US20140102905A1 - Plated aluminum product - Google Patents
Plated aluminum product Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140102905A1 US20140102905A1 US14/105,912 US201314105912A US2014102905A1 US 20140102905 A1 US20140102905 A1 US 20140102905A1 US 201314105912 A US201314105912 A US 201314105912A US 2014102905 A1 US2014102905 A1 US 2014102905A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- particle
- carbon nanofibers
- deposited carbon
- aluminum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/20—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
- C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F3/00—Pistons
- F02F3/10—Pistons having surface coverings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
- F02F7/0085—Materials for constructing engines or their parts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/02—Light metals
- F05C2201/021—Aluminium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/04—Heavy metals
- F05C2201/0433—Iron group; Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel
- F05C2201/0436—Iron
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2203/00—Non-metallic inorganic materials
- F05C2203/08—Ceramics; Oxides
- F05C2203/0804—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05C2203/0808—Carbon, e.g. graphite
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2251/00—Material properties
- F05C2251/04—Thermal properties
- F05C2251/048—Heat transfer
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2251/00—Material properties
- F05C2251/10—Hardness
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2253/00—Other material characteristics; Treatment of material
- F05C2253/04—Composite, e.g. fibre-reinforced
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12757—Fe
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
In a method of plating aluminum based articles, an iron-based composite plating bath formed by admixing a nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material into an iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.0 g per liter is provided. Using the iron-based composite plating bath, an iron-based composite plating layer containing the nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material is plated on an aluminum-based base material.
Description
- The present invention relates to a plated aluminum product whose wear resistance is enhanced.
- The combination of a cast iron cylinder and an aluminum alloy piston has traditionally been used in, e.g., internal combustion engines; however, light alloys are being increasingly used in cylinders as part of an effort to reduce vehicle weight in order to cut fuel consumption. An aluminum alloy is a popular light alloy.
- The piston moves at high speed within the cylinder in a reciprocating motion in the axial direction; tilting of a connecting rod (“con rod” hereafter”) results in the piston being subject to a thrust force in a direction orthogonal to the axis. The thrust force causes strong contact between a skirt section of the piston and the cylinder, resulting in friction, and wear of a sliding section. Wear of the sliding section results in seizing or other problems. In particular, due to the severe wear occurring between like aluminum alloy surfaces, plating is applied to an inner peripheral surface of the cylinder or a surface of the piston.
- Techniques for applying a hardening treatment to a surface of an aluminum piston are already known, as disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3274718 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2006-292119 A (JP 2006-292119 A).
- In a piston disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3274718, a plurality of ring grooves and land sections is formed on a crown section of a body of an aluminum alloy piston; an anodic oxide coating layer is formed on at least a top surface, a top land section, and a top ring groove section; and an iron plating layer is formed on the surface except on a piston pin hole section of a skirt section of the piston body. In other words, an aluminum piston whose surface has been iron-plated is disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3274718.
-
FIG. 14 hereof shows a piston disclosed in JP 2006-292119 A. Apiston 100 inFIG. 14 is laminated with aniron plating layer 102 on an outer peripheral surface of analuminum substrate 101, and achromium plating layer 103 is formed on theiron plating layer 102. - However, the
iron plating layer 102 has inadequate wear resistance (durability) despite being more effective than aluminum in preventing scuffing (a phenomenon in which a part of the piston surface welds, resulting in abrasion damage) and high-temperature adhesion wear. Additionally, there is room for improvement in terms of energy loss due to friction resistance that occurs during sliding, which cannot be ignored in terms of cutting fuel consumption. - There is known a technique in which an anode oxide film (“alumite”) is applied to the uppermost (top) piston ring groove, as disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3274718. However, the technique requires both an alumite treatment step and an iron plating step, presenting issues in terms of cost and production efficiency.
- Durability can be improved by applying a
chromium plating layer 103 as disclosed in JP 2006-292119 A; however, this requires both an iron plating step and a chromium plating step, resulting in higher production cost. The high toxicity of hexavalent chromium means that detoxification of the discharge liquid is an important part in the chromium plating process, again resulting in higher production cost. - There is accordingly a need for a technique for coating an aluminum product that results in adequate durability and sliding properties, and through which adequate durability can be obtained with an iron plating process alone.
- An objective of the present invention is to provide a technique for coating an aluminum product that results in adequate durability using an iron plating. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a coating technique that can shorten the treatment process and offer advantages in terms of cost and efficiency.
- According to the present invention, there is provided a plated aluminum product which is comprised of an aluminum-based base material; and an iron-based composite plating layer containing a carbon nanomaterial, which is applied to the aluminum-based base material using an iron-based composite plating bath formed by admixing a carbon nanomaterial into an iron plating bath.
