US20120051930A1 - Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail - Google Patents
Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail Download PDFInfo
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- US20120051930A1 US20120051930A1 US12/872,827 US87282710A US2012051930A1 US 20120051930 A1 US20120051930 A1 US 20120051930A1 US 87282710 A US87282710 A US 87282710A US 2012051930 A1 US2012051930 A1 US 2012051930A1
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- Prior art keywords
- airfoil
- turbine blade
- platform
- inner platform
- trough
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/14—Form or construction
- F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
- F01D5/145—Means for influencing boundary layers or secondary circulations
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/14—Form or construction
- F01D5/141—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form
- F01D5/142—Shape, i.e. outer, aerodynamic form of the blades of successive rotor or stator blade-rows
- F01D5/143—Contour of the outer or inner working fluid flow path wall, i.e. shroud or hub contour
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/30—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
- F01D5/3007—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/80—Platforms for stationary or moving blades
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to gas turbine engines, and more specifically, to turbines therein.
- each turbine comprises one or more rotors each comprising a disk carrying an array of turbine blades or buckets.
- a stationary nozzle comprising an array of stator vanes having radially outer and inner endwalls in the form of annular bands is disposed upstream of each rotor, and serves to optimally direct the flow of combustion gases into the rotor.
- the complex three-dimensional (3D) configuration of the vane and blade airfoils is tailored for maximizing efficiency of operation, and varies radially in span along the airfoils as well as axially along the chords of the airfoils between the leading and trailing edges. Accordingly, the velocity and pressure distributions of the combustion gases over the airfoil surfaces as well as within the corresponding flow passages also vary.
- Undesirable pressure losses in the combustion gas flowpaths therefore correspond with undesirable reduction in overall turbine efficiency.
- the combustion gases enter the corresponding rows of vanes and blades in the flow passages therebetween and are necessarily split at the respective leading edges of the airfoils.
- the locus of stagnation points of the incident combustion gases extends along the leading edge of each airfoil.
- Corresponding boundary layers are formed along the pressure and suction sides of each airfoil, as well as along each radially outer and inner endwall which collectively bound the four sides of each flow passage. In the boundary layers, the local velocity of the combustion gases varies from zero along the endwalls and airfoil surfaces to the unrestrained velocity in the combustion gases where the boundary layers terminate.
- the vortices travel aft along the opposite pressure and suction sides of each airfoil and behave differently due to the different pressure and velocity distributions therealong.
- computational analysis indicates that the suction side vortex migrates away from the endwall toward the airfoil trailing edge and then interacts following the airfoil trailing edge with the pressure side vortex flowing aft thereto.
- Non-axisymmetric end-wall-contouring may be used on turbine airfoils to reduce vortex effects and thereby provide a significant performance improvement.
- One known design includes a leading edge “bump”, a suction side “trough” and a trailing edge “ridge”.
- the blade dovetail and the edge of the platform are straight. With this straight dovetail/platform design, the trailing edge ridge will cross over from one platform to the adjacent platform. Because of the manufacturing and assembly tolerances, the trailing edge ridge will be interrupted and may see a forward facing step that adversely affects performance. It is desirable to have an improved platform design that can keep the advantage of the EWC without the penalty from the TE ridge interruption.
- a circular-arc platform may be used to allow the trailing edge ridge to locate within a platform without cross over to the adjacent platform.
- this has only been possible with a blade that does not have a tip shroud and can be individually assembled into a rotor disk.
- the interlocking tip shroud, the curved platform and a conventional curved dovetail make rotor assembly impossible.
- the present invention provides a shrouded turbine blade having a 3D-countoured inner band surface and an axially straight dovetail.
- a turbine blade includes an airfoil having a root, a tip, a concave pressure side, and a laterally opposite convex suction side, the pressure and suction sides extending in chord between opposite leading and trailing edges; an outer platform disposed at the tip of the airfoil, the outer platform having spaced-apart lateral edges which each define an interlocking element; an inner platform with two spaced-apart curved lateral edges disposed at the root of the airfoil, the inner platform having a hot side facing the airfoil which is contoured in a non-axisymmetric shape; and a dovetail extending radially inward from the opposite side of the inner platform, wherein the dovetail is axially straight.
- a turbine blade assembly includes a plurality of blades, each blade having: an airfoil having a root, a tip, a concave pressure side, and a laterally opposite convex suction side, the pressure and suction sides extending in chord between opposite leading and trailing edges; and an outer platform disposed at the tip of the airfoil, the outer platform having spaced-apart lateral edges which are configured with an interlocking element; an inner platform with two spaced-apart curved lateral edges disposed at the root of the airfoil, the inner platform having a hot side facing the airfoil which is contoured in a non-axisymmetric shape.
- the blades are disposed in an annular side-by-side array such so as to define a plurality of flow passages each of which is bounded between two of the inner platforms, two of the outer platforms, and adjacent first and second airfoils.
