US20130227399A1 - System And Method For Displaying Text - Google Patents
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- US20130227399A1 US20130227399A1 US13/859,464 US201313859464A US2013227399A1 US 20130227399 A1 US20130227399 A1 US 20130227399A1 US 201313859464 A US201313859464 A US 201313859464A US 2013227399 A1 US2013227399 A1 US 2013227399A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/10—Text processing
- G06F40/103—Formatting, i.e. changing of presentation of documents
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Abstract
A method for displaying text including the steps of providing a text, arranging the text into a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least one selected word cluster of the plurality of word clusters includes at least two lines of words and each line of words includes at least two words, and emphasizing at least one word in the selected word cluster.
Description
- This application relates to a system and method for displaying text and, more particularly, a system and method for displaying text in a manner conducive to comfortable and efficient reading.
- In the English language, text typically is presented as a series of sentences grouped into paragraphs, as shown in
FIG. 1 . The text may flow from left to right across the width of a page (or column) and then vertically down the page (or column). - Researchers have recognized that the typical format for presenting text (i.e., the paragraph format) has several disadvantages and may violate the natural tendencies of the human eye. See Andrews, R. B., Reading Power Unlimited, Texas Outlook, 1949, 33, 20-21, the entire content of which are incorporated herein by reference. Particularly, the paragraph format does not fully take advantage of a reader's ability to read and comprehend text. The paragraph format focuses on the horizontal span of the human eye and ignores the human eye's ability to scan in the vertical direction.
- Accordingly, Andrews (1949) presented the concept of square span, wherein text is broken down and arranged into a series of small units of words. Each unit typically includes 2 lines of words, with each line having 2 to 3 words. Thus, the reader may comprehend each unit as a whole, rather than a sum of its parts.
- Andrews (1949) theorized that the square span arrangement of text allows for quicker and more efficient reading. Each unit of square span includes a vertical component (i.e., the lines are arranged vertically) and a horizontal component (i.e., the words in a line extend horizontally). Thus, the square span arrangement takes advantage of the relationship between the horizontal span and the vertical span of the human eye.
- Various other techniques have been employed to facilitate faster and more efficient reading. U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,450 to Morris, the entire content of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a textual display wherein the text is presented as a plurality of short lines printed across a scan bar, wherein selected words are bolded or printed in a different color. U.S. Pat. No. 5,802,533 to Walker, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses the concept of enhancing text by horizontally displacing consecutive lines of text.
- Despite the attempts of the prior art, there remains a need for a system and method for displaying text in a manner conducive to comfortable and efficient reading.
- In one aspect, the system and method provides a method for displaying text including the steps of providing a text, arranging the text into a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least one selected word cluster of the plurality of word clusters includes at least two lines of words and each line of words includes at least two words, and emphasizing at least one word in the selected word cluster.
- In another aspect, the system and method provides a method for displaying text including the steps of providing a text having a plurality of words, arranging the words into a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least two selected word clusters each include at least two lines of words and each line of words includes at least two words, and altering the typeface, the font and/or the color of at least one word in each of the selected word clusters with respect to the other words in the selected word clusters.
- In another aspect, the system and method provides a textual display including a display medium and a text displayed on the display medium as a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least two selected word clusters each includes at least two lines of words and each line of words includes at least two words, wherein at least one word in each of the selected word clusters is emphasized.
- In another aspect, the system and method provides a method for displaying text including the steps of providing a text, arranging the text into a plurality of word clusters, wherein at least one selected word cluster includes at least one spoken word and at least one non-spoken word, and altering the typeface, the font and/or the color of the spoken word with respect to the non-spoken word.
- Other aspects of the system and method will become apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.
