US20120055258A1 - Apparatus and Method for Fatigue Testing of a Material Specimen in a High-Pressure Fluid Environment - Google Patents
Apparatus and Method for Fatigue Testing of a Material Specimen in a High-Pressure Fluid Environment Download PDFInfo
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- US20120055258A1 US20120055258A1 US12/875,169 US87516910A US2012055258A1 US 20120055258 A1 US20120055258 A1 US 20120055258A1 US 87516910 A US87516910 A US 87516910A US 2012055258 A1 US2012055258 A1 US 2012055258A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/32—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces
- G01N3/36—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic means
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to fatigue testing of material specimens, and more specifically to apparatuses and methods for in-situ fatigue testing of material specimens under high fluid pressure conditions.
- Hybrid fuel cell/electric vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen gas into electrical energy to power the vehicle's electric motor.
- decentralized hydrogen filling stations are needed to ensure hydrogen is available where consumer-demand is.
- hydrogen In order for economic distribution, hydrogen must be piped from its point of production to its point of demand. An extensive pipeline infrastructure is thus needed to distribute the hydrogen from the generation plants to the filling stations.
- the ASM Materials Handbook lists five specific types of hydrogen induced damage to metals and alloys. These types are: hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. Except for hydrogen embrittlement, a phase transformation is coupled to each of the listed hydrogen damages. Hydrogen embrittlement is the result of hydrogen atoms diffusing through the surface of certain materials. The hydrogen atoms can accumulate within the material's microstructure causing increased subsurface pressure and eventually cracks to form. Hydrogen embrittlement is a major concern for hydrogen pipeline material designers, since even a small leak in a pipe wall, a welded connection, a flange or a fastener could lead to a dangerous situation.
- Fatigue effects in materials due to hydrogen contact may cause defects which can remain undetected until a catastrophic failure occurs without warning. Applying tensile, compressive, low cycle fatigue and high cycle fatigue loads to characterize the strength of materials is known. Novel apparatuses and techniques for testing materials under adverse conditions such as hydrogen gas contact are presently needed.
- the apparatuses use the fluid pressure as the force for applying the loads to the specimens.
- an apparatus has a vessel-shaped body with an interior surface defining a volume for holding the pressurized fluid.
- the fluid is highly pressurized hydrogen gas, but other fluids may be also used.
- the interior surface has a specimen receiver configured to accept a first end of a material specimen.
- a piston assembly is disposed in the vessel; the piston assembly has a specimen receiver configured to accept a second end of the material specimen.
- An exterior surface of the piston assembly cooperates with the vessel's interior surface to form a seal. The seal partitions the volume into two chambers: a tensile chamber and a compression chamber.
- a first branch conduit (e.g., tensile branch) conveys the fluid from a source into the tensile chamber at a first pressure (P 1 ), and a second branch conduit (e.g., compression branch) conveys the fluid from the source into the compression chamber at a second pressure (P 2 ).
- a pressure controller regulates the fluid pressures in the first and second branch conduits.
- the piston assembly is movable in relation to the vessel when acted upon by the pressurized fluid.
- the receivers for holding a material specimen move away from one another when the fluid pressure (P 1 ) in the tension chamber is greater than the fluid pressure (P 2 ) in the compression chamber, and the receivers move toward one another when the fluid pressure (P 2 ) in the compression chamber is greater than the fluid pressure (P 1 ) in the tension chamber.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating an example of an apparatus for fatigue testing of material specimens in a high-pressure fluid environment.
- FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the area labeled 2 in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of various method steps.
- an example of an apparatus 10 for fatigue testing of a material specimen S in a high-pressure, fluid F environment is illustrated.
- the term “fluid” encompasses any continuous amorphous substance whose molecules move freely past one another and that assumes the shape of its container; a liquid or a gas.
- the apparatus 10 utilizes the pressure of the fluid F to impart tensile, compressive and cyclic, fatigue loads in the specimen S.
- the fluid F imparts the loads while the specimen S is being exposed to the fluid F.