- An iron-based composite plating layer containing a carbon nanomaterial thus has a smaller friction coefficient and greater durability than a mere iron plating layer. A plated aluminum product with high durability and exceptional sliding properties can be obtained in one plating process.
- Preferably, the carbon nanomaterial is a particle-deposited carbon nanomaterial on whose surface SiC particles have been deposited in advance. Having the particle-deposited carbon nanomaterial added in a smaller proportion than the carbon nanomaterial yields a plated aluminum product with high durability and exceptional sliding properties.
- Desirably, the aluminum-based base material is preferably a cylinder in a cylinder block, or a piston that moves along the cylinder. Therefore, an aluminum piston or an aluminum cylinder can readily be used as an engine component because the issue of durability can be resolved. Aluminum has a smaller specific gravity compared to cast iron, helping the weight of the engine to be reduced.
-
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a piston and a cylinder according to the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is an expanded view ofsection 2 ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an electroplating apparatus; -
FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of a method of manufacturing a particle-deposited carbon nanofiber; -
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a completely formed particle-deposited carbon nanofiber (partially cut away); -
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a surface of sample B; -
FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a procedure of measurement during a durability test; -
FIG. 8 is a graph showing a relationship between the proportion of carbon nanofiber added and the coefficient of kinetic friction; -
FIG. 9 is a graph showing a relationship between the proportion of carbon nanofiber added and the depth of wear mark; -
FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relationship between the proportion of carbon nanofiber added and surface roughness; -
FIG. 11 is a graph showing a relationship between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and coefficient of kinetic friction; -
FIG. 12 is a graph showing a relationship between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and depth of wear mark; -
FIG. 13 is a graph showing a relationship between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and surface roughness; and -
FIG. 14 is a cross-section view of a conventional piston. - Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. A piston and a cylinder of an internal combustion engine are described as illustrative examples of an aluminum-based base material. However, the scope of the aluminum-based base material is not limited to a piston or a cylinder.
- As shown in
FIG. 1 , analuminum piston 10 used as a plated aluminum product is covered by an iron-basedcomposite plating layer 11. Acylinder 12 is made of either cast iron or aluminum. Three ring grooves are provided on thepiston 10, into which two compression rings 14, 15 and an oil ring 16 (piston ring) are fitted. - As shown on
FIG. 2 , aring groove 17 for accommodating thecompression ring 14 is coated in the iron-basedcomposite plating layer 11. Thecompression ring 14 is a sealing member for preventing combustion gas from flowing between thepiston 10 and thecylinder 12 from the top to the bottom with respect toFIG. 2 . A gap (clearance) C is provided between a bottom of thering groove 17 and thecompression ring 14 so that the sealing function (of the compression ring 14) is maintained even if thepiston 10 thermally expands and the outer diameter changes. Thering groove 17 may experience wear because thecompression ring 14 slides in the gap C. - In the present embodiment, the
ring groove 17 is covered with a hard iron-basedcomposite plating layer 11, eliminating a need for forming an anodic oxide coating or a masking process for the same. Therefore, the treatment process can be dramatically shortened, and advantages accrue in terms of production cost and manufacturing efficiency. In addition, because the iron plating contains carbon nanofibers, wear resistance and heat conductivity can be improved (described in detail below), and heat from an upper surface of the piston can be dispersed effectively from thering groove 17 via the piston ring. The configuration for thecompression ring 14 described above also applies to the compression ring 15 and the oil ring 16 shown inFIG. 1 . - Details of the iron-based composite plating layer described above will now be described.
-
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an electroplating apparatus. Anelectroplating apparatus 30 is an apparatus in which aniron plate 32 used as a positive electrode is lowered into aplating tank 31, an aluminum-basedbase material 33 used as a negative electrode is lowered into the plating tank, apower supply 34 is connected to theiron plate 32 and the aluminum-basedbase material 33, and theplating tank 31 is filled with the following composite plating solution (“plating solution” hereafter) 35. Mixing means and circulation means for mixing and circulating theplating solution 35 are necessary, but a description will be omitted because known means can be used. - The
plating solution 35 is a composite plating solution based on an iron plating bath (water, iron sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and urea), into which an appropriate amount of carbon nanofibers or particle-deposited carbon nanofibers is mixed. A method for manufacturing the particle-deposited carbon nanofibers will now be described. -
FIG. 4 shows an example of a method for manufacturing particle-deposited carbon nanofibers. - (a):
Carbon nanofibers 41 are provided in a quantity of, e.g., 10 g. - (b): A
Si powder 42 is provided as particles to react with carbon and form a compound. The powder is used in a quantity of, e.g., 10 g. - (c): The
carbon nanofiber 41 and theSi powder 42 are placed in a mortar, and mixed with a pestle for 15 to 30 minutes. - (d): A resulting
mixture 45 is placed in analumina container 46 and covered with analumina lid 47. Thelid 47 is not airtight, so that air can pass between the interior and the exterior of thecontainer 46. - (e): There are provided a
vacuum furnace 50, comprising of a sealedfurnace 51; heating means 52 for heating the interior of thefurnace 51;platforms container 46 is placed; and avacuum pump 54. Thecontainer 46 is placed within thevacuum furnace 50. - Heating under a vacuum causes the Si powder in the
mixture 45 to evaporate. The evaporated Si contacts a surface of the carbon nanofibers, forms a compound, and adheres as SiC particles. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a completely formed particle-deposited carbon nanofiber (partially cut away), and illustrates the view under an electron microscope. The particle-depositedcarbon nanofiber 56 is comprised of acarbon nanofiber 41 that forms a core, and aparticle layer 57 substantially uniformly coating the surface of thecarbon nanofiber 41. The thickness T of theparticle layer 57 is between 20 nm and 80 nm, with about 50 nm being the average thickness. - When the particle-deposited carbon nanofiber was subject to X-ray diffraction, no Si peak was observed, while C and SiC peaks were observed. The Si particles likely changed into SiC as a result of the contact.
