US20140076138A1 - Ballistic panel apparatus - Google Patents
Ballistic panel apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140076138A1 US20140076138A1 US13/585,439 US201213585439A US2014076138A1 US 20140076138 A1 US20140076138 A1 US 20140076138A1 US 201213585439 A US201213585439 A US 201213585439A US 2014076138 A1 US2014076138 A1 US 2014076138A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- ballistic
- panel
- ballistic panel
- panels
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 laminates Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004761 kevlar Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001251094 Formica Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000785 ultra high molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
- F41H5/0421—Ceramic layers in combination with metal layers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
- E04H9/04—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate against air-raid or other war-like actions
- E04H9/10—Independent shelters; Arrangement of independent splinter-proof walls
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
- E04H9/14—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate against other dangerous influences, e.g. tornadoes, floods
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
- F41H5/0428—Ceramic layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0442—Layered armour containing metal
- F41H5/0457—Metal layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/24—Armour; Armour plates for stationary use, e.g. fortifications ; Shelters; Guard Booths
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
Definitions
- This invention relates to armor systems for protection against various safety issues such as might be experienced with a typical tornado, hurricane or even against ballistic projectiles in terrorist or criminal situations, in particular, ballistic panels that can be easily and quickly locked together to form buildings, rooms or other enclosures such as a “safe” room.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,759 issued to Warren on Apr, 12, 2011, is directed towards providing a ballistic panel that is useful for protecting military vehicles in battle conditions for protection against enemy fire.
- This patent teaches the use of a panel comprising multiple layers having a grinding layer including ceramic spheres. Not only is this construction very expensive to achieve, there is no provision for easily attaching these panels to one another.
- Another aspect of the invention is to provide a ballistic panel that has cam locks that enable one panel to be quickly and easily attached to an adjacent panel.
- a further aspect of the invention is to provide a ballistic panel that also has a high insulation R-value such that the panel can be used for refrigerated storage or in high heat situations.
- FIG. 1 is a detailed schematic showing the panel in accordance with the invention.
- FIG. 2 is schematic showing the panels that can be attached together to provide an enclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a typical enclosure showing multiple panels attached together.
- a typical multi-layer ballistic panel is constructed in accordance with invention 10 .
- Outer layer 12 is preferably made of metal, preferably light gauge steel approximately 0.015 inches thick. Thicker steel up to 0.125 inches could also be used. Even aluminum might be a suitable substitute depending on the particular installation that panel 10 is being used
- Inner layer 14 or outer layer 12 could use decorative panels for the outer and inner skins such as FORMICA type of laminates. Also, flame retardant plastic sheeting could be substituted for uses where sparks or open flames are likely to be encountered. For finished enclosures, gypsum board or decorative plywood or other panel could also be suitable substitutes.
- foam 16 of the ballistic panel is made from polyurethane foam. Polystyrene foam could also be used. Foam layer 16 is preferably poured in place with high-pressure foam machines. Thicknesses could range from 1 inch to up to 6 inches thick. Foam layer 16 provides the structure of panel 10 and acts as a binder to hold ballistic rated material layer 18 and cam locks 19 in place.
- invention panel 10 is especially useful for insulation purposes.
- Each inch of foam thickness provides an R-value of 8.
- panel 10 is ideal for use in refrigerated storage situations. It is also ideally suited for use in modular buildings and enclosures where extreme hot or cold climate conditions are expected.
- Ballistic rated material layer 18 is preferably made from KEVLAR, E.I. Dupont's trademarked identification for its para-aramid synthetic fiber. However, other ballistic materials such Ballistic Ceramics, DYNEMA, a high strength polyethylene fiber, tempered steel or ballistic fiberglass phenolics, PBO fibers as well as other ballistic materials could be used as well.
- Ballistic layer 18 is adhered to the outer skin by high strength construction adhesive and is held permanently in place when the foam is injected into the panel during the manufacturing process. The thickness of ballistic layer 18 will be determined by the threat level to panel 10 that is expected.
- cam locks 19 are used to quickly and easily fasten the panels together to form an enclosure.
- Cam locks 19 are foamed in place along each panel edge.
- Each lock consists of two parts, one male 20 and one female 22 .
- Male half 20 provides the cam and the locking arm.
- Female half 22 holds a fixed pin.
- male lock cam 20 is turned and the locking arm reaches out and engages the pin in female half 22 .
- the cam is turned, the locking arm is drawn toward female half 22 such that the two panels are down snugly together forming a tight seam 24 .
- an enclosure comprising floor panels 30 , roof panels 26 and wall panels 28 all fasten together with these cam locks 19 .
Abstract
A ballistic panel composed of multiple layers. An outer layer is preferably metal. An inner layer is provided that can serve as decorative, if desired. Adhered to the outer layer is a layer of ballistic material, preferably KEVLAR or other synthetic ballistic fiber. Foamed in place is a layer of foam, preferably urethane. Also, featured is a plurality of cam locks with each cam lock having a male and a corresponding female part such that the adjacent panels can be easily and quickly locked together to form a safe enclosure.