-
FIG. 1 is a sample of text displayed in the paragraph format of the prior art; -
FIG. 2 is the sample of text ofFIG. 1 displayed according to a first aspect of the system and method; -
FIG. 3A is a selected word of the text ofFIG. 2 having a first appearance; -
FIG. 3B is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a second appearance; -
FIG. 3C is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a third appearance; -
FIG. 3D is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a fourth appearance; -
FIG. 3E is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a fifth appearance; -
FIG. 3F is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a sixth appearance; -
FIG. 3G is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a seventh appearance; -
FIG. 3H is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a eighth appearance; -
FIG. 3I is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a ninth appearance; -
FIG. 3J is the selected word ofFIG. 3A having a tenth appearance; and -
FIG. 4 is a sample of text displayed according to a second aspect of the system and method. - As shown in
FIG. 2 , a text, such at the paragraph format text ofFIG. 1 , may be arranged as anarray 10 ofword clusters array 10 may be presented on a single page or on a plurality of pages. For example, a book may be presented as anarray 10 ofword clusters - The
array 10 may include one or more lines ofword clusters array 10 ofword clusters word clusters - The
word clusters array 10 may be arranged vertically across a page, wherein a consecutive word cluster is positioned below a preceding cluster, as shown inFIG. 2 . Alternatively, theword clusters array 10 may be arranged horizontally across a page, wherein a consecutive word cluster is positioned to the right (or left) of a preceding cluster. It should be understood that, once the end of a page is reached, the next word cluster may begin a new line or column. - Each
word cluster - Each
word cluster - Each line of words in a
word cluster - The maximum and minimum number of words, lines of words and/or words per line may be selected by the author, editor or the like or, alternatively, may be preprogrammed into a processing device adapted to arrange a text into word clusters.
- In one aspect, the size of a word cluster (i.e., the maximum and minimum number of words, lines of words and/or words per line) may be dictated by the horizontal and vertical apprehension span of the reader. In another aspect, the size of a word cluster may be dictated by the complexity of the words within the word cluster. For example, a word cluster may be sized such that it is capable of being comprehended as whole by a reader of average skill.
- Referring to
FIG. 2 ,word cluster 12 includes nine words arranged into three lines of words, wherein the first line of words includes five words, the second line of words includes three words and the third line of words includes one word. - Each
word cluster array 10 may be separated from adjacent word clusters by a space ormargin 26. Aspace 26 may be provided to the left, right, top and/or bottom of a word cluster. Thespace 26 may include no text. In one aspect, thespace 26 may be larger (e.g., about 1.5 to about 4 times larger) than the space between each word of the word cluster and/or the space between each line of the word cluster. - In one aspect, a
word cluster - Elements of commonality within a thought group may be one or more of the following: names (e.g., proper and/or common), nouns or verbs which rely on modifiers for understanding and their modifiers (e.g., noun clauses and phrases, phrasal verbs (preposition plus verb), infinitives (“to” plus verb stem) and/or prepositional phrases), phrases, dependent clauses and independent clauses.
- Elements of text that may determine the end of a thought group may be one or more of the following: periods, question marks, exclamation points, commas, colons, semi-colons and other sentence terminating elements.
- Accordingly, a text, such as the text presented in
FIG. 1 , may be broken down into anarray 10 ofword clusters FIG. 1 for example, the first thought group may be identified by punctuation, such as the first comma ofFIG. 1 . Thus, the language “As part of the response to the embassy bombings,” may be considered a thought group and arranged into afirst word cluster 12, as shown inFIG. 2 . For example, theword cluster 12 may be broken down into three lines, the first line being “As part of the response,” the second line being “to the embassy” and the third line being “bombings.” - Various other arrangements of the
word cluster 12 are within the scope of the present system and method. For example, thefirst word cluster 12 may be arranged to include four lines, wherein the first line is “as part of,” the second line is “the response,” the third line is “to the embassy” and the fourth line is “bombings.” - Thus, a text may be broken down into a plurality of thought groups, wherein each thought group may correspond to a single word cluster. As discussed above, thought groups may be identified using phrase boundaries, punctuation and word types. In another aspect, an author may choose his or her own thought groups. In another aspect, an automated program may be used to identify though groups within a text by applying various linguistic criteria, such as the criteria discussed above.