- An experiment was conducted to study whether there is a difference in properties (in particular, wear resistance (durability) and coefficient of kinetic friction (sliding property)) of resulting iron-based composite plating layers between an instance where particle-deposited carbon nanofibers described above are added to an iron plating bath, an instance where ordinary carbon nanofibers (i.e., having no particles deposited thereon) are added to an iron plating bath, and an instance where a iron plating bath is used without anything being added thereto. In the experiment, an Si-based aluminum plate (AC8A) was used as an aluminum-based base material.
- An example of an experiment relating to the present invention will now be described. The present invention is not limited in scope to the example of the experiment.
- Creation of samples A to J:
- A plurality of samples was created in order to measure the coefficients of kinetic friction and depths of wear marks. The associated details are shown in Table 1 below.
-
TABLE 1 No. of Treatment conditions exposed Base Plating solution Bath Current Time CNFs/ Sample material Base Additive temp. density (min) (30 μm × 30 μm) A Si-based Iron None 55° C. 15 A/ dm 25 — B Al plate plating CNF, 1.0 g/L 55° C. 2 A/ dm 210 30 C (AC8A) bath CNF, 1.5 g/L 40° C. 2 A/ dm 210 123 D CNF, 2.0 g/L 40° C. 4 A/ dm 25 141 E Si-CNF(1:5) 55° C. 4 A/ dm 210 47 1.2 g/L(*1.0 g/L) F Si-CNF(1:2) 55° C. 5 A/ dm 210 67 1.5 g/L(*1.0 g/L) G Si-CNF(1:1) 55° C. 4 A/ dm 25 89 2.0 g/L(*1.0 g/L) H CNF, 3.0 g/L 55° C. 4 A/ dm 25 53 I CNF, 3.0 g/L 55° C. 2 A/ dm 210 119 J CNF, 5.0 g/L 55° C. 2 A/ dm 210 222 - Sample A was created by immersing an aluminum plate in an iron plating bath (containing no additives) and applying an iron plating. The bath temperature was 55° C., the current density was 15 A/dm2, and the time was 5 minutes.
- For sample B there was used a composite plating bath made by adding carbon nanofibers (CNF) to an iron plating bath at a proportion of 1.0 g per liter. Sample B was created by immersing an aluminum plate in the composite plating bath and applying an iron plating. The bath temperature was 55° C., the current density was 2 A/dm2, and the time was 10 minutes.
-
FIG. 6 is an expanded conceptual diagram of a surface of the sample B. Under a microscope, exposedcarbon nanofibers 41 were observed to extend out like hairs from the surface of the sample B. Counting the number of the exposedcarbon nanofiber 41 showed there to be 30 per 30 μm×30 μm area. This value is shown on the third row of the rightmost column of Table 1. - Sample C was created by changing the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added in sample B to 1.5 g/L, modifying some of the treatment conditions, and applying an iron-based composite plating. The number of exposed CNFs was 123.
- Sample D was created by changing the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added in sample B to 2.0 g/L, modifying some of the treatment conditions, and applying an iron-based composite plating. The number of exposed CNFs was 141.
- For sample E there was used a composite plating bath made by adding particle-deposited carbon nanofibers (Si—CNF) to an iron plating bath in a proportion of 1.2 g per liter. A Si:CNF ratio of 1:5 was used for sample E. A conversion calculation (1.2×(5/6)=1.0) shows that with sample E, the carbon nanofibers were admixed into the iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.0 g per liter.
- The sample E was created by immersing an aluminum plate in the composite plating bath and applying an iron-based composite plating. The bath temperature was 55° C., the current density was 4 A/dm2, and the time was 10 minutes. The number of exposed CNFs (or, more accurately, the number of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers) was 47.
- For sample F there was used a composite plating bath made by adding particle-deposited carbon nanofibers (Si—CNF) to an iron plating bath in a proportion of 1.5 g per liter. A Si:CNF ratio of 1:2 was used for sample F. A conversion calculation (1.5×(2/3)=1.0) shows that with sample F, the carbon nanofibers were admixed into the iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.0 g per liter.
- The sample F was created by immersing an aluminum plate in the composite plating bath and applying an iron-based composite plating. The bath temperature was 55° C., the current density was 4 A/dm2, and the time was 10 minutes. The number of exposed CNFs (or, more accurately, the number of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers) was 67.
- For sample G there was used a composite plating bath made by adding particle-deposited carbon nanofibers (Si—CNF) to an iron plating bath in a proportion of 2.0 g per liter. A Si:CNF ratio of 1:1 was used for sample G. A conversion calculation (2.0×(1/2)=1.0) shows that with sample G, the carbon nanofibers were admixed into the iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.0 g per liter
- The sample G was created by immersing an aluminum plate in the composite plating bath and applying an iron-based composite plating. The bath temperature was 55° C., the current density was 4 A/dm2, and the time was 5 minutes. The number of exposed CNFs (or, more accurately, the number of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers) was 89.
- Sample H was created by applying an iron-based composite plating, the conditions used for sample B being changed so that the proportion in which the carbon nanofiber was added was 3.0 g/L, the current density was 4 A/dm2, and the time was 10 minutes. The number of exposed CNFs was 53.
- Sample I was created by applying an iron-based composite plating, the proportion in which the carbon nanofiber was added in Sample B being changed to 3.0 g/L. The number of exposed CNFs was 119.
- Sample J was created by applying an iron-based composite plating, the proportion in which the carbon nanofiber was added in Sample B being changed to 5.0 g/L. The number of exposed CNFs was 222.
-
FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a procedure of measurement during a durability test. Atesting rod 59, shown by an imaginary line, is provided in proximity to samples A through G in which an aluminum-basedbase material 33 is coated with an iron plating layer or an iron-basedcomposite plating layer 11. The test is conducted by rubbing thetesting rod 59 onto the iron plating film or the iron-basedcomposite plating film 11. An alumina (Al2O3) testing rod having a distal end provided with a spherical surface that was 10 mm in diameter (lower end in the drawing) was used for thetesting rod 59. Thetesting rod 59 was made to contact (the coating) with a pushing force of 50 g, and was caused to move in a reciprocating motion for 50 cycles over a distance of 4 mm at a speed of 0.5 mm/s with no lubrication. - The measured value for the coefficient of kinetic friction exhibits large fluctuations during the first 5 cycles of reciprocation, but stabilizes after 20 to 40 cycles; a stable value was obtained with 50 cycles.
- The depth of a wear mark that appeared on the surface of the iron plating layer or the iron-based
composite plating layer 11 was measured using a laser microscope. - The surface roughness of the sample (before the durability test measurement) was measured using a surface roughness meter.
- The coefficients of kinetic friction, depths of wear marks, and surface roughness measured as above are shown in Table 2. In Table 2, entries for “additive” and “exposed CNFs” shown in Table 1 are copied to the right of the column for the sample.
-
TABLE 2 Coeff. Depth No. of of of Exp. exposed kinetic wear Surface no. Sample Additive CNFs friction mark roughness 1 A None — 0.50 0.92 μm 0.084 μm 2 B CNF, 1.0 g/ L 30 0.31 0.63 μm 0.131 μm 3 C CNF, 1.5 g/L 123 0.20 0.20 μm 0.206 μm 4 D CNF, 2.0 g/L 141 0.18 0.06 μm 0.187 μm 5 E *CNF, 1.0 g/ L 47 0.25 0.12 μm 0.139 μm 6 F *CNF, 1.0 g/L 67 0.20 0.08 μm 0.096 μm 7 G *CNF, 1.0 g/L 89 0.22 0.05 μm 0.082 μm 8 H CNF, 3.0 g/ L 53 0.21 0.24 μm 0.139 μm 9 I CNF, 3.0 g/L 119 0.15 0.21 μm 0.131 μm 10 J CNF, 5.0 g/L 222 0.14 0.26 μm 0.220 μm -
Experiment 1 was conducted on sample A (iron plating layer not containing CNF). The coefficient of kinetic friction was 0.50, the wear mark depth was 0.92 μm, and the surface roughness was 0.084 μm. -
Experiments -
Experiments 5, 6, and 7 were conducted on samples E, F, and G, which have an iron-based composite plating layer containing particle-deposited CNFs, and the coefficients of friction, depths of wear marks, and surface roughness shown on Table 2 were obtained. -
Experiments 8, 9, and 10 were conducted on samples H, I, and J, which have an iron-based composite plating layer containing CNFs, and the coefficients of friction, depths of wear marks, and surface roughness shown on Table 2 were obtained. - Next, correlations between the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added and the coefficient of kinetic friction, depth of wear mark, and surface roughness were investigated.
