US20120202062A1 - Selenium nanoparticles with improved biological effects - Google Patents
Selenium nanoparticles with improved biological effects Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20120202062A1 US20120202062A1 US13/206,542 US201113206542A US2012202062A1 US 20120202062 A1 US20120202062 A1 US 20120202062A1 US 201113206542 A US201113206542 A US 201113206542A US 2012202062 A1 US2012202062 A1 US 2012202062A1
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- selenium
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- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 title description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000004676 glycans Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011781 sodium selenite Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- AWBASQCACWFTGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [5-amino-2-[[[5-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl] (5-amino-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound O1C(N)CC(O)C1COP(O)(=O)OC1C(COP(O)(=O)OC2C(OC(N)C2)CO)OC(N)C1 AWBASQCACWFTGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002477 rna polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000006364 Torula Species 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 claims description 6
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- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PMNLUUOXGOOLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-mercaptopropanoic acid Chemical compound CC(S)C(O)=O PMNLUUOXGOOLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000252203 Clupea harengus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019514 herring Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioglycolic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS CWERGRDVMFNCDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WYWHKKSPHMUBEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tioguanine Chemical compound N1C(N)=NC(=S)C2=C1N=CN2 WYWHKKSPHMUBEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RQNOFUZGXHSHOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(diethylamino)ethanol Chemical class CCN(CC)C(C)O RQNOFUZGXHSHOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000972773 Aulopiformes Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003424 Na2SeO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- -1 hydroxyl radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
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- 150000003342 selenium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011655 sodium selenate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VPQBLCVGUWPDHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium selenide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Se-2] VPQBLCVGUWPDHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- TVCBDTCUOVDLNZ-SHUUEZRQSA-N 2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3-sulfanylidene-1,2,4-triazin-5-one Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=S)NC(=O)C=N1 TVCBDTCUOVDLNZ-SHUUEZRQSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RVBUGGBMJDPOST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-thiobarbituric acid Chemical compound O=C1CC(=O)NC(=S)N1 RVBUGGBMJDPOST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HDBQZGJWHMCXIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7-dihydropurine-2-thione Chemical compound SC1=NC=C2NC=NC2=N1 HDBQZGJWHMCXIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Thiouridine Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-XVFCMESISA-N 4-thiouridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=S)C=C1 ZLOIGESWDJYCTF-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DCPSTSVLRXOYGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-amino-1h-pyrimidine-2-thione Chemical compound NC1=CC=NC(S)=N1 DCPSTSVLRXOYGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003597 H2SeO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 235000000069 L-ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
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- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- PJUIMOJAAPLTRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N monothioglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)CS PJUIMOJAAPLTRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SPVXKVOXSXTJOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N selane Chemical compound [SeH2] SPVXKVOXSXTJOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000058 selane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QYHFIVBSNOWOCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenic acid Chemical compound O[Se](O)(=O)=O QYHFIVBSNOWOCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YUKQRDCYNOVPGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioacetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=S YUKQRDCYNOVPGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioacetamide Natural products CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001973 thioglycolate broth Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(S)C(O)=O NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960003087 tioguanine Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- PWKSKIMOESPYIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-acetamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)NC(CS)C(O)=O PWKSKIMOESPYIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003748 selenium group Chemical group *[Se]* 0.000 claims 1
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 abstract description 5
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- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002265 redox agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229940091258 selenium supplement Drugs 0.000 description 71
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 27
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- 235000019319 peptone Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- AIUDWMLXCFRVDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl 2-(3-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)propanedioate Chemical class CCC(C)(CC)CCC(C(=O)OC)C(=O)OC AIUDWMLXCFRVDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229940066779 peptones Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 14
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical compound SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- BVTBRVFYZUCAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium selenite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Se]([O-])=O BVTBRVFYZUCAKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 229960001471 sodium selenite Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 235000015921 sodium selenite Nutrition 0.000 description 8
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002524 electron diffraction data Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229940082569 selenite Drugs 0.000 description 5
- MCAHWIHFGHIESP-UHFFFAOYSA-L selenite(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Se]([O-])=O MCAHWIHFGHIESP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
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- MSFSPUZXLOGKHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Muraminsaeure Natural products OC(=O)C(C)OC1C(N)C(O)OC(CO)C1O MSFSPUZXLOGKHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010013639 Peptidoglycan Proteins 0.000 description 3
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- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 3
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
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- FDKWRPBBCBCIGA-REOHCLBHSA-N (2r)-2-azaniumyl-3-$l^{1}-selanylpropanoate Chemical compound [Se]C[C@H](N)C(O)=O FDKWRPBBCBCIGA-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMYDPQQPEAYXKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-n-naphthalen-2-ylnaphthalene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(NC(=O)C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3O)=CC=C21 PMYDPQQPEAYXKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010056370 Congestive cardiomyopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FDKWRPBBCBCIGA-UWTATZPHSA-N D-Selenocysteine Natural products [Se]C[C@@H](N)C(O)=O FDKWRPBBCBCIGA-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000010046 Dilated cardiomyopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 108010070675 Glutathione transferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100029100 Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N L-cystine Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@@H]([NH3+])CSSC[C@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 108020005038 Terminator Codon Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- HRKQOINLCJTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxidosulfur Chemical compound OSO HRKQOINLCJTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003180 glutathione Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ZKZBPNGNEQAJSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenocysteine Natural products [SeH]CC(N)C(O)=O ZKZBPNGNEQAJSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000016491 selenocysteine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
- A61K33/04—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/02—Nutrients, e.g. vitamins, minerals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Definitions
- the present application relates to biologically effective forms of selenium, and more particularly to monoclinic and amorphous selenium nanoparticles having a size of 1-300 nm; also disclosed are the methods and processes of making such nanoparticles.