Description
- This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/575,203 filed on Aug. 16, 2011, pursuant to 35 USC §119(e).
- This invention relates to armor systems for protection against various safety issues such as might be experienced with a typical tornado, hurricane or even against ballistic projectiles in terrorist or criminal situations, in particular, ballistic panels that can be easily and quickly locked together to form buildings, rooms or other enclosures such as a “safe” room.
- Given current economic conditions and the level of terrorist activities at home and aboard as well as the current cycle of more frequent severe weather, the need for rapidly deployable, lightweight, cost effective protection has reached an all time high. While conventional armament such as steel plates provide sufficient protection, weight, cost and difficulty in installation, this choice of conventional armament impractical except in military situations.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,921,759, issued to Warren on Apr, 12, 2011, is directed towards providing a ballistic panel that is useful for protecting military vehicles in battle conditions for protection against enemy fire. This patent teaches the use of a panel comprising multiple layers having a grinding layer including ceramic spheres. Not only is this construction very expensive to achieve, there is no provision for easily attaching these panels to one another.
- There is not found in the prior art, a ballistic panel that is inexpensive to construct, quickly and easily attached together to form an enclosure, and light enough to use in residential environments.
- It is an aspect of the invention to provide a ballistic panel that is fabricated from polyurethane foam that provides protection without the weight of prior art armaments.
- It is still another aspect of the invention to provide a ballistic panel that uses ballistic resin/fiber material such as KEVLAR to provide protection.
- Another aspect of the invention is to provide a ballistic panel that has cam locks that enable one panel to be quickly and easily attached to an adjacent panel.
- It is another aspect of the invention to provide a ballistic panel that uses lightweight outer skins to provide the structure of the panel.
- A further aspect of the invention is to provide a ballistic panel that also has a high insulation R-value such that the panel can be used for refrigerated storage or in high heat situations.
- Finally, it is an aspect of the invention to provide a ballistic panel that can be locked together to provide an enclosure such as a room or even a building.
-
FIG. 1 is a detailed schematic showing the panel in accordance with the invention. -
FIG. 2 is schematic showing the panels that can be attached together to provide an enclosure. -
FIG. 3 is a typical enclosure showing multiple panels attached together. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , a typical multi-layer ballistic panel is constructed in accordance withinvention 10.Outer layer 12 is preferably made of metal, preferably light gauge steel approximately 0.015 inches thick. Thicker steel up to 0.125 inches could also be used. Even aluminum might be a suitable substitute depending on the particular installation thatpanel 10 is being usedInner layer 14 orouter layer 12 could use decorative panels for the outer and inner skins such as FORMICA type of laminates. Also, flame retardant plastic sheeting could be substituted for uses where sparks or open flames are likely to be encountered. For finished enclosures, gypsum board or decorative plywood or other panel could also be suitable substitutes. - The core of
foam 16 of the ballistic panel is made from polyurethane foam. Polystyrene foam could also be used.Foam layer 16 is preferably poured in place with high-pressure foam machines. Thicknesses could range from 1 inch to up to 6 inches thick.Foam layer 16 provides the structure ofpanel 10 and acts as a binder to hold ballistic ratedmaterial layer 18 andcam locks 19 in place. - As noted,
invention panel 10 is especially useful for insulation purposes. Each inch of foam thickness provides an R-value of 8. Thus,panel 10 is ideal for use in refrigerated storage situations. It is also ideally suited for use in modular buildings and enclosures where extreme hot or cold climate conditions are expected. - Ballistic rated
material layer 18 is preferably made from KEVLAR, E.I. Dupont's trademarked identification for its para-aramid synthetic fiber. However, other ballistic materials such Ballistic Ceramics, DYNEMA, a high strength polyethylene fiber, tempered steel or ballistic fiberglass phenolics, PBO fibers as well as other ballistic materials could be used as well. -
Ballistic layer 18 is adhered to the outer skin by high strength construction adhesive and is held permanently in place when the foam is injected into the panel during the manufacturing process. The thickness ofballistic layer 18 will be determined by the threat level topanel 10 that is expected. - As shown in
FIG. 2 ,cam locks 19 are used to quickly and easily fasten the panels together to form an enclosure.Cam locks 19 are foamed in place along each panel edge. Each lock consists of two parts, one male 20 and one female 22.Male half 20 provides the cam and the locking arm.Female half 22 holds a fixed pin. When the panels are placed adjacent to one another,male lock cam 20 is turned and the locking arm reaches out and engages the pin infemale half 22. As the cam is turned, the locking arm is drawn towardfemale half 22 such that the two panels are down snugly together forming atight seam 24. - As shown in
FIG. 3 , an enclosure comprisingfloor panels 30,roof panels 26 andwall panels 28 all fasten together with thesecam locks 19. - Although the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other versions are readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the preferred embodiments contained herein.
