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The claimed invention is related to a low-pressure steam turbine and a steam power plant comprising a low-pressure steam turbine that is connected to a condensing system. From US 2005/0063821 A1 an example for such a steam power plant is known. FIG. 1 of this publication and its description explain in detail the process of a steam power plant. For this reason, the explanation of the process of producing electricity by means of a steam power plant is incorporated by reference into this application.
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In existing designs of low-pressure turbines the steam exhaust at the end of the steam path is typically connected to a singular heat sink for every exhaust hood where the condensing process takes place. This solution is appropriate when the power plant is being operated as per the original design parameters and sufficient cooling capacity for condensing the steam is available.
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Today there is a growing need to adapt the operating regime of existing power plants to changing boundary conditions, resulting from e.g. climate change or environmental restrictions. Especially seasonal restricted water supply and a shortage in cooling water make-up resulting thereof, has led for power plants to forced load reductions.
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When the capacity of the existing condensing process is not sufficient because of insufficient flow of make-up water, an additional condensing system has to be implemented to handle the entropy flow when the power output shall not be reduced.
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The additional cooling system could be installed either into the existing cooling water cycle or could directly be connected to the water steam cycle.
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Shall the existing system be off loaded, technically only a system will be suitable, that is operating at the same or a lower condensing pressure, compared to the existing system. This means, that it ought to be operated with a working medium, that is cooler than the existing cooling water system or with a very small cooling range.
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Very often the arrangement of the second condenser is very challenging, because of insufficient space next to the existing condenser.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
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Consequently, it is an object of the claimed invention to provide a low-pressure turbine and a steam power plant with an optimized cold end of the steam turbine resulting in an unload of the existing condenser and in enabling the power plant to maintain a high electricity output, even if the cooling capacity of the regular condenser is of restricted capability due to shortage of cooling water.
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A further object of the invention is to reduce the cooling
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water consumption of the first condensing system.
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These objects are achieved by a low-pressure turbine of a steam power plant comprising an inner casing and an exhaust hood, wherein the exhaust hood is connected to a condenser, by providing at least one further steam outlet allowing to supply the expanded steam from inside the exhaust hood to a second condensing system, thereby reducing the cooling load of the first condenser.
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The claimed low-pressure turbine is connected to two condensing systems. One of them is the “regular” or main condensing system that is more or less directly connected to the exhaust hood of the low-pressure turbine. The second or additional condensing system is almost certainly a dry cooling system.
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This arrangement improves the operation flexibility of the steam power plant, since for example in summer, when the ambient temperature is high and only a small amount of cooling water is available, the second condensing system can be activated and consequently the electricity output of the steam power plant is not reduced, although only a small amount of cooling water is available. As soon as sufficient make-up water for the condensing system is available, the additional condensing system can be taken out of service and the plant can return to its original operating parameters.
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A main advantage of the low-pressure turbine according to claim 1 is that, since the exhaust hood normally is a welded construction, the retrofit of an already installed low-pressure turbine is possible. This retrofit comprises adding a further exhaust steam opening for example in the upper shell of the exhaust hood and connect this further exhaust steam opening with the additional condensing system.
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A further advantageous embodiment of this low-pressure turbine is characterized in that the inner casing of the low-pressure turbine comprises at least one extraction point for steam. This means the claimed low-pressure turbine may be used as a bleeding turbine, a tapped turbine or an extraction turbine.
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The claimed invention is also achieved by a low-pressure turbine of a steam power plant, comprising an inner casing and an exhaust hood, wherein the inner casing comprises at least one extraction point for steam, characterized in that at least one extraction point is connected to a second condensing system. This arrangement allows the use of at least one steam extraction point of the low-pressure turbine to extract some of the partially expanded steam at a pressure of approximately 200 mbar to 1000 mbar and condense this extracted steam in the additional condensing system. Consequently, the main condensing system is relieved and the cooling water demand of the main condenser is reduced.
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To control the amount of steam that is condensed in the second condensing system between the further exhaust steam opening in the exhaust hood and/or the at least one extraction point of the inner casing a control valve and/or a non-return valve is installed.
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A further main advantage of the low-pressure turbine according to claim 3 consists in the fact that an existing extraction point can alternatively be used for extracting steam for heating purposes or to reduce the cooling load of the main condensing system—for example in summer when no heat requirements exist—by exhausting steam and having this extracted steam condensed in a second condensing system.
