US20110284390A1 - Method of anodizing steel - Google Patents
Method of anodizing steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110284390A1 US20110284390A1 US13/196,814 US201113196814A US2011284390A1 US 20110284390 A1 US20110284390 A1 US 20110284390A1 US 201113196814 A US201113196814 A US 201113196814A US 2011284390 A1 US2011284390 A1 US 2011284390A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- oxide film
- stainless steel
- adherent
- steel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 28
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 28
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010407 anodic oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007739 conversion coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001341 grazing-angle X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/34—Anodisation of metals or alloys not provided for in groups C25D11/04 - C25D11/32
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/02—Heating or cooling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of anodizing iron or steel, in particular non-stainless steel, i.e. carbon steel that contains less than 1% chromium.
- FIG. 1 schematically indicates a test vessel for anodizing a steel object
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the oxide film growth on steel objects for five minutes at different conditions
- FIG. 3 a micrograph showing the cross-section of the anodized film on steel
- FIG. 4 is the graph of the glancing angle X-ray diffraction spectra of the oxide films
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the fractured cross-section of the film.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the improved corrosion resistance of the films.
- the method of anodizing steel pursuant to the present application includes the steps of connecting a steel object to a positive terminal of a power supply, connecting a counter electrode to a negative terminal of the power supply, placing the steel object and counter electrode into a 50% by weight solution of NaOH, and applying a voltage across the terminals to anodize the steel object, wherein applying the voltage results in the formation of an adherent blue-black or a colored semi-adherent dichroic oxide coating on the steel object.
- Dichroic refers to a surface that reflects different colors when viewed at different angles.
- FIG. 1 schematically indicates how applicants' method of anodizing steel can be carried out.
- a 50% solution of NaOH is provided in an appropriate steel vessel 10 .
- a non-stainless steel object 12 which is preferably first cleaned and then rinsed with deionized water and then rinsed with methanol, is connected to the positive terminal 14 of a power supply 16 , and the steel vessel 10 , (which acts as the counter electrode) is connected to the negative terminal 20 of the power supply 16 .
- the power supply is then turned on, and a voltage is supplied across the positive and negative terminals 14 , 20 , thereby anodizing the steel object 12 .
- an adherent oxide coating or protective oxide film is formed on the steel object.
- This oxide coating is essentially a disordered or nanometer-size crystalline magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ).
- the solution is preferably rapidly stirred during the anodization process to obtain a uniform surface, and is also heated, as will be discussed subsequently.
- the counter electrode/vessel 10 can also be made of steel, it could also be made of any other material that can conduct electricity and that does not corrode in NaOH, such as, by way of example only, platinum or nickel.
- the electrodes formed by the steel object 12 and the counter electrode/vessel 10 can be spaced 7 cm apart for a two-electrode system using the voltages reported herein. It should furthermore be noted that a three-electrode system could also be used, and the required voltages would change accordingly.
- the presently preferred concentrations for the electrolyte solutions are 50% by weight NaOH.
- the 50% NaOH solution can be prepared by adding 760 g of deionized water to 760 g of NaOH to make one L of solution. Tests resulting in the data of the graphs of FIGS. 2-6 were conducted using 50% NaOH solutions.
- the temperature of the solution during anodization can be anywhere from 30° C. to the boiling point of the solution.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the type of oxide film which will grow in five minutes at a given temperature and applied potential.
- the oxide color depends on the viewing angle and the thickness of the films.
- the oxide colors can very from blue to violet, to green, to gold.
- the black films from only in a very narrow region of temperature and potential. As the temperature increases, the films become thicker but less adherent.
- FIG. 3 shows the scanning electron micrographs of the cross-sections of the two different steel samples anodized under different conditions.
- the anodized oxide is of uniform thickness.
- the FIG. 3 b shows a thick oxide which is 15 pm thick and is beginning to crack
- FIG. 4 shows the x-ray diffraction spectra for oxides grown at different temperatures.
- the oxides all exhibit the magnetite Fe 3 O 4 peaks which are labeled “mag”.
- the broad width of the peaks indicates the magnetite crystal size is in the range of nanometers.
- FIG. 5 shows the fractured cross-section of the anodized films.
- the oxide is composed of porous channels.
- FIG. 6 shows the corrosion resistance of the anodized film in oxygenated saltwater environments.
- the filling of the pores with WD40 oil greatly increases the corrosion resistance, decreasing the corrosion rate.
- the preferred voltages to be applied across the terminals of the power supply range from 1.5 to 3.0V, and the temperatures range from 30-115° C., for a NaOH solution.
- the voltage can be applied for from a few seconds to many hours, depending upon the desired thickness of the oxide coating that is to be formed.