- Selenium is an essential micronutrient for man and animals.
- the main form of selenium in mammalian is its presence in selenoproteins as selenocysteine (Sec) encoded by the TGA codon in DNA.
- Sec with its stronger nucleophilicity plays an essential role in some enzyme activities as a key catalytic group.
- Other biological effects include its anti-oxidative effects.
- Selenite and selenate from food and water are used by mammalian cells as selenium sources, and selenite is reduced to selenide by the glutathione-glutaredoxin and the thioredoxin systems, which is used as selenium source for Sec biosysnthesis.
- Selenium deficiency is associated with fatal dilated cardiomyopathy, a disease called Keshan disease (KD).
- inorganic selenium compounds e.g. selenite and selenate
- selenite and selenate the toxicity of inorganic selenium compounds. It has been a challenge for researchers to develop food supplement using inorganic selenium compounds.
- the detoxicated elemental selenium Se(0) exists both intracellularly and extracelluallarly, some as monoclinic crystals in nanoparticle form (nano-Se) with size around 300 nm. Besides monoclinic selenium, other forms of elemental selenium particles also exist in nature. However, grey and black forms of micrometer size (vitreous, insoluble Se(0) particles) are biologically inert, while the red colloidal selenium nano-particles are biologically effective. See Zhang, J., et al., “Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium,” BioFactors, 15, page 27-38, 2001 (herein after referred to as Zhang). The entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- Nano-Se can directly scavenge free radicals both in vitro and in vivo in a size-dependent fashion. See Peng, D, et al., “(Nano-Se) at supranutritional levels on selenium accumulation and glutathione S-transferase activity,” J. Inorganic Biochem., v. 101, p 1457-1463, October 2007, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Because of its bioavailability and higher bioeffects, nano-Se has drawn increasingly greater attention in efforts to develop selenium nutritional supplements and in medical uses.
- FIG. 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a field of selenium particles of example 1 that have particle sizes between 22 nanometers to 70 nanometers.
- FIG. 2 shows an electron diffraction pattern of selenium nanoparticles of example 2 that have an amorphous form.
- FIG. 3 shows a transmission electron micrograph of selenium particles of example 3 having sizes between 30 nanometers to 100 nanometers.
- FIG. 4 shows an electron diffraction pattern of selenium nanoparticles of example 4 that show monoclinic crystal structure.
- FIG. 5 a shows an electron diffraction pattern of selenium nanoparticles of example 5 that show amorphous and monoclinic complex structure.
- FIG. 5 b shows a scanning electron micrograph of selenium particles of example 5 having sizes between 10 nanometers to 200 nanometers.
- nanometer-scale particles of elemental selenium can be produced by direct reaction of a selenium source with a reducer or an oxidant source in the presence of selenium binding macromolecules.
- the selenium binding macromolecules can mediate the size of the obtained selenium particles by adsorbing to the surface of the selenium particle through affinity between selenium and nitrogen/oxygen of the macromolecles, which insures the selenium particles be well dispersed, not to aggregate, in aqueous solution and be kept in amorphous and monoclinic status.
- the present application discloses novel approaches to make biologically effective elemental selenium nanoparticles.
- the sizes of the selenium nanoparticles range from 1 nm to 300 nm.
- the selenium in the nanoparticles comprises amorphous (colloidal) selenium.
- the selenium nanoparticles comprise monoclinic selenium, or the mixture of both amorphous and monoclinic selenium.
- the surfaces of selenium nanoparticles bind various selenium binding biological molecules, such as peptones, or poly/oligopeptides, or nucleic acids, or poly/oligosaccharides, or a mixture thereof.
- the selenium binding molecules are selected from a group of peptones from soybean, peptones from animal tissue, peptones from animal protein, peptones from casein, peptones from gelatin, peptones from lactalbumin, peptones from meat, mycological peptones, poly-Lysine hydrochloride, poly-arginine, poly(Arg, Pro, Thr)hydrochloride, poly(Arg, Trp)hydrochloride, poly-asparagine, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-glutamate, deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from herring, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from human placenta, ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast, ribonucleic
- a selenium source compound for example, sodium selenite
- a reducer compound for example, citric acid
- These materials are first dissolved in an aqueous selenium binding macromolecule containing reaction medium.