- Once a text has been broken down into an
array 10 ofword clusters FIG. 2 , the words “embassy” and “bombings” have been emphasized by bolding the selected words. - Selected words may be emphasized in various ways. The words in the
word cluster 12 may be presented in a Times New Roman typeface with a 14 point font, as shown inFIG. 3A . The word “embassy” may then be emphasized by altering the typeface of the word “embassy” with respect to the other word in the word cluster. For example, the word “embassy” may be bolded, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 3B , italicized, as shown inFIG. 3C or underlined, as shown inFIG. 3D . In another aspect, the word “embassy” may be presented in a different typeface, such as, for example, Arial, as shown inFIG. 3E , Century Gothic, as shown inFIG. 3F , Charlesworth, as shown inFIG. 3G , or Batang, as shown inFIG. 3H . In another aspect, the word “embassy” may be presented in a different font size, such as, for example, 18 point font, as shown inFIG. 3I , or 22 point font, as shown inFIG. 3J . In another aspect, selected words may be emphasized by changing the color of the word (e.g., from black to red). - In another aspect, one or more words of a word cluster may be de-emphasized. For example, a word may be de-emphasized by using a narrower or lighter typeface, a lighter color, a smaller font or the like. For example, a word may be de-emphasized by presenting the de-emphasized word in a Century Gothic typeface, shown in
FIG. 3F , while the other words in the word cluster are presented in an Arial typeface, as shown inFIG. 3E . - Accordingly, by emphasizing one or more words within a
word cluster - In one aspect, content words (i.e., substantive words) within a word cluster may be emphasized and function words may be de-emphasized. Function words may be grammatical words that can be distinguished from content words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives. In one aspect, function words may be pronouns, auxiliaries, determiners, prepositions and other items that do not fall within any single syntactic category. In another aspect, function words may be all words that do not normally take stress.
- In another aspect, an author or a speaker may identify words that should be emphasized based on the intent of the author and/or emphasis or de-emphasis placed on words when a particular speaker speaks those words.
- Accordingly, once a text is broken down into an array of word clusters, the content words within each word cluster may be emphasized and, alternatively, one or more function words may be de-emphasized, thereby controlling the reader's eye movements such that the reader spends less effort focusing on specific words within the text.
- In another aspect of the system and method, a text, generally designated 30, may be arranged into
word clusters FIG. 4 and described above, and the content words in each word cluster may be emphasized, as discussed above. Eachword cluster last line 42 and at least onenon-last line 44. Word clusters consisting of only one line may be considered to have onelast line 42 and nonon-last lines 44. In one aspect, the words in thenon-last lines 44 may be present in a typeface having a reduced serif, while the words in the last line may be presented with a typeface having a full serif. In another aspect, the words in thenon-last lines 44 may be present in a typeface having a normal serif, while the words in the last line may presented with a typeface having an oversized serif. - For example, referring to word cluster 32 of
FIG. 4 , the word “evening” is in thelast line 42 and the words “On an” are in the firstnon-last line 44. The letter “n” in the word “evening” has a larger serif than the letter “n” in the words “On an.” - Without being limited to any particular theory, it is believed that a reduced serif in
non-last lines 44 allows a reader's eyes to easily scan the contents of the word cluster, while a full (or larger) serif in thelast line 42 allows a reader's eyes to identify the end of the word cluster. - Although the system and method for displaying text has been shown and described with respect to certain aspects, it should be understood that modifications may occur to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. The system and method for displaying text includes all such modifications and is limited only by the scope of the claims.
Claims (41)
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21. (canceled)
22. A method for displaying text comprising the steps of:
providing a text, said text having a plurality of paragraphs each having a plurality of sentences comprised of a plurality of words;
arranging said text into a plurality of separated and centered word clusters with each word cluster having a plurality of lines and each line having a plurality of words, the plurality of separated and centered word clusters having (a) adjacent lines of each word cluster vertically spaced apart by a cluster line spacing that is substantially the same, (b) each pair of consecutive centered word clusters vertically aligned and spaced apart by a cluster spacing that is greater than the line spacing, and (c) each word of each one of the word clusters presented in a typeface having a serif with at least one word in the last line of at least one word cluster having a serif larger in size than a remainder of the words of said at least one word cluster; and
displaying said plurality of word clusters on an electronic display medium.