- Potential applications for applicants' method of anodizing steel include corrosion protection, pre-weathering of weathering steels, conversion coating to improve the adherence of organic coatings, such as paints, internal protection of, for example, boiler tubes, and architectural colored highlights.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A method of anodizing non-stainless steel, wherein a non-stainless steel object is connected to a positive terminal of a power supply, a counter electrode or vessel is connected to a negative terminal of the power supply, the non-stainless steel object and counter electrode are placed into a solution of NaOH, and a voltage is applied across the terminals to anodize the non-stainless steel object by forming an adherent blue-black or semi-adherent dichroic, colored oxide coating thereon.
Description
- The present application is a CIP application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/624,137. Therefore, the present application should be granted the priority date of Jan. 17, 2007, the filing date of the corresponding patent application Ser. No. 11/624,137.
- The present invention relates to a method of anodizing iron or steel, in particular non-stainless steel, i.e. carbon steel that contains less than 1% chromium.
- Bare steels rust when exposed to fresh water, salt water, or high condensing humidity. The corrosion products on such steel after atmospheric exposure are flaky and non-adherent rust. The prior art methods of providing a barrier layer between the steel and the environment have proven to be unsatisfactory for many different reasons. It is therefore an object of the present application to provide a method of anodizing steel to form an adherent oxide coating on the steel.
- This object, and other objects and advantages of the present application, will appear more clearly from the following specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 schematically indicates a test vessel for anodizing a steel object; -
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the oxide film growth on steel objects for five minutes at different conditions; -
FIG. 3 a micrograph showing the cross-section of the anodized film on steel; -
FIG. 4 is the graph of the glancing angle X-ray diffraction spectra of the oxide films; -
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the fractured cross-section of the film; and -
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the improved corrosion resistance of the films. - The method of anodizing steel pursuant to the present application includes the steps of connecting a steel object to a positive terminal of a power supply, connecting a counter electrode to a negative terminal of the power supply, placing the steel object and counter electrode into a 50% by weight solution of NaOH, and applying a voltage across the terminals to anodize the steel object, wherein applying the voltage results in the formation of an adherent blue-black or a colored semi-adherent dichroic oxide coating on the steel object. “Dichroic” refers to a surface that reflects different colors when viewed at different angles.
- Referring now to the drawings in detail,
FIG. 1 schematically indicates how applicants' method of anodizing steel can be carried out. In the illustrated embodiment, a 50% solution of NaOH is provided in anappropriate steel vessel 10. Anon-stainless steel object 12, which is preferably first cleaned and then rinsed with deionized water and then rinsed with methanol, is connected to thepositive terminal 14 of apower supply 16, and thesteel vessel 10, (which acts as the counter electrode) is connected to thenegative terminal 20 of thepower supply 16. The power supply is then turned on, and a voltage is supplied across the positive andnegative terminals steel object 12. In particular, an adherent oxide coating or protective oxide film is formed on the steel object. This oxide coating is essentially a disordered or nanometer-size crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4). The solution is preferably rapidly stirred during the anodization process to obtain a uniform surface, and is also heated, as will be discussed subsequently. - Although the counter electrode/
vessel 10 can also be made of steel, it could also be made of any other material that can conduct electricity and that does not corrode in NaOH, such as, by way of example only, platinum or nickel. - By way of example only, the electrodes formed by the
steel object 12 and the counter electrode/vessel 10 can be spaced 7 cm apart for a two-electrode system using the voltages reported herein. It should furthermore be noted that a three-electrode system could also be used, and the required voltages would change accordingly. - The presently preferred concentrations for the electrolyte solutions are 50% by weight NaOH. The 50% NaOH solution can be prepared by adding 760 g of deionized water to 760 g of NaOH to make one L of solution. Tests resulting in the data of the graphs of
FIGS. 2-6 were conducted using 50% NaOH solutions. - Although it was indicated above that the solution could be heated, the temperature of the solution during anodization can be anywhere from 30° C. to the boiling point of the solution.
-
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the type of oxide film which will grow in five minutes at a given temperature and applied potential. For the regions labeled dichroic, the oxide color depends on the viewing angle and the thickness of the films. The oxide colors can very from blue to violet, to green, to gold. The black films from only in a very narrow region of temperature and potential. As the temperature increases, the films become thicker but less adherent. -
FIG. 3 shows the scanning electron micrographs of the cross-sections of the two different steel samples anodized under different conditions. The anodized oxide is of uniform thickness. TheFIG. 3 b shows a thick oxide which is 15 pm thick and is beginning to crack -
FIG. 4 shows the x-ray diffraction spectra for oxides grown at different temperatures. The oxides all exhibit the magnetite Fe3O4 peaks which are labeled “mag”. The broad width of the peaks indicates the magnetite crystal size is in the range of nanometers. -
FIG. 5 shows the fractured cross-section of the anodized films. The oxide is composed of porous channels. -
FIG. 6 shows the corrosion resistance of the anodized film in oxygenated saltwater environments. The filling of the pores with WD40 oil greatly increases the corrosion resistance, decreasing the corrosion rate. - For a uniform, thick, blue-black adherent anodic oxide, the preferred voltages to be applied across the terminals of the power supply range from 1.5 to 3.0V, and the temperatures range from 30-115° C., for a NaOH solution. In addition, the voltage can be applied for from a few seconds to many hours, depending upon the desired thickness of the oxide coating that is to be formed.