-
FIG. 8 is a graph showing a relationship between the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added and the coefficient of kinetic friction; a point labelled “Exp. 1” on the graph corresponds to a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.50 with sample A according to Table 2. Sample A has no carbon nanofiber added. Therefore, the point “Exp. 1” was plotted at a position with co-ordinates of 0 along the horizontal axis and 0.5 along the vertical axis. Points “Exp. 2” through “Exp 0.10” were plotted in a similar manner to point “Exp. 1”. - With regards to the coefficient of kinetic friction, a larger value results in a larger mechanical energy loss in the engine, so that a smaller value is preferable.
- With sample A, iron plating not containing an additive was applied to an aluminum base material. A coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.50 was obtained as a result of
experiment 1 conducted using the sample A. A coefficient of kinetic friction that is considerably smaller than 0.50 is required as an accomplishment of the invention. Therefore, a value half that of the coefficient of kinetic friction obtained in experiment 1 (0.50/2) was set as an upper limit to the value of the coefficient of kinetic friction. A line corresponding to the upper limit of 0.25 is shown on the graph. - A value that is below the line representing the upper limit is preferable. Specifically, coefficients of kinetic friction are sufficiently small in
experiments experiment 3 is 1.5 g/L, and the proportion in which the CNF was added inexperiment 10 is 5.0 g/L, the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added may be in a range of between 1.5 and 5.0 g/L. Meanwhile, a proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added of 1.0 g/L is sufficient forexperiments 5, 6, and 7, which are represented by a triangular symbol, and which use a iron-based composite plating layer containing particle-deposited CNF. -
FIG. 9 is a graph showing a relationship between the proportion of carbon nanofiber added and the depth of wear mark. The depth of the wear mark affects service life, and is an indicator for measuring durability. - From a viewpoint of durability, a smaller wear mark depth is preferable. The depth of the wear mark obtained in
experiment 1 using sample A was 0.92 μm. A wear mark depth considerably smaller than 0.92 μm is required as an accomplishment of the invention. Therefore, a value that is half that of the wear mark depth obtained in experiment 1 (0.92/2) was set as an upper limit to the wear mark depth. A line corresponding to the upper limit of 0.46 is shown on the graph. - A value that is below the line representing the upper limit is preferable. Specifically, the depths of the wear marks are sufficiently small with
experiments experiment 3 is 1.5 g/L, and the proportion of addition of CNF inexperiment 10 is 5.0 g/L, the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added may be in a range of between 1.5 and 5.0 g/L. - There is a trough between
experiments experiment 3 and 3.0 g/L for experiment 9; therefore, the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added may be within the range of 1.5 to 3.0 g/L. - Meanwhile, a proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added of 1.0 g/L is sufficient for
experiments 5, 6, and 7 (represented by the triangular symbol), which use a iron-based composite plating layer containing particle-deposited CNF. In other words,experiments 5 through 7, which use an iron-based composite plating layer containing particle-deposited carbon nanofibers, resulted in high durability despite the small numbers of exposed carbon nanofibers. -
FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relationship between the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added and surface roughness. The surface roughness is the smallest inexperiment 1, which contained no additive. The surface roughness was expected to increase inexperiments 2 though 10, which contained additives. The graph shows that, as expected, the surface roughness increases in proportion to the proportion in which the carbon nanofibers were added. However, the surface roughness remains as low as 0.220 μm even inexperiment 10, indicating that the roughness can remain at a level that does not present a problem for practical use. -
Experiments 5, 6, and 7 (iron-based composite plating layer containing particle-deposited CNF) confirmed that the surface roughness remains sufficiently small. - According to the above-mentioned experiments, a plated aluminum product with high durability can be provided in one plating process by adding a suitable amount of carbon nanofibers or particle-deposited carbon nanofibers to an iron plating bath. Given that there is only one plating process, the production cost relating to the plating process can be reduced.
- Next, correlations between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and the coefficient of kinetic friction, depth of wear mark, and surface roughness were investigated.
-
FIG. 11 is a graph showing a relationship between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and coefficient of kinetic friction; a point labelled “Exp. 2” on the graph corresponds to a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.31 with sample B, according to Table 2. The number of exposed carbon nanofibers for sample B was 30. Therefore the point was plotted at a location with co-ordinates of 30 on the horizontal axis and 0.31 on the vertical axis.Point 1 and points 3 through 10 were plotted in a similar manner topoint 2. The coefficient of kinetic friction was confirmed to be substantially smaller with a lower number of exposed carbon nanofibers. -
FIG. 12 is a graph showing a relationship between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and depth of wear mark. The depth of wear mark is confirmed to be smaller with a higher number of exposed carbon nanofibers. However, in order to increase the number of exposed carbon nanofibers, the amount of addition of carbon nanofibers must be increased; a suitable number of exposed carbon nanofibers is between 50 (experiment 8) and 220 (experiment 10). Use of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers represented by the triangular symbol allows a sufficient effect to be obtained using a smaller number of exposed nanofibers (50 to 90). - The above suggests that exposed carbon nanofibers have a lubricating effect.
-
FIG. 13 is a graph showing a relationship between the number of exposed carbon nanofibers and surface roughness. The surface roughness is the smallest inexperiment 1 because there are no exposed carbon nanofibers. The surface roughness was expected to increase forexperiments 2 through 10 for which exposed carbon nanofibers were observed. The graph shows that the surface roughness increases substantially in proportion to the number of exposed carbon nanofibers, as expected. However, the surface roughness remains as low as 0.220 μm even inexperiment 10, indicating that the roughness can remain at a level that does not present a problem for practical use. -
Experiments 5, 6, and 7 (iron-based composite plating layer containing particle-deposited CNF) confirmed that the surface roughness remains sufficiently small. - Next, the thermal properties of a plated aluminum product according to the present invention were investigated.
- A piston that is heated by combustion gas is kept at a thermal equilibrium by dissipating heat to a cylinder via a piston ring. The cooling effect on the temperature of the piston is higher with a higher thermal conductivity from the piston to the piston ring, or from the piston ring to the cylinder. Therefore, the effect of an iron-based composite plating layer that coats the piston or the cylinder needs to be investigated.
- Therefore, a circular aluminum alloy (AC8A) plate with a thickness of 2.0 mm, and a plated circular plate made by coating one surface of a 2.0-mm-thick circular aluminum alloy (AC8A) plate with an approximately 20-μm-thick iron-based composite plating layer containing a carbon nanomaterial (formed using a plating solution with 1.0 g/L of CNF) were provided, and the thermal conductivity of each of the two plates were measured. A conventional measuring apparatus was used to measure the thermal conductivities. Results of the measurements are shown in Table 3 below.
-
TABLE 3 Sample Thermal Exp. no. Base material Plating conductivity Evaluation 11 2.0 mm, none 114 W/m · K 1.0 Si-based Al plate (AC8A) 12 2.0 mm, Appx. 20 μm 144 W/m · K 1.3 Si-based Al CNF, 1.0 g/L plate (AC8A) - In
experiment 11, in which no plating was applied, the thermal conductivity was 114 W/m·K. Inexperiment 12, in which an iron-based composite plating layer containing a carbon nanomaterial was applied, the thermal conductivity was 144 W/m·K. A 1.3-fold increase in the thermal conductivity was observed when the iron-based composite plating was applied, compared to an instance in which no plating was applied. The carbon nanomaterial is thought to be a significant cause of the increase. - The plating technology according to the present invention is applied to a piston or a cylinder of an internal combustion engine; however, the technology can be applied to another vehicle component or a component of industrial machinery.
- An effect similar to that of carbon nanofiber was obtained when an experiment was conducted with the carbon nanofiber replaced with carbon nanotubes or fullerenes, though details of the experiment are not provided here. Therefore, the carbon nanomaterial may be any nano-sized carbon material such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, or fullerenes, irrespective of form or type.
- The present invention is suitable for use in an aluminum piston.
Claims (22)
1. A method of plating aluminum based articles, comprising:
providing an aluminum-based base material;
providing an iron-based composite plating bath formed by admixing a nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material into an iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.0 g per liter; and
using the iron-based composite plating bath, plating on the aluminum-based base material an iron-based composite plating layer containing the nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material comprises a plurality of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers each having a core and a particle layer substantially uniformly coating the surface of the carbon nanofiber.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are exposed to a surface of the iron-based composite plating layer, and the number of exposed particle-deposited carbon nanofibers is in the range of 50 to 220 per 30 μm2.
4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are exposed to a surface of the iron-based composite plating layer, and the number of exposed particle-deposited carbon nanofibers is in the range of 50 to 90 per 30 μm2.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particle layer contains SiC particles.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aluminum-based base material is a cylinder in a cylinder block, or a piston that moves along a cylinder in a cylinder block.
7. An article of manufacture produced by the method of claim 1 .
8. A method of plating aluminum based articles, comprising:
providing an aluminum-based base material;
providing an iron-based composite plating bath formed by admixing a nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material into an iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.5 g to 3.0 g per liter; and
using the iron-based composite plating bath, plating on the aluminum-based base material an iron-based composite plating layer containing the nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the nano-sized, particle-deposited carbon material comprises a plurality of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers each having a core and a particle layer substantially uniformly coating the surface of the carbon nanofiber.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are exposed to a surface of the iron-based composite plating layer, and the number of exposed particle-deposited carbon nanofibers is 50 to 220 per 30 μm2.
