US20140120133A1

US20140120133A1 - Vaccine Against African Horse Sickness Virus

Info

Publication number: US20140120133A1
Application number: US14/060,023
Authority: US
Inventors: Jules Maarten Minke; Jean Christophe Audonnet; Alan John Guthrie; Nigel James MacLachlan; Jiansheng Yao
Original assignee: University of California; Merial LLC; University of Pretoria
Current assignee: University of California; Merial LLC; University of Pretoria
Priority date: 2008-10-24
Filing date: 2013-10-22
Publication date: 2014-05-01
Also published as: EP2358742B1; AP3334A; KR101719005B1; WO2010048394A3; NZ598605A; ZA201103031B; EP2358742A2; MX2011004219A; EA024111B1; WO2010048394A2; US20120114691A1; BR122019001455B1; US20100119546A1; AU2009308331B2; AU2009308331A1; BRPI0920622A2; CN102245627A; PL2358742T3; US8168200B2; CA2741333A1

Abstract

The present invention provides vectors that contain and express in vivo the genes encoding VP2 and VP5 of African Horse Sickness Virus or an epitope thereof that elicits an immune response in a horse against African horse sickness virus, compositions comprising said vectors, methods of vaccination against African horse sickness virus, and kits for use with such methods and compositions.

Description

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application claims benefit of the U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/108,075 filed on Oct. 24, 2008, and of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/163,517 filed on Mar. 26, 2009.
The foregoing applications, and all documents cited therein or during their prosecution (“appln cited documents”) and all documents cited or references in the appln cited documents, and all documents cited or referenced herein (“herein cited documents”), and all documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents, together with any manufacturer's instructions, descriptions, product specifications, and product sheets for any products mentioned herein or in any document incorporated by reference herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and may be employed in the practice of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to vaccination of a subject against African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV). In particular, the invention pertains to the construction and use of recombinant vectors containing and expressing, in a host, one or more immunogenic proteins of African Horse Sickness Virus. The invention further relates to immunological compositions or vaccines which induce an immune response directed to African Horse Sickness Virus. The invention further relates to such compositions or vaccines which confer protective immunity against infection by African Horse Sickness Virus.
Several publications are referenced in this application. Full citation to these documents is found at the end of the specification preceding the claims, and/or where the document is cited. These documents pertain to the field of this invention; and, each of the documents cited or referenced in this application (“herein cited documents”), and each document cited or referenced in herein cited documents, are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a serious, often fatal, arthropod-borne viral disease of horses and mules (African Horse Sickness, The Merck Veterinary Manual). The mortality rate can be as high as 95% in some forms of this disease. Asymptomatic or mild infections can occur in horses, as well as zebras and donkeys, especially horses that were previously infected with a different serotype of the virus. Infected animals or vectors may carry the virus into AHS-free regions. Some authors speculate that climate change could increase the risk for spread of arthropod-borne diseases such as African Horse Sickness, as recently has occurred with related bluetongue virus (Wilson A et al., Parasitol. Res. 2008; 103:69-77). Culicoides imicola, the principal vector for this disease, has made incursions into North Africa and southern Europe. Potential arthropod vectors also exist throughout virtually all regions of the world, including much of the United States and the rest of the Americas.
African Horse Sickness results from infection with the African Horse Sickness Virus, a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. To date, 9 serotypes of African Horse Sickness Virus are known. African Horse Sickness Virus serotype 9 is widespread in endemic regions, while serotypes 1 to 8 are found primarily in limited geographic areas. Serotype 9 has been responsible for the majority of African Horse Sickness outbreaks outside Africa. Serotype 4 caused one outbreak in Spain and Portugal between 1987 and 1990 (Lubroth J., Equine Pract. 1988; 10:26-33).
Initial research on African Horse Sickness Virus resulted in the development of mouse-brain attenuated modified live virus vaccine to African Horse Sickness Virus in the 1930's. These vaccines were refined and resulted in the development of a tissue culture attenuated modified live virus (MLV) vaccine in the 1960's.
Despite the efficacy of this vaccine, it has some inherent limitations including vaccine reactions (including death) in individual animals, varied immune response in individual animals, difficulty in immunizing young animals with passive maternal immunity, possibility of reversion to virulence of vaccine virus, and recombination of vaccine strains following vaccination with possible reversion to virulence (du Plessis M. et al. 1998, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 65: 321-329). There are also socio-economic implications with using the MLV vaccine. South Africa has a protocol that allows it to export horses to the European Union and a number of other countries. This protocol also makes it possible for horses from other countries to enter South Africa to compete in various events or stand at stud for a temporary period. The protocol is based on ensuring that horses are adequately vaccinated against African Horse Sickness Virus. Veterinary Authorities are aware of the possible dangers of using the MLV vaccine. Most of these problems would be greatly reduced by the development of alternate African Horse Sickness Virus vaccines.
The African Horse Sickness Virus genome is composed of ten double-stranded RNA segments (Oellermann, R. A. et al., 1970; Bremer, C. W. et al., 1976), which encode at least ten viral proteins. The genome segments are numbered 1-10 in order of their migration in PAGE. Seven of the viral proteins are structural and form the double-shelled virus particle. The outer capsid is composed of two major viral proteins, VP2 and VP5, which determine the antigenic variability of the African Horse Sickness Viruses, while the inner capsid is comprised of two major (VP3 and VP7) and three minor (VP1, VP4 and VP6) viral proteins (Lewis S A and Grubman M J, 1991); Martinez-Torrecuadrada J L et al., 1994); Bremer, C W, et al. 1990; Grubman, M. J. & Lewis, S. A., 1992). VP3 and VP7 are highly conserved among the nine serotypes (Oellermann et al., 1970; Bremer et al., 1990). At least three non-structural proteins, NS1, NS2 and NS3, have been identified (Huismans, H. & Els, H. J., 1979); van Staden, V. & Huismans, H., 1991); Mizukoshi, N. et al., 1992).
Recombinant canarypox viruses derived from attenuated viruses have been developed as vectors for the expression of heterologous viral genes. A number of these canarypox constructs have since been licensed as vaccines in many countries, including South Africa, the European Union and the United States of America for use in horses (Minke J M, et al., 2004a and b; Minke J M, et al., 2007; Siger L, et al. 2006) and other species (Poulet H, et al., 2003).
The fact that these vaccines only contain genes of the organism of interest makes them inherently safe (Minke J M, et al., 2004b). Furthermore, the onset of detectable neutralizing antibody is rapid even after a single dose of vaccine (Minke J M et al., 2004b). The inherent safety of such vaccines and the nature of the development of neutralizing antibody make such vaccines particularly attractive for use in epizootics (Minke J M et al., 2004a).
Previous studies have shown that horses develop neutralizing antibodies to AHS when they are inoculated with exogenously expressed VP2 and an appropriate adjuvant (Scanlen M, et al., 2002). Studies in sheep have shown that the neutralizing antibody response to Bluetongue Virus is enhanced by inoculation of sheep with virus-like particles in which VP2 and VP5 are co-expressed (Pearson L D, Roy P, 1993). A recombinant canarypox virus vaccine co-expressing the genes encoding for VP2 and VP5 outer capsid proteins of Bluetongue Virus has recently been shown to induce high levels of protection in sheep (Boone J D, et al., 2007).
It has not been shown that horses develop neutralizing antibodies to African Horse Sickness Virus when inoculated with a vector containing and co-expressing AHSV VP2 and VP5. It can thus be appreciated that the present invention fulfills a need in the art by providing a recombinant poxvirus including compositions and products therefrom, particularly ALVAC-based recombinants and compositions and products therefrom, especially such recombinants expressing AHSV VPs 2 and 5 or any combination thereof and compositions and products therefrom.
Citation or identification of any document in this application does not constitute an admission that such document is available as prior art to the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of this invention can be any one or all of providing recombinant vectors or viruses as well as methods for making such recombinant vectors or viruses, and providing compositions and/or vaccines as well as methods for treatment and prophylaxis of infection by African Horse Sickness Virus.
The invention provides a recombinant vector, such as a recombinant virus, e.g., a recombinant poxvirus, that comprises and expresses at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule, wherein the at least one exogenous nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleic acid molecule encoding an immunogen or epitope of interest from an African Horse Sickness Virus especially a viral protein or portion thereof of an African Horse Sickness Virus.
The present invention further provides recombinant vectors wherein the African Horse Sickness Virus strain is 1, 2, 4, or 9.
The invention further provides immunological (or immunogenic), or vaccine compositions comprising such a virus or the expression product(s) of such a virus.
The invention further provides methods for inducing an immunological (or immunogenic) or protective response against African Horse Sickness Virus, as well as methods for preventing or treating African Horse Sickness Virus or disease state(s) caused by African Horse Sickness Virus, comprising administering the virus or an expression product of the virus, or a composition comprising the virus, or a composition comprising an expression product of the virus.
The invention also comprehends expression products from the virus as well as antibodies generated from the expression products or the expression thereof in vivo and uses for such products and antibodies, e.g., in diagnostic applications.
The invention further provides AHSV VP2 and VP5 polypeptides and polynucleotides encoding AHSV VP2 and VP5 polypeptides. The invention also provides a new AHS strain AHSV4-Jane.
These and other embodiments are described in, or are obvious from and encompassed by, the following Detailed Description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description, given by way of example but not intended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodiments described, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 provides the construction scheme for pLHD3460.4, the C3 donor plasmid for generation of an ALVAC recombinant expressing synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:1) and synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:2) proteins.

FIG. 2 provides the map and relevant SEQ ID NOs for pLHD3460.4 (pC3H6p synthetic AHSV-4-VP2/42Kp synthetic AHSV-4-VP5). pLHD3460.4=SEQ ID NO:6; AHSV-4 VP2 DNA (pLHD3460.4)—SEQ ID NO:4; AHSV-4 VP5 DNA (pLHD3460.4)—SEQ ID NO:5; predicted AA Seq. for AHSV-4 VP2 PRT (pLHD3460.4)—SEQ ID NO:1; predicted AA Seq. for AHSV-4 VP5 PRT (pLHD3460.4)=SEQ ID NO:2.

FIG. 3 provides the in vitro recombination scheme for vCP2377 (ALVAC C3H6p-synthetic AHSV-4-VP2/42Kp-synthetic AHSV-4-VP5).

FIG. 4 provides a theoretical restriction enzyme gel for the genomic DNA created in Vector NTI.

FIG. 5 provides the 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis results of genomic DNA extraction of the P3 stock from vCP2377.6.1.1, followed by digestion with BamHI, HindIII or PstI.

FIG. 6 provides the Southern Blot analysis of vCP2377.6.1.1 using an AHSV-4-VP2 probe.

FIG. 7 provides Western blot results of the analysis of recombinant vCP2377 indicating the expression of the AHSV-4-VP5 protein.

FIG. 8 provides the immunoplaque results indicating 100% homogeneity of the vCP2377.6.1.1 population using mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb 10AE12 Passage 9 at a dilution of 1:100.

FIG. 9 provides a map of the primers used to amplify the C3R-AHSV insert-C3L fragment and the SEQ ID references for the recombinant vCP2377.6.1.1 sequences (SEQ ID NOs:17-21).

FIG. 10 shows the construction scheme for pCXL2415.1 (SEQ ID NO:22), the C3 donor plasmid for generation of an ALVAC recombinant expressing AHSV9-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:20) and AHSV9-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:21) proteins.

FIG. 11 provides the map and relevant SEQ ID NOs (18-21) for pCXL2415.1 (pALVAC C3 AHSV-9 H6 VP2 42K VP5).

FIG. 12 provides the in vitro recombination scheme for vCP2383 (ALVAC C3H6-synthetic AHSV9 VP2/42K-synthetic AHSV9 VP5).

FIG. 13 provides a theoretical restriction enzyme gel for the genomic DNA was created in Vector NTI.

FIG. 14 provides the 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis results of genomic DNA extraction from vCP2383.3.1.1.1 and vCP2383.9.1.1.1, digested with BamH I, HindIII or XbaI.

FIG. 15 provides the Southern blot analysis of vCP2383 using an AHSV-4-VP5 probe.

FIG. 16 provides Western blot results of the analysis of recombinant vCP2383 indicating the expression of the AHSV9 VP5 protein.

FIG. 17 provides the immunoplaque results indicating 100% homogeneity of the vCP2383.3.1.1.1 population using mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb 10AE12 Passage 9 at a dilution of 1:100.

FIG. 18 provides a map of the primers used to amplify the entire C3L-H6 AHSV9 VP2-42K AHSV9 VP5-C3R fragment and the relevant SEQ ID NOs (27-31) for the recombinant vCP2383 sequences.

FIG. 19 provides the immunofluorescence results of anti-VP2 and anti-VP5 IFI from infected CEF cells.

FIGS. 20 A&B shows the results of western blot with infected and transfected CEF using anti-VP2 (A) and anti-VP5 (B).

FIG. 21 gives the results of the serum-virus neutralization test against AHSV-4 for 6 horses that were vaccinated using cpAHSV-4 (vCP2377). Results are shown for

days

0, 28, and 42.

FIG. 22 shows the construction scheme for pJSY2247.2, the C3 donor plasmid for generation of an ALVAC recombinant expressing AHSV5-VP2 and VP5 proteins.

FIG. 23 provides the map and relevant SEQ ID NOs for pJSY2247.2 (pALVAC C3 AHSV5 H6 VP2 42K VP5) sequences.

FIG. 24 provides the in vitro recombination scheme for vCP2398 (ALVAC C3H6-synthetic AHSV5 VP2/42K-synthetic AHSV5 VP5).

FIG. 25 provides a theoretical restriction enzyme gel for the genomic vCP2398 DNA that was created in Vector NTI.

FIG. 26 provides an 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis result of genomic DNA extraction from vCP2398.2.1.1 and 3.1.1, digested with BamHI, HindIII or PstI.

FIG. 27 provides the Southern blot analysis of vCP2398 using an AHSV5 VP2 specific probe.

FIG. 28 provides Western blot results of the analysis of recombinant vCP2398 indicating the expression of the AHSV5 VP5 protein.

FIG. 29 provides the immunoplaque results indicating 100% homogeneity of the vCP2383.2.1.1 population using mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb 10AE12 Passage at a dilution of 1:100.

FIG. 30 provides a map of the primers used to amplify the entire C3L-H6 AHSV5 VP2-42K AHSV5 VP5-C3R fragment for the recombinant vCP2398.

FIG. 31 provides 3 panels with AHSV challenge results from 8 vaccinated with vCP2377 (in part set forth by SEQ ID NO:17) and a control horse immunized with EIV-CP.

- Panel A: Cycle threshold of qRT-PCR's for genes that encode AHSV NS2 and VP7 proteins (average of NS2 and VP7 profile shown). The presence of AHSV in the blood of the horse was determined by qRT-PCR assays that detect the individual genes encoding the VP7 and NS2 proteins of AHSV with samples being classified as positive if the fluorescence exceeded the threshold of 0.1 within a maximum of 40 cycles.
- Panel B: Body temperature, IDEM
- Panel C: Platelet count of 8 vaccinated with vCP2377 and an unvaccinated control horse after challenge with a virulent field strain of AHSV serotype 4.IDEM

FIG. 32 provides a chart that summarizes the SEQ ID NOs present in the sequence listing.

FIG. 33 provides a ClustalW alignment of AHSV-4/5/9 VP2 proteins (SEQ ID NOs:1, 44, 30).

FIG. 34 provides a ClustalW alignment of AHSV-4/5/9 VP5 proteins (SEQ ID NOs:2, 45, 31).

FIG. 35 provides a ClustalW alignment of synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) vs. the field isolate AHSV4 Jane Strain (SEQ ID NO:49). Percent identity is also indicated.

FIG. 36 provides a ClustalW alignment of synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 protein (SEQ ID NO:2) vs. the field isolate AHSV4 Jane Strain (SEQ ID NO:51). Percent identity is also indicated.

FIG. 37 provides a ClustalW alignment of synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) vs. multiple deposited AHSV-4-VP2 proteins (SEQ ID NOs:59-63). Percent identity table is provided.

FIG. 38 provides a ClustalW alignment of synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 protein (SEQ ID NO:2) vs. multiple deposited AHSV-4-VP5 proteins (SEQ ID NOs:52-58). Percent identity table is provided.

FIG. 39 provides a ClustalW alignment of codon-optimized AHSV4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:04) vs. field isolate AHSV4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:48). Percent identity is provided.

FIG. 40 provides a ClustalW alignment of codon-optimized AHSV4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:05) vs. field isolate AHSV4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:50). Percent identity is provided.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and/or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”, and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the invention.
Unless otherwise noted, technical terms are used according to conventional usage. Definitions of common terms in molecular biology may be found in Benjamin Lewin, Genes V. published by Oxford University Press, 1994 (ISBN 0-19-854287-9); Kendrew et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8).
The singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicate otherwise. The word “or” means any one member of a particular list and also includes any combination of members of that list.
The target species or subject (host) includes animal and human. The animal as used herein may be selected from the group consisting of equine (e.g., horse), canine (e.g., dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals), feline (e.g., lions, tigers, domestic cats, wild cats, other big cats, and other felines including cheetahs and lynx), ovine (e.g., sheep), bovine (e.g., cattle), porcine (e.g., pig), avian (e.g., chicken, duck, goose, turkey, quail, pheasant, parrot, finches, hawk, crow, ostrich, emu and cassowary), primate (e.g., prosimian, tarsier, monkey, gibbon, ape), and fish. The term “animal” also includes an individual animal in all stages of development, including embryonic and fetal stages.
The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of consecutive amino acid residues.
The term “nucleic acid”, “nucleotide”, and “polynucleotide” refers to RNA or DNA and derivatives thereof, such as those containing modified backbones. It should be appreciated that the invention provides polynucleotides comprising sequences complementary to those described herein. Polynucleotides according to the invention can be prepared in different ways (e.g. by chemical synthesis, by gene cloning etc.) and can take various forms (e.g. linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof, primers, probes etc.).
The term “gene” is used broadly to refer to any segment of polynucleotide associated with a biological function. Thus, genes or polynucleotides include introns and exons as in genomic sequence, or just the coding sequences as in cDNAs, such as an open reading frame (ORF), starting from the start codon (methionine codon) and ending with a termination signal (stop codon). Genes and polynucleotides can also include regions that regulate their expression, such as transcription initiation, translation and transcription termination. Thus, also included are promoters and ribosome binding regions (in general these regulatory elements lie approximately between 60 and 250 nucleotides upstream of the start codon of the coding sequence or gene; Doree S M et al.; Pandher K et al.; Chung J Y et al.), transcription terminators (in general the terminator is located within approximately 50 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon of the coding sequence or gene; Ward C K et al.). Gene or polynucleotide also refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses mRNA or functional RNA, or encodes a specific protein, and which includes regulatory sequences.
The term “immunogenic polypeptide” or “immunogenic fragment” as used herein refers to a polypeptide or a fragment of a polypeptide which comprises an allele-specific motif, an epitope or other sequence such that the polypeptide or the fragment will bind an MHC molecule and induce a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (“CTL”) response, and/or a B cell response (for example, antibody production), and/or T-helper lymphocyte response, and/or a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response against the antigen from which the immunogenic polypeptide or the immunogenic fragment is derived. A DTH response is an immune reaction in which T cell-dependent macrophage activation and inflammation cause tissue injury. A DTH reaction to the subcutaneous injection of antigen is often used as an assay for cell-mediated immunity.
By definition, an epitope is an antigenic determinant that is immunologically active in the sense that once administered to the host, it is able to evoke an immune response of the humoral (B cells) and/or cellular type (T cells). These are particular chemical groups or peptide sequences on a molecule that are antigenic. An antibody specifically binds a particular antigenic epitope on a polypeptide. Specific, non-limiting examples of an epitope include a tetra- to penta-peptide sequence in a polypeptide, a tri- to penta-glycoside sequence in a polysaccharide. In the animal most antigens will present several or even many antigenic determinants simultaneously. Such a polypeptide may also be qualified as an immunogenic polypeptide and the epitope may be identified as described further.
The term “purified” as used herein does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative term. Thus, for example, a purified polypeptide preparation is one in which the polypeptide is more enriched than the polypeptide is in its natural environment. A polypeptide preparation is substantially purified such that the polypeptide represents several embodiments at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98%, of the total polypeptide content of the preparation. The same applies to polynucleotides. The polypeptides disclosed herein can be purified by any of the means known in the art.
A recombinant polynucleotide is one that has a sequence that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence. This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, for example, by genetic engineering techniques. In one embodiment, a recombinant polynucleotide encodes a fusion protein.
In one aspect, the present invention provides polypeptides from the African Horse Sickness Virus. In another aspect, the present invention provides a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63, and variant or fragment thereof.
As used herein, the term “African Horse Sickness Virus protein or African Horse Sickness Virus polypeptide (AHSV VP)” may include AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, NS3, and their homologs, fragments and variants.
Homologs of viral proteins from African Horse Sickness virus are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term “homologs” includes orthologs, analogs and paralogs. The term “analogs” refers to two polynucleotides or polypeptides that have the same or similar function, but that have evolved separately in unrelated organisms. The term “orthologs” refers to two polynucleotides or polypeptides from different species, but that have evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation. Normally, orthologs encode polypeptides having the same or similar functions. The term “paralogs” refers to two polynucleotides or polypeptides that are related by duplication within a genome. Paralogs usually have different functions, but these functions may be related. Analogs, orthologs, and paralogs of a wild-type African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide can differ from the wild-type African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide by post-translational modifications, by amino acid sequence differences, or by both. In particular, homologs of the invention will generally exhibit at least 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, or 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% sequence identity, with all or part of the wild-type African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, and will exhibit a similar function.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an AHSV VP having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides fragments and variants of the AHSV VPs identified above (SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63) which may readily be prepared by one of skill in the art using well-known molecular biology techniques.
Variants are homologous AHSV VPs having an amino acid sequence at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, or 63.
Variants include allelic variants. The term “allelic variant” refers to a polynucleotide or a polypeptide containing polymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of a protein and that exist within a natural population (e.g., a virus species or variety). Such natural allelic variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in a polynucleotide or a polypeptide. Allelic variants can be identified by sequencing the nucleic acid sequence of interest in a number of different species, which can be readily carried out by using hybridization probes to identify the same gene genetic locus in those species. Any and all such nucleic acid variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms or variations that are the result of natural allelic variation and that do not alter the functional activity of gene if interest, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
A variant is any polypeptide from African Horse Sickness virus, capable of inducing in animals, such as equines, vaccinated with this polypeptide a specific cell-based immune response characterized by secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) upon stimulation by African Horse Sickness virus. Such IFN-gamma secretion may be demonstrated using in vitro methodology (i.e. QUANTIKINE® immunoassay from R&D Systems Inc. (catalog number# CAIF00); Djoba Siawaya J F et al.).
As used herein, the term “derivative” or “variant” refers to a polypeptide, or a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, that has one or more conservative amino acid variations or other minor modifications such that (1) the corresponding polypeptide has substantially equivalent function when compared to the wild type polypeptide or (2) an antibody raised against the polypeptide is immunoreactive with the wild-type polypeptide. These variants or derivatives include polypeptides having minor modifications of the African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide primary amino acid sequences that may result in peptides which have substantially equivalent activity as compared to the unmodified counterpart polypeptide. Such modifications may be deliberate, as by site-directed mutagenesis, or may be spontaneous. The term “variant” further contemplates deletions, additions and substitutions to the sequence, so long as the polypeptide functions to produce an immunological response as defined herein.
An immunogenic fragment of an African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide includes at least 8, 10, 15, or 20 consecutive amino acids, at least 21 amino acids, at least 23 amino acids, at least 25 amino acids, or at least 30 amino acids of an African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, or variants thereof. In another embodiment, a fragment of an African Horse Sickness virus includes a specific antigenic epitope found on a full-length African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide.
Procedures to determine fragments of polypeptide and epitope such as, generating overlapping peptide libraries (Hemmer B. et al.), Pepscan (Geysen H. M. et al., 1984; Geysen H. M. et al., 1985; Van der Zee R. et al.; Geysen H. M.) and algorithms (De Groot A. et al.; Hoop T. et al.; Parker K. et al.), can be used in the practice of the invention, without undue experimentation. Generally, antibodies specifically bind a particular antigenic epitope. Specific, non-limiting examples of epitopes include a tetra- to penta-peptide sequence in a polypeptide, a tri- to penta-glycoside sequence in a polysaccharide. In animals most antigens will present several or even many antigenic determinants simultaneously. Preferably wherein the epitope is a protein fragment of a larger molecule it will have substantially the same immunological activity as the total protein.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a polynucleotide encoding an AHSV VP, such as a polynucleotide encoding an AHSV VP having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 20, 21, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, or a conservative variant, an allelic variant, a homolog or an immunogenic fragment comprising at least eight or at east ten consecutive amino acids of one of these polypeptides, or a combination of these polypeptides.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 19, 22, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 48, 50, or a variant thereof. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a polynucleotide having at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to one of a polynucleotide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 19, 22, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 48, 50, or a variant thereof.
These polynucleotides may include DNA, cDNA, and RNA sequences that encode an AHSV VP. It is understood that all polynucleotides encoding an African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide are also included herein, as long as they encode a polypeptide with the recognized activity, such as the binding to an antibody that recognizes the polypeptide, the induction of an immune response to the polypeptide, or an effect on survival of African Horse Sickness when administered to a subject exposed to African Horse Sickness virus or who undergoes a decrease in a sign or a symptom of African Horse Sickness.
The polynucleotides of the disclosure include sequences that are degenerate as a result of the genetic code, e.g., optimized codon usage for a specific host. As used herein, “optimized” refers to a polynucleotide that is genetically engineered to increase its expression in a given species. To provide optimized polynucleotides coding for African Horse Sickness polypeptides, the DNA sequence of the African Horse Sickness virus protein gene can be modified to 1) comprise codons preferred by highly expressed genes in a particular species; 2) comprise an A+T or G+C content in nucleotide base composition to that substantially found in said species; 3) form an initiation sequence of said species; or 4) eliminate sequences that cause destabilization, inappropriate polyadenylation, degradation and termination of RNA, or that form secondary structure hairpins or RNA splice sites. Increased expression of African Horse Sickness protein in said species can be achieved by utilizing the distribution frequency of codon usage in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, or in a particular species. The term “frequency of preferred codon usage” refers to the preference exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. There are 20 natural amino acids, most of which are specified by more than one codon. Therefore, all degenerate nucleotide sequences are included in the disclosure as long as the amino acid sequence of the African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence is functionally unchanged.
The sequence identity between two amino acid sequences may be established by the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) pairwise blast and the blosum62 matrix, using the standard parameters (see, e.g., the BLAST or BLASTX algorithm available on the “National Center for Biotechnology Information” (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA) server, as well as in Altschul et al.; and thus, this document speaks of using the algorithm or the BLAST or BLASTX and BLOSUM62 matrix by the term “blasts”).
Sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences also may be determined using the “Align” program of Myers and Miller, (“Optimal Alignments in Linear Space”, CABIOS 4, 11-17, 1988) and available at NCBI, as well as the same or other programs available via the Internet at sites thereon such as the NCBI site.
Alternatively or additionally, the term “identity”, for instance, with respect to a nucleotide or amino acid sequence, may indicate a quantitative measure of homology between two sequences. The percent sequence homology may be calculated as: (N_ref−N_dif)*100/N_ref, wherein N_difis the total number of non-identical residues in the two sequences when aligned and wherein N_refis the number of residues in one of the sequences. Hence, the DNA sequence AGTCAGTC will have a sequence identity of 75% with the sequence AATCAATC (N_ref=8; N_dif=2).
Alternatively or additionally, “identity” with respect to sequences can refer to the number of positions with identical nucleotides or amino acids divided by the number of nucleotides or amino acids in the shorter of the two sequences wherein alignment of the two sequences can be determined in accordance with the Wilbur and Lipman algorithm (Wilbur and Lipman), for instance, using a window size of 20 nucleotides, a word length of 4 nucleotides, and a gap penalty of 4, and computer-assisted analysis and interpretation of the sequence data including alignment can be conveniently performed using commercially available programs (e.g., Intelligenetics™ Suite, Intelligenetics Inc. CA). When RNA sequences are said to be similar, or have a degree of sequence identity or homology with DNA sequences, thymidine (T) in the DNA sequence is considered equal to uracil (U) in the RNA sequence. Thus, RNA sequences are within the scope of the invention and can be derived from DNA sequences, by thymidine (T) in the DNA sequence being considered equal to uracil (U) in RNA sequences.
The sequence identity or sequence similarity of two amino acid sequences, or the sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using Vector NTI software package (Invitrogen, 1600 Faraday Ave., Carlsbad, Calif.).
The following documents provide algorithms for comparing the relative identity or homology of sequences, and additionally or alternatively with respect to the foregoing, the teachings in these references can be used for determining percent homology or identity: Needleman S B and Wunsch C D; Smith T F and Waterman M S; Smith T F, Waterman M S and Sadler J R; Feng D F and Dolittle R F; Higgins D G and Sharp P M; Thompson J D, Higgins D G and Gibson T J; and, Devereux J, Haeberlie P and Smithies O. And, without undue experimentation, the skilled artisan can consult with many other programs or references for determining percent homology.
The African Horse Sickness virus polynucleotides may include a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector, into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus, or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote, or which exists as a separate molecule (for example, a cDNA) independent of other sequences.
Recombinant vectors disclosed herein may include a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide, a variant thereof or a fragment thereof. Recombinant vectors may include plasmids and viral vectors and may be used for in vitro or in vivo expression. Recombinant vectors may include further a signal peptide. Signal peptides are short peptide chain (3-60 amino acids long) that direct the post-translational transport of a protein (which are synthesized in the cytosol) to certain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, apoplast and peroxisome. The signal sequence may be the natural sequence from the African Horse Sickness virus protein or a peptide signal from a secreted protein e.g. the signal peptide from the tissue plasminogen activator protein (tPA), in particular the human tPA (S. Friezner Degen et al.; R. Rickles et al.; D. Berg. et al.), or the signal peptide from the Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), in particular the equine IGF1 (K. Otte et al.), the canine IGF1 (P. Delafontaine et al.), the feline IGF1 (WO03/022886), the bovine IGF1 (S. Lien et al.), the porcine IGF1 (M. Muller et al.), the chicken IGF1 (Y. Kajimoto et al.), the turkey IGF1 (GenBank accession number AF074980). The signal peptide from IGF1 may be natural or optimized which may be achieved by removing cryptic splice sites and/or by adapting the codon usage. Upon translation, the unprocessed polypeptide may be cleaved at a cleavage site to lead to the mature polypeptide. The cleavage site may be predicted using the method of Von Heijne (1986).
A plasmid may include a DNA transcription unit, for instance a nucleic acid sequence that permits it to replicate in a host cell, such as an origin of replication (prokaryotic or eukaryotic). A plasmid may also include one or more selectable marker genes and other genetic elements known in the art. Circular and linear forms of plasmids are encompassed in the present disclosure.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a vaccine composition or a pharmaceutical composition for inducing an immunological or protective response in a host animal inoculated with the composition. The composition includes a carrier or diluent or excipient and/or adjuvant, and a recombinant vector, such as a recombinant virus. The recombinant virus can be a modified recombinant virus; for instance, a recombinant of a virus that has inactivated therein (e.g., disrupted or deleted) virus-encoded genetic functions. A modified recombinant virus can have inactivated therein virus-encoded nonessential genetic functions; for instance, so that the recombinant virus has attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The virus used in the composition according to the present invention is advantageously a poxvirus, such as a vaccinia virus or raccoonpox virus or preferably an avipox virus, e.g., a fowlpox virus or more preferably a canarypox virus; and more advantageously, an ALVAC virus. It is advantageous that the recombinant vector or recombinant virus have expression without replication in mammalian species. In another aspect, the present invention relates to recombinant vectors comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) antigen(s). It further relates to vaccines or immunogenic compositions comprising an effective amount to elicit a protective immune response in a subject of a recombinant avipox vector comprising at least one nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) antigen(s). It further relates to corresponding methods of vaccinating a subject against African Horse Sickness Virus.
The pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or excipients of use are conventional. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 15th Edition (1975), describes compositions and formulations suitable for pharmaceutical delivery of the polypeptides, plasmids, viral vectors herein disclosed. In general, the nature of the vehicle or excipient will depend on the particular mode of administration being employed. For instance, parenteral formulations usually comprise injectable fluids that include pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable fluids such as water, physiological saline, balanced salt solutions, aqueous dextrose, glycerol or the like as a vehicle. For solid compositions (for example, freeze-dried pastille, powder, pill, tablet, or capsule forms), conventional non-toxic solid vehicles or excipients can include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, or magnesium stearate. In addition to biologically neutral vehicles or excipients, immunogenic compositions to be administered can contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and pH buffering agents and the like, for example sodium acetate or sorbitan monolaurate.
The compositions or vaccines according to the instant invention may include vectors comprising one or more polynucleotide(s) encoding one or more AHSV VP(s) according to the present invention as described above.
Multiple insertions may be done in the same vector using different insertion sites or using the same insertion site. When the same insertion site is used, each polynucleotide insert, which may be any polynucleotide of the present invention aforementioned, may be inserted under the control of the same and/or different promoters. The insertion can be done tail-to-tail, head-to-head, tail-to-head, or head-to-tail. IRES elements (Internal Ribosome Entry Site, see EP 0803573) can also be used to separate and to express multiple inserts operably linked to the same and/or different promoters.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to an expression vector comprising one or more polynucleotide(s) aforementioned. The expression vector may be an in vivo expression vector, or an in vitro expression vector.
In one embodiment, the recombinant vector or virus may include one or more heterologous nucleic acid molecule(s) that encodes one or more African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) antigen(s), immunogens, including epitopes or fragments thereof. The recombinant vector or modified recombinant virus may include, e.g., within the virus genome, such as within a non-essential region of the virus genome, a heterologous DNA sequence that encodes an immunogenic protein, e.g., derived from African Horse Sickness Virus viral protein(s), e.g., AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, NS3 or any combination thereof, preferably AHSV VPs 2 and 5, (wherein the immunogenic protein can be an epitope of interest, e.g., an epitope of interest from a protein expressed by any one or more of AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, NS3, e.g., an epitope of interest from AHSV VPs 2 and/or 5). The vector or virus is advantageously a poxvirus, such as a vaccinia virus or preferably an avipox virus, e.g., a fowlpox virus or more preferably a canarypox virus; and more advantageously, an ALVAC virus.
In another embodiment, the heterologous nucleic acid molecule that encodes one or more African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) antigen(s), immunogens, including epitopes or fragments thereof, e.g., derived from African Horse Sickness Virus viral protein(s), e.g., AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, NS3 or any combination thereof, preferably AHSV VPs 2 and 5, (wherein the immunogenic protein can be an epitope of interest, e.g., an epitope of interest from a protein expressed by any one or more of AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, or NS3, e.g., an epitope of interest from AHSV VPs 2 and/or 5) is operably linked to a promoter sequence and optionally to an enhancer. In an advantageous embodiment, the promoter sequence is selected from the group consisting of H6 vaccinia promoter, I3L vaccinia promoter, 42K poxyiral promoter, 7.5K vaccinia promoter, and Pi vaccinia promoter. More advantageously, the promoter sequence is the H6 vaccinia promoter or the 42K poxyiral promoter. More preferably, VP2 is operably linked to the H6 vaccinia promoter and VP5 is operably linked to the 42K poxyiral promoter.
In another embodiment, the heterologous nucleic acid molecule that encodes one or more African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) antigen(s), immunogens, including epitopes or fragments thereof, e.g., derived from African Horse Sickness Virus viral protein(s), e.g., AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, NS3, or any combination thereof, preferably AHSV VPs 2 and 5, (wherein the immunogenic protein can be an epitope of interest, e.g., an epitope of interest from a protein expressed by any one or more of AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, or NS3, e.g., an epitope of interest from AHSV VPs 2 and/or 5) is inserted into a vector comprising an insertion loci where in said loci comprise C5 and/or C6 and/or C3, and wherein the flanking sequences of the C6, C5 and/or C3 insertion loci promote homologous recombination of the African Horse Sickness Virus antigens with the cognate insertion locus.
In another embodiment, the heterologous nucleic acid molecule that encodes one or more African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) antigen(s), immunogens, including epitopes or fragments thereof, e.g., derived from African Horse Sickness Virus viral protein(s), e.g., AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, NS3, or any combination thereof, preferably AHSV VPs 2 and 5, (wherein the immunogenic protein can be an epitope of interest, e.g., an epitope of interest from a protein expressed by any one or more of AHSV VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, NS1, VP5, VP6, VP7, NS2, or NS3, e.g., an epitope of interest from AHSV VPs 2 and/or 5) is inserted into a vector comprising an insertion loci where in said loci comprise C5 and/or C6 and/or C3, and wherein the flanking sequences of the C6, C5 and/or C3 insertion loci promote homologous recombination of the African Horse Sickness Virus antigens with the cognate insertion locus further wherein the flanking sequences comprise C3L and C3R open reading frames of avipox.
In another embodiment, the avipox vector is vCP2377 or vCP2383 or vCP2398.
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, bacteriology, recombinant DNA technology, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Sambrook, et al. (1989); 1985); (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); (R. K. Freshney ed. 1986); (IRL press, 1986); Perbal, B., (1984); t (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds., 1986.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant vector, e.g., virus such as a recombinant poxvirus containing therein a DNA sequence from African Horse Sickness Virus, e.g., in the virus (such as poxvirus) genome, advantageously a non-essential region of the virus, e.g., poxvirus genome. The poxvirus can be a vaccinia virus such as a NYVAC or NYVAC-based virus; and, the poxvirus is advantageously an avipox virus, such as fowlpox virus, especially an attenuated fowlpox virus, e.g., TROVAC, or a canarypox virus, preferably an attenuated canarypox virus, such as ALVAC. However, the vector in the invention may be any suitable recombinant virus or viral vector, such as a poxvirus (e.g., vaccinia virus, avipox virus, canarypox virus, fowlpox virus, raccoonpox virus, swinepox virus, etc.), adenovirus (e.g., canine adenovirus), herpesvirus, baculovirus, retrovirus, etc. (as in documents incorporated herein by reference); or the vector may be a plasmid.
The recombinant virus can be a modified recombinant virus; for instance, a recombinant of a virus that has inactivated therein (e.g., disrupted or deleted) virus-encoded genetic functions. A modified recombinant virus can have inactivated therein virus-encoded nonessential genetic functions; for instance, so that the recombinant virus has attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The virus used in the composition according to the present invention is advantageously a poxvirus, such as a vaccinia virus or preferably an avipox virus, e.g., a fowlpox virus or more preferably a canarypox virus; and more advantageously, an ALVAC virus. It is advantageous that the recombinant vector or recombinant virus have expression without replication in mammalian species.
In one particular embodiment the viral vector is a poxvirus, e.g. a vaccinia virus or an attenuated vaccinia virus, (for instance, MVA, a modified Ankara strain obtained after more than 570 passages of the Ankara vaccine strain on chicken embryo fibroblasts; see Stickl & Hochstein-Mintzel, Munch. Med. Wschr., 1971, 113, 1149-1153; Sutter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1992, 89, 10847-10851; available as ATCC VR-1508; or NYVAC, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,807, for instance, Examples 1 to 6 and et seq of U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,807 which discuss the construction of NYVAC, as well as variations of NYVAC with additional ORFs deleted from the Copenhagen strain vaccinia virus genome, as well as the insertion of heterologous coding nucleic acid molecules into sites of this recombinant, and also, the use of matched promoters; see also WO96/40241), an avipox virus or an attenuated avipox virus (e.g., canarypox, fowlpox, dovepox, pigeonpox, quailpox, ALVAC or TROVAC; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,505,941, 5,494,807), swinepox, raccoonpox, camelpox, or myxomatosis virus.
Recombinant poxviruses can be constructed in two steps known in the art and analogous to the methods for creating synthetic recombinants of poxviruses such as the vaccinia virus and avipox virus described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,330; 4,722,848; 4,603,112; 5,110,587; 5,174,993; 5,494,807; 5,942,235, and 5,505,941, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, methods for making and/or administering a vector or recombinants or plasmid for expression of gene products of genes of the invention either in vivo or in vitro can be any desired method, e.g., a method which is by or analogous to the methods disclosed in, or disclosed in documents cited in: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,130,066, 5,494,807, 5,514,375, 5,744,140, 5,744,141, 5,756,103, 5,762,938, 5,766,599, 5,990,091, 6,004,777, 6,130,066, 6,497,883, 6,464,984, 6,451,770, 6,391,314, 6,387,376, 6,376,473, 6,368,603, 6,348,196, 6,306,400, 6,228,846, 6,221,362, 6,217,883, 6,207,166, 6,207,165, 6,159,477, 6,153,199, 6,090,393, 6,074,649, 6,045,803, 6,033,670, 6,485,729, 6,103,526, 6,224,882, 6,312,682, 6,312,683, 6,348,450, 4,603,112; 4,769,330; 5,174,993; 5,505,941; 5,338,683; 5,494,807; 4,394,448; 4,722,848; 4,745,051; 4,769,331; 5,591,639; 5,589,466; 4,945,050; 5,677,178; 5,591,439; 5,552,143; 5,580,859; WO 94/16716; WO 96/39491; WO91/11525; WO 98/33510; WO 90/01543; EP 0 370 573; EP 265785; (Paoletti 1996); (Moss 1996); Richardson (Ed) (1995); (Smith, Summers et al. 1983); (Pennock, Shoemaker et al. 1984); (Roizman 1996); (Andreansky, He et al. 1996); (Robertson, Ooka et al. 1996); (Frolov, Hoffman et al. 1996); (Kitson, Burke et al. 1991); (Ballay, Levrero et al. 1985); (Graham 1990); (Prevec, Schneider et al. 1989); (Feigner, Kumar et al. 1994); (Ulmer, Donnelly et al. 1993); (McClements, Armstrong et al. 1996); (Ju, Edelstein et al. 1998); and (Robinson and Torres 1997).
Elements for the expression of the polynucleotide or polynucleotides are advantageously present in an inventive vector. In minimum manner, this comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an initiation codon (ATG), a stop codon and a promoter, and optionally also a polyadenylation sequence for certain vectors such as plasmid and certain viral vectors, e.g., viral vectors other than poxviruses. When the polynucleotide encodes a protein fragment, e.g., advantageously, in the vector, an ATG is placed at 5′ of the reading frame and a stop codon is placed at 3′. Other elements for controlling expression may be present, such as enhancer sequences, stabilizing sequences and signal sequences permitting the secretion of the protein.
Patent applications WO 90/11092, WO 93/19183, WO 94/21797 and WO 95/20660 have made use of the recently developed technique of polynucleotide vaccines. It is known that these vaccines use a plasmid capable of expressing, in the host cells, the antigen inserted into the plasmid. All routes of administration have been proposed (intraperitoneal, intravenous, intramuscular, transcutaneous, intradermal, mucosal and the like). Various means of vaccination can also be used, such as DNA deposited at the surface of gold particles and projected so as to penetrate into the animal's skin (Tang et al., 1992) and liquid jet injectors which make it possible to transfect the skin, muscle, fatty tissues as well as the mammary tissues (Furth et al., 1992). (See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,946, 5,620,896, 5,643,578, 5,580,589, 5,589,466, 5,693,622, and 5,703,055; Ulmer, J. B., et al., 1993; Robinson et al., 1997; Luke et al. 1997; Norman et al. 1997; Bourne et al., 1996; and, note that generally a plasmid for a vaccine or immunological composition can comprise DNA encoding an antigen operatively linked to regulatory sequences which control expression or expression and secretion of the antigen from a host cell, e.g., a mammalian cell; for instance, from upstream to downstream, DNA for a promoter, DNA for a eukaryotic leader peptide for secretion, DNA for the antigen, and DNA encoding a terminator.)
According to another embodiment of the invention, the poxvirus vector is a canarypox virus or a fowlpox virus vector, advantageously an attenuated canarypox virus or fowlpox virus. In this regard, reference is made to the canarypox available from the ATCC under access number VR-111. Attenuated canarypox viruses are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,103 (ALVAC) and WO01/05934. Numerous fowlpox virus vaccination strains are also available, e.g. the DIFTOSEC CT strain marketed by MERIAL and the NOBILIS VARIOLE vaccine marketed by INTERVET; and, reference is also made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,599 which pertains to the attenuated fowlpox strain TROVAC.
When the expression vector is a vaccinia virus, insertion site or sites for the polynucleotide or polynucleotides to be expressed can be at the thymidine kinase (TK) gene or insertion site, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene or insertion site, the region encoding the inclusion body of the A type (ATI); see also documents cited herein, especially those pertaining to vaccinia virus. In the case of canarypox, the insertion site or sites can be ORF(s) C3, C5 and/or C6; see also documents cited herein, especially those pertaining to canarypox virus. In the case of fowlpox, the insertion site or sites can be ORFs F7 and/or F8; see also documents cited herein, especially those pertaining to fowlpox virus. The insertion site or sites for MVA virus area can be as in various publications, including Carroll M. W. et al., Vaccine, 1997, 15 (4), 387-394; Stittelaar K. J. et al., J. Virol., 2000, 74 (9), 4236-4243; Sutter G. et al., 1994, Vaccine, 12 (11), 1032-1040; and, in this regard it is also noted that the complete MVA genome is described in Antoine G., Virology, 1998, 244, 365-396, which enables the skilled artisan to use other insertion sites or other promoters.
In another embodiment of the present invention the polynucleotide to be expressed is inserted under the control of a specific poxvirus promoter, e.g., the vaccinia promoter 7.5 kDa (Cochran et al., J. Virology, 1985, 54, 30-35), the vaccinia promoter I3L (Riviere et al., J. Virology, 1992, 66, 3424-3434), the vaccinia promoter HA (Shida, Virology, 1986, 150, 451-457), the cowpox promoter ATI (Funahashi et al., J. Gen. Virol., 1988, 69, 35-47), the vaccinia promoter H6 (Taylor J. et al., Vaccine, 1988, 6, 504-508; Guo P. et al. J. Virol., 1989, 63, 4189-4198; Perkus M. et al., J. Virol., 1989, 63, 3829-3836), inter alia.
In another embodiment the viral vector is an adenovirus, such as a human adenovirus (HAV) or a canine adenovirus (CAV).
The recombinant viral vector-based vaccine may be combined with fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,537) and/or CARBOMER adjuvant (Pharmeuropa Vol.)
In another embodiment the viral vector may be, but is not limited to, an adenovirus of humans, porcines, opines, bovines, or avians. For the human adenovirus, in particular a serotype 5 adenovirus, rendered incompetent for replication by a deletion in the E1 region of the viral genome, in particular from about nucleotide 459 to about nucleotide 3510 by reference to the sequence of the hAd5 disclosed in GenBank under the accession number M73260 and in the referenced publication J. Chroboczek et al Virol. 1992, 186, 280-285. The deleted adenovirus is propagated in E1-expressing 293 (F. Graham et al J. Gen. Virol. 1977, 36, 59-72) or PER cells, in particular PER.C6 (F. Falloux et al Human Gene Therapy 1998, 9, 1909-1917). The human adenovirus can be deleted in the E3 region, in particular from about nucleotide 28592 to about nucleotide 30470. The deletion in the E1 region can be done in combination with a deletion in the E3 region (see, e.g. J. Shriver et al. Nature, 2002, 415, 331-335, F. Graham et al Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 0.7: Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols Edited by E. Murray, The Human Press Inc, 1991, p 109-128; Y. Ilan et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1997, 94, 2587-2592; U.S. Pat. No. 6,133,028; U.S. Pat. No. 6,692,956; S. Tripathy et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994, 91, 11557-11561; B. Tapnell Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1993, 12, 185-199; X. Danthinne et al Gene Therapy 2000, 7, 1707-1714; K. Berkner Bio Techniques 1988, 6, 616-629; K. Berkner et al Nucl. Acid Res. 1983, 11, 6003-6020; C. Chavier et al J. Virol. 1996, 70, 4805-4810). The insertion sites can be the E1 and/or E3 loci (region) eventually after a partial or complete deletion of the E1 and/or E3 regions. When the expression vector is an adenovirus, the polynucleotide to be expressed may be inserted under the control of a promoter functional in eukaryotic cells, such as a strong promoter, such as a cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter (CMV-IE promoter), in particular the enhancer/promoter region from about nucleotide −734 to about nucleotide +7 in M. Boshart et al Cell 1985, 41, 521-530 or the enhancer/promoter region from the pCI vector from Promega Corp. The CMV-IE promoter is advantageously of murine or human origin. The promoter of the elongation factor 1α can also be used. A muscle specific promoter can also be used (X. Li et al Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 241-245). Strong promoters are also discussed herein in relation to plasmid vectors. In one embodiment, a splicing sequence can be located downstream of the enhancer/promoter region. For example, the intron 1 isolated from the CMV-IE gene (R. Stenberg et al J. Virol. 1984, 49, 190), the intron isolated from the rabbit or human β-globin gene, in particular the intron 2 from the β-globin gene, the intron isolated from the immunoglobulin gene, a splicing sequence from the SV40 early gene or the chimeric intron sequence isolated from the pCI vector from Promega Corp. comprising the human β-globin gene donor sequence fused to the mouse immunoglobulin acceptor sequence (from about nucleotide 890 to about nucleotide 1022 in Genbank under the accession number CVU47120). A poly(A) sequence and terminator sequence can be inserted downstream the polynucleotide to be expressed, e.g. a bovine growth hormone releasing hormone gene, in particular from about nucleotide 2339 to about nucleotide 2550 in Genbank under the accession number BOVGHRH (AF242855), a rabbit β-globin gene or a SV40 late gene polyadenylation signal.
In another embodiment the viral vector is a canine adenovirus, in particular a CAV-2 (see, e.g. L. Fischer et al. Vaccine, 2002, 20, 3485-3497; U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,780; U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,920; PCT Application No. WO95/14102). For CAV, the insertion sites can be in the E3 region and/or in the region located between the E4 region and the right ITR region (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,393; U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,567). In one embodiment the insert is under the control of a promoter, such as a cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter (CMV-IE promoter) or a promoter already described for a human adenovirus vector. A poly(A) sequence and terminator sequence can be inserted downstream the polynucleotide to be expressed, e.g. a bovine growth hormone gene or a rabbit β-globin gene polyadenylation signal.
In another particular embodiment the viral vector is a herpesvirus such as an equine herpesvirus (EHV1-5), a porcine herpesvirus (PRV), a canine herpesvirus (CHV) or a feline herpesvirus (FHV). The insertion sites may be in the thymidine kinase gene, in the ORF3, or in the UL43 ORF (for CHV see U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,477). In one embodiment the polynucleotide to be expressed is inserted under the control of a promoter functional in eukaryotic cells, advantageously a CMV-IE promoter (murine or human). A poly(A) sequence and terminator sequence can be inserted downstream the polynucleotide to be expressed, e.g. bovine growth hormone or a rabbit β-globin gene polyadenylation signal.
More generally, the present invention encompasses in vivo expression vectors including any plasmid (EP-A2-1001025; Chaudhuri P.) containing and expressing in vivo in a host the polynucleotide or gene of African Horse Sickness virus polypeptide, variant thereof or fragment thereof and elements necessary for its in vivo expression.
According to a yet further embodiment of the invention, the expression vector is a plasmid vector or a DNA plasmid vector, in particular an in vivo expression vector. In a specific, non-limiting example, the pVR1020 or 1012 plasmid (VICAL Inc.; Luke C. et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1997, 175, 91-97; Hartikka J. et al., Human Gene Therapy, 1996, 7, 1205-1217, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,946 and 6,451,769) can be utilized as a vector for the insertion of a polynucleotide sequence. The pVR1020 plasmid is derived from pVR1012 and contains the human tPA signal sequence. In one embodiment the human tPA signal comprises from amino acid M(1) to amino acid S(23) in Genbank under the accession number HUMTPA14. In another specific, non-limiting example, the plasmid utilized as a vector for the insertion of a polynucleotide sequence can contain the signal peptide sequence of equine IGF1 from amino acid M(24) to amino acid A(48) in Genbank under the accession number U28070. Additional information on DNA plasmids which may be consulted or employed in the practice are found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,852,705; 6,818,628; 6,586,412; 6,576,243; 6,558,674; 6,464,984; 6,451,770; 6,376,473 and 6,221,362.
As used herein, the term “plasmid” may include any DNA transcription unit comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention and the elements necessary for its in vivo expression in a cell or cells of the desired host or target; and, in this regard, it is noted that a supercoiled or non-supercoiled, circular plasmid, as well as a linear form, are intended to be within the scope of the invention. The plasmids may also comprise other transcription-regulating elements such as, for example, stabilizing sequences of the intron type. In several embodiments, the plasmids may include the first intron of CMV-IE (WO 89/01036), the intron II of the rabbit beta-globin gene (van Ooyen et al.), the signal sequence of the protein encoded by the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA; Montgomery et al.), and/or a polyadenylation signal (polyA), in particular the polyA of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,458) or the polyA of the rabbit beta-globin gene or of SV40 virus.
Each plasmid comprises or contains or consists essentially of, in addition to the polynucleotide encoding an AHSV antigen, epitope or immunogen, optionally fused with a heterologous peptide sequence, variant, analog or fragment, operably linked to a promoter or under the control of a promoter or dependent upon a promoter. In general, it is advantageous to employ a strong promoter functional in eukaryotic cells. The preferred strong promoter is the immediate early cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV-IE) of human or murine origin, or optionally having another origin such as the rat or guinea pig. The CMV-IE promoter can comprise the actual promoter part, which may or may not be associated with the enhancer part. Reference can be made to EP-A-260 148, EP-A-323 597, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,168,062, 5,385,839, and 4,968,615, as well as to PCT Application No WO87/03905. The CMV-IE promoter is advantageously a human CMV-IE (Boshart M. et al., Cell., 1985, 41, 521-530) or murine CMV-IE. A strong cellular promoter that may be usefully employed in the practice of the invention is the promoter of a gene of the cytoskeleton, such as the desmin promoter (Kwissa M. et al.), or the actin promoter (Miyazaki J. et al.). Functional sub fragments of these promoters, i.e., portions of these promoters that maintain adequate promoter activity, are included within the present invention, e.g. truncated CMV-IE promoters according to WO 98/00166 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,567 and may be used in the practice of the invention. A promoter useful in the practice of the invention consequently may include derivatives and/or sub fragments of a full-length promoter that maintain adequate promoter activity and hence function as a promoter, and which may advantageously have promoter activity that is substantially similar to that of the actual or full-length promoter from which the derivative or sub fragment is derived, e.g., akin to the activity of the truncated CMV-IE promoters of U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,567 in comparison to the activity of full-length CMV-IE promoters. Thus, a CMV-IE promoter in the practice of the invention may comprise or consist essentially of or consist of the promoter portion of the full-length promoter and/or the enhancer portion of the full-length promoter, as well as derivatives and/or sub fragments thereof.
In more general terms, the promoter has either a viral or a cellular origin. A strong viral promoter other than CMV-IE that may be usefully employed in the practice of the invention is the early/late promoter of the SV40 virus or the LTR promoter of the Rous sarcoma virus. A strong cellular promoter that may be usefully employed in the practice of the invention is the promoter of a gene of the cytoskeleton, such as e.g. the desmin promoter (Kwissa M. et al., Vaccine, 2000, 18, 2337-2344), or the actin promoter (Miyazaki J. et al., Gene, 1989, 79, 269-277).
Functional sub fragments of these promoters, i.e., portions of these promoters that maintain an adequate promoting activity, are included within the present invention, e.g. truncated CMV-IE promoters according to PCT Application No. WO98/00166 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,567 can be used in the practice of the invention. A promoter in the practice of the invention consequently includes derivatives and sub fragments of a full-length promoter that maintain an adequate promoting activity and hence function as a promoter, preferably promoting activity substantially similar to that of the actual or full-length promoter from which the derivative or sub fragment is derived, e.g., akin to the activity of the truncated CMV-IE promoters of U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,567 to the activity of full-length CMV-IE promoters. Thus, a CMV-IE promoter in the practice of the invention can comprise or consist essentially of or consist of the promoter portion of the full-length promoter and/or the enhancer portion of the full-length promoter, as well as derivatives and sub fragments.
Preferably, the plasmids comprise or consist essentially of other expression control elements. It is particularly advantageous to incorporate stabilizing sequence(s), e.g., intron sequence(s), preferably the first intron of the hCMV-IE (PCT Application No. WO89/01036), the intron II of the rabbit β-globin gene (van Ooyen et al., Science, 1979, 206, 337-344).
As to the polyadenylation signal (polyA) for the plasmids and viral vectors other than poxviruses, use can more be made of the poly(A) signal of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,458), or the poly(A) signal of the rabbit β-globin gene or the poly(A) signal of the SV40 virus.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the expression vectors are expression vectors used for the in vitro expression of proteins in an appropriate cell system. The expressed proteins can be harvested in or from the culture supernatant after, or not after secretion (if there is no secretion a cell lysis typically occurs or is performed), optionally concentrated by concentration methods such as ultrafiltration and/or purified by purification means, such as affinity, ion exchange or gel filtration-type chromatography methods.
Isolation and purification of recombinantly expressed polypeptide may be carried out by conventional means including preparative chromatography (for example, size exclusion, ion exchange, affinity), selective precipitation and ultra-filtration. Examples of state of the art techniques that can be used, but not limited to, may be found in “Protein Purification Applications”, Second Edition, edited by Simon Roe and available at Oxford University Press. Such a recombinantly expressed polypeptide is part of the present disclosure. The methods for production of any polypeptide according to the present invention as described above are also encompassed, in particular the use of a recombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide according to the disclosure and of a host cell.
The vaccines containing recombinant viral vectors according to the invention may be freeze-dried, advantageously with a stabilizer. Freeze-drying can be done according to well-known standard freeze-drying procedures. The pharmaceutically or veterinary acceptable stabilizers may be carbohydrates (e.g. sorbitol, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, glucose, dextran, trehalose), sodium glutamate (Tsvetkov T et al.; Israeli E et al.), proteins such as peptone, albumin, lactalbumin or casein, protein containing agents such as skimmed milk (Mills C K et al.; Wolff E et al.), and buffers (e.g. phosphate buffer, alkaline metal phosphate buffer). An adjuvant may be used to make soluble the freeze-dried preparations.
Any composition or vaccine according to the invention can also advantageously contain one or more adjuvant.
The plasmid-based vaccines may be formulated with cationic lipids, advantageously with DMRIE(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-diméthyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propanammonium; WO96/34109), or in association with a neutral lipid, for example DOPE (dioleoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; Behr J. P.) to form DMRIE-DOPE. In one embodiment, the mixture is made extemporaneously, and before its administration it is advantageous to wait about 10 min to about 60 min, for example, about 30 min, for the appropriate complexation of the mixture. When DOPE is used, the molar ratio of DMRIE/DOPE can be from 95/5 to 5/95 and is advantageously 1/1. The weight ratio plasmid/DMRIE or DMRIE-DOPE adjuvant is, for example, from 50/1 to 1/10, from 10/1 to 1/5 or from 1/1 to 1/2.
Optionally a cytokine may be added to the composition, especially GM-CSF or cytokines inducing Th1 (e.g. IL12). These cytokines can be added to the composition as a plasmid encoding the cytokine protein. In one embodiment, the cytokines are from canine origin, e.g. canine GM-CSF which gene sequence has been deposited at the GenBank database (accession number S49738). This sequence can be used to create said plasmid in a manner similar to what was made in WO 00/77210.
A “host cell” denotes a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell that has been genetically altered, or is capable of being genetically altered by administration of an exogenous polynucleotide, such as a recombinant plasmid or vector. When referring to genetically altered cells, the term refers both to the originally altered cell and to the progeny thereof. Advantageous host cells include, but are not limited to, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells, COS7 cells, MCF-7 cells, MCF-10A cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) lines, mink lung (Mv1Lu) cells, MRC-5 cells, U937 cells and VERO cells. Polynucleotides comprising a desired sequence can be inserted into a suitable cloning or expression vector, and the vector in turn can be introduced into a suitable host cell for replication and amplification. Polynucleotides can be introduced into host cells by any means known in the art. The vectors containing the polynucleotides of interest can be introduced into the host cell by any of a number of appropriate means, including direct uptake, endocytosis, transfection, f-mating, electroporation, transfection employing calcium chloride, rubidium chloride, calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, or other substances; microprojectile bombardment; lipofection; and infection (where the vector is infectious, for instance, a retroviral vector). The choice of introducing vectors or polynucleotides will often depend on features of the host cell.
The polynucleotide vaccines may use both naked DNAs and DNAs formulated, for example, inside liposomes or cationic lipids or with CpG's.
Nucleic acids which differ from native African Horse Sickness Virus nucleic acids due to degeneracy in the genetic code are also within the scope of the invention. For example, a number of amino acids are designated by more than one triplet. Codons that specify the same amino acid, or synonyms (for example, CAU and CAC are synonyms for histidine) may result in “silent” mutations which do not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein. DNA sequence variations that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the subject African Horse Sickness Virus proteins encoded by the recombinant vectors of the present invention are also encompassed by the present invention. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid variations are within the scope of this invention.
It is also possible to modify the structure of the subject African Horse Sickness Virus polypeptides encoded by the recombinant vectors of the present invention for such purposes as enhancing therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy (e.g., increasing immunogenicity of the polypeptide). Such modified polypeptides, when designed to retain at least one activity of the naturally-occurring form of the protein, are considered functional equivalents of the African Horse Sickness Virus polypeptides described in more detail herein. Such modified polypeptides can be produced, for instance, by amino acid substitution, deletion, or addition.
For instance, it is reasonable to expect, for example, that an isolated replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid (i.e., conservative mutations) will not have a major effect on the biological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are related in their side chains. Genetically encoded amino acids can be divided into four families: (1) acidic=aspartate, glutamate; (2) basic=lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) nonpolar=alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; and (4) uncharged polar=glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified jointly as aromatic amino acids. In similar fashion, the amino acid repertoire can be grouped as (1) acidic=aspartate, glutamate; (2) basic=lysine, arginine histidine, (3) aliphatic=glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, with serine and threonine optionally be grouped separately as aliphatic-hydroxyl; (4) aromatic=phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan; (5) amide=asparagine, glutamine; and (6) sulfur-containing=cysteine and methionine. (see, for example, Biochemistry, 2nd ed., Ed. by L. Stryer, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1981). Whether a change in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide results in a functional homolog can be readily determined by assessing the ability of the variant polypeptide to produce a response in cells in a fashion similar to the wild-type protein.
As to epitopes of interest, reference is made to Kendrew, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Blackwell Science Ltd., 1995) and Sambrook, et al. 1982. An epitope of interest is an immunologically relevant region of an immunogen or immunologically active fragment thereof, e.g., from a pathogen or toxin of veterinary or human interest, e.g., African Horse Sickness Virus. One skilled in the art can determine an epitope or immunodominant region of a peptide or polypeptide and ergo the coding DNA therefore from the knowledge of the amino acid and corresponding DNA sequences of the peptide or polypeptide, as well as from the nature of particular amino acids (e.g., size, charge, etc.) and the codon dictionary, without undue experimentation.
The DNA sequence preferably encodes at least regions of the peptide that generate an antibody response or a T cell response. One method to determine T and B cell epitopes involves epitope mapping. The protein of interest is synthesized in short overlapping peptides (PEPSCAN). The individual peptides are then tested for their ability to bind to an antibody elicited by the native protein or to induce T cell or B cell activation. Janis Kuby, (1992).
Another method for determining an epitope of interest is to choose the regions of the protein that are hydrophilic. Hydrophilic residues are often on the surface of the protein and are therefore often the regions of the protein which are accessible to the antibody. Janis Kuby, (1992). Still another method for choosing an epitope of interest which can generate a T cell response is to identify from the protein sequence potential HLA anchor binding motifs which are peptide sequences which are known to be likely to bind to the MHC molecule.
The peptide which is a putative epitope of interest, to generate a T cell response, should be presented in a MHC complex. The peptide preferably contains appropriate anchor motifs for binding to the MHC molecules, and should bind with high enough affinity to generate an immune response.
Some guidelines in determining whether a protein is an epitope of interest which will stimulate a T cell response, include: Peptide length—the peptide should be at least 8 or 9 amino acids long to fit into the MHC class I complex and at least 13-25 amino acids long to fit into a class II MHC complex. This length is a minimum for the peptide to bind to the MHC complex. It is preferred for the peptides to be longer than these lengths because cells may cut the expressed peptides. The peptide should contain an appropriate anchor motif which will enable it to bind to the various class I or class II molecules with high enough specificity to generate an immune response (See Bocchia, M. et al.; Englehard, V H, (1994)). This can be done, without undue experimentation, by comparing the sequence of the protein of interest with published structures of peptides associated with the MHC molecules.
Further, the skilled artisan can ascertain an epitope of interest by comparing the protein sequence with sequences listed in the protein data base.
Even further, another method is simply to generate or express portions of a protein of interest, generate monoclonal antibodies to those portions of the protein of interest, and then ascertain whether those antibodies inhibit growth in vitro of the pathogen from which the from which the protein was derived. The skilled artisan can use the other guidelines set forth in this disclosure and in the art for generating or expressing portions of a protein of interest for analysis as to whether antibodies thereto inhibit growth in vitro.
In further embodiments, the invention provides a recombinant vector comprising one ore more nucleic acid(s) encoding one or more African Horse Sickness Virus protein, e.g., VP2 and or VP5, which has been modified from its native form to overcome an immunodominant non-neutralizing epitope. Immunodominant non-neutralizing epitopes act as decoys against neutralizing epitopes, for example, by directing an immune response away from a neutralizing epitope. Immunodominant non-neutralizing epitopes may be found in immunogenic proteins of pathogens, such as African Horse Sickness Virus.
The present invention encompasses recombinant vectors and modified recombinant viruses comprising nucleic acids encoding one or more African Horse Sickness Virus proteins that have been modified from their native form, e.g., by deletion(s) and/or insertion(s) and/or substitution of amino acid residue(s) in the native sequence.
As to “immunogenic composition”, “immunological composition” and “vaccine”, an immunological composition containing the vector (or an expression product thereof) elicits an immunological response—local or systemic. The response can, but need not be protective. An immunogenic composition containing the inventive recombinant or vector (or an expression product thereof) likewise elicits a local or systemic immunological response which can, but need not be, protective. A vaccine composition elicits a local or systemic protective response. Accordingly, the terms “immunological composition” and “immunogenic composition” include a “vaccine composition” (as the two former terms can be protective compositions). The invention comprehends immunological, immunogenic or vaccine compositions.
According to the present invention, the recombinant vector, e.g., virus such as poxvirus, expresses gene products of the foreign African Horse Sickness Virus gene(s) or nucleic acid molecule(s). Specific viral proteins of African Horse Sickness Virus or specific nucleic acid molecules encoding epitope(s) from specific African Horse Sickness Virus viral proteins is/are inserted into the recombinant vector e.g., virus such as poxvirus vector, and the resulting vector, e.g., recombinant virus such as poxvirus, is used to infect an animal or express the product(s) in vitro for administration to the animal. Expression in the animal of African Horse Sickness Virus gene products results in an immune response in the animal to African Horse Sickness Virus. Thus, the recombinant vector, e.g., virus such as recombinant poxvirus of the present invention may be used in an immunological composition or vaccine to provide a means to induce an immune response.
The administration procedure for a recombinant vector, e.g., recombinant virus such as recombinant poxvirus-AHSV or expression product thereof, as well as for compositions of the invention such as immunological or vaccine compositions or therapeutic compositions (e.g., compositions containing the recombinant vector or recombinant virus such as poxvirus or the expression product therefrom), can be via a parenteral route (intradermal, intramuscular or subcutaneous). Such an administration enables a systemic immune response, or humoral or cell-mediated responses.
The vector or recombinant virus-AHSV, e.g., poxvirus-AHSV, or expression product thereof, or composition containing such an expression product and/or vector or virus, can be administered to horses of any age or sex; for instance, to elicit an immunological response against African Horse Sickness Virus, e.g., to thereby prevent African Horse Sickness Virus and/or other pathologic sequelae associated with African Horse Sickness Virus. Advantageously, the vector or recombinant virus-AHSV, e.g., poxvirus-AHSV, or expression product thereof, or composition containing such an expression product and/or vector or virus, is administered to horses, including a newborn and/or to a pregnant mare to confer active immunity during gestation and/or passive immunity to the newborn through maternal antibodies. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for inoculation of a female horse (e.g., mare) with a composition comprising an immunogen from African Horse Sickness Virus or an epitope of interest from such an immunogen, e.g., an immunogen from AHSV VP2 and/or VP5 and/or an epitope of interest expressed by any one or more of these VPs or combinations of VPs, and/or with a vector expressing such an immunogen or epitope of interest. The inoculation can be prior to breeding; and/or prior to serving; and/or during gestation (or pregnancy), and/or prior to the perinatal period; and/or repeatedly over a lifetime. Advantageously, at least one inoculation is done before serving. It is also advantageously followed by an inoculation to be performed during gestation, e.g., at about mid-gestation (at about 5-6 months of gestation) and/or at the end of gestation (or at about 10-11 months of gestation). Thus, an advantageous regimen is an inoculation before serving and a booster inoculation during gestation. Thereafter, there can be reinoculation before each serving and/or during gestation at about mid-gestation (at about 5-6 months of gestation) and/or at the end of gestation (or at about 10-11 months of gestation). Preferably, reinoculation can be during gestation only. In another preferred embodiment, foals, such as foals from vaccinated females (e.g., inoculated as herein discussed), are inoculated within the first months of life, e.g., inoculation at three and/or four, and/or four and/or five, and five and/or six and six months of life. Even more advantageous, such foals are then boosted two (2) to eight (8) weeks later (after being first inoculated). Thus, both offspring, as well as the female horse (e.g., mare) can be administered compositions of the invention and/or can be the subject of performance of methods of the invention. Inoculations can be in the doses as herein described. With respect to the administration of poxvirus or virus compositions and maternal immunity, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,683.
With respect to dosages, routes of administration, formulations, adjuvants, and uses for recombinant viruses and expression products there of, compositions of the invention may be used for parenteral or mucosal administration, preferably by intradermal, subcutaneous or intramuscular routes. When mucosal administration is used, it is possible to use oral, ocular or nasal routes. The invention in yet a further aspect relates to the product of expression of the inventive recombinant or vector, e.g., virus, for instance, recombinant poxvirus, and uses therefore, such as to form an immunological or vaccine compositions for treatment, prevention, diagnosis or testing; and, to DNA from the recombinant or inventive virus, e.g., poxvirus, which is useful in constructing DNA probes and PCR primers.
The inventive recombinant vector or virus-AHSV (e.g., poxvirus-AHSV recombinants) immunological or vaccine compositions or therapeutic compositions, can be prepared in accordance with standard techniques well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical or veterinary art. Such compositions can be administered in dosages and by techniques well known to those skilled in the veterinary arts taking into consideration such factors as the age, sex, weight, and the route of administration. The compositions can be administered alone, or can be co-administered or sequentially administered with compositions, e.g., with “other” immunological composition, or attenuated, inactivated, recombinant vaccine or therapeutic compositions thereby providing multivalent or “cocktail” or combination compositions of the invention and methods employing them. The composition may contain combinations of the African Horse Sickness Virus component (e.g., recombinant vector such as a plasmid or virus or poxvirus expressing an African Horse Sickness Virus immunogen or epitope of interest and/or African Horse Sickness Virus immunogen or epitope of interest) and one or more unrelated equine pathogen vaccines (e.g., epitope(s) of interest, immunogen(s) and/or recombinant vector or virus such as a recombinant virus, e.g., recombinant poxvirus expressing such epitope(s) or immunogen(s)) such as one or more immunogen or epitope of interest from one or more equine bacterial and/or viral pathogen(s), e.g., an epitope of interest or immunogen from one or more of: equine herpes virus (EHV), equine influenza virus (EIV), West Nile Virus (WNV) in horses, Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (WEE), and Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE), tetanus, rabies, and Potomac horse fever +EPM. Again, the ingredients and manner (sequential or co-administration) of administration, as well as dosages can be determined taking into consideration such factors as the age, sex, weight, and, the route of administration. In this regard, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,456, incorporated herein by reference, and directed to rabies compositions and combination compositions and uses thereof.
Examples of compositions of the invention include liquid preparations for mucosal administration, e.g., oral, nasal, ocular, etc., administration such as suspensions and, preparations for parenteral, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular (e.g., injectable administration) such as sterile suspensions or emulsions. In such compositions the recombinant poxvirus or immunogens may be in admixture with a suitable carrier, diluent, or excipient such as sterile water, physiological saline, or the like. The compositions can also be lyophilized or frozen. The compositions can contain auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, adjuvants, preservatives, and the like, depending upon the route of administration and the preparation desired.
The compositions can contain at least one adjuvant compound chosen from aluminum hydroxide, a metabolizable oil, comprising terpene hydrocarbons and a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid, the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative and Immune-stimulating Complex Matrix (ISCOM) comprising glycosides of QUIL A, cholesterol, antigen, and/or phospholipids.
The preferred adjuvant compounds are the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid which are cross-linked, especially with polyalkenyl ethers of sugars or polyalcohols. These compounds are known by the term CARBOMER (Pharmeuropa Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1996). Persons skilled in the art can also refer to U.S. Pat. No. 2,909,462 (incorporated herein by reference) which describes such acrylic polymers cross-linked with a polyhydroxylated compound having at least 3 hydroxyl groups, preferably not more than 8, the hydrogen atoms of at least three hydroxyls being replaced by unsaturated aliphatic radicals having at least 2 carbon atoms. The preferred radicals are those containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. vinyls, allyls and other ethylenically unsaturated groups. The unsaturated radicals may themselves contain other substituents, such as methyl. The products sold under the name CARBOPOL® (BF Goodrich, Ohio, USA) are particularly appropriate. They are cross-linked with allyl sucrose or with allyl pentaerythritol. Among them, there may be mentioned CARBOPOL® 974P, 934P and 971P.
Among the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative, the copolymers EMA® (Monsanto) which are copolymers of maleic anhydride and ethylene, linear or cross-linked, for example cross-linked with divinyl ether, are preferred. Reference may be made to J. Fields et al., 1960, incorporated herein by reference.
From the point of view of their structure, the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid and the copolymers EMA® are preferably formed of basic units of the following formula:
in which:

- R₁and R₂, which are identical or different, represent H or CH₃
- x=0 or 1, preferably x=1
- y=1 or 2, with x+y=2

For the copolymers EMA®, x=0 and y=2. For the carbomers, x=y=1.
The dissolution of these polymers in water leads to an acid solution which will be neutralized, preferably to physiological pH, in order to give the adjuvant solution into which the vaccine itself will be incorporated. The carboxyl groups of the polymer are then partly in COO⁻form.
Preferably, a solution of adjuvant according to the invention, especially of carbomer, is prepared in distilled water, preferably in the presence of sodium chloride, the solution obtained being at acidic pH. This stock solution is diluted by adding it to the desired quantity (for obtaining the desired final concentration), or a substantial part thereof, of water charged with NaCl, preferably physiological saline (NaCl 9 g/l) all at once in several portions with concomitant or subsequent neutralization (pH 7.3 to 7.4), preferably with NaOH. This solution at physiological pH will be used as it is for mixing with the vaccine, which may be especially stored in freeze-dried, liquid or frozen form.
The polymer concentration in the final vaccine composition will be 0.01% to 2% w/v, more particularly 0.06 to 1% w/v, preferably 0.1 to 0.6% w/v.
The compositions of the invention can also be formulated as oil in water or as water in oil in water emulsions, e.g. as in V. Ganne et al. (1994).
Standard texts, such as “REMINGTON′S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE”, 17th edition, 1985, incorporated herein by reference, may be consulted to prepare suitable preparations, without undue experimentation.
Compositions in forms for various administration routes are envisioned by the invention. And again, the effective dosage and route of administration are determined by known factors, such as age, sex, weight, and other screening procedures which are known and do not require undue experimentation. Dosages of each active agent can be as in herein cited documents (or documents referenced or cited in herein cited documents).
Recombinant vectors can be administered in a suitable amount to obtain in vivo expression corresponding to the dosages described herein and/or in herein cited documents. For instance, suitable ranges for viral suspensions can be determined empirically. The viral vector or recombinant in the invention can be administered to a horse or infected or transfected into cells in an amount of about at least 10³pfu; more preferably about 10⁴pfu to about 10¹⁰pfu, e.g., about 10⁵pfu to about 10⁹pfu, for instance about 10⁶pfu to about 10⁸pfu, per dose, for example, per 2 mL dose. And, if more than one gene product is expressed by more than one recombinant, each recombinant can be administered in these amounts; or, each recombinant can be administered such that there is, in combination, a sum of recombinants comprising these amounts. In recombinant vector compositions employed in the invention, dosages can be as described in documents cited herein or as described herein or as in documents referenced or cited in herein cited documents. For instance, suitable quantities of each DNA in recombinant vector compositions can be 1 μg to 2 mg, preferably 50 μg to 1 mg. Documents cited herein (or documents cited or referenced in herein cited documents) regarding DNA vectors may be consulted by the skilled artisan to ascertain other suitable dosages for recombinant DNA vector compositions of the invention, without undue experimentation.
However, the dosage of the composition(s), concentration of components therein and timing of administering the composition(s), which elicit a suitable immunological response, can be determined by methods such as by antibody titrations of sera, e.g., by ELISA and/or seroneutralization assay analysis and/or by vaccination challenge evaluation in horse. Such determinations do not require undue experimentation from the knowledge of the skilled artisan, this disclosure and the documents cited herein. And, the time for sequential administrations can be likewise ascertained with methods ascertainable from this disclosure, and the knowledge in the art, without undue experimentation.
The African Horse Sickness Virus immunogen or epitope of interest can be obtained from any of the nine serotypes of African Horse Sickness Virus or can be obtained from in vitro recombinant expression of African Horse Sickness Virus gene(s) or portions thereof. Methods for making and/or using vectors (or recombinants) for expression and uses of expression products and products therefrom (such as antibodies) can be by or analogous to the methods disclosed in herein cited documents and documents referenced or cited in herein cited documents.
Suitable dosages can also be based upon the examples below.
The invention in a particular aspect is directed to recombinant poxviruses containing therein a DNA sequence from African Horse Sickness Virus, advantageously in a nonessential region of the poxvirus genome. The recombinant poxviruses express gene products of the foreign African Horse Sickness Virus gene. In particular, VP2 and VP5 genes encoding African Horse Sickness Virus viral proteins were isolated, characterized and inserted into ALVAC (canarypox vector) recombinants.
One embodiment of the invention relates to a new AHSV strain, namely AHSV4-Jane Strain.
Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the above paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
The invention will now be further described by way of the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding descriptions, practice the present invention to its fullest extent. The following detailed examples are to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitations of the preceding disclosure in any way whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will promptly recognize appropriate variations from the procedures both as to reactants and as to reaction conditions and techniques.
Construction of DNA inserts, plasmids and recombinant viral vectors was carried out using the standard molecular biology techniques described by J. Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). All the restriction fragments used for the present invention were isolated using the “Geneclean” kit (BIO 101 Inc., La Jolla, Calif.).

Example 1

Construction of the Canarypox Recombinant Viral Vectors

Synthetic genes encoding the VP2 and VP5 proteins of African Horse Sickness Virus were used in the construction of a recombinant canarypox virus vector. Briefly, the L2 and M5 gene segments that respectively encode VP2 and VP5 of African Horse Sickness Virus serotypes 4, 5 and 9 were amplified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced using a protocol previously described by Bonneau K R, Mullens B A, (2001) Bonneau K R, et al. (1999).
The sequences of the L2/VP2 (SEQ ID NO:48) and M5/VP5 (SEQ ID NO:50) genes of a virulent field isolate of AHSV-4 (hereinafter referred to as “the AHSV4 Jane Strain”) were compared to the published sequences of the same genes of other strains of AHS serotype 4 available at GenBank, and optimized synthetic sequences were then derived using GeneOptimizer® software (Geneart GmbH) for chemical synthesis of an array of oligonucleotides that encompass each individual gene. The oligonucleotides were assembled using a PCR-based strategy to generate the complete, full length synthetic VP2 and VP5 coding sequences. The synthetic genes encoding VP2 and VP5 were then subcloned into the canarypox virus vector to produce the AHSV-canarypox virus recombinant (AHSV-CP), essentially as previously described for the recombinant canarypox virus vectored West Nile virus (WNV-CP) vaccine (Minke J M, et al. 2004a).
Briefly, the synthetic gene encoding VP2 of AHSV-4 (SEQ ID NO:4) was subcloned into a canarypox C3 insertion vector (plasmid containing a vaccinia virus H6 promoter and the flanking arms of the canarypox C3 locus) to generate an expression cassette containing the VP2 (SEQ ID NO:4) gene under the control of the H6 promoter. Subsequently, an expression cassette containing the synthetic VP5 gene (SEQ ID NO:5) under the control of entomopoxvirus Amsacta moorei 42K promoter was constructed and cloned into H6-VP2 donor plasmid. The resultant insertion plasmid contained two expression cassettes, the VP2 gene (SEQ ID NO:4) under the control of the H6 promoter and the VP5 gene (SEQ ID NO:5) under the control of the 42K promoter, in a head-to-tail orientation.
To generate the AHSV-CP virus recombinant, the insertion plasmid was transfected into primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells that were subsequently infected with canarypox virus. After 24 hours, the transfected-infected cells were harvested, sonicated and used for recombinant virus screening (Piccini A, et al. (1987)). The recombinant plaques were screened by in situ plaque lift hybridization method (Sambrook et al., 1982) using an AHSV-specific probe. After 4 sequential rounds of plaque purification, the recombinant confirmed by hybridization to be 100% positive for the African Horse Sickness Virus insert was amplified and used to prepare vaccine stocks that were stored at −80° C.

Example 2

Construction of the pLHD3460.4 Donor Plasmid Expressing the H6 Promoter-Driven Synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 and the 42K Promoter-Driven Synthetic AHSV-4-VP5

FIG. 1 shows the construction scheme for pLHD3460.4 (SEQ ID NO:6), the C3 donor plasmid for generation of the ALVAC recombinant expressing AHSV-4-VP2 and AHSV-4-VP5 viral proteins. The genes encoding AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:4) and AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:5) are synthetic with codon optimization for expression in mammalian cells. The synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:4) gene was placed under the control of vaccinia pC3H6p promoter and the synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:5) gene was placed under the control of vaccinia 42K promoter. The plasmid contains also a gene conferring ampicillin resistance.
The plasmid containing synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 gene was digested with BamHI and NruI. The resulting 3.2 Kb AHSV-4-VP2 insert was isolated and cloned into the BamHI/NruI sites of a shuttle vector prepared from pJY1107.5 (pF8 AIV H7N2 HA) to create pLHD3410.9 (pF8 H6p AHSV-4-VP2), which contains the NruI site of H6 promoter and the full length AHSV-4-VP2 followed by the XhoI site.
pLHD3410.9 was digested again with NruI and XhoI, and a 3.2 Kb DNA fragment comprising 3′ NruI of the H6 promoter and the full-length AHSV-4-VP2 gene was isolated and cloned into the NruI/XhoI sites of an ALVAC C3 donor plasmid prepared from pJY1738.2 (pC3 H6p CPV-VP2) to create pLHD3426.1, an ALVAC C3 donor plasmid containing the H6p-AHSV-4-VP2 expression cassette.
An expression cassette 42Kp-AHSV-4-VP5 flanked by the SpeI site was PCR amplified using the plasmid containing AHSV-4-VP5 as the template and a pair of primers 13599.JY (SEQ ID NO:7) and 13600.JY (SEQ ID NO:8). Primer 13599.JY (SEQ ID NO:7) comprises the SpeI site and the sequence of 42K promoter followed by the 5′ sequence of VP5. Primer 13600.JY (SEQ ID NO:8) consists of the 3′ sequence of VP5 followed by T5NT and SpeI site. The amplified expression cassette was then cloned into pCR2.1, a TOPO vector, to create pCR2.1 42Kp AHSV-4-VP5, which was confirmed to contain the correct sequence.
Plasmid pCR2.1 AHSV-4-VP5 was digested with SpeI, and the 42Kp-VP5 expressing cassette was then isolated and cloned into the SpeI site of plasmid pLHD3426.1 to create an ALVAC C3 donor plasmid containing the double expression cassettes H6p-AHSV-4-VP2/42Kp-VP5 (pLHD3460.4), which was sequenced and confirmed to contain the correct sequences at set forth by SEQ ID NO:6.
The primers for amplification of 42Kp-AHSV-4-VP5 expressing cassette were as follows:

13599.JY
(SEQ ID NO: 7)
5′ TGACTAGTTCAAAATTGAAAATATATAATTACAATATAAAATGGGCAAGTTTACCAGCTTCCTGAAG
SpeI 42Kp

13600.JY
(SEQ ID NO: 8)
5′ TTAACTAGTAGAAAAATCATCAGGCGATCTTCACGCCGTACAG
SpeI T5NT

The predicted molecular weights were 124.3 kDa for AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:1), and 57 KDa for AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:2). The isoelectric points were 6.75 for AHSV-4-VP2 and 5.8 for AHSV-4-VP5. Both viral proteins were expressed primarily in the cytoplasm.

Example 3

Construction of Recombinant Viral Vector vCP2377 (ALVAC C3H6p-Synthetic AHSV-4-VP2/42Kp-Synthetic AHSV-4-VP5)

To produce the vCP2377 recombinant viral vector, the donor plasmid, pLHD3460.4 (SEQ ID NO:6), and the parental virus, ALVAC (4.4×10¹⁰pfu/mL), were recombined in vitro using primary chicken embryo fibroblast (primary CEF, or CEF) cells. FIG. 3 outlines this procedure. Plaque hybridization by AHSV-4-VP5 specific probe was used to confirm recombinant viral vector.
The in vitro recombination (IVR) was performed by transfection of primary CEF cells with NotI-linearized donor plasmid pLHD3460.4 (15 μg) using Fugene reagent (Roche, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304-1353). The transfected cells were subsequently infected with ALVAC (4.4×10¹⁰pfu/mL) as the rescue virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. After 24 hours, the transfected-infected cells were harvested, sonicated and used for recombinant virus screening.
The recombinant plaques were screened based on the plaque lift hybridization method (Sambrook et al., 1982) using an AHSV-4-VP5 specific probe which was labeled with horseradish peroxidase according to the manufacturer's protocol (Amersham, Alpharetta, Ga. 30058, Cat #RPN3001). After 3 sequential rounds of plaque purification, the recombinant designated as vCP2377.6.1.1 (partial sequence given by SEQ ID NO:17) was generated and confirmed by hybridization as 100% positive for the AHSV insert and 100% negative for the empty C3 site.
Single plaques were selected from the final round of plaque purification, and expanded to obtain P1 (T-25 flask), P2 (T-75 flask) and P3 (roller bottle) stocks to amplify vCP2377.6.1.1. The recombinant was re-confirmed at the P2 level by hybridization and found to be 100% positive for the insert and 100% negative for the empty C3 loci. The infected cell culture fluid from the roller bottles was harvested and concentrated to produce the virus stock (3.2 mL of vCP2377.6.1.1 at 1.2×10¹⁰pfu/mL). Mouse anti-BTV4-VP2 mAb and mouse anti-VP5 AHSV mAb 10AE12 Passage 9 (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., Virology 257, 449-459, 1999) were used for Western blot and Immunoplaque (FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, respectively).
The cells used for in vitro recombination were primary chicken embryo fibroblast (primary CEF) cells grown in 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (JRH bioscience, Lenexa, Kans. 66215: γ-irradiated cat #12107, Lot#1L0232), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen/BRL/Gibco, Carlsbad, Calif., 92008-7321, cat #11960) supplemented with 4 mM Glutamine (Invitrogen/BRL/Gibco, Carlsbad, Calif., 92008-7321, cat #25030-081) and 1 mM Sodium Pyruvate (Invitrogen/BRL/Gibco cat #11360-070) in the presence of 1× antibiotics/antimycotics (P/S/A/A, Invitrogen/BRL/Gibco cat #15240-062). Fugene (Roche, Lot #181444). The final virus concentrates was re-suspended in 1 mM Tris, pH9.0.

Example 4

Analysis of Recombinant Viral Vector vCP2377 (ALVAC C3H6p-Synthetic AHSV-4-VP2/42Kp-synthetic AHSV-4-VP5)

The P3 stock was re-confirmed by hybridization, as 100% positive for the AHSV-4-VP2 and AHSV-4-VP5 inserts, and 100% negative for the empty C3 loci. A theoretical restriction map of the genomic DNA (FIG. 4) was created in Vector NTI (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). To perform the real-life experiment, genomic DNA was extracted from vCP2377.6.1.1 virus concentrates and digested with BamHI, HindIII or PstI, and separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis (FIG. 5). The results revealed the correct insertion of the foreign gene sequence.
Southern Blot:
The genomic DNA digested with BamHI, HindIII, or PstI was transferred to nylon membrane and Southern blot analysis was performed by probing with the AHSV-4-VP2 probe. Bands of expected sizes were observed, namely 16047 bp, 6971 bp BamHI, 20660 bp HindIII and 13658 bp, 4061 bp PstI. The results indicated the correct insertion of AHSV-4-VP2 and AHSV-4-VP5 into the C3 loci. (FIG. 6).
Expression Analysis:
Primary CEF cells were infected with the P3 stock of vCP2377.6.1.1 at a MOI of 10 and incubated at 37° C. for 24 hrs. The cells and culture supernatant were then harvested. Sample proteins were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to IMMOBILON nylon membrane, and probed separately with the mouse anti-VP5 of AHSV (African horse sickness virus) 10AE12 Passage 9 antibody (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., 1999) at a dilution of 1:100. Peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse antiserum was used as a secondary antibody and the bands were visualized using Amersham detection regents. With the use of the mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb, the protein bands between 55 to 70 kDa were detected in the cell pellets of vCP2377.6.1.1, indicating the expression of the AHSV-4-VP5 protein. (FIG. 7). AHSV-4-VP5 protein expression was not detected in the culture medium. The expression of AHSV-4-VP2 expression was not detected by the mouse anti-BTV4-VP2 mAb (Merial proprietary material).
Immunoplaque:
The homogeneity of the vCP2377.6.1.1 population was 100% as evidenced by an immunoplaque assay, using mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb 10AE12 Passage 9 (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., 1999) at a dilution of 1:100 (FIG. 8). Anti-AHSV VP2 antibody was not available.
Sequence Analysis:
A more detailed analysis of the P3 stock genomic DNA was performed by using PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the flanking arms of the C3 locus and the AHSV-4-VP2 and AHSV-4-VP5 inserts. Primers 8103.JY (SEQ ID NO:13)/13616.LH (SEQ ID NO:15) and 13637.LH (SEQ ID NO:16)/8104.JY (SEQ ID NO:14) were used to amplify the entire C3R-AHSV-4-VP2/VP5-inserts-C3L fragment (FIG. 9). The resulting sequence, namely SEQ ID NO:17, indicated that the sequences of the AHSV-4-VP2 and AHSV-4-VP5 inserts and the C3 left and right arms around the AHSV inserts in vCP2377.6.1.1 were correct.

	Primers for amplifying the AHSV-4-VP2 probe
	13625.LH
	(SEQ ID NO: 9)
	5′ TACGACCACGGCACCGACATCATCT 3′

	13632.LH
	(SEQ ID NO: 10)
	5′ TTTTCAGCTTCTTAAAGGCGTACTC 3′

	Primers for amplifying the AHSV-4-VP5 probe
	13615.LH
	(SEQ ID NO: 11)
	5′AAGAAGATGTACAAGCTGGCCGGCA 3′

	13620.LH
	(SEQ ID NO: 12)
	5′ GCCGCTCGTATTCCTGCTTCACGAT 3′

	Primers for PCR amplification of the
	vCP2377 C3 arms plus insert
	8103.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 13)
	5′ GAGGCATCCAACATATAAAGAAGACTAAAG 3′

	8104.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 14)
	5′ TAGTTAAATACTCATAACTCATATCTG 3′

	13616.LH
	(SEQ ID NO: 15)
	5′ TGCCGGCCAGCTTGTACATCTTCTT 3′

	13637.LH
	(SEQ ID NO: 16)
	5′ CACCACACTGAAGCTGGACAGAAGA 3′

Example 5

Construction of pCXL2415.1 Donor Plasmid Expressing the H6 Promoter-Driven Synthetic AHSV-9-VP2 and the 42K Promoter-Driven Synthetic AHSV-9-VP5

The overall construction scheme for pCXL2415.1 (SEQ ID NO:22) is depicted in FIG. 10. The plasmid containing synthetic AHSV-9-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:28) was digested with NruI/BamHI, and the 3188 bp fragment was isolated and cloned into NruI/BamHI-linearized pJY1107.5 (pF8 H6p-AIV H7N2 HA). The resulting plasmid, pCXL2275.1 (pF8 H6p-AHSV-9-VP2), contains the NruI site of H6 promoter and the full length AHSV-9-VP2 followed by the XhoI site. After sequence confirmation, pCXL2275.1 was digested with NruI/XhoI, and the 3194 bp AHSV-9-VP2 fragment was isolated and cloned into NruI/XhoI-digested pJY1738.2 (the C3 ALVAC donor plasmid). The resulting plasmid, pCXL2328.4 (pC3 H6p-AHSV-9-VP2), contains the expression cassette H6p-AHSV-9-VP2.
To produce a 42Kp-AHSV-9-VP5 expression cassette, DNA encoding the AHSV-9 synthetic VP5 gene was PCR-amplified using 18020CXL (SEQ ID NO: 23) and 18021CXL (SEQ ID NO: 24) primers. The PCR product was subsequently cloned using TOPO pCR2.1 vector to create plasmid pCXL2313.2 (pCR2.1 42Kp-VP5). However, pCXL2313.2 was found to contain no TN5T sequence at the end of the VP5 gene due the design of primer 18020CXL. Therefore, a new set of primers, 18041CXL (SEQ ID NO:46) and 18042CXL (SEQ ID NO:47), was synthesized and used to introduce the T5NT sequence at the end of the VP5 gene in plasmid pCXL2313.2. The site-directed mutagenesis was carried out using Stratagene's QuickChange kit, and the resulting plasmid, pCXL2399.3, was sequenced and confirmed to contain the correct 42Kp-AHSV-9-VP5 expression cassette flanked by SpeI sites.
Plasmid pCXL2399.3 was subsequently digested with SpeI, and the 1556 bp fragment containing the 42Kp-AHSV-9-VP5 expression cassette was isolated and cloned into the SpeI site of plasmid pCXL2328.4 to create pCXL2415.1 (SEQ ID NO:22), which is an ALVAC C3 donor containing the double expression cassettes H6p-AHSV-9-VP2/42Kp-AHSV-9-VP5 in a head to tail orientation (FIG. 11). The predicted molecular weights for AHSV-9-VP2 and AHSV-9-VP5 are 123.5 kDa and 56.8 kDa, respectively. The isoelectric points for VP2 and VP5 are 8.14 and 5.96, respectively, and the proteins expressed largely in the cytoplasm.

Example 6

Construction of Recombinant Viral Vector vCP2383 (ALVAC C3H6p-Synthetic AHSV-9-VP2/42Kp-Synthetic AHSV-9-VP5)

The vCP2383 recombinant viral vector was produced according to the in vitro recombination (IVR) scheme depicted in FIG. 12. The IVR was performed by transfecting primary chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells with 13.2 μg SapI-linearized donor plasmid pCXL2415.1 using FuGENE® HD transfection reagent (Roche, Cat #04709705001). The transfected CEF cells were subsequently infected with ALVAC (4.4×10¹⁰pfu/mL) as the rescue virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. After 24 hours, the transfected-infected cells were harvested, sonicated and used for recombinant virus screening.
The recombinant plaques were screened based on the plaque lift hybridization method (Sambrook et al., 1982) using AHSV-9-VP5 specific probe which was labeled with horseradish peroxidase according to the manufacturer's protocol (Amersham Cat# RPN3001). After 4 sequential rounds of plaque purification, the recombinant designated as vCP2383.3.1.1.1 and vCP2383.9.1.1.1 were generated and confirmed by hybridization as 100% positive for the AHSV insert and 100% negative for C3 loci. Single plaques were selected from the final round of plaque purification, and expanded to obtain P1 (T-25 flask), P2 (T-75 flask) and P3 (6× roller bottle) stocks to amplify vCP2383.3.1.1.1. The infected cell culture fluid from the roller bottles was harvested and concentrated to produce the virus stock (4.5 mL of vCP2383.3.1.1.1 at 2.2×10¹⁰pfu/mL).

Example 7

Analysis of Recombinant Viral Vector vCP2383 (ALVAC C3H6p-Synthetic AHSV-9-VP2/42Kp-synthetic AHSV-9-VP5)

The P3 stock was re-confirmed by hybridization, as 100% positive for the AHSV-9-VP2 and AHSV-9-VP5 inserts, and 100% negative for the C3 loci.
Genomic Analysis:
A theoretical vCP2383 genomic DNA restriction enzyme gel was produced using Vector NTI (FIG. 13). To perform the real-life experiment, genomic DNA was extracted from vCP2383.3.1.1.1 and vCP2383.9.1.1.1, digested with BamHI, HindIII or XbaI, and separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. The results revealed the correct insertion of the foreign gene sequence. (FIG. 14).
Southern Blot:
The genomic DNA digested with BamHI, HindIII, or XbaI was transferred to a nylon membrane and Southern blot analysis was performed by probing with the AHSV-9-VP5 probe. Bands of the expected sizes were observed, namely 4940 bp BamHI, 20633 bp HindIII and 9559 bp XbaI. The results indicated the correct insertion of AHSV-9-VP2 and AHSV-9-VP5 into the C3 loci (FIG. 15).
Expression Analysis:
Primary CEF cells were infected with the P3 stock of vCP2383.3.1.1.1 at a MOI of 10 and incubated at 37° C. for 26 hrs. The cells and culture supernatant were harvested and sample proteins were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to IMMOBILON nylon membrane, and probed separately with the mouse anti-VP5 of AHSV (African horse sickness virus) 10AE12 Passage 9 antibody (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., 1999) at a dilution of 1:100. Peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse antiserum was used as a secondary antibody and the bands were visualized using Amersham detection regents. With the mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb, the protein bands between 55 to 72 kDa were detected in the cell pellets of vCP2383.3.1.1.1, indicating the expression of the AHSV-9-VP5 protein (FIG. 16). AHSV9-VP5 protein expression was not detected in the culture medium. The expression of AHSV9-VP2 was not detected by the mouse anti-BTV4-VP2 mAb (Merial proprietary material).
Immunoplaque:
The homogeneity of the vCP2383.3.1.1.1 population was 100% as evidenced by an immunoplaque assay, using mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb 10AE12 Passage 9 (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., 1999) at a dilution of 1:100 (FIG. 17).
Sequence Analysis:
A more detailed analysis of the P3 stock genomic DNA was performed by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the flanking arms of the C3 locus and the AHSV-9-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:28) and AHSV-9-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:29) inserts. Primers 8103.JY (SEQ ID NO:13) and 8104.JY (SEQ ID NO:14) (FIG. 18) were used to amplify the entire C3L-H6-AHSV-9-VP2-42K-AHSV-9-VP5-C3R fragment. The resulting sequence, namely SEQ ID NO:27, indicated that the sequences of the AHSV-9-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:28) and AHSV-9-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:29) inserts and the C3 left and right arms around the AHSV inserts in vCP2383.3.1.1.1 were correct.

Primers for amplifying the AHSV-9-VP5 probe

18020CXL

(SEQ ID NO: 23)

5′: CTAGACTAGTTTACTATCATTTCACGCCGAACAGCA

18021CXL

(SEQ ID NO: 24)

5′: GCAAGGACCAGAGCGAGCGGATCA

Primers for amplifying the AHSV-9-VP2 probe

13660CXL

(SEQ ID NO: 25)

5′: AGGCCTTCGCCGGCAACAGCCTGCT

13665CXL

(SEQ ID NO: 26)

5′: AGGGCATCGATCAGGAACTCGCTCT

Primers for PCR amplification of the vCP2383 C3

arms plus insert

8103.JY

(SEQ ID NO: 13)

5′: GAGGCATCCAACATATAAAGAAGACTAAAG 3′

8104.JY

(SEQ ID NO: 14)

5′: TAGTTAAATACTCATAACTCATATCTG 3′

Example 8

Construction of pJSY2247.2 (SEQ ID NO:32) Donor Plasmid Expressing the H6 Promoter-Driven Synthetic AHSV-5-VP2 and the 42K Promoter-Driven Synthetic AHSV-5-VP5

The overall construction scheme for pJSY2247.2 (SEQ ID NO:32) is depicted in FIG. 22. The plasmid containing synthetic AHSV-5-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:33) gene was digested with XhoI and NruI. The resulting AHSV-5-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:33) insert was isolated and cloned into the NruI/XhoI sites of an ALVAC C3 donor plasmid prepared from pJY1738.2 (pC3 H6p CPV-VP2) to create pJSY2245.1, an ALVAC C3 donor plasmid containing the H6p-AHSV-5-VP2 expression cassette.
An expression cassette 42Kp-AHSV-5-VP5 flanked by the SpeI site was isolated from the plasmid containing synthetic AHSV-5-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:34) by SpeI digestion, and was then cloned into the SpeI site of plasmid pJSY2245.1 to create an ALVAC C3 donor plasmid containing the double expression cassettes pJSY2247.2 (SEQ ID NO:32; H6p-AHSV-5-VP2/42Kp-VP5), which was sequenced and confirmed to contain the correct sequences. A diagram of the plasmid pJSY2247.2 and corresponding SEQ ID NOs are indicated in FIG. 23. The Molecular Weights for synthetic AHSV-5-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:35) and synthetic AHSV-5-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:36) were about 122.9 kDa and about 57.1 KDa, respectively. The isoelectric points for synthetic AHSV-5-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:35) and synthetic AHSV-5-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:36) were about 8.4 and 5.77, respectively. Both viral proteins were found primarily in the cytoplasm.

Example 9

Construction of Recombinant Viral Vector vCP2398 (SEQ ID NO:41) (H6-Synthetic AHSV-5-VP2-42K-Synthetic AHSV-5-VP5)

The vCP2398 (SEQ ID NO:41) recombinant viral vector was produced according to the in vitro recombination (IVR) scheme depicted in FIG. 24. The IVR was performed by transfecting primary CEF cells with 15 μg NotI-linearized pJSY2247.2 (SEQ ID NO:32) donor plasmid using FuGENE reagent (Roche, Cat #04709705001). The transfected cells were subsequently infected with ALVAC (1) (2×10¹⁰pfu/mL HM1355) as the rescue virus at a MOI of 10. After 24 hours, the transfected-infected cells were harvested, sonicated and used for recombinant virus screening.
The recombinant plaques were screened based on the plaque lift hybridization method (Sambrook et al., 1982) using AHSV-5-VP2 specific probe which was labeled with horseradish peroxidase according to the manufacturer's protocol (Amersham Cat# RPN3001). After 3 sequential rounds of plaque purification, the recombinant designated as vCP2398.2.1.1 was generated and confirmed by hybridization as 100% positive for the AHSV insert and 100% negative for the empty C3 site
Single plaques were selected from the final round of plaque purification, and expanded to obtain P1 (T-25 flask), P2 (T-75 flask) and P3 (roller bottle) stocks to amplify vCP2398.2.1.1. The recombinant was re-confirmed at the P2 level by hybridization and found to be 100% positive for the insert and 100% negative for the empty C3 site. The infected cell culture fluid from the roller bottles was harvested and concentrated to produce the virus stock (2.6 mL of vCP2398.2.1.1 at 3.3×10¹⁰pfu/mL).

Example 10

Analysis of Recombinant Viral Vector vCP2398 (SEQ ID NO:41) (H6-Synthetic AHSV-5-VP2-42K-Synthetic AHSV-5-VP5)

The P3 stock was re-confirmed by hybridization, as 100% positive for the AHSV-5-VP2 and AHSV-5-VP5 inserts, and 100% negative for the empty C3 site.
Genomic Analysis:
A theoretical restriction enzyme gel for the genomic DNA was created in Vector NTI and is shown in FIG. 25. The genomic DNA was extracted from vCP2398.2.1.1, digested with BamHI, HindIII or PstI, and separated by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. The results revealed the correct insertion of the foreign gene sequence. (FIG. 26).
Southern Blot:
The genomic DNA digested with BamHI, HindIII, or PstI was transferred to the nylon membrane and Southern blot analysis was performed by probing with the AHSV-5-VP2 probe. Specific 20975 bp and 11899 bp BamHI, 4980 bp HindIII and 1818 bp PstI bands were observed at the expected sizes. The results indicated the correct insertion of AHSV-5-VP2 and AHSV-5-VP5 into the C3 locus (FIG. 27).
Expression Analysis:
Primary CEF cells were infected with the P3 stock of vCP2398.2.1.1 at a MOI of 10 and incubated at 37° C. for 24 hrs. The cells and culture supernatant were then harvested. Sample proteins were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to Immobilon nylon membrane, and probed separately with the mouse anti-VP5 of AHSV (African horse sickness virus) 10AE12 Passage 9 antibody (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., 1999) at a dilution of 1:100. Peroxidase conjugated goat anti-mouse antiserum was used as a secondary antibody and the bands were visualized using Amersham detection regents. With the use of the mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb, protein bands between 55 to 72 kDa were detected in the cell pellets of vCP2398.2.1.1, indicating the expression of the AHSV-5-VP5 protein (FIG. 28). AHSV-5-VP5 protein expression was not detected in the culture medium.
Immunoplaque:
The homogeneity of the vCP2398.2.1.1 population was 100% as evidenced by an immunoplaque assay, using mouse anti-AHSV VP5 mAb 10AE12 Passage 9 (Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J et al., 1999) at a dilution of 1:100 (FIG. 29).
Sequence Analysis:
A more detailed analysis of the P3 stock genomic DNA was performed by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the flanking arms of the C3 locus and the AHSV-5-VP2 and AHSV-5-VP5 inserts. Primers 8103.JY/8104.JY were used to amplify the entire C3R-AHSV-5-VP2/VP5 inserts-C3L fragment. A primer map is shown in FIG. 30. The resulting sequence, namely SEQ ID NO:41, indicated that the sequences of the AHSV-5-VP2 and AHSV-5-VP5 inserts and the C3 left and right arms around the AHSV inserts in vCP2398.2.1.1 were correct.

	Primers for amplifying the AHSV-5-VP2 probe:
	18098.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 37)
	5′GGATCGAGCGGGACGAGCTGGACG 3′

	18103.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 38)
	5′GCCAGCCGTACTGGAACTTGTAGC 3′

	Primers for amplifying the AHSV-5-VP5 probe:
	18115.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 39)
	5′ TGCTGGACCTGAGCGCCGAGGTGA 3′

	18120.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 40)
	5′ TCAGGCGATCTTCACGCCGAACAG 3′

	Primers for PCR amplification of the vCP2398
	C3 arms plus insert:
	8103.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 13)
	5′ GAGGCATCCAACATATAAAGAAGACTAAAG 3′

	8104.JY
	(SEQ ID NO: 14)
	5′ TAGTTAAATACTCATAACTCATATCTG 3′

Example 11

Production of Experimental Vaccines

Three different vaccines were produced using an active ingredient produced at the 5th passage after the master seed virus stock (MSV+5) after a culture of 4 days of the vCP2377 (produced according to EXAMPLE 6) on confluent monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and treatment of the harvest. The MSV+5 passage is representative (from the genomic/genetic structure stability perspective) of the commercial vaccine product, and is typically used for producing commercial batches. The three vaccines (produced in GMP conditions) used CARBOMER as adjuvant (4 mg/mL) and are differentiated by their concentration of antigen. The specific CARBOMER used was CARBOMER®/CARBOPOL® 974P (Pharmaceutical grade, produced by Goodrich Chemicals Europe NV, Belgium). The concentration used was 4 mg/mL with 1 dose=1 mL. CARBOMER® 974P is used interchangeably with CARBOPOL® 974P throughout this application.
The infective titer of the active ingredient vCP2377 used in formulation of the vaccines was 8.89 Log 10CCID50/mL. The vaccine formulations also contained the following ingredients: an adjuvant made up of a 1.5% solution of carbomer in water for injection containing 0.1% NaCl; a diluent that was physiologically buffered at pH 7.1; and a 0.1N NaOH solution for pH regulation.
The active ingredient stored at −70° C. was thawed in a water bath (37° C.) no more than 72 hours before use. Immediately after thawing, they were stored at +5° C. In a sterile vessel with stirring system, 80% of the buffered physiological saline pH 7.1 for the formulation was introduced at room temperature. Under stirring was added the active ingredient. After homogenization, the 1.5% solution of CARBOMER® 974P was added slowly with pH regulation (pH 7.1) using NaOH 1N. During formulation, the pH value preferably remained between 6.5 and 7.3 and a final concentration of CARBOMER of 4 mg/mL. When all the CARBOMER® 974P was added, the remaining quantity of buffered physiological saline pH 7.1 was added under stirring to complete the final volume.
If necessary, the pH can be adjusted to 7.1±0.2 by addition of sodium hydroxide (1N) or hydrochloric acid (1N). The bulk was homogenized by stirring at a temperature not lower than +2° C. for at least 2 hours. The bulk obtained was stored at +5° C. (±3° C.) until filling. The composition of the vaccines is summarized in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1

Code	Name	Batch	Volume (mL)

Vaccine batch 87859A010

Target Formulation: 7.5 Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL

	vCP2377	8C23775E05	40.7
	CARBOMER ® 974P	8CB011311H50	266.7
	(1.5% solution)
1045001007	Buffered physiological	285142	668.6
	saline pH 7.1
1045000842	NaOH 1N	283938	47.9

Vaccine batch 87859A020

Target Formulation: 7.2 Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL

	vCP2377	8C23775E05	20.4
	CARBOMER ® 974P	8CB011311H50	266.7
	(1.5% solution)
1045001007	Buffered physiological	285142	689.2
	saline pH 7.1
1045000842	NaOH 1N	283938	47.7

Vaccine batch 87859A030

Target Formulation: 6.8 Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL

	vCP2377	8C23775E05	8.1
	CARBOMER ® 974P	8CB011311H50	266.7
	(1.5% solution)
1045001007	Buffered physiological	285142	701.3
	saline pH 7.1
1045000842	NaOH 1N	283938	47.9

Example 12

Verification of the Identity of 3 Vaccine Batches Containing vCP2377 Recombinant Viral Vector Expressing Synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 and Synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 Capsid Proteins

The 3 vaccines containing vCP2377 adjuvanted with ® 974P were described according to the following: batch 87859A011, target titer 7.5 log 10 DICC50/mL, batch 87859A021, target titer 7.2 log 10 DICC50/mL, and batch 87859A031, target titer 6.8 log 10 DICC50/mL. The vCP2377 before formulation was vCP2377-1-CEPI 7007/17/07/07 and the titer was 8.3 log 10 DICC50/mL
A vaccine comprising two “non relevant” recombinant canarypox (EIV) adjuvanted with CARBOPOL® 974P was used as negative control (batch—76435V191, titer 7.34 log 10 DICC50/mL).
Methods:
The expression of viral proteins AHSV-4-VP2 and AHSV-4-VP5 was verified by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot and was used to confirm the identity of the vaccines. The reagents included the following: anti-AHSV VP5 10AE12 (INGENASA, 28037 Madrid), pig polyclonal serums anti-VP2 serotype 4 AHSV (GENOVAC), anti-cMyc clone 4A6 (mouse monoclonal IgG1, Upstate, cat #05-724), anti-mouse IRDye800, anti-guinea pig IRDye800, anti-mouse Cy3, and anti-guinea pig Cy3. The plasmids encoding the synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:1) and AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:2) proteins were used as positive controls: pVR1012 (control plasmid without insert); pCG050 (synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:4) inserted in pVR1012); pCG042 (synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:5) inserted in pVR1012); and pCG049 (synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:4)+cMyc-tag inserted in pVR1012).
For the indirect immunofluorescence, recombinant viral vector infected/plasmid transfected chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells were plated into 96 well-plates (25000 cells/well). The cells were fixed about 24 h after transfection, which equates to about 72 h after infection. The cells were then labeled using anti-VP2 and anti-VP5 primary antibodies, followed by Cy3-linked secondary antibodies. Labeled cells were observed using fluorescent microscopy.
For the Western blot, recombinant viral vector infected/plasmid transfected CEF cells were plated into 6 cm dishes (1.10e6 cells/dish). The cells were harvested about 24 h after transfection which equates to about 72 h after infection. After penetration, the harvested samples were put on acrylamide Tris-Glycine 4-20% gel. After migration, the gels were transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane, probed with anti-VP2, anti-VP5, and anti-cMyc primary antibodies, and thereafter probed with IRDye800-linked secondary antibodies. The reading was performed using an Odyssey-LiCor scanner.
Results:
According to the immunofluorescence results, illustrated in FIG. 19, the VP5 protein expressed in CEF-infected cells by the 3 batches of vCP2377 adjuvanted with CARBOPOL, and with the vCP2377 before formulation (with vCP EIV as negative controls). The VP2 protein was correctly detected with a pool of 3 guinea pig serums in the vCP2377 before formulation and after formulation in the 3 batches of vCP. Nevertheless, the fluorescence was lesser with the pool of polyclonal antibodies as compared to the monoclonal anti-VP5 antibodies, and a small noise was shown on the vCP EIV negative controls.
Further, the reagents were validated using CEF transfected by plasmids encoding the individual proteins, including the control plasmid without insert (pVR1012), the synthetic AHSV-4-VP2 (SEQ ID NO:4) in pVR1012 (pCG050), the synthetic AHSV-4-VP5 (SEQ ID NO:5) in pVR1012 (pCG042), and the synthetic AHSV-4-VP2+his-tag in pVR1012 (pCG049). The VP5 protein was only shown in CEF transfected by the pCG042 plasmid. The VP2 protein was correctly detected in the CEF transfected by pCG050 and pCG049 plasmids. These results validated the technique and the reagents.
FIG. 20A shows the western blot performed on lysates from infected and transfected CEF, and indicates the expression of the VP2 serotype 4 AHSV protein. The VP2 protein was detected in each of the 3 batches of vCP2377 adjuvanted with CARBOPOL (identified as 9A011, 9A021 and 9A031), and in the vCP2377 before formulation. The CEF transfected by the plasmids pCG050 (VP2 in pVR1012) and pCG049 (VP2+c-myc in pVR1012) were used as positive controls, also expressed VP2. The processing with the anti-c-myc of the CEF transfected by pCG049 plasmid was used as transfection positive control.
As predicted, no signal was detected for CEF infected by vCP EIV, or for CEF transfected by pVR1012 and pCG042. Furthermore the anti-VP2 polyclonal antibodies were specific to the VP2 serotype 4 AHSV protein.
The FIG. 20B shows the western blot performed on lysates of infected and transfected CEF, and indicates the expression of the VP5 serotype 4 AHSV protein.
FIG. 20A shows the results of anti-VP5 western blot on infected and transfected CEF. The VP5 protein was detected in each of the 3 batches of vCP2377 adjuvanted with CARBOPOL® 974P and in the vCP2377 before formulation. The CEF transfected by the plasmids pCG042 (VP5 in pVR1012) also expressed VP5 protein.
As predicted, no signal was detected for CEF infected by vCP EIV, nor for CEF transfected by pVR1012, pCG050 and pCG049, showing that the anti-VP5 antibody is clearly specific to VP5 AHSV protein, as described in literature (Martinez-Torrecuadrada et al.; Virology, 257, 449-459; 1999).

IV. Conclusion

All the results given by indirect immunofluorescent and by western blot show that the three vCP2377 vaccines adjuvanted with CARBOPOL® 974P express VP2 and VP5 proteins of serotype 4 AHSV.

Example 13

Vaccine Dose Response in Horses

A. Experimental Animals
A total of 6 previously unvaccinated horses were used for immunogenicity studies. The animals were fed and managed according to standard procedures.
B. Immunogenicity in Unvaccinated Animals
In order to evaluate the immune response of horses to the candidate vaccine 6 previously unvaccinated foals were randomly paired in to 3 groups. Each group of 2 horses was vaccinated on Day 0 with 3 doses from one of three different batch preparations (Batches: 87859A011, 87859A021, and 87859A031) of the candidate vaccine (AHSV-CP). The different batches varied with respect to their target titers as shown in FIG. 21, namely 7.3, 6.96, and 6.28 Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL. In each group, two of the doses were administered Intramuscularly (IM) on one side of the neck, and one dose was administered IM on the other side of the neck. On Day 28 horses were immunized IM in the neck with one dose of the same batch of vaccine administered at Day 0. Prior to receiving the primary dose of vaccine, blood samples were collected (Day 0) by jugular venepuncture into 2×7 mL tubes SST VACUTAINER tubes. In addition, blood samples were collected from all horses by jugular venepuncture into 2×7 ml SST VACUTAINER tubes on Day 28 and Day 42.

C. Analysis

Serum samples collected prior to the first vaccination, during the first vaccination period, at the time of the second vaccination and during the second vaccination period were subject to a group specific Elisa test for antibodies to African Horse Sickness Virus (Hamblin C, et al. (1990) Epidemiology and Infection 104: 303-312) and an AHS serotype 4 specific serum-virus neutralization test (Howell P G, (1962).
The results are shown in FIG. 21. At Day 0, all horses were negative with no detectable serum antibody titers against AHSV-4. On Day 28, four weeks after primary immunization, all of the horses that were immunized with vaccine from the batch with the highest titer (Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL 7.3) developed neutralizing titers. On Day 28, 1 of 2 horses that were immunized with vaccine from the batch with the intermediate titer (Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL 6.96) developed neutralizing titers. Finally, on Day 28, none of the horses that were immunized with vaccine from the batch with the lowest titer (Log₁₀CCID₅₀/mL 6.28) developed neutralizing titers. On Day 42, two weeks after administration of the booster dose, 5 of 6 horses had good antibody titers (FIG. 21). One horse (#53761) that was immunized with vaccine from the lowest titer batch (87859A031) was negative for antibodies to African Horse Sickness Virus.

Example 14

Vaccination of Horses with Recombinant Canarypox Viruses

Nine yearling Boerperd horses (5 males, 4 females) were procured from the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, a region free from reported AHS for at least the preceding 12 months. The horses were confirmed to be free of AHSV-specific antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects antibodies to the VP7 core protein that is common to viruses of the AHSV serogroup (Maree, S, and Paweska, J T., 2005). The horses were housed in vector-protected, isolation facilities throughout these studies. Two groups of four horses each (2 males and 2 females) were inoculated intramuscularly with 10^7.1or 10⁶⁴TCID50/dose, respectively, of AHSV-CP in approximately 1 mL of diluent containing a CARBOPOL adjuvant. For ethical reasons, a single control horse was used to confirm the virulence of the challenge inoculum because this virus strain has previously been shown to cause severe or lethal disease in inoculated horses (Nurton, J. P., et al, 2001). The control horse was vaccinated with recombinant canarypox virus expressing the hemagglutinin protein of equine influenza virus (EI-CP; PROTEQFLU® equine influenza virus vaccine, Merial) that was administered according to the manufacturer's instructions. All horses were revaccinated 28 days later with the respective vaccine construct. The animals were co-housed regardless of vaccine type. All laboratory testing was done independent of knowledge of vaccination status.

A. Methods

AHSV Infection of Horses and Sample Collection
All 9 horses were challenged by intravenous inoculation of 10^5.5TCID₅₀of AHSV-4 at 28 days after the second vaccination. The horses were evaluated daily for manifestations of African horse sickness for 23 days after inoculation. Blood was collected in EDTA VACUTAINER™ tubes (Becton Dickinson) prior to challenge infection and at 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 21 and 23 days post-infection (DPI) for complete blood counts (CBC). Blood samples were also collected daily in EDTA VACUTAINER™ tubes (Becton Dickinson) on days 0 through 23 DPI for quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and virus isolation in BHK-21 cells. Serum was collected in SST serum separator tubes (Becton Dickinson) from all horses immediately prior to vaccination and at two weekly intervals thereafter.

Clinical Laboratory Assays

Haematological analysis was done using an electronic cell counter (Coulter Electronics Inc.).

Virus Detection

The presence of AHSV in the blood of the horses was determined using qRT-PCR assays that detect the individual genes encoding the VP7 and NS2 proteins of AHSV (Quan, M. and A J Guthrie, 2009) with samples being classified as positive if the fluorescence exceeded the threshold of 0.1 within a maximum of 40 cycles. Virus isolation from blood was done in BHK-21 cells, as described by Quan, M. et al, 2008.

Serological Assays

Serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies to AHSV were detected by microneutralization assay using AHSV-4 as the challenge virus as described by Howell, P G et al, 2002. Antibody titers were recorded as the reciprocal of the highest final dilution of serum that provided at least 50% protection of the BHK-21 cell monolayer. A titer of >10 was considered significant.

Statistical Analysis

AHSV-4 neutralizing antibody titres at 8 weeks after primary vaccination and 6 weeks after AHSV infection were compared between the vaccine groups by Mann-Whitney U test with a P<0.05 being considered significant.

B. Analysis

Immunogenicity of AHSV-CP
All horses were seronegative by both ELISA and AHSV-4 microneutralization assays prior to vaccination, and all but two horses in TABLE 2 developed neutralizing antibodies to AHSV-4 after immunization with the AHSV-CP recombinant vector whereas the horse immunized with EIV-CP did not develop neutralizing antibodies to AHSV-4 (Table 2). At 8 weeks post-vaccination, AHSV-4 titres were significantly higher (P=0.021) in horses given the high vaccine dose than those in the low dose group, but this difference was less evident (P=0.057) at 6 weeks post infection. All horses remained healthy and showed no adverse effects after vaccination.
TABLE 2

Titers of African horse sickness serotype 4 neutralizing antibodies

Post-vaccination

titers^a(weeks Post-infection titers^a

after primary (weeks after AHSV

Treatment/ vaccination) infection)

Horse ID 0 4 8 2 4 6

Vaccinated (AHSV-CP-10^7.1)

1 ≦10 ≦10 28 20 40 20

2 ≦10 ≦10 40 40 10 14

3 ≦10 ≦10 20 40 28 40

4 ≦10 ≦10 40 80 56 80

Vaccinated (AHSV-CP-10^6.4)

5 ≦10 ≦10 ≦10 ≦10 ≦10 ≦10

6 ≦10 ≦10 ≦10 10 ≦10 ≦10

7 ≦10 ≦10 14 40 20 10

8 ≦10 ≦10 10 56 56 14

Control (EIV-CP)

9 ≦10 ≦10 ≦10 10 160 224

^aExpressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution that provided >50% protection of the BHK-21cell monolayer.

C. Protection of Horses Immunized with AHSV-CP
The ability of AHSV-CP to protectively immunize horses was evaluated by comparing amounts of AHSV nucleic acid (Ct values) in the blood of AHSV-CP (vaccinates) and EIV-CP (control) immunized horses after challenge infection (FIG. 31, Panel A). Whereas AHSV nucleic acid was detected from 8 days post infection (DPI) of the control horse (EIV-CP), it was never detected in the blood of the vaccinated horses. Similarly, AHSV-4 was repeatedly isolated from the blood of the control horse but never from the vaccinated horses (data not shown).
The control (EIV-CP) horse developed clinical signs consistent with the “dikkop” or cardiac form of African horse sickness, whereas the vaccinated horses all remained normal throughout the study. Specifically, the control horse developed high fever and thrombocytopenia that coincided with increasing viral load in blood (FIG. 31, Panel B and C, respectively). The control horse also developed prominent oedema of the supraorbital fossae at 12 DPI, which persisted until 21 DPI.
D. Serological Responses of AHSV-CP Vaccinated and Control Horses after Challenge Exposure to AHSV-4
The serological responses of vaccinated (AHSV-CP) and control (EIV-CP) horses were determined following challenge infection with AHSV-4 by both SN (Table 2) and ELISA (data not shown) tests. The control horse seroconverted to AHSV by 4 weeks after challenge, as determined by SN assays, whilst none of the vaccinated horses did so. Furthermore, all the vaccinated horses remained negative for antibodies to VP7 by ELISA for the duration of the study. The lack of seroconversion of the vaccinated horses on SN assays and the failure to detect antibody to VP7 by ELISA suggests that virus replication was absent or minimal in the vaccinated horses. Similarly, the AHSV-4 neutralizing antibody after challenge infection in the control (WNV-CP) horse that was seronegative prior to challenge was considerably greater than the titres observed in the vaccinated horses at 4 and 6 weeks after infection.

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Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the appended paragraphs is not to be limited to particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.

Claims

1-43. (canceled)

44. A vaccine composition comprising a recombinant poxvirus wherein the recombinant poxvirus comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding an African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) VP2 polypeptide; and wherein the composition is capable of eliciting a protective immune response in an equine animal.

45. The composition of claim 44, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 30, 44, 49, or 50-63.

46. The composition of claim 45, wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 18, 28, 42 or 48.

47. The composition of claim 46 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18 or 28.

48. The composition of any one of claims 44 to 47 further comprising a carboxypolymethylene adjuvant.

49. The composition of claim 48 wherein the adjuvant is CARBOPOL® 974P.

50. The composition of claim 49 wherein the adjuvant is present in an amount of about 4 mg/mL.

51. An expression vector comprising a polynucleotide having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, 28, 42 or 48; wherein the vector is capable of eliciting a protective immune response in an equine animal against AHSV.

52. The vector of claim 51 wherein the nucleic acid has the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28.

53. The vector of claim 52, wherein the vector is a canarypox or a fowlpox vector.

54. The vector of claim 53, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter selected from the group consisting of H6 vaccinia promoter, I3L vaccinia promoter, 42K poxyiral promoter, 7.5K vaccinia promoter, and Pi vaccinia promoter.

55. An isolated host cell transformed with the vector of any one of claims 51 to 54.

56. A method for inducing a protective immunological response in an animal comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of the composition of claim 48.

57. A method of vaccinating an animal susceptible to African Horse Sickness comprising administering at least one dose of the composition of claim 48.

58. An isolated African Horse Sickness Virus AHSV4-Jane strain, having a nucleic acid sequence comprising the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:48.

59. An isolated polypeptide having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 30, 44 or 49.

60. An isolated nucleic acid having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, 18, 28, 42 or 48.

61. The nucleic acid of claim 60 having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:28.