- the selenium binding macromolecules in the reaction medium have the effect of halting and stopping selenium particle's further aggregating when the particles reach a size of 1-300 nanometer across.
- Selenium binding macromolecules include polymeric molecules that are either a polymer or an oligomer nucleotides, glycans, peptides or soluble protein and nucleic acid molecules.
- selenium binding macromolecule materials may bind to the surface of the formed selenium particle, presenting a repulsive force between selenium particles and thus preventing further aggregation of the particles. Absence of selenium binding macromolecule in the reaction medium the reaction will produce amorphous or monoclinic elemental selenium particles that will quickly aggregate and become trigonal selenium micrometer sized particles that are insoluble and biologically inert.
- the red-ox agents can be either a reducing agent or an oxidative agent that can reduce or oxidize a selenium source into elemental selenium.
- oxidative agent such as H 2 O 2
- Se(0) will aggregate to form Se(0) nanoparticles, which are composed hundred of thousand Se atom and coated by peptone or other chemicals.
- the reaction medium is aqueous and contains at least one type of selenium binding macromolecule.
- the selenium binding macromolecule contains nitrogen of amine or nucleic acid base which complex with selenium atom of the produced selenium particle and bind to their surface, thereby preventing further particle growth.
- the amount of the selenium binding macromolecule should be compatible with the reactive components and constitute at least about 0.01% (by mass ratio) and preferably at least about 0.1%, and may be up to 80%, of the aqueous reaction medium. Mixtures of two or more selenium binding macromolecules may be used if desired.
- the selenium binding macromolecules include peptones, poly/oligopeptide, nucleic acid, poly/oligosaccharide.
- the examples can be peptones from soybean, peptones from animal tissue, peptones from animal protein, peptones from casein, peptones from gelatin, peptones from lactalbumin, peptones from meat, mycological peptones, poly-Lysine hydrochloride, poly-arginine, poly(Arg, Pro, Thr)hydrochloride, poly(Arg, Trp)hydrochloride, poly-asparagine, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-glutamate, deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from herring, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium
- the selenium source such as a selenium salt, or selenium acid is reacted directly with a reducer agent, such as chemicals with thiols or hydroxyls, or an oxidant, such as O 2 or O 3 or H 2 O 2 .or radical oxygen species.
- a reducer agent such as chemicals with thiols or hydroxyls
- an oxidant such as O 2 or O 3 or H 2 O 2 .or radical oxygen species.
- Other representative selenium sources include H 2 Se, H 2 SeO 3 , H 2 SeO4, Na 2 SeO 3 , Na 2 SeO 4 , Na 2 SSeO 3 , H 2 SSeO 3 , or the like as may be obvious to a person skilled in the art.
- Other representative reducer include cysteine, GSH, ascorbic acid, thioalcohol, citric acid, L-glutathione, L-ascobic acid, citrate, thioacetamide, 2-thio-6-azauridine, thiobacillus broth, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2-thiocytosine, 1-thioglycerol, thioglycolate broth, thioglycolic acid, 6-thioguanine, thiolactic acid, thiomalic acid, 2-thiopurine, thiourea, 4-thiouridine. or the like as may be obvious to a person skilled in the art. Mixtures of two or more selenium salts with two or more reducer agents may be used.
- one or more of each of these two groups of materials are mixed in the aqueous reaction medium that contains selenium binding molecules at a temperature between 0-100° C. for a period of less than 24 hours.
- the preferred reaction temperature varies as to different reactants and different selenium binding molecules in the reaction medium.
- the reaction of sodium selenite with L-cysteine in an about 1:4 molar ratio in an aqueous reaction containing peptone from soybean can be conducted at a temperature around 40° C.
- the reaction of sodium selenide with H 2 O 2 in about 1:1 molar ratio in a peptidoglycan containing aqueous solution is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 80° C.
- the reaction of sodium selenite with sodium citrate in about 1:6 molar ratio in a poly-Lysine hydrochloride containing aqueous solution is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 80° C.
- the reaction of sodium selenite with sodium citrate in about 1:6 molar ratio in an arabinan containing aqueous solution is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 80° C.
- the reaction of selenite acid with L-ascorbic acid in an about 1:4 molar ratio in a ribonucleic acid from torula yeast containing aqueous reaction phase is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 70° C.
- the final product is the selenium binding molecule containing selenium nanoparticles of a proper size of 1-300 nm across.
- the reaction can be carried out in the aqueous reaction medium at a 1:4 molar ratio of selenium salt/acid to thiols/hydroxyls. This ratio can be varied such as from 1:32 to 8:1 without much effect on the quality of the final product.
- the concentration of reactants in the reaction medium can range from about 5 ⁇ molar (basis selenium salt) to about 0.5 molar. Good results are obtained from 50 ⁇ molar to 0.5 molar, although higher and lower concentrations can also be used.
- the reaction zone can be agitated by a stirrer, if desired.
- the product of the reaction is a nanoparticle powder which can be isolated by simply removing the water reaction medium. This is carried out by evaporation, filtration and the like obvious to a person skilled in the art.
- Sodium selenite (99.99%), L-cysteine (99.99%), peptone from soybean (80%) were purchased from Sigma, and stored in a dry box. Water was distilled prior to use. 50 g peptone from soybean was added to 1000 ml of 100 mM sodium selenite solution. The dissolved solution was continually added with L-cysteine to reach a final concentration of 400 mM. The resulting mixture was kept or stirred at 25° C. for 10 hours. Then sodium ions and oxidized-L-cysteine was removed by dialysis, a solution consisted of amorphous selenium particles and peptone was obtained. The resulted amorphous selenium particles were studied by TEM. As shown in FIG.
- the nano-Se particles were deposited from solution onto an amorphous carbon overlayer on a Cu grid and were imaged on a JEOL 2010 microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
- the resulted nano-Se particles ranged from 22-70 nanometers, with an average size of 35 nanometer.
- the electron diffraction patterns of these particles were with no spot patterns but amorphous rings indicating the resulted nano-Se particles were in amorphous form.
- Example 1 In place of the L-cystiene of Example 1, ascorbic acid was used as the reducing agent. The preparation of Example 1 was repeated. Similar amorphous selenium nanoparticles as to Example 1 were obtained (data not shown).
- Example 1 The preparation of Example 1 was repeated using sodium selenate in place of sodium selenite and the reaction temperature was at 50° C. As shown in FIG. 3 , the product was a mixture of amorphous and monoclinic selenium nanoparticles ranging 30-100 nanometers.
- Example 2 The same reaction as Example 1, except arabinan hydrochloride, a polysaccharide, was used as the selenium binding molecule in the reaction medium, the reaction was kept at 70° C. for 8 hours. As shown in FIG. 4 , electron diffraction patterns showed that the product was elemental selenium nanoparticles in monoclinic crystal structure.
- Example 1 was repeated using a Na 2 SSeO 3 in place of sodium selenite, and 1 mM H 2 O 2 oxidant in place of reducer agent L-cysteine.
- deoxyribonucleic acid single stranded from calf thymus or herring, MW ⁇ 50 kb was used in the reaction medium, in place of peptone.
- FIG. 5 a and FIG. 5 b the produced selenium nanoparticles were in amorphous and monoclinic complex structure.
- the red-ox agents can be either a reducing agent or an oxidative agent that can reduce or oxidize a selenium source into elemental selenium.
- Polypeptides, nucleic acid, and polysaccharide macromolecules used in the claims are crude digestion extracts from various biological sources, including plants, animals, bacteria and fungi, and the standard forms are readily available from commercial source, such as Sigma, Fisher or other biotechnology companies.
- Other crude extracts generally known to a person skilled in the art, for example, other commercially available crude protein or tissue digestion extracts that have been used for bacteria, fungus culture etc can also be used for the innovation disclosed herein.
- a mixture of various lengths and molecule types have been used.
- the selenium binding polymeric molecules should also include their any forms of hybrid macromolecules and molecules with modifications, for example, nucleo-proteins, or digestion products of nucleo-proteins, peptidal-polysacchrides, polysacachride nucleic acid, and their modified molecules, such as methylated nucleic acid, and lipoproteins, etc.
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Abstract
Novel methods for biological effective, stable amorphous and monoclinic selenium nanoparticles are disclosed. They are prepared by reacting selenium source with a redox agent in an aqueous media at a temperature between 0-100° C. in the presence of nucleic acids or poly/oligosaccharide or their mixtures.
Description
- This application is a Divisional Application under 37. C.F.R. §1.53(b) of co-pending application Ser. No. 12/275,647 which claims the Priority of the U.S. Provisional Application 61/004,793, filed on Dec. 1, 2007. The entire contents of these references are hereby incorporated by reference.
- The present application relates to biologically effective forms of selenium, and more particularly to monoclinic and amorphous selenium nanoparticles having a size of 1-300 nm; also disclosed are the methods and processes of making such nanoparticles.
- Note that the points discussed below may reflect the hindsight gained from the disclosed inventions, and are not necessarily admitted to be prior art.
- Selenium is an essential micronutrient for man and animals. The main form of selenium in mammalian is its presence in selenoproteins as selenocysteine (Sec) encoded by the TGA codon in DNA. Sec with its stronger nucleophilicity plays an essential role in some enzyme activities as a key catalytic group. Other biological effects include its anti-oxidative effects.
- Selenite and selenate from food and water are used by mammalian cells as selenium sources, and selenite is reduced to selenide by the glutathione-glutaredoxin and the thioredoxin systems, which is used as selenium source for Sec biosysnthesis. Selenium deficiency is associated with fatal dilated cardiomyopathy, a disease called Keshan disease (KD).
- However, the toxicity of inorganic selenium compounds, e.g. selenite and selenate, is also well known. It has been a challenge for researchers to develop food supplement using inorganic selenium compounds.
- Reducing selenate and selenite to elemental selenium (Se(0)) by certain fungi and bacteria has been shown to result in detoxification. See Gharieb, M. M., et al. “Reduction of selenium oxyanions by unicellular, polymorphic and filamentous fungi: cellular location of reduced selenium and implications for tolerance,” J. of Industrial Microbiology, 14, 300-31, 1995; and Oremland, R. S., et al., “Structural spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, p52-60, 2004 (herein after referred to as Oremland).
- The detoxicated elemental selenium Se(0) exists both intracellularly and extracelluallarly, some as monoclinic crystals in nanoparticle form (nano-Se) with size around 300 nm. Besides monoclinic selenium, other forms of elemental selenium particles also exist in nature. However, grey and black forms of micrometer size (vitreous, insoluble Se(0) particles) are biologically inert, while the red colloidal selenium nano-particles are biologically effective. See Zhang, J., et al., “Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium,” BioFactors, 15, page 27-38, 2001 (herein after referred to as Zhang). The entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- It has been shown that the size of elemental selenium nanoparticles plays an important role in their biological activity. For example, as expected, 5-200 nm Nano-Se can directly scavenge free radicals both in vitro and in vivo in a size-dependent fashion. See Peng, D, et al., “(Nano-Se) at supranutritional levels on selenium accumulation and glutathione S-transferase activity,” J. Inorganic Biochem., v. 101, p 1457-1463, October 2007, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Because of its bioavailability and higher bioeffects, nano-Se has drawn increasingly greater attention in efforts to develop selenium nutritional supplements and in medical uses.
- Although methods to prepare the colloid of amorphous selenium are reported, the produced selenium colloids are unstable, and they easily aggregate together to form micro-sized particle and change into trigonal crystal form which is not biologically effective.
- There is great need to produce stable and well-dispersed selenium nano-particles in monoclinical or colloidal form of biologically effective size for improved biological effects.
- The disclosed inventions will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show important sample embodiments of the invention and which are incorporated in the specification hereof by reference, wherein:
-
FIG. 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of a field of selenium particles of example 1 that have particle sizes between 22 nanometers to 70 nanometers. -
FIG. 2 shows an electron diffraction pattern of selenium nanoparticles of example 2 that have an amorphous form. -
FIG. 3 shows a transmission electron micrograph of selenium particles of example 3 having sizes between 30 nanometers to 100 nanometers. -
FIG. 4 shows an electron diffraction pattern of selenium nanoparticles of example 4 that show monoclinic crystal structure. -
FIG. 5 a shows an electron diffraction pattern of selenium nanoparticles of example 5 that show amorphous and monoclinic complex structure. -
FIG. 5 b shows a scanning electron micrograph of selenium particles of example 5 having sizes between 10 nanometers to 200 nanometers. - The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to presently preferred embodiments (by way of example, and not of limitation). The present application describes several inventions, and none of the statements below should be taken as limiting the claims generally.
- For simplicity and clarity of illustration, the drawing figures illustrate the general manner of construction, and description and details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Additionally, elements in the drawing figures are not necessarily drawn to scale, some areas or elements may be expanded to help improve understanding of embodiments of the invention.
- The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” and the like in the description and the claims, if any, may be used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable. Furthermore, the terms “comprise,” “include,” “have,” and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions, such that a process, method, article, apparatus, or composition that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, apparatus, or composition. The terms nano-particles, nanospheres, nano-Se are used interchangeably in this application, they all represent the elemental selenium particles formed in the reactions described herein.
- The applicant found that nanometer-scale particles of elemental selenium can be produced by direct reaction of a selenium source with a reducer or an oxidant source in the presence of selenium binding macromolecules. Moreover, the applicant found that the selenium binding macromolecules can mediate the size of the obtained selenium particles by adsorbing to the surface of the selenium particle through affinity between selenium and nitrogen/oxygen of the macromolecles, which insures the selenium particles be well dispersed, not to aggregate, in aqueous solution and be kept in amorphous and monoclinic status.
- The present application discloses novel approaches to make biologically effective elemental selenium nanoparticles.
- In one embodiment, the sizes of the selenium nanoparticles range from 1 nm to 300 nm.
- In another embodiment, the selenium in the nanoparticles comprises amorphous (colloidal) selenium.
- In another embodiment, the selenium nanoparticles comprise monoclinic selenium, or the mixture of both amorphous and monoclinic selenium.
- In another embodiment, the surfaces of selenium nanoparticles bind various selenium binding biological molecules, such as peptones, or poly/oligopeptides, or nucleic acids, or poly/oligosaccharides, or a mixture thereof.
- The selenium binding molecules are selected from a group of peptones from soybean, peptones from animal tissue, peptones from animal protein, peptones from casein, peptones from gelatin, peptones from lactalbumin, peptones from meat, mycological peptones, poly-Lysine hydrochloride, poly-arginine, poly(Arg, Pro, Thr)hydrochloride, poly(Arg, Trp)hydrochloride, poly-asparagine, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-glutamate, deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from herring, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from human placenta, ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast, ribonucleic acid from torula yeast, ribonucleic acid diethylaminoethanol salt from torula yeast, peptidoglycan, polysaccharide, and oligosaccharide and the combinations thereof.
- The disclosed innovations, in various embodiments, provide one or more of at least the following advantages. However, not all of these advantages result from every one of the innovations disclosed, and this list of advantages does not limit the various claimed inventions.
-
- Better bioavailability, and less toxicity;
- More biologically effective;
- Can be used as a more effective nutritional supplement;
- More cost effective to prepare.
- Generally, a selenium source compound, for example, sodium selenite, is combined in approximately four times molar ratio with a reducer compound, for example, citric acid. These materials are first dissolved in an aqueous selenium binding macromolecule containing reaction medium. The selenium binding macromolecules in the reaction medium have the effect of halting and stopping selenium particle's further aggregating when the particles reach a size of 1-300 nanometer across. Selenium binding macromolecules include polymeric molecules that are either a polymer or an oligomer nucleotides, glycans, peptides or soluble protein and nucleic acid molecules. These selenium binding macromolecule materials may bind to the surface of the formed selenium particle, presenting a repulsive force between selenium particles and thus preventing further aggregation of the particles. Absence of selenium binding macromolecule in the reaction medium the reaction will produce amorphous or monoclinic elemental selenium particles that will quickly aggregate and become trigonal selenium micrometer sized particles that are insoluble and biologically inert.
- In this disclosure the red-ox agents can be either a reducing agent or an oxidative agent that can reduce or oxidize a selenium source into elemental selenium.
- Example reaction with reducing agent, such as cysteine,
-
Na2SeO3+4 Cysteine+H2O→Se+2 H2O+2 Cys+2 NaOH - With oxidative agent, such as H2O2
-
Na2Se+H2O2→Se+2 NaOH. - The produced Se(0) will aggregate to form Se(0) nanoparticles, which are composed hundred of thousand Se atom and coated by peptone or other chemicals.
- In the preferred embodiment, the reaction medium is aqueous and contains at least one type of selenium binding macromolecule. The selenium binding macromolecule contains nitrogen of amine or nucleic acid base which complex with selenium atom of the produced selenium particle and bind to their surface, thereby preventing further particle growth.
- In the preferred embodiment, the amount of the selenium binding macromolecule should be compatible with the reactive components and constitute at least about 0.01% (by mass ratio) and preferably at least about 0.1%, and may be up to 80%, of the aqueous reaction medium. Mixtures of two or more selenium binding macromolecules may be used if desired.
- In the preferred embodiment, the selenium binding macromolecules include peptones, poly/oligopeptide, nucleic acid, poly/oligosaccharide. The examples can be peptones from soybean, peptones from animal tissue, peptones from animal protein, peptones from casein, peptones from gelatin, peptones from lactalbumin, peptones from meat, mycological peptones, poly-Lysine hydrochloride, poly-arginine, poly(Arg, Pro, Thr)hydrochloride, poly(Arg, Trp)hydrochloride, poly-asparagine, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-aspartic acid sodium salt, poly-glutamate, deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from herring, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from human placenta, ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast, ribonucleic acid from torula yeast, ribonucleic acid diethylaminoethanol salt from torula yeast, peptidoglycan, polysaccharide, oligosaccharide.
- In the preferred embodiment, the selenium source, such as a selenium salt, or selenium acid is reacted directly with a reducer agent, such as chemicals with thiols or hydroxyls, or an oxidant, such as O2 or O3 or H2O2.or radical oxygen species. Other representative selenium sources include H2Se, H2SeO3, H2SeO4, Na2SeO3, Na2SeO4, Na2SSeO3, H2SSeO3, or the like as may be obvious to a person skilled in the art.
- Other representative reducer include cysteine, GSH, ascorbic acid, thioalcohol, citric acid, L-glutathione, L-ascobic acid, citrate, thioacetamide, 2-thio-6-azauridine, thiobacillus broth, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2-thiocytosine, 1-thioglycerol, thioglycolate broth, thioglycolic acid, 6-thioguanine, thiolactic acid, thiomalic acid, 2-thiopurine, thiourea, 4-thiouridine. or the like as may be obvious to a person skilled in the art. Mixtures of two or more selenium salts with two or more reducer agents may be used.
- In the preferred embodiment, one or more of each of these two groups of materials are mixed in the aqueous reaction medium that contains selenium binding molecules at a temperature between 0-100° C. for a period of less than 24 hours. The preferred reaction temperature varies as to different reactants and different selenium binding molecules in the reaction medium.
- For example, the reaction of sodium selenite with L-cysteine in an about 1:4 molar ratio in an aqueous reaction containing peptone from soybean can be conducted at a temperature around 40° C. The reaction of sodium selenide with H2O2 in about 1:1 molar ratio in a peptidoglycan containing aqueous solution is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 80° C. The reaction of sodium selenite with sodium citrate in about 1:6 molar ratio in a poly-Lysine hydrochloride containing aqueous solution is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 80° C. The reaction of sodium selenite with sodium citrate in about 1:6 molar ratio in an arabinan containing aqueous solution is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 80° C. The reaction of selenite acid with L-ascorbic acid in an about 1:4 molar ratio in a ribonucleic acid from torula yeast containing aqueous reaction phase is preferred to be conducted at a temperature around 70° C.
- The final product is the selenium binding molecule containing selenium nanoparticles of a proper size of 1-300 nm across.
- The reaction can be carried out in the aqueous reaction medium at a 1:4 molar ratio of selenium salt/acid to thiols/hydroxyls. This ratio can be varied such as from 1:32 to 8:1 without much effect on the quality of the final product. The concentration of reactants in the reaction medium can range from about 5 μmolar (basis selenium salt) to about 0.5 molar. Good results are obtained from 50 μmolar to 0.5 molar, although higher and lower concentrations can also be used. The reaction zone can be agitated by a stirrer, if desired.
- The product of the reaction is a nanoparticle powder which can be isolated by simply removing the water reaction medium. This is carried out by evaporation, filtration and the like obvious to a person skilled in the art.
- This disclosure will be further described by the following Examples. These Examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this invention, which is defined by the appended claims.
- Sodium selenite (99.99%), L-cysteine (99.99%), peptone from soybean (80%) were purchased from Sigma, and stored in a dry box. Water was distilled prior to use. 50 g peptone from soybean was added to 1000 ml of 100 mM sodium selenite solution. The dissolved solution was continually added with L-cysteine to reach a final concentration of 400 mM. The resulting mixture was kept or stirred at 25° C. for 10 hours. Then sodium ions and oxidized-L-cysteine was removed by dialysis, a solution consisted of amorphous selenium particles and peptone was obtained. The resulted amorphous selenium particles were studied by TEM. As shown in
FIG. 1 , the nano-Se particles were deposited from solution onto an amorphous carbon overlayer on a Cu grid and were imaged on a JEOL 2010 microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. InFIG. 1 , the resulted nano-Se particles ranged from 22-70 nanometers, with an average size of 35 nanometer. InFIG. 2 , the electron diffraction patterns of these particles were with no spot patterns but amorphous rings indicating the resulted nano-Se particles were in amorphous form. - In place of the L-cystiene of Example 1, ascorbic acid was used as the reducing agent. The preparation of Example 1 was repeated. Similar amorphous selenium nanoparticles as to Example 1 were obtained (data not shown).
- The preparation of Example 1 was repeated using sodium selenate in place of sodium selenite and the reaction temperature was at 50° C. As shown in
FIG. 3 , the product was a mixture of amorphous and monoclinic selenium nanoparticles ranging 30-100 nanometers. - The same reaction as Example 1, except arabinan hydrochloride, a polysaccharide, was used as the selenium binding molecule in the reaction medium, the reaction was kept at 70° C. for 8 hours. As shown in
FIG. 4 , electron diffraction patterns showed that the product was elemental selenium nanoparticles in monoclinic crystal structure. - Example 1 was repeated using a Na2SSeO3 in place of sodium selenite, and 1 mM H2O2 oxidant in place of reducer agent L-cysteine. In addition, deoxyribonucleic acid (single stranded from calf thymus or herring, MW ˜50 kb) was used in the reaction medium, in place of peptone. As shown in
FIG. 5 a andFIG. 5 b, the produced selenium nanoparticles were in amorphous and monoclinic complex structure. - As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the innovative concepts described in the present application can be modified and varied over a tremendous range of applications, and accordingly the scope of patented subject matter is not limited by any of the specific exemplary teachings given. It is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
- In this disclosure the red-ox agents can be either a reducing agent or an oxidative agent that can reduce or oxidize a selenium source into elemental selenium.
- Polypeptides, nucleic acid, and polysaccharide macromolecules used in the claims are crude digestion extracts from various biological sources, including plants, animals, bacteria and fungi, and the standard forms are readily available from commercial source, such as Sigma, Fisher or other biotechnology companies. Other crude extracts, generally known to a person skilled in the art, for example, other commercially available crude protein or tissue digestion extracts that have been used for bacteria, fungus culture etc can also be used for the innovation disclosed herein. A mixture of various lengths and molecule types have been used. The selenium binding polymeric molecules should also include their any forms of hybrid macromolecules and molecules with modifications, for example, nucleo-proteins, or digestion products of nucleo-proteins, peptidal-polysacchrides, polysacachride nucleic acid, and their modified molecules, such as methylated nucleic acid, and lipoproteins, etc.
- Additional general background, which helps to show variations and implementations, may be found in the following publications, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference:
- Gao, Xueyun et al., (2000) Weisheng Yanjiu, 29(1), 57-58;
- Gao, Xueyun et al., (2000) Zhongguo Gonggong Weisheng, 16(5), 421-422;
- Gao, Xueyun et al., (2000) Zhongguo Gonggong Weisheng, 16(2), 109-110;
- Gao, Xueyun et al., (2002) Advanced Materials, 14(4), 290-293;
- Jiri Touzin et al., (2002) Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, 67(5), 577-586;
- Hiroto Komatsu et al., (1999) Chem. Commun., 205-206;
- Garbisu, C. et al., (1995) Biofactors, 5, 29;
- Brady, J. M. et al., (1996) Mycological Research, 100, 955;
- Tomei, F. A. et al., (1995) Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 14, 329;
- Gharieb, M. M. et al., (1995) Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 14, 300;
- Nuttall, K. L., (1987) Med. Hypotheses, 24, 217;
- Ammerman, C. B. et al., (1975) Journal Dairy Science, 58, 1561;
- B. Gates et al, (2002) Advanced Functional Materials, 12, 221
- Oremland et al, (2004) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 52.
- None of the description in the present application should be read as implying that any particular element, step, or function is an essential element which must be included in the claim scope: THE SCOPE OF PATENTED SUBJECT MATTER IS DEFINED ONLY BY THE ALLOWED CLAIMS.
- Moreover, none of these claims are intended to invoke paragraph six of 35 USC section 112 unless the exact words “means for” are followed by a participle.
- The claims as filed are intended to be as comprehensive as possible, and NO subject matter is intentionally relinquished, dedicated, or abandoned.
Claims (12)
1. A method for forming elemental selenium nano-particles, comprising the steps of:
reacting a reaction-medium soluble selenium source with a reaction-medium soluble red-ox mixture in a reaction medium at a temperature between 0-100° C. for a period of time, wherein said reaction medium contains an elemental selenium binding polymeric molecule that is selected from the group consisting of nucleic acids, oligo-nulceic acids, polysaccharides, and the combination thereof; and
recovering nano-particles of sizes between 1-300 nm.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid is selected from the group consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid from calf thymus, deoxyribonucleic acid from herring, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from salmon, deoxyribonucleic acid sodium salt from human placenta, ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast, ribonucleic acid from torula yeast, and ribonucleic acid diethylaminoethanol salt from torula yeast.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selenium source is selected from the group consisting of selenium salts, H2SeO3, H2SeO4, Na2SeO3, Na2Se, H2Se, Na2SeO4, Na2SSeO3, and H2SSeO3.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the redox mixture comprises a reduction agent selected from the group consisting of chemicals with free thiols or hydroxyls.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the reduction agent is selected from the group consisting of L-glutathione, L-cysteine, L-ascobic acid, citric acid, citrate, thioacetamide, 2-thio-6-azauridine, thiobacillus broth, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2-thiocytosine, 1-thioglycerol, thioglycolate broth, thioglycolic acid, 6-thioguanine, thiolactic acid, thiomalic acid, 2-thiopurine, thiourea, and 4-thiouridine.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said red-ox mixture comprises L-ascorbic acid.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction medium is an aqueous solution containing arabinan.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein red-ox mixture is the group selected from hydroxyl radicals, super-oxygen anion ion, single state oxygen, oxygen molecule (O2 or O3), and H2O2.
9. An elemental selenium nanoparticle, comprising:
a plurality of elemental selenium atoms aggregated as a nano-particle in size between 1-300 nm; and
a proportionate number of selenium binding polymeric molecules wherein said polymeric molecules are selected from the group consisting of nucleic acids, oligo nucleic acids, polysaccharides, oligosacchrides and the hybrid molecules thereof, and said polymeric molecules being at least partly complexed with said selenium atoms forming said selenium nanoparticle.
10. The selenium nanoparticle of claim 9 , wherein the selenium is aggregated in amorphous form.
11. The selenium nanoparticle of claim 9 , wherein the selenium is aggregated in monoclinic form.
12. The selenium nanoparticles of claim 9 , wherein the selenium is aggregated in a complex form having both amorphous and monoclinic aggregations.
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