11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are exposed to a surface of the iron-based composite plating layer, and the number of exposed particle-deposited carbon nanofibers is 50 to 90 per 30 μm2.
12. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the particle layer contains SiC particles.
13. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the aluminum-based base material is a cylinder in a cylinder block, or a piston that moves along a cylinder in a cylinder block.
14. An article of manufacture produced by the method of claim 8 .
15. A method of plating aluminum based articles, comprising:
providing an aluminum-based base material;
providing an iron-based composite plating bath formed by admixing a plurality of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers into an iron plating bath; and
plating on the aluminum-based base material an iron-based composite plating layer using the iron-based composite plating bath so that the particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are exposed to a surface of the iron-based composite plating layer, the number of exposed carbon nanofibers being in the range of 50 to 220 per 30 μm2.
16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the number of exposed particle-deposited carbon nanofibers is in the range of 50 to 90 per 30 μm2.
17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein each of the plurality of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers has a core and a particle layer substantially uniformly coating the surface of the carbon nanofiber.
18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the particle layer contains SiC particles.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the plurality of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are admixed into the iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.0 g per liter.
20. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the plurality of particle-deposited carbon nanofibers are admixed into the iron plating bath at a ratio of 1.5 g to 3.0 g per liter.
21. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the aluminum-based base material is a cylinder in a cylinder block, or a piston that moves along a cylinder in a cylinder block.
22. An article of manufacture produced by the method of claim 15 .
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/105,912 US20140102905A1 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2013-12-13 | Plated aluminum product |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008-248933 | 2008-09-26 | ||
JP2008248933 | 2008-09-26 | ||
JP2009-152711 | 2009-06-26 | ||
JP2009152711A JP5364468B2 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2009-06-26 | Plating coated aluminum products |
US73443710A | 2010-04-30 | 2010-04-30 | |
US14/105,912 US20140102905A1 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2013-12-13 | Plated aluminum product |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US73443710A Division | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140102905A1 true US20140102905A1 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
Family
ID=41558181
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/734,437 Abandoned US20100255339A1 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2009-09-02 | Plated aluminum product |
US14/105,912 Abandoned US20140102905A1 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2013-12-13 | Plated aluminum product |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/734,437 Abandoned US20100255339A1 (en) | 2008-09-26 | 2009-09-02 | Plated aluminum product |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20100255339A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5364468B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE112009000062B4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010035631A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5717069B2 (en) * | 2011-05-30 | 2015-05-13 | 国立大学法人信州大学 | Piston and sliding cover structure |
JP5916071B2 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2016-05-11 | 日精樹脂工業株式会社 | Rolling bearing |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6149790A (en) * | 1997-07-04 | 2000-11-21 | Nippon Platec, K.K. | Method of making iron-electroplated aluminum materials |
US20070128883A1 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2007-06-07 | Intel Corporation | Carbon nanotube reinforced metallic layer |
US20070158619A1 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2007-07-12 | Yucong Wang | Electroplated composite coating |
JP2008163376A (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-17 | Nissei Plastics Ind Co | Composite plated product and method of manufacturing the same |
US20090181266A1 (en) * | 2008-01-16 | 2009-07-16 | Soo Jin Park | Method for Preparation of Transition Metal Electroplated Porous Carbon Nanofiber Composite for Hydrogen Storage |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1426138A (en) * | 1919-01-09 | 1922-08-15 | Aluminum Manufactures Inc | Piston |
AR204180A1 (en) * | 1973-12-03 | 1975-11-28 | Oxy Metal Industries Corp | METHOD OF FORMING A CASE ESSENTIALLY COMPOSED OF ALUMINUM FOR THE RUNNING TRACK OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ROTARY ENGINE |
DE3742602A1 (en) * | 1987-12-16 | 1989-06-29 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | DEVICE FOR PRODUCING DISPERSION LAYERS |
DE3937765A1 (en) * | 1989-11-14 | 1991-05-16 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Producing wear-resistant coating on light metal parts - using iron dispersion coating contg. silicon carbide |
JP2853247B2 (en) | 1990-03-24 | 1999-02-03 | キヤノン株式会社 | Support film for X-ray exposure mask and X-ray exposure mask |
CA2099397A1 (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1994-01-08 | Gerald S. Cole | Composite disk brake rotor and method of making |