Claims (15)
1. A multi-layer ballistic panel comprising:
an outer layer; wherein said outer layer is a sheathing ranging from 0.015 to 0.125 inches thick and, wherein said outer layer is made from a material selected from the group consisting of steel, aluminum, laminates, plastics, plywood, or gypsum board; and
an inner layer, wherein said inner layer is made from a material selected from the same group of materials as recited for the outer layer but not necessarily the same material selected for said outer layer; and
a ballistic layer adhered to said outer layer, wherein said ballistic is made from a material selected from the group consisting of a para-aramid synthetic fiber, ceramics, high strength polyethylene fiber, PBO fiber, fiberglass phenolic as well as other well known synthetic and natural ballistic materials, wherein said ballistic layer is adhered to said outer layer; and
a foam core that is injected in place between said inner layer and said outer layer with said ballistic layer adhered thereto to provide said multi-layer ballistic panel.
2. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 wherein said foam layer is made of a polyurethane foam.
3. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 wherein said foam layer is made of a polystyrene foam.
4. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 further comprising at least one two-part cam lock.
5. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 4 further comprising at least one part of a two-part cam lock that is foamed in place along at least one edge of said panel.
6. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 5 wherein each said cam lock has a male part and a corresponding female part in a corresponding adjacent panel so that the two adjacent panels can be locked together.
7. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 6 wherein said male part of said cam lock comprises a cam and a locking arm and where said female part comprises a locking pin, such that when said male part of said cam lock is adjacent to the female part of an adjacent cam lock, when two panels are placed adjacent to one another, the male lock cam is turned and the locking arm reaches out and engages the pin in the female half such that as the cam is turned, the locking arm is drawn toward the female half such that the two panels are down snugly together forming a tight seam.
8. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 wherein said foam core ranges from approximately 1 inch thick to 6 inches thick.
9. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 wherein the thickness of said ballistic layer is determined in accordance with the expected threat that said panel must withstand.
10. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 wherein a plurality of said panels may be locked together to form an enclosed structure.
11. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 10 wherein said enclosed structure is a refrigerated storage unit.
12. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 10 wherein said enclosed structure is a used in an environment wherein high ambient temperatures can be expected.
13. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 10 wherein said enclosed structure is a safe room that provides protection from external threats to the occupants of said enclosed structure.
14. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 10 wherein said enclosed structure is a located in a combat situation.
15. The multi-layer ballistic panel of claim 1 wherein a plurality of panels can be locked together to form a structure that is useful in a combat situation where projectiles can be expected to strike said structure.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/585,439 US20140076138A1 (en) | 2011-08-16 | 2012-08-14 | Ballistic panel apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201161575203P | 2011-08-16 | 2011-08-16 | |
US13/585,439 US20140076138A1 (en) | 2011-08-16 | 2012-08-14 | Ballistic panel apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20140076138A1 true US20140076138A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 |
Family
ID=50273091
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/585,439 Abandoned US20140076138A1 (en) | 2011-08-16 | 2012-08-14 | Ballistic panel apparatus |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20140076138A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170153089A1 (en) * | 2015-08-13 | 2017-06-01 | Joel Bishara Bahu | Lightweight body armor |
US10450770B2 (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2019-10-22 | Amos Klein | Multi layered protection system |
CN114412060A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-04-29 | 中北玄武科技发展有限公司 | Basalt fiber composite integrated wallboard |
CN114562910A (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2022-05-31 | 中北玄武汽车轻量化技术(北京)有限责任公司 | Basalt fiber composite bulletproof plate |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7954294B2 (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2011-06-07 | Acermetric Limited | Building panel |
US20120103177A1 (en) * | 2010-04-22 | 2012-05-03 | Coltrane Michael D | Assembly for Armoring an Amphibious Vehicle Against Projectile Penetrations |
US8375840B2 (en) * | 2009-11-06 | 2013-02-19 | Kryron Global, Llc | Ballistic strike plate and assembly |
-
2012
- 2012-08-14 US US13/585,439 patent/US20140076138A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7954294B2 (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2011-06-07 | Acermetric Limited | Building panel |
US8375840B2 (en) * | 2009-11-06 | 2013-02-19 | Kryron Global, Llc | Ballistic strike plate and assembly |
US20120103177A1 (en) * | 2010-04-22 | 2012-05-03 | Coltrane Michael D | Assembly for Armoring an Amphibious Vehicle Against Projectile Penetrations |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10450770B2 (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2019-10-22 | Amos Klein | Multi layered protection system |
US20170153089A1 (en) * | 2015-08-13 | 2017-06-01 | Joel Bishara Bahu | Lightweight body armor |
CN114562910A (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2022-05-31 | 中北玄武汽车轻量化技术(北京)有限责任公司 | Basalt fiber composite bulletproof plate |
CN114412060A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-04-29 | 中北玄武科技发展有限公司 | Basalt fiber composite integrated wallboard |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: STANDEX INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONT, NEW HAMPSHIRE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OWEN, KENNETH W., MR.;CARR, EDWARD B., MR.;CAVINESS, THOMAS BRYAN, MR.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20120928 TO 20121008;REEL/FRAME:029119/0699 |
|
STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |