US20120272878A1 - Method for Volumetric Reduction of Organic Liquids - Google Patents

Method for Volumetric Reduction of Organic Liquids Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120272878A1
US20120272878A1 US13/457,047 US201213457047A US2012272878A1 US 20120272878 A1 US20120272878 A1 US 20120272878A1 US 201213457047 A US201213457047 A US 201213457047A US 2012272878 A1 US2012272878 A1 US 2012272878A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
organic liquid
mixture
volumetric reduction
porous matrix
combustion
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Abandoned
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US13/457,047
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English (en)
Inventor
Gavin Grant
David Major
Jason Gerhard
Jose Torero
Grant Scholes
Paolo Pironi
Christine Switzer
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Geosyntec Consultants Inc
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Geosyntec Consultants Inc
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Priority to US13/457,047 priority Critical patent/US20120272878A1/en
Assigned to GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS, INC. reassignment GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PIRONI, PAOLO, SWITZER, CHRISTINE, GERHARD, JASON, TORERO, JOSE, GRANT, GAVIN, MAJOR, David, SCHOLES, Grant
Publication of US20120272878A1 publication Critical patent/US20120272878A1/en
Assigned to BSP AGENCY, LLC, AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment BSP AGENCY, LLC, AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS, INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/05—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste oils
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/10—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by pyrolysis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/006—Flameless combustion stabilised within a bed of porous heat-resistant material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/14—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of contaminated soil, e.g. by oil
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/70—Incinerating particular products or waste
    • F23G2900/7005—Incinerating used asbestos
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/40—Valorisation of by-products of wastewater, sewage or sludge processing

Definitions

  • Smoldering combustion is distinct from flaming combustion. Flaming is a combustion process by which a condensed fuel (either liquid or solid) is gasified by means of an external heat source producing a mixture of fuel and oxidizer in the gas phase that in the presence of further heating can lead to a flame.
  • a flame has a small surface area to volume ratio; thus, the rate of heating far exceeds the rate of oxidizer diffusion. Furthermore, the flame represents a reaction between the gasified oil and the oxygen in the gas phase. Therefore, flaming combustion occurs in the gas phase between a gaseous fuel and a gaseous oxidant, which is a homogeneous combustion reaction.
  • Smoldering combustion conversely, occurs on the liquid/solid fuel surface as the gas phase oxidant diffuses into the condensed liquid or solid fuel; thus this process is a heterogeneous reaction.
  • smoldering combustion is only possible in the presence of a fuel source and a porous matrix.
  • a fuel source such as coal piles or garbage
  • the organic waste acts as both the fuel source and the porous matrix.
  • a porous matrix must be added to the organic liquid to create the conditions necessary for a smoldering combustion reaction to occur. This can be accomplished by adding either a reactive or inert material such as sand to the organic liquid, or by adding the organic liquid to a bed or pile of porous matrix.
  • the present invention relies on the principles of self-sustained smoldering combustion for the treatment of organic liquids.
  • Smoldering combustion provides benefits over traditional treatment techniques as an organic liquid treatment method such as low energy requirements, low cost, more rapid treatment, and effective treatment.
  • the present invention is superior to land filling as the smoldering combustion process will transform organic liquids to primarily combustion gases, so as to forego the need to procure and maintain costly land for the storage of organic liquids.
  • smoldering combustion may be applied to reduce the volume of organic liquids to destroy the organic liquid by aggregating or mixing the organic liquid in a porous matrix (i.e., the “mixture”).
  • the smoldering process does not require the use of ceramic, tinder or starter fuel to initiate the smoldering combustion. Also, there is no need to create channels in the bulk of the aggregate to maintain the smoldering, as may be required in the smoldering of a solid.
  • Further embodiments comprise continuously feeding the mixture into a zone of smoldering combustion.
  • admixing the porous matrix material comprises batch-feeding of the organic liquid and the porous material into the vessel.
  • forcing oxidant through the mixture includes injecting air into the mixture through an injection port. In certain embodiments, forcing oxidant through the mixture includes injecting air into the mixture through a plurality of injection ports. In other embodiments, forcing oxidant through the mixture includes injecting oxygen into the mixture through an injection port. In certain embodiments, forcing oxidant through the mixture includes injecting oxygen into the mixture through a plurality of injection ports. In other embodiments, forcing oxidant through the mixture includes injecting a liquid oxidant into the mixture through an injection port. In certain embodiments, forcing oxidant through the mixture includes injecting a liquid oxidant into the mixture through a plurality of injection ports. In certain embodiments, forcing oxidant through the mixture includes creating a vacuum to suck oxidant through the mixture. In other embodiments, the oxidant is located within the mixture prior to initiating smoldering combustion.
  • initiating smoldering combustion includes applying heat to the mixture from at least one of a plurality of heating sources for an amount of time sufficient to initiate smoldering combustion.
  • at least one of the plurality of heating sources is a convective heating source external to the mixture.
  • at least one of the plurality of heating sources is a convective heating source located within the mixture.
  • at least one of the plurality of heating sources is an internal conductive heating source in direct contact with the mixture.
  • at least one of the plurality of heating sources applies radiative heat to the mixture.
  • Certain embodiments further comprise aggregating the organic liquid above ground level.
  • Other embodiments further comprise aggregating the organic liquid below ground level.
  • the porous matrix material is selected from a group comprising sand, soils, silt, loam, fill, cobbles, gravel, crushed stone, glass, ceramics, zeolite, woodchips, charcoal, coal, drill cuttings and combinations thereof.
  • Certain embodiments further comprise carrying out the smoldering combustion at a temperature within a range between 200 and 2000 degrees Celsius.
  • Other embodiments further comprise forcing air through the mixture at a linear velocity of between 0.0001 and 100 centimetres per second.
  • FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional schematic of an organic liquid lagoon comprising an admixture of organic liquid and porous matrix with a plurality of air supply ports and heating elements.
  • FIG. 9 is an illustration of a combustion front progressing through the admixture of an organic liquid and porous matrix material along the direction of air flow.
  • FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional schematic of a reaction vessel with a fixed or semi-permanent porous matrix where a continuous or semi-continuous supply of an organic liquid is added to the porous matrix material.
  • FIG. 13 is a plot of the temperature evolution over time in a self-sustained smoldering of an oil/sand mixture.
  • organic liquid means an organic material that can flow as a liquid or has plasticity as goo containing organic carbon compounds and includes materials that are partially liquid such as a hydrocarbon sludge, slurries or emulsions.
  • Self-sustaining means reaction conditions wherein smoldering combustion is maintained in an organic liquid or propagates through an organic liquid without the application of external energy; that is, when the already smoldering organic liquid produces sufficient heat to elevate the temperature in the adjacent matter to its combustion point. Conditions may be self-sustaining even if initially the application of heat is required to initiate smoldering combustion.
  • conductive heating means the transfer of thermal energy by direct physical contact.
  • radiant heating means the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic radiation.
  • an “impoundment” of organic liquid is an aggregation of an organic liquid in a vessel, or in a pile on the ground, or in a below ground-level cavity.
  • an “impoundment” of a mixture of an organic liquid with a matrix is an aggregation of the mixture in a vessel, or in a pile on the ground, or in a below ground-level cavity.
  • smoldering combustion is self-sustaining (i.e., it uses the energy of the combusting organic liquids, along with a supply of oxidant, to maintained the reaction) and is capable of propagating away from the point of ignition into the combustible matter.
  • Smoldering is the only type of combustion reaction that can propagate through a waste/porous matrix mixture (i.e., flames are not capable of propagating through such a system).
  • the heating source is terminated following the initiation of smoldering combustion.
  • the self-sustaining smoldering combustion process can be extended to the treatment of organic liquids if the following conditions are met: (1) the organic liquid contains sufficient inherent energy to sustain a smoldering combustion process (i.e., it is a combustible material); (2) it is mixed with a porous matrix to enable the smoldering process; (3) a heat source is provided to initiate the process; (4) a supply of oxidant (e.g., oxygen, air, perchlorate) is provided to initiate and maintain the process; and (5) the heat source is terminated following initiation of smoldering combustion.
  • oxidant e.g., oxygen, air, perchlorate
  • the self-sustaining smoldering combustion process has numerous advantages for the treatment of organic liquids.
  • the combustion products of the process are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, energy and water; therefore, land filling of the organic liquid is not required.
  • the process is self-sustaining (i.e., it uses the energy of the combusting organic liquids, along with a supply of oxidant, to maintain the reaction). Therefore, the smoldering combustion process avoids the need for the continuous addition of energy, heat, or fuels as in an incineration process.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a mixing vessel ( 11 ), according to certain embodiments of the invention, into which the organic liquid and porous matrix are added.
  • a mixing tool ( 12 ) is used to create an admixture of organic waste and porous matrix material ( 13 ).
  • mixing may occur within the reaction vessel or impoundment in which smoldering combustion is to be initiated.
  • a helical mixing tool ( 12 ) is depicted, although any shape may be used, including corkscrew and paddle-shaped mixing tools.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates such an embodiment where a matrix pile ( 42 ) rests on the surface of the earth ( 41 ) into which an organic liquid material ( 43 ) is applied.
  • a mixing tool ( 44 ) may be utilized to circulate the organic liquid and create the admixture.
  • the matrix pile may either be freestanding or may be supported within or by additional structures. For example, walls may be used to encase the pile.
  • the oxidant is oxygen supplied as a component of atmospheric air.
  • the reaction is controllable such that terminating the supply of oxygen to the reaction front terminates the reaction. Increasing or decreasing the rate of oxygen flux to the reaction front will also increase or decrease the rate of combustion and, therefore, the propagation rate of the reaction front, respectively.
  • the air supply ports may be perforated direct-push carbon-steel, stainless-steel or other material rods, carbon-steel, stainless-steel or other material wells with wire-wrapped or slotted screens installed horizontally through the matrix pile or lagoon.
  • the heating elements may be electrical resistive heaters or radiative heaters installed or placed within the rod or wells, installed in the matrix pile surrounding the rod or well, or an above-ground element heating air passing through the rod or well and into the matrix pile.
  • Embodiments of the present invention may be designed such that a combustion front propagates through a reaction vessel, matrix lagoon or matrix pile.
  • the combustion front may be directed through heating and air flow spatial manipulations to proceed upwards or laterally in any direction.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the progress ( 91 ) of the combustion front ( 92 ) through an admixture of organic liquid and porous matrix material ( 93 ).
  • propagation of the combustion front proceeds along the direction of air flow ( 94 ).
  • organic liquid within the combustion front is combusted and organic liquid in advance of the combustion front is heated.
  • combustion of the organic liquid proceeds essentially to completion, leaving behind an area of porous matrix ( 95 ) where the organic liquid has undergone a volumetric reduction as a result of smoldering combustion.
  • the combustion front proceeds along the direction of air flow through the mixture of permanent or semi-permanent porous matrix and organic liquid.
  • the position of the combustion reaction front ( 124 ) is governed by the rate of oxidant addition ( 123 ), the rate of organic liquid addition and the properties of the admixture of organic liquid, porous matrix material, and operational parameters (e.g., air flow rate).
  • organic liquid is volumetrically reduced.
  • thermocouples were inserted into the sand pack along the column central axis and spaced at 10 mm intervals above the cable heater to track temperatures within the apparatus and, therefore, the location of the combustion front as it propagates through the mixture.
  • the thermocouples were connected to a data acquisition system (Multifunction Switch/Measure Unit 34980A, Agilent Technologies).
  • the mixture was heated by applying a current to the cable heater and air flow was initiated through the air diffuser at a (Darcy) flux of 5.0 centimeters per second until the threshold temperature of 280 degrees Celsius was exceeded two centimeters above the cable heater location.
  • This method of heating simulates a combined conductive and convective heating source.
  • air injection was increased and maintained until the end of the experiment at a (Darcy) flux of 9.0 centimeters per second.
  • the cable heater was turned off when the temperature one centimetre above the cable heater location began to decrease with time (i.e., post peak), approximately 9 minutes after increasing the air flux from 5.0 to 9.0 centimeters per second.
  • a representative sample of the gaseous emissions was drawn from the top of the apparatus at a constant rate for the duration of the experiment to achieve an integrated sample throughout the procedure. Moisture and condensable components were removed from the gas stream and collected in a condensate trap, while the dry gas sample was collected in a 5-liter Tedlar bag.
  • FIG. 14 presents a table of concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the F1 and BTEX range, F2-F4 range, and PAH compounds of the oil/sand mixture before treatment.
  • the measured pre-test water content of the oil/sand mixture was 12% and the oil concentration by gravimetric analysis was 259,000 mg/kg. This equates to a dry weight oil concentration of 139,000 mg/kg.
  • the sum of the F1-F4 fraction of oils is approximately 76,500 mg/kg.
  • FIG. 14 also presents the analysis of the F1 and BTEX, F2-F4, and PAH fractions in soil following treatment.
  • Volatile compounds detected in the vapor phase above 1 part per million by volume include: carbon disulfide, propene, chloromethane, 2-propanone, heptane, and benzene.
  • Volatile compounds detected in the condensate collected from the vapor phase above 1 part per million include: benzene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, p+m-xylene and toluene.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
US13/457,047 2011-04-29 2012-04-26 Method for Volumetric Reduction of Organic Liquids Abandoned US20120272878A1 (en)

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KR (1) KR101950383B1 (pl)
CN (1) CN103492050B (pl)
AU (1) AU2012249643B2 (pl)
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WO2014074295A1 (en) * 2012-11-09 2014-05-15 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Thermal treatment of a volume of porous contaminated material
WO2014093469A2 (en) 2012-12-13 2014-06-19 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Remediation of contaminated particulate materials
US9259770B2 (en) 2011-05-10 2016-02-16 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Thermal treatment of a contaminated volume of material
WO2017091623A1 (en) * 2015-11-25 2017-06-01 Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. Methods for destroying liquid organic contaminants in a smoldering combustion reaction
WO2017184602A1 (en) * 2016-04-19 2017-10-26 Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. Method for generating or recovering materials through smoldering combustion
US20180009014A1 (en) * 2016-07-08 2018-01-11 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Two-stage remediation of particulate material
WO2018220492A1 (en) * 2017-05-30 2018-12-06 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. System and method for thermal destruction of undesired substances by smoldering combustion
WO2019210037A1 (en) * 2018-04-27 2019-10-31 Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. Method for the destruction of organic contaminants through smoldering combustion
WO2020214516A1 (en) * 2019-04-18 2020-10-22 Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. Method for mitigating acid rock drainage potential through the smoldering combustion of organic materials
WO2021016170A1 (en) * 2019-07-24 2021-01-28 Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. Method for manipulating smoldering combustion to remediate porous media impacted by recalcitrant compounds

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US9168409B2 (en) 2011-05-10 2015-10-27 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Thermal treatment of a contaminated volume of material
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KR20140041485A (ko) 2014-04-04
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ES2719283T3 (es) 2019-07-09
CN103492050B (zh) 2016-08-17
CA2832080C (en) 2020-04-28
BR112013027815B1 (pt) 2021-02-23
EP2701826B1 (en) 2019-02-27
EP2701826A1 (en) 2014-03-05
JP5974081B2 (ja) 2016-08-23
EA201391573A1 (ru) 2014-02-28
JP2014522471A (ja) 2014-09-04
DK2701826T3 (da) 2019-05-06
BR112013027815A2 (pt) 2017-08-08
AU2012249643B2 (en) 2017-04-13
EP2701826A4 (en) 2014-10-22
LT2701826T (lt) 2019-04-25
AU2012249643A1 (en) 2013-10-17
CN103492050A (zh) 2014-01-01
PL2701826T3 (pl) 2019-09-30
EA025629B1 (ru) 2017-01-30
CA2832080A1 (en) 2012-11-01

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