- a pressure vessel 12 includes a body 14 and end caps 16 A and 16 B, which are generally affixed to the body 14 with tie rods, studs, bolts, clamps, threads, welds or other fastening means.
- at least one of the end caps 16 A and 16 B is integrally formed with the body 14 .
- the vessel 12 has an interior surface 18 , defining an enclosed volume, for confining the fluid F such as hydrogen gas for example.
- the interior surface 18 is a bore with a cylindrical shape.
- the materials, thicknesses and manufacturing methods used to manufacture the body 14 and end caps 16 A, 16 B are engineered to safely handle the pressure loads imparted by the pressurized fluid F.
- Pressure vessel design criteria are available through the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) boiler and pressure vessel code.
- a specimen receiver 20 is disposed in at least one of the end caps 16 A and 16 B, and is configured to accept one end of a mounted specimen S.
- the receiver 20 may be configured to accept one end of a standard specimen S (e.g., 0.750 inch NC threads), or the receiver 20 may be configured to accept one end of a standard test strip or a specimen S of custom size and shape.
- the piston assembly 22 Disposed within the pressure vessel 12 is a piston assembly 22 for partitioning the enclosed volume into two pressure chambers: a tensile chamber 24 and a compression chamber 26 .
- the piston assembly 22 includes a piston body 28 with an external surface 30 that is complementary to the shape of the interior surface 18 , and in the example shown; the piston body 28 is cylindrical in shape.
- a receiver 20 is disposed in the piston body 28 and is configured to accept a second end of a loaded specimen S.
- a clearance gap 32 formed between the piston assembly 22 and the interior wall 18 , permits the piston assembly 22 to move in relation to the interior wall 18 .
- Sealing elements 34 A and 34 B are disposed respectively in glands 36 A and 36 B formed in the external surface 30 of the piston body 28 .
- the sealing elements 34 A and 34 B span across the clearance gap 32 , interacting with the piston body 28 and interior wall 18 , to create a fluid F seal. The seal discourages leakage of fluid F between the tensile chamber 24 and the compression chamber 26 .
- the cross section of the sealing elements 34 A and 34 B may be square, rectangular (shown), circular, oval, or some other shape known in the sealing art.
- the sealing elements 34 A and 34 B may be full annular, of segmented annular in form.
- the material of the sealing elements 34 A and 34 B is chosen for its fluid compatibility, lubricity, temperature, and pressure capabilities. A material such as polyurethane or carbon provides adequate properties for this particular application.
- Fluid F at pressure P 1 in the tensile chamber 24 and at pressure P 2 in the compression chamber 26 imparts loads on piston faces 38 A and 38 B of the piston assembly 22 .
- a bearing set 40 centers the piston assembly 22 with the interior surface 18 , maintaining a fairly constant clearance gap 32 as the piston assembly 22 moves in relation to the vessel body 14 .
- the bearing set 40 is disposed in a single groove 42 or individual grooves (e.g., pockets) formed in the piston body 28 .
- the bearing set 40 may be full annular, of segmented annular in form.
- a material such as DuPont TEFLON brand fluoropolymer provides adequate strength and lubricity properties for this particular bearing application.
- a fluid F supply source 44 (e.g., tank or bottle) stores the fluid F, for example hydrogen gas, and provides the fluid F to an attached pressure intensifier 46 via a low pressure conduit.
- the pressure intensifier 46 increases the pressure of the fluid F supply for use in the pressure vessel 12 .
- fluid F supplied from the supply source 44 acts on a larger piston 48 , a force is transferred mechanically through a connecting rod 50 to an adjoined smaller piston 52 .
- the smaller piston 52 area acts on the fluid F, increasing the pressure with the pressure ratio being inversely proportional to the ratio of the two piston areas.
- the fluid F exits the fluid intensifier 46 via a high pressure conduit to a one-way valve 54 , thus forcing the high pressure fluid F in a direction out of the fluid intensifier 46 and thus preventing back flow.
- the fluid F Downstream of the one-way valve 54 , the fluid F is directed into two separate, high pressure branches: a tension branch 56 and a compression branch 58 .
- the tension branch 56 delivers a first portion of the fluid F to the tension chamber 24 through end cap 16 A and the compression branch 58 delivers a second portion of the fluid F to the compression chamber 26 through end cap 16 B.
- the fluid F pressure within the tension chamber 24 and the compression chamber 26 acts on the piston assembly 22 to apply tension and compression loads to a loaded specimen S. In some examples only a tension load is applied. In other examples only a compression load is applied. In yet other examples, alternating tension and compression loads are applied.
- Low pressure return branches convey low pressure fluid F from the four-way valves 60 A and 60 B back to an attached gas collector 62 .
- the gas collector 62 is attached to the supply source 44 and pressure intensifier 46 through low pressure conduits and one-way valves 54 B and 54 C.
- a control system includes a processor 64 (e.g., a personal computer) attached to an electronic fluid pressure controller 66 .
- the pressure controller 66 is attached to one or more fluid F pressure transducers 68 A, 68 B, one or more pressure regulators 70 A, 70 B, and one or more specimen S strain monitors 72 (e.g., strain gages).
- temperature and/or humidity monitors may also be installed (not shown).
- a laboratory monitoring and control software program such as LabVIEW, available from National Instruments, may be installed on the processor 64 to allow an operator to easily view a schematic of the apparatus 10 , monitor the various pressure transducers 68 A, 68 B and adjust valve regulators 70 A, 70 B.
- the processor 64 monitors the magnitude of specimen S loading with the strain monitor 72 while simultaneously modulating the four-way valves 60 A and 60 B with feedback from the pressure regulators 70 A, 70 B.
- the processor 64 also monitors the fluid F pressures of the tension chamber 24 and the compression chamber 26 with the pressure transducers 68 A and 68 B respectively.
- the specimen S is loaded in tension when the fluid F pressure in the tension chamber 24 exceeds the fluid F pressure in the compression chamber 26 ; and the specimen S is loaded in compression when the fluid F pressure in the compression chamber 26 exceeds the fluid F pressure in the tension chamber 24 .
- the apparatus 10 generates in-situ tensile, compressive or cyclic fatigue loading on a specimen S while it's subjected to a high-pressure fluid F environment.
- the pressure of the fluid F acting on the piston assembly 22 provides the load source for loading the specimen S in tension and compression.
- No other mechanical means e.g., lead screws, actuators, etc. . . .
- the fluid F may be in a liquid or a gas state and in the illustrated example gaseous hydrogen is used.
- a method 100 for fatigue testing of a material specimen in a high pressure fluid environment with an apparatus that utilizes the fluid as the load source is now described.
- an apparatus 10 as previously described above is provided.
- a material specimen S is loaded into the specimen receivers 20 .
- the fluid pressures in the tension and compression branch conduits 56 , 58 are modulated with the pressure controller 66 such that the fluid pressure (P 1 ) in the tension chamber 24 alternates between being greater than and less than the fluid pressure (P 2 ) in the compression chamber 26 .
- Step 103 may be accomplished by modulating a four-way valve 60 A and 60 B disposed in each of the tension 56 and the compression branch circuits 58 .
- the method 100 may also include a step 104 for monitoring pressure transducers 68 A and 68 B disposed between said pressure controller 66 and each of the tension chamber 24 and the compression chamber 26 with the pressure controller 66 .
- Step 104 may also include monitoring at least one strain measurement from a strain monitor (e.g., strain gage) 72 disposed between the pressure controller 66 and the material specimen S with the pressure controller 66 .
- a strain monitor e.g., strain gage
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Abstract
Description
- This invention was made with government support under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
- None.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present disclosure relates to fatigue testing of material specimens, and more specifically to apparatuses and methods for in-situ fatigue testing of material specimens under high fluid pressure conditions.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Hybrid fuel cell/electric vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen gas into electrical energy to power the vehicle's electric motor. In order to make these vehicles a viable for everyday transportation, decentralized hydrogen filling stations are needed to ensure hydrogen is available where consumer-demand is. In order for economic distribution, hydrogen must be piped from its point of production to its point of demand. An extensive pipeline infrastructure is thus needed to distribute the hydrogen from the generation plants to the filling stations.
- The ASM Materials Handbook lists five specific types of hydrogen induced damage to metals and alloys. These types are: hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced blistering, cracking from precipitation of internal hydrogen, hydrogen attack, and cracking from hydride formation. Except for hydrogen embrittlement, a phase transformation is coupled to each of the listed hydrogen damages. Hydrogen embrittlement is the result of hydrogen atoms diffusing through the surface of certain materials. The hydrogen atoms can accumulate within the material's microstructure causing increased subsurface pressure and eventually cracks to form. Hydrogen embrittlement is a major concern for hydrogen pipeline material designers, since even a small leak in a pipe wall, a welded connection, a flange or a fastener could lead to a dangerous situation.
- Fatigue effects in materials due to hydrogen contact may cause defects which can remain undetected until a catastrophic failure occurs without warning. Applying tensile, compressive, low cycle fatigue and high cycle fatigue loads to characterize the strength of materials is known. Novel apparatuses and techniques for testing materials under adverse conditions such as hydrogen gas contact are presently needed.
- Provided are several examples of apparatuses and methods for applying loads to material specimens in pressurized fluid environments. The apparatuses use the fluid pressure as the force for applying the loads to the specimens.
- According to an example, an apparatus has a vessel-shaped body with an interior surface defining a volume for holding the pressurized fluid. In some examples, the fluid is highly pressurized hydrogen gas, but other fluids may be also used. The interior surface has a specimen receiver configured to accept a first end of a material specimen. A piston assembly is disposed in the vessel; the piston assembly has a specimen receiver configured to accept a second end of the material specimen. An exterior surface of the piston assembly cooperates with the vessel's interior surface to form a seal. The seal partitions the volume into two chambers: a tensile chamber and a compression chamber.
- A first branch conduit (e.g., tensile branch) conveys the fluid from a source into the tensile chamber at a first pressure (P1), and a second branch conduit (e.g., compression branch) conveys the fluid from the source into the compression chamber at a second pressure (P2). A pressure controller regulates the fluid pressures in the first and second branch conduits.
- The piston assembly is movable in relation to the vessel when acted upon by the pressurized fluid. The receivers for holding a material specimen move away from one another when the fluid pressure (P1) in the tension chamber is greater than the fluid pressure (P2) in the compression chamber, and the receivers move toward one another when the fluid pressure (P2) in the compression chamber is greater than the fluid pressure (P1) in the tension chamber. By alternating the (P1) and (P2) pressures with the controller, alternating tension and compression loads are applied to a loaded specimen.
- Other systems, methods, features and advantages will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the following claims.
- A more complete understanding of the preferred embodiments will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings where like numerals indicate common elements among the various figures.
-
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating an example of an apparatus for fatigue testing of material specimens in a high-pressure fluid environment. -
FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the area labeled 2 inFIG. 1 . -
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of various method steps. - With reference to
FIGS. 1 and 2 , an example of anapparatus 10 for fatigue testing of a material specimen S in a high-pressure, fluid F environment is illustrated. As used throughout this disclosure, the term “fluid” encompasses any continuous amorphous substance whose molecules move freely past one another and that assumes the shape of its container; a liquid or a gas. Theapparatus 10 utilizes the pressure of the fluid F to impart tensile, compressive and cyclic, fatigue loads in the specimen S. The fluid F imparts the loads while the specimen S is being exposed to the fluid F. - A
pressure vessel 12 includes abody 14 andend caps body 14 with tie rods, studs, bolts, clamps, threads, welds or other fastening means. In other examples, at least one of theend caps body 14. Thevessel 12 has aninterior surface 18, defining an enclosed volume, for confining the fluid F such as hydrogen gas for example. In one example, theinterior surface 18 is a bore with a cylindrical shape. Although a cylindrical-shaped, thick-walled body 14 and circular-shaped end caps body 14 andend caps - A
specimen receiver 20 is disposed in at least one of theend caps receiver 20 may be configured to accept one end of a standard specimen S (e.g., 0.750 inch NC threads), or thereceiver 20 may be configured to accept one end of a standard test strip or a specimen S of custom size and shape. - Disposed within the
pressure vessel 12 is apiston assembly 22 for partitioning the enclosed volume into two pressure chambers: atensile chamber 24 and acompression chamber 26. Thepiston assembly 22 includes apiston body 28 with anexternal surface 30 that is complementary to the shape of theinterior surface 18, and in the example shown; thepiston body 28 is cylindrical in shape. Areceiver 20 is disposed in thepiston body 28 and is configured to accept a second end of a loaded specimen S. - A
clearance gap 32, formed between thepiston assembly 22 and theinterior wall 18, permits thepiston assembly 22 to move in relation to theinterior wall 18.Sealing elements glands 36A and 36B formed in theexternal surface 30 of thepiston body 28. Thesealing elements clearance gap 32, interacting with thepiston body 28 andinterior wall 18, to create a fluid F seal. The seal discourages leakage of fluid F between thetensile chamber 24 and thecompression chamber 26. The cross section of thesealing elements elements sealing elements - Fluid F at pressure P1 in the
tensile chamber 24 and at pressure P2 in thecompression chamber 26 imparts loads on piston faces 38A and 38B of thepiston assembly 22. A bearing set 40 centers thepiston assembly 22 with theinterior surface 18, maintaining a fairlyconstant clearance gap 32 as thepiston assembly 22 moves in relation to thevessel body 14. The bearing set 40 is disposed in asingle groove 42 or individual grooves (e.g., pockets) formed in thepiston body 28. The bearing set 40 may be full annular, of segmented annular in form. A material such as DuPont TEFLON brand fluoropolymer provides adequate strength and lubricity properties for this particular bearing application. - A fluid F supply source 44 (e.g., tank or bottle) stores the fluid F, for example hydrogen gas, and provides the fluid F to an attached
pressure intensifier 46 via a low pressure conduit. Thepressure intensifier 46 increases the pressure of the fluid F supply for use in thepressure vessel 12. Within theintensifier 46, fluid F supplied from thesupply source 44 acts on alarger piston 48, a force is transferred mechanically through a connectingrod 50 to an adjoinedsmaller piston 52. Thesmaller piston 52 area acts on the fluid F, increasing the pressure with the pressure ratio being inversely proportional to the ratio of the two piston areas. The fluid F exits thefluid intensifier 46 via a high pressure conduit to a one-way valve 54, thus forcing the high pressure fluid F in a direction out of thefluid intensifier 46 and thus preventing back flow. - Downstream of the one-way valve 54, the fluid F is directed into two separate, high pressure branches: a
tension branch 56 and acompression branch 58. Thetension branch 56 delivers a first portion of the fluid F to thetension chamber 24 throughend cap 16A and thecompression branch 58 delivers a second portion of the fluid F to thecompression chamber 26 throughend cap 16B. The fluid F pressure within thetension chamber 24 and thecompression chamber 26 acts on thepiston assembly 22 to apply tension and compression loads to a loaded specimen S. In some examples only a tension load is applied. In other examples only a compression load is applied. In yet other examples, alternating tension and compression loads are applied. - Disposed within the
tension branch 56 andcompression branch 58, are four-way valves tension chamber 24 andcompression chamber 26 respectively. Low pressure return branches convey low pressure fluid F from the four-way valves gas collector 62. In turn, thegas collector 62 is attached to thesupply source 44 andpressure intensifier 46 through low pressure conduits and one-way valves - A control system includes a processor 64 (e.g., a personal computer) attached to an electronic
fluid pressure controller 66. Thepressure controller 66, in turn, is attached to one or more fluidF pressure transducers more pressure regulators processor 64 to allow an operator to easily view a schematic of theapparatus 10, monitor thevarious pressure transducers valve regulators - The
processor 64 monitors the magnitude of specimen S loading with the strain monitor 72 while simultaneously modulating the four-way valves pressure regulators processor 64 also monitors the fluid F pressures of thetension chamber 24 and thecompression chamber 26 with thepressure transducers tension chamber 24 exceeds the fluid F pressure in thecompression chamber 26; and the specimen S is loaded in compression when the fluid F pressure in thecompression chamber 26 exceeds the fluid F pressure in thetension chamber 24. - The
apparatus 10 generates in-situ tensile, compressive or cyclic fatigue loading on a specimen S while it's subjected to a high-pressure fluid F environment. The pressure of the fluid F acting on thepiston assembly 22 provides the load source for loading the specimen S in tension and compression. No other mechanical means (e.g., lead screws, actuators, etc. . . . ) are used for loading the specimen S during testing. The fluid F may be in a liquid or a gas state and in the illustrated example gaseous hydrogen is used. - Referring now to the flow diagram of
FIG. 3 , amethod 100 for fatigue testing of a material specimen in a high pressure fluid environment with an apparatus that utilizes the fluid as the load source is now described. In the first process step block labeled 101, anapparatus 10 as previously described above is provided. Next, in the process step block labeled 102, a material specimen S is loaded into thespecimen receivers 20. Next, in the process block labeled 103, the fluid pressures in the tension andcompression branch conduits pressure controller 66 such that the fluid pressure (P1) in thetension chamber 24 alternates between being greater than and less than the fluid pressure (P2) in thecompression chamber 26. - Step 103 may be accomplished by modulating a four-
way valve tension 56 and thecompression branch circuits 58. - The
method 100 may also include astep 104 for monitoringpressure transducers pressure controller 66 and each of thetension chamber 24 and thecompression chamber 26 with thepressure controller 66. Step 104 may also include monitoring at least one strain measurement from a strain monitor (e.g., strain gage) 72 disposed between thepressure controller 66 and the material specimen S with thepressure controller 66. - While this disclosure illustrates and enables specific examples in the field of material specimen testing, other fields may also benefit. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace those alternatives, modifications, equivalents, and variations as fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. The technology disclosed and claimed is available for licensing in specific fields of use by the assignee of record.
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CN103808569A (en) * | 2014-01-26 | 2014-05-21 | 合肥通用机械研究院 | High-pressure fatigue test device and test method |
WO2014147269A1 (en) * | 2013-03-20 | 2014-09-25 | Universidad Politecnica De Madrid | Temperature-controlled device for mixed-mode fracture tests |
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CN106018139A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-10-12 | 华南理工大学 | Non-dynamic sealing quick open type test device of material fatigue performance under high-pressure hydrogen environment |
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WO2014147269A1 (en) * | 2013-03-20 | 2014-09-25 | Universidad Politecnica De Madrid | Temperature-controlled device for mixed-mode fracture tests |
CN104634548A (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2015-05-20 | 上海汽车集团股份有限公司 | Testing device for bursting tests of double-clutch gearbox press filter covers |
CN103808569A (en) * | 2014-01-26 | 2014-05-21 | 合肥通用机械研究院 | High-pressure fatigue test device and test method |
CN106018139A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-10-12 | 华南理工大学 | Non-dynamic sealing quick open type test device of material fatigue performance under high-pressure hydrogen environment |
CN106153479A (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2016-11-23 | 华南理工大学 | The fast-open type high pressure hydrogen environment fatigue of materials method for testing performance of stationary seal |
CN106153479B (en) * | 2016-06-28 | 2019-01-18 | 华南理工大学 | The fast-open type high pressure hydrogen environment fatigue of materials method for testing performance of stationary seal |
FR3066021A1 (en) * | 2017-05-02 | 2018-11-09 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | DEVICE FOR ACCELERATED DYNAMIC AGING OF A MATERIAL USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF A THERMAL MOTOR PART |
KR20220033563A (en) * | 2020-09-07 | 2022-03-17 | 한국생산기술연구원 | An external pressure test apparatus capable of micro pressure control |
KR102398142B1 (en) | 2020-09-07 | 2022-05-18 | 한국생산기술연구원 | An external pressure test apparatus capable of micro pressure control |
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