- the interlocking elements of adjacent outer platforms are engaged with each other.
- the hot sides of the inner platforms in each of the passages are contoured in a non-axisymmetric shape including a peak of relatively higher radial height adjoining the pressure side of the first airfoil adjacent its leading edge, and a trough of relatively lower radial height is disposed parallel to and spaced-away from the suction side of the second airfoil aft of its leading edge; and the peak and trough define cooperatively define an arcuate channel extending axially along the inner platform between the first and second airfoils.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a gas turbine engine incorporating a turbine nozzle constructed according to an aspect of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a left-side perspective view of a turbine blade of the engine shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of the turbine blade shown in FIG. 2 ;
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of several turbine blades assembled side-by-side
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view taken along lines 5 - 5 of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 6 is a view taken along lines 6 - 6 of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of a turbine disk along with several turbine blades
- FIG. 1 depicts schematically the elements of an exemplary gas turbine engine 10 having a fan 12 , a high pressure compressor 14 , a combustor 16 , a high pressure turbine (“HPT”) 18 , and a low pressure turbine 20 , all arranged in a serial, axial flow relationship along a central longitudinal axis “A”.
- HPT high pressure turbine
- A low pressure turbine
- Collectively the high pressure compressor 14 , the combustor 16 , and the high pressure turbine 18 are referred to as a “core”.
- the high pressure compressor 14 provides compressed air that passes into the combustor 12 where fuel is introduced and burned, generating hot combustion gases.
- the hot combustion gases are discharged to the high pressure turbine 18 where they are expanded to extract energy therefrom.
- the high pressure turbine 18 drives the compressor 10 through an outer shaft 22 .
- Pressurized air exiting from the high pressure turbine 18 is discharged to the low pressure turbine (“LPT”) 20 where it is further expanded to extract energy.
- the low pressure turbine 20 drives the fan 12 through an inner shaft 24 .
- the fan 12 generates a flow of pressurized air, a portion of which supercharges the inlet of the high pressure compressor 14 , and the majority of which bypasses the “core” to provide the majority of the thrust developed by the engine 10 .
- While the illustrated engine 10 is a high-bypass turbofan engine, the principles described herein are equally applicable to turboprop, turbojet, and turboshaft engines, as well as turbine engines used for other vehicles or in stationary applications. The principles described herein are also applicable to turbines using working fluids other than air, such as steam turbines. Furthermore, while and LPT blade is used as an example, it will be understood that the principles of the present invention may be applied to any turbine blade having inner and outer shrouds or platforms, including without limitation HPT and intermediate-pressure turbine (“IPT”) blades.
- IPT intermediate-pressure turbine
- the LPT 20 includes a series of stages each having a nozzle comprising an array of stationary airfoil-shaped vanes and a downstream rotating disk carrying an array of turbine blades.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the construction of the turbine blades, labeled 26 , in more detail.
- the blade 26 is a unitary component including a dovetail 28 , a shank 30 , an inner platform 32 , an airfoil 34 , and an outer platform 36 .
- the airfoil includes a root 38 , a tip 40 , a leading edge 42 , trailing edge 44 , and a concave pressure side 46 opposed to a convex suction side 48 .
- the inner and outer platforms 32 and 36 define the inner and outer radial boundaries, respectively, of the gas flow past the airfoil 34 .
- the dovetail 28 has a cross-sectional profile having lands and grooves constructed in accordance with conventional practice.
- the dovetail 28 is axially aligned relative to the engine centerline and its shape is “axially straight”. In other words, its shape is equivalent to that generated by translating the dovetail profile along a line “L” parallel to a longitudinal centerline axis of the engine, and is not curved or cambered.
- the outer platform 36 has a “hot side” 50 facing the hot gas flowpath and a “cold side” 52 facing away from the hot gas flowpath.
- One or more annular seal teeth 54 extend radially outwards from the cold side 52 of the outer platform.
- the outer platform 36 is bounded by opposed leading and trailing edges 56 and 58 , and by lateral edges 60 and 62 that extend between the leading and trailing edges 56 and 58 .
- the lateral edges 60 and 62 of the outer platform 36 have a shape which is nonlinear.
- Each lateral edge 60 and 62 incorporates an interlocking element, so as to provide an interlocking function in the axial direction when two outer platforms 36 are assembled together.
- the lateral edges 60 and 62 have identical shapes in plan view, with the result that the right-side lateral edge 62 (as viewed aft looking forward) effectively defines a laterally-extending tab 64 while the left-side lateral edge 60 defines a complementary recess 66 .
- the inner platform also has a “hot side” 68 facing the hot gas flowpath and a “cold side” 70 facing away from the hot gas flowpath.
- the inner platform 32 is bounded by opposed leading and trailing edges 72 and 74 , and by lateral edges 76 and 78 that extend between the leading and trailing edges 72 and 74 .
- the lateral edges 76 and 78 of the inner platform 32 are curved (the arc may be circular or some other shape depending upon the specific application). In the illustrated example, the lateral edges 76 and 78 have identical shapes in plan view. As a result, one lateral side of the inner platform 32 is convex in plan view, and the other lateral side is concave in plan view.
- curvatures correspond to the direction that the airfoil 34 is cambered.
- the arcuate shape of the lateral edges 76 and 78 permit 3D contouring features of the inner platform 32 to be implemented without the need to cross over to the inner platform 32 of an adjacent turbine blade 26 .
- the gas pressure gradient at the airfoil leading edges causes the formation of a pair of counterrotating horseshoe vortices which travel downstream on the opposite sides of each airfoil 34 near the inner platform 32 .
- the direction of travel of pressure side and suction side vortices are shown schematically in FIG. 2 , labeled PS and SS, respectively.
- Turning of the horseshoe vortices will introduce streamwise vorticity and thus build up a passage vortex, the low momentum fluid in the endwall layer being driven by a transverse pressure gradient to cross the passage between airfoils 34 from pressure to suction side
- the hot side 68 of the inner platform 32 is preferentially contoured in elevation relative to a conventional axisymmetric or circular circumferential profile in order to reduce the adverse effects of the passage and horseshoe vortices.
- the inner platform contour is non-axisymmetric, but is instead contoured in radial elevation from a wide peak 80 adjacent the pressure side 46 of each blade 26 to a depressed narrow trough 82 .
- This contouring is referred to generally as “3D-contouring”. It will be understood that the complete shape defining the aerodynamic “endwall” of the passage between two adjacent airfoils 34 of the assembled rotor is defined cooperatively by portions of the side-by-side inner platforms 32 of the airfoils 34 .
- a typical prior art inner band generally has a surface profile which is convexly-curved in a shape similar to the top surface of an airfoil when viewed in longitudinal cross-section (see FIG. 5 ).
- This profile is a symmetrical surface of revolution about the longitudinal axis of the engine 10 .
- This profile is considered a baseline reference, and is illustrated with a dashed line denoted “B”.
- the 3D-contoured surface profile is shown with a solid line. Points having the same height or radial dimension are interconnected by contour lines in the figures. As seen in FIG.
- each of the airfoils 34 has a chord length “C” measured from its leading edge 42 to its trailing edge 44 , and a direction parallel to this dimension denotes a “chordwise” direction.
- a direction parallel to the leading or trailing edges 72 or 74 of the inner platform 32 is referred to as a tangential direction as illustrated by the arrow marked “T” in FIG. 4 .
- the terms “positive elevation”, “peak” and similar terms refer to surface characteristics located radially outboard or having a greater radius measured from the longitudinal axis A than the local baseline B, and the terms “trough”, “negative elevation”, and similar terms refer to surface characteristics located radially inboard or having a smaller radius measured from the longitudinal axis A than the local baseline B.
- the trough 82 is present in the hot side 68 of the inner platform 32 between each pair of airfoils 34 , extending generally from the leading edge 42 to the trailing edge 44 of the airfoil 34 .
- the deepest portion of the trough 82 runs along a line substantially parallel to the suction side 48 of the airfoil 34 , coincident with the line 6 - 6 marked in FIG. 4 .
- the deepest portion of the trough 82 is lower than the baseline profile B by approximately 20% of the total difference in radial height between the lowest and highest locations of the hot side 68 , or about 2 units, where the total height difference is about 8.5 units.
- the line representing the deepest portion of the trough 82 is positioned about 10% of the distance to the pressure side 46 of the adjacent airfoil 34 .
- the deepest portion of the trough 82 occurs at approximately the location of the maximum section thickness of the airfoil 34 (commonly referred to as a “high-C” location).
- the peak 80 runs along a line substantially parallel to the pressure side 46 of the adjacent airfoil 34 .
- a ridge 81 extends from the highest portion of the peak 80 and extends in a generally tangential direction away from the pressure side 46 of the adjacent airfoil 34 .
- the radial height of the peak 80 slopes away from this ridge 81 towards both the leading edge 42 and the trailing edge 44 of the airfoil 34 .
- the peak 80 increases in elevation behind the leading edge 42 from the baseline elevation B to the maximum elevation with a large gradient over the first third of the chord length from the leading edge 42 , whereas the peak 80 increases in elevation from the trailing edge 44 over the same magnitude over the remaining two-thirds of the chord length from the trailing edge 44 at a substantially shallower gradient or slope.
- the highest portion of the peak 80 is higher than the baseline profile B by approximately 80% of the total difference in radial height between the lowest and highest locations of the hot side 68 , or about 7 units, where the total height difference is about 8.5 units. In the chordwise direction, the highest portion of the peak 80 is located between the mid-chord position and the leading edge 42 of the adjacent airfoil 34 .
- a trailing edge ridge 84 is present in the hot side 68 of the inner platform 32 aft of the airfoil 34 (See FIGS. 3 and 4 ). It runs aft from the trailing edge 44 of the airfoil 34 , along a line which is substantially an extension of the chord line of the airfoil 34 .
- the radial height of the trailing edge ridge 84 slopes away from this line towards both the leading edge 42 and the trailing edge 44 of the airfoil 34 .
- the highest portion of the trailing edge ridge 84 is higher than the baseline profile B by approximately 60% of the total difference in radial height between the lowest and highest locations of the hot side 68 , or about 5 units, where the total height difference is about 8.5 units.
- the highest portion of the trailing edge ridge 84 is located immediately adjacent the trailing edge 44 of the airfoil 34 at its root 38 .
- the trough 82 has a generally uniform and shallow depth over substantially its entire longitudinal or axial length.
- the elevated peak 80 , depressed trough 82 , and trailing edge ridge 84 provide an aerodynamically smooth chute or curved flute that follows the arcuate contour of the flowpath between the concave pressure side 46 of one airfoil 34 and the convex suction side 48 of the adjacent airfoil 34 to smoothly channel the combustion gases therethrough.
- the peak 80 and trough 82 cooperating together conform with the incidence angle of the combustion gases for smoothly banking or turning the combustion gases for reducing the adverse effect of the horseshoe and passage vortices.
- the circular-arc inner platform 32 allows the trailing edge ridge 84 to locate within an inner platform 32 without crossing over to the adjacent inner platform 32 . Consequently, the endwall boundary layer flows along the trailing edge ridge 84 will not “see” a radial discontinuity or “step”. In particular there is no forward facing step. This feature helps maintain the aerodynamic performance improvement of the 3D contouring.
- the blades 26 may be mounted to a turbine disk 86 as follows. First, a set of the blades 86 are assembled into a complete 360 degree array. A holding fixture or jig (not shown) may be used to clamp the blades 26 in position. Thus assembled, the lateral edges 76 and 78 of the inner platforms 32 are touching or closely adjacent, and the lateral edges 60 and 62 of the outer platforms 36 are touching or closely adjacent. The tab 64 of each outer platform 36 is received in the recess 66 of the adjacent outer platform 36 . This effectively interlocks the outer platforms 36 to as to resist axial movement of the outer platforms 36 .
- the array of blades 26 can then be slid into the dovetail slots 88 of the disk 86 (only a portion of which is shown in FIG. 7 ).
- the blades 26 may be then be retained to the disk 86 in the axial direction using known components such as bolted retainers, disk plates, annular seals, or the like (not shown).
- a flow passage “P” is defined in the spaces between the blades 26 .
- Each flow passage P is bounded by two adjacent inner platforms 32 , two adjacent outer platforms 36 , and two adjacent airfoils 34 .
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Abstract
Description
- The U.S. Government may have certain rights in this invention pursuant to contract number W911W6-07-2-0002 awarded by the Department of the Army.
- The present invention relates generally to gas turbine engines, and more specifically, to turbines therein.
- In a gas turbine engine, air is pressurized in a compressor and subsequently mixed with fuel and burned in a combustor to generate combustion gases. One or more turbines downstream of the combustor extract energy from the combustion gases to drive the compressor, as well as a fan, shaft, propeller, or other mechanical load. Each turbine comprises one or more rotors each comprising a disk carrying an array of turbine blades or buckets. A stationary nozzle comprising an array of stator vanes having radially outer and inner endwalls in the form of annular bands is disposed upstream of each rotor, and serves to optimally direct the flow of combustion gases into the rotor. Collectively each nozzle and the downstream rotor is referred to as a “stage” of the turbine.
- The complex three-dimensional (3D) configuration of the vane and blade airfoils is tailored for maximizing efficiency of operation, and varies radially in span along the airfoils as well as axially along the chords of the airfoils between the leading and trailing edges. Accordingly, the velocity and pressure distributions of the combustion gases over the airfoil surfaces as well as within the corresponding flow passages also vary.
- Undesirable pressure losses in the combustion gas flowpaths therefore correspond with undesirable reduction in overall turbine efficiency. For example, the combustion gases enter the corresponding rows of vanes and blades in the flow passages therebetween and are necessarily split at the respective leading edges of the airfoils.
- The locus of stagnation points of the incident combustion gases extends along the leading edge of each airfoil. Corresponding boundary layers are formed along the pressure and suction sides of each airfoil, as well as along each radially outer and inner endwall which collectively bound the four sides of each flow passage. In the boundary layers, the local velocity of the combustion gases varies from zero along the endwalls and airfoil surfaces to the unrestrained velocity in the combustion gases where the boundary layers terminate.
- One common source of turbine pressure losses is the formation of horseshoe and passage vortices generated as the combustion gases are split in their travel around the airfoil leading edges. A total pressure gradient is effected in the boundary layer flow at the junction of the leading edge and endwalls of the airfoil. This pressure gradient at the airfoil leading edges forms a pair of counterrotating horseshoe vortices which travel downstream on the opposite sides of each airfoil near the endwall. Turning of the horseshoe vortices introduces streamwise vorticity and thus builds up a passage vortex as well.
- The vortices travel aft along the opposite pressure and suction sides of each airfoil and behave differently due to the different pressure and velocity distributions therealong. For example, computational analysis indicates that the suction side vortex migrates away from the endwall toward the airfoil trailing edge and then interacts following the airfoil trailing edge with the pressure side vortex flowing aft thereto.
- The interaction of the pressure and suction side vortices occurs near the mid-span region of the airfoils and creates total pressure loss and a corresponding reduction in turbine efficiency. These vortices also create turbulence and increase undesirable heating of the endwalls.
- Since the horseshoe and passage vortices are formed at the junctions of turbine rotor blades and their integral root platforms, as well at the junctions of nozzle stator vanes and their outer and inner bands, corresponding losses in turbine efficiency are created, as well as additional heating of the corresponding endwall components.
- Non-axisymmetric end-wall-contouring (EWC) may be used on turbine airfoils to reduce vortex effects and thereby provide a significant performance improvement. One known design includes a leading edge “bump”, a suction side “trough” and a trailing edge “ridge”. Typically, the blade dovetail and the edge of the platform are straight. With this straight dovetail/platform design, the trailing edge ridge will cross over from one platform to the adjacent platform. Because of the manufacturing and assembly tolerances, the trailing edge ridge will be interrupted and may see a forward facing step that adversely affects performance. It is desirable to have an improved platform design that can keep the advantage of the EWC without the penalty from the TE ridge interruption. A circular-arc platform may be used to allow the trailing edge ridge to locate within a platform without cross over to the adjacent platform. However, this has only been possible with a blade that does not have a tip shroud and can be individually assembled into a rotor disk. For a shrouded turbine blade, the interlocking tip shroud, the curved platform and a conventional curved dovetail make rotor assembly impossible.
- Accordingly, it is desirable to minimize vortex effects in a shrouded turbine blade while still permitting simple assembly.
- The above-mentioned need is met by the present invention, which provides a shrouded turbine blade having a 3D-countoured inner band surface and an axially straight dovetail.
- According to one aspect of the invention, a turbine blade includes an airfoil having a root, a tip, a concave pressure side, and a laterally opposite convex suction side, the pressure and suction sides extending in chord between opposite leading and trailing edges; an outer platform disposed at the tip of the airfoil, the outer platform having spaced-apart lateral edges which each define an interlocking element; an inner platform with two spaced-apart curved lateral edges disposed at the root of the airfoil, the inner platform having a hot side facing the airfoil which is contoured in a non-axisymmetric shape; and a dovetail extending radially inward from the opposite side of the inner platform, wherein the dovetail is axially straight.
- According to another aspect of the invention, a turbine blade assembly includes a plurality of blades, each blade having: an airfoil having a root, a tip, a concave pressure side, and a laterally opposite convex suction side, the pressure and suction sides extending in chord between opposite leading and trailing edges; and an outer platform disposed at the tip of the airfoil, the outer platform having spaced-apart lateral edges which are configured with an interlocking element; an inner platform with two spaced-apart curved lateral edges disposed at the root of the airfoil, the inner platform having a hot side facing the airfoil which is contoured in a non-axisymmetric shape. The blades are disposed in an annular side-by-side array such so as to define a plurality of flow passages each of which is bounded between two of the inner platforms, two of the outer platforms, and adjacent first and second airfoils. The interlocking elements of adjacent outer platforms are engaged with each other. The hot sides of the inner platforms in each of the passages are contoured in a non-axisymmetric shape including a peak of relatively higher radial height adjoining the pressure side of the first airfoil adjacent its leading edge, and a trough of relatively lower radial height is disposed parallel to and spaced-away from the suction side of the second airfoil aft of its leading edge; and the peak and trough define cooperatively define an arcuate channel extending axially along the inner platform between the first and second airfoils.
- The invention may be best understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a gas turbine engine incorporating a turbine nozzle constructed according to an aspect of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 is a left-side perspective view of a turbine blade of the engine shown inFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a portion of the turbine blade shown inFIG. 2 ; -
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of several turbine blades assembled side-by-side; -
FIG. 5 is a schematic view taken along lines 5-5 ofFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 6 is a view taken along lines 6-6 ofFIG. 4 ; and -
FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of a turbine disk along with several turbine blades; - Referring to the drawings wherein identical reference numerals denote the same elements throughout the various views,
FIG. 1 depicts schematically the elements of an exemplarygas turbine engine 10 having afan 12, ahigh pressure compressor 14, acombustor 16, a high pressure turbine (“HPT”) 18, and alow pressure turbine 20, all arranged in a serial, axial flow relationship along a central longitudinal axis “A”. Collectively thehigh pressure compressor 14, thecombustor 16, and thehigh pressure turbine 18 are referred to as a “core”. Thehigh pressure compressor 14 provides compressed air that passes into thecombustor 12 where fuel is introduced and burned, generating hot combustion gases. The hot combustion gases are discharged to thehigh pressure turbine 18 where they are expanded to extract energy therefrom. Thehigh pressure turbine 18 drives thecompressor 10 through anouter shaft 22. Pressurized air exiting from thehigh pressure turbine 18 is discharged to the low pressure turbine (“LPT”) 20 where it is further expanded to extract energy. Thelow pressure turbine 20 drives thefan 12 through aninner shaft 24. Thefan 12 generates a flow of pressurized air, a portion of which supercharges the inlet of thehigh pressure compressor 14, and the majority of which bypasses the “core” to provide the majority of the thrust developed by theengine 10. - While the illustrated
engine 10 is a high-bypass turbofan engine, the principles described herein are equally applicable to turboprop, turbojet, and turboshaft engines, as well as turbine engines used for other vehicles or in stationary applications. The principles described herein are also applicable to turbines using working fluids other than air, such as steam turbines. Furthermore, while and LPT blade is used as an example, it will be understood that the principles of the present invention may be applied to any turbine blade having inner and outer shrouds or platforms, including without limitation HPT and intermediate-pressure turbine (“IPT”) blades. - In accordance with conventional practice, the
LPT 20 includes a series of stages each having a nozzle comprising an array of stationary airfoil-shaped vanes and a downstream rotating disk carrying an array of turbine blades.FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the construction of the turbine blades, labeled 26, in more detail. Theblade 26 is a unitary component including adovetail 28, ashank 30, aninner platform 32, anairfoil 34, and anouter platform 36. The airfoil includes aroot 38, atip 40, a leadingedge 42, trailingedge 44, and aconcave pressure side 46 opposed to aconvex suction side 48. The inner andouter platforms airfoil 34. - The
dovetail 28 has a cross-sectional profile having lands and grooves constructed in accordance with conventional practice. Thedovetail 28 is axially aligned relative to the engine centerline and its shape is “axially straight”. In other words, its shape is equivalent to that generated by translating the dovetail profile along a line “L” parallel to a longitudinal centerline axis of the engine, and is not curved or cambered. - The
outer platform 36 has a “hot side” 50 facing the hot gas flowpath and a “cold side” 52 facing away from the hot gas flowpath. One or moreannular seal teeth 54 extend radially outwards from thecold side 52 of the outer platform. Theouter platform 36 is bounded by opposed leading and trailingedges lateral edges edges outer platform 36 have a shape which is nonlinear. Eachlateral edge outer platforms 36 are assembled together. In the illustrated example, the lateral edges 60 and 62 have identical shapes in plan view, with the result that the right-side lateral edge 62 (as viewed aft looking forward) effectively defines a laterally-extendingtab 64 while the left-side lateral edge 60 defines acomplementary recess 66. - The inner platform also has a “hot side” 68 facing the hot gas flowpath and a “cold side” 70 facing away from the hot gas flowpath. The
inner platform 32 is bounded by opposed leading and trailingedges lateral edges edges inner platform 32 are curved (the arc may be circular or some other shape depending upon the specific application). In the illustrated example, the lateral edges 76 and 78 have identical shapes in plan view. As a result, one lateral side of theinner platform 32 is convex in plan view, and the other lateral side is concave in plan view. These curvatures correspond to the direction that theairfoil 34 is cambered. As will be described in more detail below, the arcuate shape of the lateral edges 76 and 78 permit 3D contouring features of theinner platform 32 to be implemented without the need to cross over to theinner platform 32 of anadjacent turbine blade 26. - In operation, the gas pressure gradient at the airfoil leading edges causes the formation of a pair of counterrotating horseshoe vortices which travel downstream on the opposite sides of each
airfoil 34 near theinner platform 32. The direction of travel of pressure side and suction side vortices are shown schematically inFIG. 2 , labeled PS and SS, respectively. Turning of the horseshoe vortices will introduce streamwise vorticity and thus build up a passage vortex, the low momentum fluid in the endwall layer being driven by a transverse pressure gradient to cross the passage betweenairfoils 34 from pressure to suction side - As shown in
FIGS. 3-6 , thehot side 68 of theinner platform 32 is preferentially contoured in elevation relative to a conventional axisymmetric or circular circumferential profile in order to reduce the adverse effects of the passage and horseshoe vortices. In particular the inner platform contour is non-axisymmetric, but is instead contoured in radial elevation from awide peak 80 adjacent thepressure side 46 of eachblade 26 to a depressednarrow trough 82. This contouring is referred to generally as “3D-contouring”. It will be understood that the complete shape defining the aerodynamic “endwall” of the passage between twoadjacent airfoils 34 of the assembled rotor is defined cooperatively by portions of the side-by-sideinner platforms 32 of theairfoils 34. - A typical prior art inner band generally has a surface profile which is convexly-curved in a shape similar to the top surface of an airfoil when viewed in longitudinal cross-section (see
FIG. 5 ). This profile is a symmetrical surface of revolution about the longitudinal axis of theengine 10. This profile is considered a baseline reference, and is illustrated with a dashed line denoted “B”. The 3D-contoured surface profile is shown with a solid line. Points having the same height or radial dimension are interconnected by contour lines in the figures. As seen inFIG. 4 , each of theairfoils 34 has a chord length “C” measured from its leadingedge 42 to its trailingedge 44, and a direction parallel to this dimension denotes a “chordwise” direction. A direction parallel to the leading or trailingedges inner platform 32 is referred to as a tangential direction as illustrated by the arrow marked “T” inFIG. 4 . As used herein, it will be understood that the terms “positive elevation”, “peak” and similar terms refer to surface characteristics located radially outboard or having a greater radius measured from the longitudinal axis A than the local baseline B, and the terms “trough”, “negative elevation”, and similar terms refer to surface characteristics located radially inboard or having a smaller radius measured from the longitudinal axis A than the local baseline B. - Referring to
FIGS. 4 and 5 , Thetrough 82 is present in thehot side 68 of theinner platform 32 between each pair ofairfoils 34, extending generally from the leadingedge 42 to the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34. The deepest portion of thetrough 82 runs along a line substantially parallel to thesuction side 48 of theairfoil 34, coincident with the line 6-6 marked inFIG. 4 . In the particular example illustrated, the deepest portion of thetrough 82 is lower than the baseline profile B by approximately 20% of the total difference in radial height between the lowest and highest locations of thehot side 68, or about 2 units, where the total height difference is about 8.5 units. In the tangential direction, measuring from thesuction side 48 of anairfoil 34, the line representing the deepest portion of thetrough 82 is positioned about 10% of the distance to thepressure side 46 of theadjacent airfoil 34. In the chordwise direction, the deepest portion of thetrough 82 occurs at approximately the location of the maximum section thickness of the airfoil 34 (commonly referred to as a “high-C” location). - As seen in
FIGS. 4 and 5 , the peak 80 runs along a line substantially parallel to thepressure side 46 of theadjacent airfoil 34. Aridge 81 extends from the highest portion of thepeak 80 and extends in a generally tangential direction away from thepressure side 46 of theadjacent airfoil 34. The radial height of the peak 80 slopes away from thisridge 81 towards both theleading edge 42 and the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34. The peak 80 increases in elevation behind the leadingedge 42 from the baseline elevation B to the maximum elevation with a large gradient over the first third of the chord length from the leadingedge 42, whereas the peak 80 increases in elevation from the trailingedge 44 over the same magnitude over the remaining two-thirds of the chord length from the trailingedge 44 at a substantially shallower gradient or slope. - In the particular example illustrated, the highest portion of the
peak 80 is higher than the baseline profile B by approximately 80% of the total difference in radial height between the lowest and highest locations of thehot side 68, or about 7 units, where the total height difference is about 8.5 units. In the chordwise direction, the highest portion of thepeak 80 is located between the mid-chord position and the leadingedge 42 of theadjacent airfoil 34. - A trailing
edge ridge 84 is present in thehot side 68 of theinner platform 32 aft of the airfoil 34 (SeeFIGS. 3 and 4 ). It runs aft from the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34, along a line which is substantially an extension of the chord line of theairfoil 34. The radial height of the trailingedge ridge 84 slopes away from this line towards both theleading edge 42 and the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34. In the particular example illustrated, the highest portion of the trailingedge ridge 84 is higher than the baseline profile B by approximately 60% of the total difference in radial height between the lowest and highest locations of thehot side 68, or about 5 units, where the total height difference is about 8.5 units. The highest portion of the trailingedge ridge 84 is located immediately adjacent the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34 at itsroot 38. - It is noted that the specific numerical values described above are merely examples and that they may be varied to provide optimum performance for a specific application. For example, the radial heights noted above could easily be varied by plus or minus 20%, and the tangential locations could be varied by plus or minus 15%.
- Whereas the
peak 80 is locally isolated near its maximum height, thetrough 82 has a generally uniform and shallow depth over substantially its entire longitudinal or axial length. Collectively, theelevated peak 80,depressed trough 82, and trailingedge ridge 84 provide an aerodynamically smooth chute or curved flute that follows the arcuate contour of the flowpath between theconcave pressure side 46 of oneairfoil 34 and theconvex suction side 48 of theadjacent airfoil 34 to smoothly channel the combustion gases therethrough. In particular thepeak 80 andtrough 82 cooperating together conform with the incidence angle of the combustion gases for smoothly banking or turning the combustion gases for reducing the adverse effect of the horseshoe and passage vortices. The circular-arcinner platform 32 allows the trailingedge ridge 84 to locate within aninner platform 32 without crossing over to the adjacentinner platform 32. Consequently, the endwall boundary layer flows along the trailingedge ridge 84 will not “see” a radial discontinuity or “step”. In particular there is no forward facing step. This feature helps maintain the aerodynamic performance improvement of the 3D contouring. - In the example shown here, there is not a significant fillet or other similar structure present on the
hot side 68 of theinner platform 32 between the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34 and the trailingedge ridge 84. In other words, there is a sharply defined intersection present between the trailingedge 44 of theairfoil 34 at it root 38 and the trailingedge ridge 84. For mechanical strength, it may be necessary to include some type of fillet at this location. For aerodynamic purposes any fillet present should be minimized. - Computer analysis of the airfoil and inner platform configuration described above predicts significant reduction in aerodynamic pressure losses near the inner platform
hot side 68 during engine operation. The improved pressure distribution extends from thehot side 68 over a substantial portion of the lower span of theairfoil 34 to significantly reduce vortex strength and cross-passage pressure gradients that drive the horseshoe vortices toward the airfoil suction sides 48. The 3D contouredhot side 68 also decreases vortex migration toward the mid-span of theairfoils 34 while reducing total pressure loss. These benefits increase performance and efficiency of theLPT 20 andengine 10. - Referring to
FIG. 7 , theblades 26 may be mounted to aturbine disk 86 as follows. First, a set of theblades 86 are assembled into a complete 360 degree array. A holding fixture or jig (not shown) may be used to clamp theblades 26 in position. Thus assembled, the lateral edges 76 and 78 of theinner platforms 32 are touching or closely adjacent, and the lateral edges 60 and 62 of theouter platforms 36 are touching or closely adjacent. Thetab 64 of eachouter platform 36 is received in therecess 66 of the adjacentouter platform 36. This effectively interlocks theouter platforms 36 to as to resist axial movement of theouter platforms 36. Next, the array ofblades 26 can then be slid into thedovetail slots 88 of the disk 86 (only a portion of which is shown inFIG. 7 ). Theblades 26 may be then be retained to thedisk 86 in the axial direction using known components such as bolted retainers, disk plates, annular seals, or the like (not shown). When assembled, a flow passage “P” is defined in the spaces between theblades 26. Each flow passage P is bounded by two adjacentinner platforms 32, two adjacentouter platforms 36, and twoadjacent airfoils 34. - The foregoing has described a shrouded turbine blade having a 3D-contoured inner band. While specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications thereto can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention and the best mode for practicing the invention are provided for the purpose of illustration only and not for the purpose of limitation, the invention being defined by the claims.
Claims (12)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/872,827 US20120051930A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2010-08-31 | Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail |
CA2744219A CA2744219A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-06-23 | Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail |
EP11171293A EP2423438A2 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-06-24 | Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail |
JP2011143795A JP2012052526A (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-06-29 | Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/872,827 US20120051930A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2010-08-31 | Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20120051930A1 true US20120051930A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
Family
ID=44504406
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/872,827 Abandoned US20120051930A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2010-08-31 | Shrouded turbine blade with contoured platform and axial dovetail |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20120051930A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2423438A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2012052526A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2744219A1 (en) |
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US20130089424A1 (en) * | 2011-10-07 | 2013-04-11 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Blade row for a turbomachine |
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WO2014105103A1 (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-07-03 | United Technologies Corporation | Platform with curved edges |
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US20160003085A1 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2016-01-07 | United Technologies Corporation | Turbine engine adaptive low leakage air seal |
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US20180230828A1 (en) * | 2017-02-14 | 2018-08-16 | General Electric Company | Turbine blades having shank features |
US10053993B2 (en) | 2015-03-17 | 2018-08-21 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Shrouded turbine airfoil with leakage flow conditioner |
US20180347381A1 (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2018-12-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Turbine blade including balanced mateface condition |
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-
2010
- 2010-08-31 US US12/872,827 patent/US20120051930A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2011
- 2011-06-23 CA CA2744219A patent/CA2744219A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-06-24 EP EP11171293A patent/EP2423438A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-06-29 JP JP2011143795A patent/JP2012052526A/en not_active Withdrawn
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2744219A1 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
EP2423438A2 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
JP2012052526A (en) | 2012-03-15 |
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