en) | 2012-05-02 |
MX2007003695A (en) | 2007-05-18 |
KR20120088843A (en) | 2012-08-08 |
EA010821B1 (en) | 2008-12-30 |
EA200700520A1 (en) | 2007-12-28 |
US8470404B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 |
CN101043954A (en) | 2007-09-26 |
WO2006026734A2 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
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