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These advantages can also be realized with the steam power plants according to claim 5 or 6. Further advantages are disclosed in the drawings, their descriptions and the claims.
DRAWINGS
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The Drawings Show
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FIG. 1 an embodiment of a claimed low-pressure turbine with one further exhaust steam opening,
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FIG. 2 a second embodiment with a single-line exhaust steam duct connection,
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FIG. 3 a low-pressure turbine with a double-line exhaust steam duct connection,
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FIG. 4 a block diagram of a steam power plant with a low-pressure steam turbine, a main condensing system and an additional condensing system with a single-line axial exhaust steam duct connection and
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FIG. 5 a low-pressure turbine using two extraction points of the inner casing for extraction of steam to the additional condensing system.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
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FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a claimed low-pressure steam turbine 1, comprising an inner casing 3 that is often made of cast iron. Inside the partially cut away inner casing 3 is a rotor 5 can be seen. The exhaust hood 7 may comprise an upper shell assembly 7.1 and a lower-base shell assembly 7.2. The lower-base shell assembly 7.2 is open at its bottom and connected to a low-pressure (LP) exhaust 9. Since the main condensing system is not part of the claimed invention, no details of the main condensing system are shown in FIG. 1.
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As can be seen from FIG. 1, the exhaust hood 7 with its upper shell assembly 7.1 and its lower-base shell assembly 7.2 is a welded construction. The claimed low-pressure steam turbine has at least one exhaust steam opening 11 for example in the upper shell assembly 7.1. This exhaust steam opening 11 is connected with a radial exhaust steam duct line 13. This radial exhaust steam duct connection 13 is connected to an additional or second condensing system (not shown in FIG. 1). Consequently, it is possible to condense the LP-steam from the turbine either in the main condensing system or in the additional condensing system. This flexibility is very advantageous, in case the main condensing system 9 has to be operated under certain restrictions for example a reduced cooling water supply. This being the case a part of the steam exhausted by the low-pressure turbine 1 can be condensed in the additional condensing system resulting in a load reduction of the main condensing system. Consequently, the electricity generation of the steam power plant can be maintained at a high level, even if the main condenser 9 operates at a reduced performance.
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Since the exhaust hood 7 is a welded construction, it is possible to install the exhaust steam duct 13 at existing exhaust hoods by opening the exhaust hood 7 for a further exhaust steam opening 11 and to weld the additional exhaust steam duct connection 13 onto for example the upper shell assembly 7.1. This means that the claimed invention can be realized not only in new designs and constructions of low-pressure steam turbines, but is a retrofit-solution for existing steam power plants, that may lead to an equal or improved electricity output, even if the capacity of the main condensing system is reduced due to cooling water restrictions.
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FIG. 2 shows a rather similar embodiment of the claimed invention. The main difference between the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2 is that the exhaust steam duct is not radial, but axial compared to the axis of rotation of the rotor 5.
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The third embodiment of the claimed invention shown in FIG. 3 comprises a double-line axial exhaust steam duct connection 30. The third embodiment shows a double-line axial exhaust steam duct connection 13. Consequently, the exhaust hood 7 comprises two exhaust steam openings, from which only one (cf. reference no. 11.1) can be seen.
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By looking at the three embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 it is apparent that the exhaust steam openings 11 and the exhaust steam ducts 13 can be arranged in several positions, depending on the space that is available and the amount of low-pressure steam that has to be extracted via the exhaust steam openings 11 and the capacity of the additional condenser. This means that the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 are suitable for retrofit of existing low-pressure turbines.
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A comparable effect can be achieved by using the extracting points at the inner casing 3 of a low-pressure steam turbine and leading the steam extracted from this extraction point to an additional condensing system. This embodiment does not need any alterations concerning the low-pressure steam turbine, if such an extraction point is already existing. For this reason, no embodiment of this type of low-pressure turbine is shown.
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The airtight interface 11, 13, 27 and 29 between the existing turbine 1 and the retrofitted additional condensing system 25, may be operated at the same or a different pressure level than the existing main condensing system 17.
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FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the claimed invention configured to supply energy to a power grid. In this exemplary embodiment, the power plant is a multi-pressure single-shaft power plant and includes a steam turbine assembly and a generator. The generator is not shown in FIG. 4 as well as the high-pressure and the intermediate-pressure turbines of the steam turbine assembly. In FIG. 4 only the low-pressure steam turbine 1 is shown. It is supplied with low-pressure steam by an overflow pipe 15. This overflow pipe 15 connects the intermediate pressure turbine (not shown) with the low-pressure steam turbine 1. The low-pressure steam turbine consists of an inner casing 3 and exhaust hood 7 that is connected via the low-pressure exhaust 9 with a main condensing system 17.
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The main condensing system 17 may be of the surface condenser-type that is connected to the cooling water pipes 18 with a cooling system, preferably a wet cooling system, for example a cooling tower. Downstream of the main condensing system 17 are several condensate pumps 21 that deliver the condensed steam to a condensate pipe 23.
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Referring again to the low-pressure steam turbine 1, even from the block diagram it can be seen that the turbine is supplied with steam by the overflow pipe 15 that is connected to the inner casing 3. After expansion of the steam in the low-pressure turbine 1 the steam with a pressure of approximately 0.03 bar to 0.06 bar, enters the exhaust hood 7 and under normal ambient and operating conditions leaves the exhaust 7 hood via the low-pressure exhaust 9 into the main condensing system 17.
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In addition to that main condensing system 17 an additional condensing system 25 is provided. The jet condenser of the additional condensing system 25 is connected to the exhaust hood 7 by means of the exhaust steam duct 13. Between the additional condensing system 25 and the exhaust hood 7 there is a control valve 27 and a backflow-valve 29. The control valve 27 may be of the butterfly valve-type and is airtight, if closed.
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The jet condenser of the additional condensing system 25 is preferably connected to a dry cooling system, because the main reason for installing the additional condensing system 25 is the shortage of cooling water for the wet cooling system of the main condensing system 17. Therefore, in most cases it does not make sense to connect the additional condensing system 25 with a second wet cooling system. This may make sense, if there is a second heat sink with different temperature and pressure levels and/or different purity of the cooling water and therefore under some operating conditions this heat sink cannot be used for the main condensing system 17.
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The jet condenser 25 is connected to condensate pumps 31 and cooling water pumps 33. The condensate pumps 31 deliver the condensed water into the second condensate pipe 35, which is connected to the first condensate pipe 33. This connection is not shown in FIG. 4. The additional condensing system 25 is supplied with cold cooling water via cooling water pipe 37.1. The warm cooling water is delivered to the (dry) cooling system (not shown) of the additional condensing system 25 via cooling water pipe 37.2.
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As can be seen from FIG. 4, by opening the exhaust hood 7 and connecting an additional exhaust steam duct 13 and installing an additional condensing system 25, it is possible to relieve the load of the main condensing system 17 without reducing the steam flow through the steam power plant and consequently without reducing the electric output of the steam power plant.
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Since the only connection between the additional condensing system 25 and the steam power plant, merely no restrictions with regard to space available, and the place where the exhaust steam duct 13 is attached to the exhaust hood 7 exist. This means that the claimed concept can be realized even under difficult conditions, as far as the available space is concerned. Since the exhaust hood 7 is normally a welded construction, it is also possible to install the additional condensing system 25 and the exhaust steam duct 13 as a retrofit or upgrading of existing steam power plants.
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In FIG. 5 a slightly different embodiment of the claimed invention is shown. The reference numbers are similar, if similar components are concerned. As can be seen from FIG. 5, the inner casing 3 of the low-pressure turbine 1 has two extraction points 39 for steam that is not expanded completely. This being embodiment requires modifications of the inner casing and the outer casing/the exhaust hood 7.
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The completely expanded steam will be delivered to the main condensing system 17 via the low-pressure exhaust 9. In case the capability of the main condensing system 17 is reduced, for example due to cooling water restrictions, a part of the steam that enters the turbine via the overflow pipe 15 can be extracted from the low-pressure turbine 1 via the extracting points 39 and fed into the exhaust steam duct 13.
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Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 this steam is condensed in the additional condensing system 25 and fed via the second condensate pipe 35 into water/steam circuit of the steam power plant. In this case the pressure of the steam that flows through the exhaust steam duct 13 is higher than the pressure of the completely expanded steam that flows through the low-pressure exhaust 9 into the main condensing system 17. This means that the condensing temperature in the additional condensing system 25 is higher than in the main condensing system 17. This allows to use a heat sink for the additional condensing system that has a higher temperature than the heat sink for the main condensing system 17. Therefore, in some cases it is possible to use not only a dry cooling system, but also a wet cooling system using a different heat sink for the additional condensing system 25. Also in this case the flexibility with regard to the connection of the additional condensing system is rather high. In case low-pressure turbine already is equipped with the extraction points 39, the exhaust steam duct 13 is necessary to connect the LP-turbine with the additional condensing system.
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In case the low-pressure turbine is not equipped with extraction points, the inner casing 3 and the outer casing 7 have to be modified by installing extraction points 39 and one or more openings 11 for the steam duct 13.
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The flexibility of the claimed invention is rather high for the following reasons:
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The pressure stage, to which the additional heat sink shall be connected, will be chosen considering requirements of the individual power station.
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With the load reduction of the existing condenser, it is also possible to maximize the power output with a limited consumption of cooling water make up.
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When the target is to reduce the cooling water consumption, the additional cooling system connected to at least one LP cylinder will be of non-evaporating type. The main benefit in this context would be, that an additional condensing system would allow to override existing load restrictions for a certain cooling water consumption.
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The described solution maintains, or even improves the operation flexibility of the plant. The additional condensing system 25 can be taken out of service without compromising the plant performance compared to the status prior to the modification. E.g. when sufficient make-up water for the main condensing system is available, the additional condensing system could be taken out of service and the plant would return to its original operating parameters.
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When the LP-turbine 1 should be chocked or not sufficient condensing capacity should be available, the total MW output level could even be increased when more condensing capacity is made available.
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The pressure stage, to which the additional heat sink is connected, could be chosen freely which allows optimizing the cost-benefit ratio, since the required heat exchanger surface is reduced with higher extraction pressure.
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With the upper shell assembly 7.1 being previewed as terminal point of the exhaust steam duct 13, usually there is enough space available for the steam duct routing. The connected exhaust steam duct 13 can be designed according to the environmental requirements taking into consideration pressure loss minimization.
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In order to facilitate the necessary connection for the steam duct 13, in essence only the modification of the top half inner casing 3 will be necessary, when an existing extraction pressure stage is used. In some cases it is necessary to modify the top and the bottom half of the inner casing 3, since for condensating purposes more steam is extracted from the turbine than for conventional use of the extracted steam, for example for heating purposes.
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Should the LP-exhaust be connected to the new heat sink, only a modification to the outer casing will be required.
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With an appropriate steam ducting the additional condensing system 25 may be connected with one or more LP-turbines 1. The condenser technology of the additional condensing system 25 can follow all possible functional principles but will almost certainly have to have a non-evaporative heat sink, when the purpose is to reduce the cooling water consumption.
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The additional condensing system 25 could be placed in any location, but preferably close to the LP-turbine 1 to keep pressure losses in the steam ducts low.
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The condensate as it is produced in the additional condensing system 25, will be fed back into the existing water steam cycle at the appropriate tapping point.
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The interconnection of the LP-turbine and the new heat sink can be carried out in multiple ways and will depend on the space situation of the individual site as well as on the pressure level, where steam shall be extracted.
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The figures are demonstrating the flexibility of the proposed solution with regard to the implementation of the additional suction line and condensing system.
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It is also possible to choose from different extraction pressure levels.
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In general the steam duct can be optimized and designed to the best economic and thermodynamic parameters with the boundary conditions of the individual project.
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The described system consists of the following main components:
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- Modified exhaust casing with and without a modification to the inner casing
- Steam exhaust duct
- Compensation elements
- Air tight connection to exhaust casing
- Control butterfly valve (air tight when closed)
- Non-return valve and
- Condensate extraction line
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As shown in FIGS. 1-6 above the claim includes the installation of any kind of additional heat sink to the low-pressure turbine (exhaust or extraction), e.g. evaporative-, non-evaporative cooling, once through cooling, etc. with the appropriate condenser, e.g. surface tube condenser, jet condenser, air cooled condenser, etc.