- Potential applications for applicants' method of anodizing steel include corrosion protection, pre-weathering of weathering steels, conversion coating to improve the adherence of organic coatings, such as paints, internal protection of, for example, boiler tubes, and architectural colored highlights.
- The specification incorporates by reference the disclosure of the corresponding U.S. application Ser. No. 11/624,137, which was filed on Jan. 17, 2007.
- The present invention is, of course, in no way restricted to the specific disclosure of the specification and drawings, but also encompasses any modifications within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (13)
1. An apparatus, comprising:
an anodized non-stainless steel object, wherein said object is provided with an adherent blue-black or colored semi-adherent dichroic anodic oxide film directly on a steel surface of said object, and wherein the oxide film has a thickness of from 0.04 to 15 microns.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the oxide film is essentially a nano-crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4).
3. A method of anodizing non-stainless steel, including the steps of:
a) connecting a non-stainless steel object to a positive terminal of a power supply;
b) connecting a counter electrode to a negative terminal of the power supply or to a vessel;
c) placing the non-stainless steel object and counter electrode into a solution of NaOH in the vessel; and
d) applying a voltage across the terminals to anodize the non-stainless steel object by growing an adherent blue-black or colored semi-adherent dichroic oxide film directly on a steel surface of the object.
4. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said solution is stirred and/or heated during said step of applying a voltage.
5. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said oxide film is essentially a nano-crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4).
6. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said counter electrode is steel, platinum, nickel, or any other material that can conduct electricity and does not corrode in NaOH.
7. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said solution is at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to the boiling point of the solution.
8. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said solution is NaOH at a concentration of about 50% by weight.
9. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the voltage applied across the terminals is from 1.7 to 2.2V in order to grow a black adherent oxide.
10. A method according to claim 9 , wherein said voltage is applied for from a few seconds to several hours, as a function of a desired oxide film thickness to be formed thereby.
11. A method according to claim 9 , wherein the temperature of said solution is from 40-80° C.
12. A method according to claim 3 , wherein the voltage applied across the terminals is greater than 1.5V and the temperature and the time of application are such as to obtain a specified color of dichroic oxide film.
13. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said film has a thickness of from 0.04 to 15 microns.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/196,814 US20110284390A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2011-08-02 | Method of anodizing steel |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/624,137 US20080169200A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2007-01-17 | Method of Anodizing Steel |
US13/196,814 US20110284390A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2011-08-02 | Method of anodizing steel |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/624,137 Continuation-In-Part US20080169200A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2007-01-17 | Method of Anodizing Steel |
Publications (1)
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US20110284390A1 true US20110284390A1 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
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Family Applications (1)
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US13/196,814 Abandoned US20110284390A1 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2011-08-02 | Method of anodizing steel |
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Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US621084A (en) * | 1899-03-14 | Method of | ||
US2957812A (en) * | 1957-12-16 | 1960-10-25 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Coloring stainless steel |
US3864219A (en) * | 1974-01-08 | 1975-02-04 | Atomic Energy Commission | Process and electrolyte for applying barrier layer anodic coatings |
US3887398A (en) * | 1973-11-28 | 1975-06-03 | Us Army | Prevention of deterioration of lead dioxide |
US4064020A (en) * | 1975-12-22 | 1977-12-20 | The Boeing Company | Preparing an environmentally stable stainless surface for bonding |
US4592958A (en) * | 1983-01-18 | 1986-06-03 | Sermatech | Coated part, coating therefor and method of forming same |
US5679233A (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1997-10-21 | Electroplating Technologies Ltd. | Method and apparatus for anodizing |
-
2011
- 2011-08-02 US US13/196,814 patent/US20110284390A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US621084A (en) * | 1899-03-14 | Method of | ||
US2957812A (en) * | 1957-12-16 | 1960-10-25 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Coloring stainless steel |
US3887398A (en) * | 1973-11-28 | 1975-06-03 | Us Army | Prevention of deterioration of lead dioxide |
US3864219A (en) * | 1974-01-08 | 1975-02-04 | Atomic Energy Commission | Process and electrolyte for applying barrier layer anodic coatings |
US4064020A (en) * | 1975-12-22 | 1977-12-20 | The Boeing Company | Preparing an environmentally stable stainless surface for bonding |
US4592958A (en) * | 1983-01-18 | 1986-06-03 | Sermatech | Coated part, coating therefor and method of forming same |
US5679233A (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1997-10-21 | Electroplating Technologies Ltd. | Method and apparatus for anodizing |
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Owner name: NEW MEXICO TECHNICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION, NEW MEXI Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BURLEIGH, THOMAS DAVID, MR.;REEL/FRAME:026691/0965 Effective date: 20110801 |
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