23. The method of claim 22 , further comprising the step of identifying at least one content word in at least one word cluster and emphasizing the at least one content word by altering a typeface, changing a font, changing a font size, or changing a color of the at least one content word.
24. The method of claim 23 , further comprising the step of identifying at least one function word in the at least one word cluster and deemphasizing the at least one function word by lightening, narrowing, or decreasing a size of at least one of a typeface or a font of the at least one function word.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the electronic display medium is configured to display a page at a time.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein a sized of the word clusters is determined based on a reading level complexity of the provided text.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the reading level complexity is based on a complexity of words.
28. The method of claim 22 , wherein a size of the word clusters is determined based on a reader of average skill.
29. The method of claim 22 , wherein a size of the word clusters is determined based on the word cluster being comprehended by a reader of average skill.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein a size of the word clusters is constrained by one of an estimate of reader apprehension span and a predetermined word cluster line length and word cluster line number limit.
31. The method of claim 22 , wherein a plurality of thought groups are identified in the provided text with each thought group comprising a corresponding one of the plurality of word clusters and each thought group comprised of a plurality of words linked by a commonality.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the commonality linking the plurality of words comprising one of the word clusters comprises a name, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier for understanding, or a phrase, and wherein the end of the thought group of the one of the word clusters is defined by a comma, a colon, or a semicolon.
33. The method of claim 31 , wherein the commonality linking the plurality of words comprising one of the word clusters comprises a name, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier for understanding, or a phrase, and wherein the end of the thought group of the one of the word clusters is defined by a period, question mark or exclamation point.
34. The method of claim 22 , wherein all of said words located in the last line of said at least one word cluster have a serif larger than the remainder of said words of said at least one word cluster.
35. A method for displaying text comprising the steps of:
providing a text comprised of a plurality of paragraphs each having a plurality of sentences with each sentence having a plurality of words;
arranging the provided text into a plurality of vertically centered and vertically aligned word clusters having a vertical cluster spacing between consecutive word clusters, each word cluster having a plurality of horizontally extending lines having a vertical line spacing between consecutive lines smaller than the vertical cluster spacing with each line having one or more words, and wherein at least one word in the last line of at least one word cluster has a serif larger than a remainder of the words of the at least one word cluster; and
displaying the plurality of word clusters on an electronic display medium.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein each word cluster is formed of a thought group defined by a plurality of words linked by a commonality and constrained by an estimate of reader apprehension span.
38. The method of claim 36 , wherein the commonality linking the plurality of words comprising one of the word clusters comprises a name, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier for understanding, or a phrase, and wherein the end of the thought group of the one of the word clusters is defined by a comma, a colon, or a semicolon.
39. The method of claim 36 , wherein the commonality linking the plurality of words comprising one of the word clusters comprises a name, a noun or verb which relies on a modifier for understanding, or a phrase, and wherein the end of the thought group of the one of the word clusters is defined by a period, question mark or exclamation point.
40. The method of claim 35 , the further step of determining a size of the plurality of word clusters based on a reading level complexity and during the arranging step, arranging the provided text into the plurality of word clusters based on the determined word cluster size.
41. The method of claim 35 , wherein all of said words in the last line of the at least one word cluster have the larger serif.
42. A method for displaying text comprising the steps of:
providing a text comprised of a plurality of paragraphs each having a plurality of sentences with each sentence having a plurality of words;
arranging the provided text into a plurality of vertically centered and vertically aligned word clusters having a vertical cluster spacing between consecutive word clusters, each word cluster having a plurality of horizontally extending lines having a vertical line spacing between consecutive lines smaller than the vertical cluster spacing between consecutive word clusters with each line having a plurality of words, and each word of each one of the word clusters is presented in a typeface having a serif with at least one of the words in the last line of at least one of the word clusters having a serif larger than a remainder of the words of the at least one word cluster; and
displaying the plurality of word clusters on an electronic display medium.
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US13/859,464 US20130227399A1 (en) | 2005-06-01 | 2013-04-09 | System And Method For Displaying Text |
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US11/142,201 US8418057B2 (en) | 2005-06-01 | 2005-06-01 | System and method for displaying text |
US13/859,464 US20130227399A1 (en) | 2005-06-01 | 2013-04-09 | System And Method For Displaying Text |
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US20080282153A1 (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2008-11-13 | Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications Ab | Text-content features |
US20130205202A1 (en) * | 2010-10-26 | 2013-08-08 | Jun Xiao | Transformation of a Document into Interactive Media Content |
US20140189586A1 (en) | 2012-12-28 | 2014-07-03 | Spritz Technology Llc | Methods and systems for displaying text using rsvp |
US9552596B2 (en) | 2012-07-12 | 2017-01-24 | Spritz Technology, Inc. | Tracking content through serial presentation |
US8903174B2 (en) | 2012-07-12 | 2014-12-02 | Spritz Technology, Inc. | Serial text display for optimal recognition apparatus and method |
US9483109B2 (en) | 2012-07-12 | 2016-11-01 | Spritz Technology, Inc. | Methods and systems for displaying text using RSVP |
US9275017B2 (en) | 2013-05-06 | 2016-03-01 | The Speed Reading Group, Chamber Of Commerce Number: 60482605 | Methods, systems, and media for guiding user reading on a screen |
US11170154B1 (en) | 2021-04-09 | 2021-11-09 | Cascade Reading, Inc. | Linguistically-driven automated text formatting |
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US1456834A (en) | 1916-04-10 | 1923-05-29 | Sheffield Joseph Henry | Art of printing |
US3611593A (en) | 1969-11-14 | 1971-10-12 | Harry S Shapiro | Line-group sequential reading aid |
US4643450A (en) | 1985-11-12 | 1987-02-17 | Morris Max F | Reading system |
US5233333A (en) | 1990-05-21 | 1993-08-03 | Borsuk Sherwin M | Portable hand held reading unit with reading aid feature |
US5442742A (en) | 1990-12-21 | 1995-08-15 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Method and apparatus for the manipulation of text on a computer display screen |
US6227576B1 (en) * | 1993-03-11 | 2001-05-08 | George Gerou | Column writing for fast and super fast reading |
US6032163A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 2000-02-29 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Method and apparatus for reformatting paragraphs on a computer screen |
AUPN520495A0 (en) * | 1995-09-04 | 1995-09-28 | Charon Holdings Pty Ltd | Reading aid |
US6279017B1 (en) | 1996-08-07 | 2001-08-21 | Randall C. Walker | Method and apparatus for displaying text based upon attributes found within the text |
US5802533A (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 1998-09-01 | Walker; Randall C. | Text processor |
US6154757A (en) * | 1997-01-29 | 2000-11-28 | Krause; Philip R. | Electronic text reading environment enhancement method and apparatus |
US6113147A (en) | 1997-09-22 | 2000-09-05 | Johnson; Gary R | Reformatting printed and electronic text for smoother reading |
US7069508B1 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2006-06-27 | Language Technologies, Inc. | System and method for formatting text according to linguistic, visual and psychological variables |
US20020133521A1 (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2002-09-19 | Campbell Gregory A. | System and method for text delivery |
US7853863B2 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2010-12-14 | Sony Corporation | Method for expressing emotion in a text message |
US7823061B2 (en) * | 2004-05-20 | 2010-10-26 | Wizpatent Pte Ltd | System and method for text segmentation and display |
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CA2610616A1 (en) | 2006-12-07 |
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