US20120275922A1 - High area ratio turbine vane - Google Patents

High area ratio turbine vane Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120275922A1
US20120275922A1 US13/093,997 US201113093997A US2012275922A1 US 20120275922 A1 US20120275922 A1 US 20120275922A1 US 201113093997 A US201113093997 A US 201113093997A US 2012275922 A1 US2012275922 A1 US 2012275922A1
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Prior art keywords
turbine
vane
flow boundary
flow
ratio
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Abandoned
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US13/093,997
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas J. Praisner
Eunice Allen-Bradley
Norbert Huebner
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MTU Aero Engines AG
RTX Corp
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Individual
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Priority to US13/093,997 priority Critical patent/US20120275922A1/en
Assigned to UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION reassignment UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALLEN-BRADLEY, EUNICE, PRAISNER, THOMAS J.
Assigned to MTU AERO ENGINES GMBH reassignment MTU AERO ENGINES GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HUEBNER, NORBERT
Priority to EP12162774.9A priority patent/EP2518272B1/fr
Priority to ES12162774T priority patent/ES2913083T3/es
Publication of US20120275922A1 publication Critical patent/US20120275922A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D9/00—Stators
    • F01D9/02—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles
    • F01D9/04—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector
    • F01D9/041—Nozzles; Nozzle boxes; Stator blades; Guide conduits, e.g. individual nozzles forming ring or sector using blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
    • F01D5/142—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form of the blades of successive rotor or stator blade-rows
    • F01D5/143—Contour of the outer or inner working fluid flow path wall, i.e. shroud or hub contour
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
    • F05D2220/321—Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage
    • F05D2220/3213—Application in turbines in gas turbines for a special turbine stage an intermediate stage of the turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/10—Stators
    • F05D2240/12—Fluid guiding means, e.g. vanes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to turbine engines, and specifically to turbine vane design.
  • the invention concerns airfoil geometry for turbine vanes.
  • Gas turbine engines provide reliable, efficient sources of power and mechanical energy for use in aviation, electrical power generation, industrial heating and cooling, hydrocarbon fuel production, naval and marine vessels, and a range of other fluid processing needs. Energy is produced by combustion in a turbine core comprising a compressor, combustor and turbine in flow series with an upstream inlet and a downstream exhaust.
  • the compressor compresses air from the inlet.
  • the compressed air is mixed with fuel in the combustor, and ignited to produce hot combustion gases.
  • the combustion gases expand in the turbine, which drives the compressor via a common shaft, and then exit via the exhaust.
  • Power is delivered in the form of rotational energy in the shaft or reactive thrust from the exhaust, or both.
  • a number of different turbine and compressor sections are arranged into a series of coaxially nested spools, which operate at different pressures and rotational speeds.
  • the compressor and turbine sections are subdivided into a series of stages, which are formed by alternating rows of rotor blade and stator vanes.
  • the blades and vanes include airfoil sections that are shaped to compress, turn and accelerate incoming air in the compressor section, and to generate lift and extract rotational energy from expanding combustion gas in the turbine section.
  • Typical compressor and turbine designs include axial, centrifugal and axial/radial flow stages, with both direct and indirect shaft couplings.
  • the compressor may also provide cooling air for downstream engine components, including high-pressure compressor and turbine airfoils, and other elements of the combustor, turbine and exhaust that are exposed to hot working fluid flow.
  • Ground-based industrial gas turbines can be quite large, and may utilize complex spooling systems for increased efficiency. Some industrial turbines are configured for combined-cycle operation, in which additional energy is extracted from the partially-cooled exhaust gas stream, for example in a steam turbine. Industrial gas turbines deliver power via an output shaft connected to a mechanical load such as an electrical generator, blower or pump.
  • Turbojet engines are an older design, in which thrust is generated primarily from the exhaust.
  • Modern fixed-wing aircraft typically employ turbofan and turboprop configurations, in which the low spool is coupled to a propulsion fan or propeller.
  • turboprop aircraft a reduction gearbox is used to reduce tip speed.
  • turboshaft engines which are used on rotary wing aircraft, the reduction ratio is generally higher.
  • Advanced turbofan engines may also include geared drive mechanisms, providing independent fan speed control for reduced engine noise and increased operating efficiency.
  • High-bypass turbofans generate most of their thrust from the fan, which drives bypass flow through a duct oriented around the engine core.
  • Unducted designs are also known, including counter-rotating and aft-mounted fan configurations.
  • Low-bypass turbofans produce higher specific thrust, but at some cost in noise and fuel efficiency.
  • Low-bypass turbofans are used on supersonic military jets and other high-performance aircraft, and are commonly configured for thrust augmentation or afterburning.
  • afterburners are limited to short-duration usage because of the increased operational stress and high rate of fuel consumption, but continuously afterburning turbojet designs are known.
  • the main engines also provide power for accessory functions including pneumatics, hydraulics and environmental control, either via the bleed air system or by driving an accessory gearbox coupled to an electrical generator (or both).
  • an auxiliary power unit (APU) is used.
  • APU systems are based on small-scale (usually one-spool) turbine cores, which operate to generate electrical power and supply cabin air while the aircraft is on the ground.
  • APUs can also provide compressed air for main engine startup, and may be configured for in-flight operation to provide an independent or emergency backup power source for hydraulics, avionics and flight control systems.
  • turbine performance depends on precise control of the working fluid flow, including a detailed understanding of the various subsonic, transonic and supersonic flow components along each section, between individual airfoils, and along adjacent flow boundaries.
  • lift, acceleration and turning efficiency depend upon on a range of non-linear effects, including turbulence, laminar flow separation, laminar/turbulent boundary transitions, vorticity, shock wave formation and shock interference.
  • turbine blade, vane and airfoil design is a highly complex, specialized and unpredictable art, requiring continuous tradeoffs between a range of difficult to quantify flow effects and associated loss mechanisms.
  • Actual part design is further complicated by cooling flow requirements and external constraints on size, weight and material composition, as compared to the required thrust output, and by additional reliability and durability concerns over a wide range of working fluid pressures and temperatures, flow rates, and engine spool speeds.
  • This invention concerns a vane for a gas turbine engine.
  • the vane includes an airfoil section with pressure and suction surfaces extending between a leading edge and a trailing edge.
  • An inner platform is attached to the airfoil section along the inner flow boundary, and an outer platform is attached along the outer flow boundary.
  • the inner and outer flow boundaries extend from an upstream inlet region of the vane to a downstream outlet region of the vane.
  • the area ratio of the outlet region to the inlet region is greater than 2.4.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a gas turbine engine with a high area ratio vane ring.
  • FIG. 2 is an axial view of the vane ring.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of a vane for the vane ring.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of gas turbine engine 10 , in a turbofan embodiment.
  • turbine engine 10 comprises fan 12 , bypass duct 14 , compressor section 16 , combustor 18 and turbine section 20 .
  • Flow F I from inlet 22 is accelerated by fan 12 to generate bypass flow F B through bypass duct 14 and core flow F C through compressor section 16 , combustor 18 and turbine section 20 .
  • Exit flow F E is exhausted from turbine engine 10 at outlet (exhaust nozzle) 24 .
  • compressor section 16 comprises low pressure compressor (LPC) 26 and high pressure compressor (HPC) 28 .
  • Turbine 20 comprises high pressure turbine (HPT) 30 and low pressure turbine (LPT) 32 .
  • Compressor 16 and turbine 20 are further divided into a number of stages, which are formed by alternating rows of stator vanes 34 and rotor blades 36 .
  • Each vane 34 and blade 36 includes an airfoil section with geometry selected for low loss, high efficiency acceleration, turning, lift, compression and expansion of the working fluid flow.
  • vanes 34 form a flow duct with a high area ratio for improved engine performance with reduced flow separation, as described below.
  • high area ratio vanes 34 are arranged into a turbine vane ring, a transition duct or a turning mid-turbine frame (TMTF) structure positioned between first and second turbine sections, for example high pressure turbine section 30 and low pressure turbine section 32 .
  • TMTF turning mid-turbine frame
  • high pressure shaft 38 couples high pressure compressor 28 to high pressure turbine 30 , forming the high pressure (HP) spool or high spool.
  • Low pressure shaft 40 couples low pressure compressor 26 and fan 12 to low pressure turbine 32 , forming the low pressure (LP) spool or low spool.
  • the high and low spools are coaxially mounted about turbine axis (centerline) C L , with high pressure shaft 38 and low pressure shaft 40 rotating at different speeds.
  • Fan 12 comprises a number of fan blades arranged around a disk or other rotating member. Depending on embodiment, fan 12 is configurable for high-bypass operation in a commercial or regional jet, or for low-bypass operation in a high-performance aircraft such as a military jet fighter. In some engines, fan 12 is coupled to the low spool (low pressure shaft 36 ) via geared fan drive mechanism 42 , providing additional fan speed control. Alternatively, fan 12 is directly coupled to low pressure compressor 26 , and co-rotates with low pressure shaft 38 .
  • high pressure turbine 30 drives high pressure compressor 28 .
  • Low pressure turbine 32 drives low pressure compressor 26 and fan 12 , which generates thrust by accelerating incoming airflow F 1 from inlet 22 to create bypass flow F B through bypass duct 14 .
  • Low pressure compressor 26 and high pressure compressor 28 compress core flow F C for combustor 18 .
  • Fuel is injected into combustor 18 , where it mixes with the compressed air and is ignited to produce hot combustion gas.
  • the hot combustion gas exits combustor 18 to enter high pressure turbine 30 and low pressure turbine 32 , which generate rotational energy from the expanding combustion gas.
  • Exit flow F E generates additional thrust at exhaust nozzle 24 .
  • low pressure compressor 32 may be omitted, or may function as an intermediate pressure (IP) compressor.
  • IP intermediate pressure
  • turbine engine 10 utilizes a three-spool design with separate low, intermediate and high pressure spools.
  • turbine engine 10 comprises an unducted turbofan, turboprop or turboshaft engine, an auxiliary power unit, or an industrial gas turbine, as described above, and the spool and shaft configurations vary accordingly.
  • thermodynamic efficiency depends on overall pressure ratio; that is, the ratio of stagnation pressure downstream of compressor 16 and upstream of fan 12 .
  • performance also depends on the area ratio, which is the ratio of cross-sectional flow areas at the outlet and inlet of the flow duct formed by turbine vanes 34 .
  • area ratio is the ratio of cross-sectional flow areas at the outlet and inlet of the flow duct formed by turbine vanes 34 .
  • expanding the flow path to larger area is beneficial for downstream turbine efficiency, and reduces vibratory stress on rotor blades 36 and other turbine components.
  • FIG. 2 is an axial view of turbine vane ring 50 , taken in a downstream direction along centerline C L of FIG. 1 .
  • Turbine vane ring 50 comprises a plurality of vanes 34 , arranged circumferentially about turbine axis C L .
  • Each vane 34 extends along an airfoil section from inner platform 52 at inner diameter (ID) flow boundary 54 to outer platform (or shroud) 56 at outer diameter (OD) flow boundary 58 .
  • the airfoil sections are formed by convex (suction) and concave (pressure) surfaces, which extend between leading and trailing edges defined by the working fluid flow.
  • individual turbine vanes 34 are attached to a static turbine support structure to form ID flow boundary (or ID flow ring) 54 along adjacent inner platforms 52 , and OD flow boundary (or OD flow ring) 58 along adjacent outer platforms 56 .
  • vanes 34 are assembled or manufactured in pairs, triplets or other groupings, and turbine ring 50 may be formed in axially split ring sections, or as a complete annular structure.
  • one or both of inner platforms 52 and outer platforms 56 are formed as part ID and OD flow boundaries 56 and 58 , respectively, and the airfoil sections are separate components.
  • vanes 34 may be formed of high-temperature materials such as nickel, cobalt and iron-based alloys, super alloys or ceramic matrix composites.
  • a bond coat, thermal barrier coating (TBC) or other protective layer may be applied to surfaces exposed to high-temperature working fluid flow.
  • vanes 34 may be formed of a strong, lightweight metal such as titanium or aluminum, or an alloy thereof.
  • vanes 34 comprise other metals and metal alloys, or graphite, polymers and other composite materials.
  • vanes 34 are provided with interior passages for impingement or film cooling, or to transport cooling fluid from one turbine component to another.
  • vanes 34 are sized to accommodate additional turbine hardware including tie rods, struts, bearing supports, oil lines and electrical wires for sensors, actuators and controllers.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of turbine vane 34 , in circumferential projection about axial centerline C L of turbine vane ring 50 , as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Vane 34 comprises inner platform 52 at ID boundary 54 , outer platform 56 at OD boundary 58 , and airfoil section 60 .
  • Airfoil portion (or airfoil) 60 extends in a spanwise sense from inner platform 52 to outer platform 56 , and axially from leading edge 62 to trailing edge 64 .
  • Leading edge 62 and trailing edge 64 define leading edge (LE) span S 1 and trailing edge (TE) span S 2 , respectively.
  • Inner platform 52 and outer platform 56 extend along ID boundary 54 and OD boundary 58 between inlet region 66 and outlet region 68 , providing an improved flow transition between upstream rotor stage 36 A and downstream rotor stage 36 B.
  • turbine vane 34 provides a high area ratio between downstream outlet 68 and upstream inlet 66 , expanding the flow path to higher annular area. Vane 34 reduces flow detachment, flow separation, turbulence, voracity and other loss and vibration-inducing effects, including vibratory effects on rotor stage 36 B, immediately downstream of vane 34 .
  • turbine vane 34 comprises a turning mid-turbine frame vane positioned in a transition duct between a high-pressure turbine section with immediately upstream rotor blade 36 A, and a low-pressure turbine section with immediately downstream rotor blade 36 B.
  • vane 34 is positioned between high, low, or intermediate sections of a turbine or compressor assembly, or between two rotor stages within a particular turbine or compressor section.
  • airfoil section 60 , inner platform 52 and outer platform 56 of vane 34 are configured for efficient turning, acceleration (or deceleration) and expansion (or compression) of the working fluid flow, between inner flow boundary 54 and outer flow boundary 58 .
  • Stator vane 34 also encompasses aerodynamic fairing embodiments, in which turning and acceleration are reduced, but the advantages of increased flow area without substantial flow separation are retained.
  • leading edge span S 1 and trailing edge span S 2 include radial, axial and circumferential components, accounting for forward or aft axial sweep and tangential lean or curvature.
  • Chord length C is defined between mid-span point M 1 of leading edge 62 , and mid-span point M 2 of trailing edge 64 .
  • Duct angle ⁇ is the angle between chord C and the direction of turbine axis C L
  • axial chord length L is the axial projection of chord C:
  • the aspect ratio (AS) of airfoil section 60 is defined by the average of leading edge span S 1 and trailing edge span S 2 , divided by axial chord length L:
  • the area ratio (AR) of vane 34 (and turbine vane ring 50 , see FIG. 2 ) is the ratio of annular flow area A 2 at outlet 68 to annular flow area A 1 at inlet 66 . Specifically:
  • Inlet and outlet areas A 1 and A 2 are defined by the cross-sectional flow area between ID flow boundary 54 and OD flow boundary 58 , respectively.
  • this is:
  • Inner flow duct radius R ID is the radial distance from turbine axis C L to ID flow boundary 54
  • outer radius R OD is the distance from turbine axis C L to OD flow boundary 58 .
  • inner radius R ID is defined along ID flow boundary 54 at the upstream (axially forward) end of inner platform 52
  • outer radius R OD is defined along OD flow boundary 58 at the upstream (axially forward) end of outer platform 56 .
  • inlet area A 1 is defined between ID flow boundary 54 and OD flow boundary 58 in the plane of mid-span point M 3 on the trailing edge of inlet rotor blade 36 A, in the rotor stage immediately upstream of vane 34 .
  • outlet area A 2 is defined between ID flow boundary 54 and OD flow boundary 58 at the downstream (axially aft) ends of inner platform 52 and outer platform 56 , respectively.
  • outlet area A 2 is defined in the plane of mid-span point M 4 on the leading edge of outlet rotor blade 36 B, in the first rotor stage immediately downstream of airfoil 60 .
  • a particular area ratio AR can be achieved with a number of uniform vanes 34 all having substantially the same geometry, including aspect ratio AS of airfoil 60 , or a number of vanes 34 having different airfoil sections 60 with different aspect ratios AS.
  • chord C diverges or extends away from turbine axis C L in the downstream axial direction, and area ratio AR is generally larger than one because the duct area goes as the square of the radius. Area ratio AR also increases with overall axial length D of vane 34 , where axial length D includes both axial chord length L of airfoil 60 and the upstream and downstream contributions of inner platform 52 and outer platform 56 .
  • Vane 34 also provides a more favorable or optimal flow path between the upstream and downstream rotor stages, as described above, reducing flow separation and improving performance while reducing vibration in downstream rotor stage 36 B.
  • turbine vane 34 provides a relatively high area ratio AR of greater than 2.4, up to about 2.9.
  • area ratio AR is about 2.5, or between 2.5 and 2.9, and in other embodiments area ratio AR is at least 2.7, for example between 2.7 and 2.9. In further embodiments, area ratio AR is greater than 2.9, for example about 3.0, or higher.
  • Area ratio AR increases with (positive) duct angle ⁇ .
  • duct angle (or local flow path angle) 0 is about ten degrees (10°).
  • duct angle ⁇ is at least ten degrees, for example between ten degrees and fifteen degrees (10-15°), or between ten degrees and twenty degrees (10-20°).
  • duct angle ⁇ is greater than five degrees (5°), for example between five and fifteen degrees (5-15°), or between five and twenty degrees (5-20°), or between ten and thirty degrees (10-30°).
  • duct angle ⁇ is larger, for example 25-35° or 20-40°, or 30-45°.
  • area ratio AR also increases with chord length C (and axial chord length L). For given span heights S 1 and S 2 , this corresponds to a reduced aspect ratio AS.
  • vane 34 comprises a long chord airfoil 60 , with aspect ratio AS of about 1.5, or between about 1.4 and about 1.6. In other embodiments, aspect ratio AS is less than about 1.5 or 1.6, for example between 1.2 and 1.6, or between 1.0 and 1.5. In further embodiments, aspect ratio AS is less than 2.0, for example between 1.0 and 2.0.
  • Area ratio AR also depends on the relative divergence or convergence of ID flow boundary 54 and OD flow boundary 58 . Relative convergence and divergence are defined by the increase or decrease in radial spacing R OD ⁇ R ID , as defined between inlet region 66 and outlet region 68 .
  • area ratio AR In the diverging case, where radial spacing R OD ⁇ R ID (between ID boundary 54 and OD boundary 58 ) increases from inlet region 66 to outlet region 68 , the effect on area ratio AR is also increased. Because of the r-squared effect of duct radius, however, area ratio AR also increases with axial length D when ID and OD boundaries 54 and 58 are substantially parallel; that is, with substantially constant radial spacing (for example, within five or ten percent, including small variations in either direction along the flow duct). In fact, area ratio AR may also increase when ID and OD boundaries 54 and 58 converge between inlet 66 and outlet 68 (that is, with decreasing radial spacing).
  • high area ratio vane 34 are the result of an aggressive design process, requiring a number of complex tradeoffs to achieve precise flow control and maintain flow diffusion without substantial (or even massive) flow separation.
  • the structure of vane 34 is defined by design choices involving the effects of turbulence, laminar flow transitions, vorticity and shock wave formation, for which the corresponding loss mechanisms are complex, non-linear, and difficult to accurately model or predict.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
US13/093,997 2011-04-26 2011-04-26 High area ratio turbine vane Abandoned US20120275922A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/093,997 US20120275922A1 (en) 2011-04-26 2011-04-26 High area ratio turbine vane
EP12162774.9A EP2518272B1 (fr) 2011-04-26 2012-03-30 Moteur à turbine à gaz
ES12162774T ES2913083T3 (es) 2011-04-26 2012-03-30 Motor de turbina de gas

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US13/093,997 US20120275922A1 (en) 2011-04-26 2011-04-26 High area ratio turbine vane

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CN112664280A (zh) * 2019-10-15 2021-04-16 通用电气公司 燃气涡轮发动机出口引导导叶组件
US20210285340A1 (en) * 2020-03-13 2021-09-16 Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd. Turbine exhaust unit supporting device, turbine including same, and gas turbine including same
CN113494360A (zh) * 2020-04-02 2021-10-12 通用电气公司 涡轮中心框架和方法
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EP2518272A3 (fr) 2017-07-12
ES2913083T3 (es) 2022-05-31
EP2518272A2 (fr) 2012-10-31

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