JP3274718B2 (en) * | 1992-09-02 | 2002-04-15 | 株式会社ユニシアジェックス | Piston for internal combustion engine |
JP2004307299A (en) * | 2003-04-10 | 2004-11-04 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | Nano-size silicon carbide tube and its manufacturing method |
DE10347145B4 (en) * | 2003-10-10 | 2006-01-12 | Audi Ag | Method for producing a wear protection layer |
US7494578B2 (en) * | 2004-03-01 | 2009-02-24 | Atotech Deutschland Gmbh | Iron-phosphorus electroplating bath and method |
JP4001291B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2007-10-31 | 日精樹脂工業株式会社 | Processing method of carbon nanofiber |
JP2006265667A (en) * | 2005-03-24 | 2006-10-05 | Totoku Electric Co Ltd | Carbon composite plated electric wire and method for producing the same |
JP2006292119A (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2006-10-26 | Hitachi Ltd | Disc brake and piston for disc brake |
JP2007162080A (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-06-28 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Thermally conductive member, automotive parts and manufacturing method therefor |
JP4955268B2 (en) * | 2005-12-28 | 2012-06-20 | 東京特殊電線株式会社 | Fullerene composite plated electric wire, manufacturing method thereof, and fullerene composite plated enameled electric wire |
JP4428375B2 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2010-03-10 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Engine control device |
JP2009030458A (en) * | 2007-07-25 | 2009-02-12 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Spark ignition internal combustion engine |
GB2457708B (en) * | 2008-02-22 | 2010-04-14 | Microsaic Systems Ltd | Mass spectrometer system |
-
2009
- 2009-06-26 JP JP2009152711A patent/JP5364468B2/en active Active
- 2009-09-02 US US12/734,437 patent/US20100255339A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-09-02 DE DE112009000062.2T patent/DE112009000062B4/en active Active
- 2009-09-02 WO PCT/JP2009/065614 patent/WO2010035631A1/en active Application Filing
-
2013
- 2013-12-13 US US14/105,912 patent/US20140102905A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6149790A (en) * | 1997-07-04 | 2000-11-21 | Nippon Platec, K.K. | Method of making iron-electroplated aluminum materials |
US20070128883A1 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2007-06-07 | Intel Corporation | Carbon nanotube reinforced metallic layer |
US20070158619A1 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2007-07-12 | Yucong Wang | Electroplated composite coating |
JP2008163376A (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-17 | Nissei Plastics Ind Co | Composite plated product and method of manufacturing the same |
US20090181266A1 (en) * | 2008-01-16 | 2009-07-16 | Soo Jin Park | Method for Preparation of Transition Metal Electroplated Porous Carbon Nanofiber Composite for Hydrogen Storage |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
Full English translation of Sato, JP 2008-163376 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20100255339A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 |
WO2010035631A8 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
DE112009000062T5 (en) | 2010-10-14 |
WO2010035631A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
DE112009000062B4 (en) | 2016-03-31 |
JP5364468B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 |
JP2010100927A (en) | 2010-05-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7383806B2 (en) | Engine with carbon deposit resistant component | |
US7318963B2 (en) | Composite chromium plating film and sliding member having the same and method for manufacture thereof | |
JP5903085B2 (en) | Combination of cylinder bore and piston ring | |
EP2511575B1 (en) | Piston ring and piston device | |
JP5937683B2 (en) | Wear-resistant layer of piston ring | |
Morawitz et al. | Benefits of thermal spray coatings in internal combustion engines, with specific view on friction reduction and thermal management | |
JP2013535574A (en) | Piston ring having thermal spray coating and method for manufacturing the same | |
JP2019516901A (en) | Piston having an under crown surface having an insulating covering layer and method of manufacturing the same | |
US20140102905A1 (en) | Plated aluminum product | |
US10428437B2 (en) | Wear-resistant coating produced by electrodeposition and process therefor | |
Cai et al. | Effect of plasma electrolytic oxidation process on surface characteristics and tribological behavior | |
Uozato et al. | Corrosion and wear behaviors of ferrous powder thermal spray coatings on aluminum alloy | |
JP6259827B2 (en) | Abrasion resistant coating for piston rings | |
Huang et al. | On the Adhesive Strength Quantification and Tribological Performance of the Multilayered Fe–Ni Coating Fabricated by Electroplating | |
Sevidova et al. | Effect of morphological features on dielectric properties of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on D16T aluminum alloy | |
JP4847817B2 (en) | piston ring | |
JP2004076914A (en) | Coating, and sliding member formed with coating | |
US8960072B2 (en) | Multilayer lubrication coating film and internal combustion engine piston using the coating film | |
JP2013148026A (en) | Cylinder liner | |
Gangopadhyay | Coating technologies for automotive engine applications | |
JP2016156495A (en) | Piston ring for internal combustion engine | |
KR102239397B1 (en) | Wet cylinder liner having hard chromium plating | |
Gangopadhyay | Power Cylinder Friction Reduction Through Coatings, Surface Finish and Design | |
Datta et al. | Tribological characteristics of electrolytic coatings for aluminum engine cylinder lining applications | |
JP2005201099A (en) | Piston and cylinder for internal combustion engine |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |