US20110237618A1

US20110237618A1 - Methods for treating migraines with huperzine a derivatives

Info

Publication number: US20110237618A1
Application number: US13/154,398
Authority: US
Inventors: Hesheng Zhang
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2005-08-01
Filing date: 2011-06-06
Publication date: 2011-09-29
Also published as: WO2007014498A1; CN1907974A; US8026251B2; US20080119506A1; CN1907974B

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for treating, alleviating, or preventing pain, particularly migraines, functional pain syndrome, or organic pain syndrome, by administering to a patient in need thereof compound (I), or salts thereof, or pharmaceutical preparations thereof comprising mixtures of compound (I) or salts thereof with pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents

wherein: R represents —NR¹R², —NHC(O)OR³, or —N═CR⁴R⁵; R¹represents H, or a C_1-6alkyl; R²represents H, or a C_1-6alkyl; R³represents a C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group, or an aryl; R⁴represents H, C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; and R⁵represents H, C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group, or an aryl; or CR⁴R⁵taken together represents a cyclolidene group.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/020,520, now pending, which is a National Phase Entry application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2005/001468 with an international filing date of Sep. 13, 2005, designating the United States. This application further claims priority benefits to Chinese Patent Application No. 200510014685.6, filed on Aug. 1, 2005. The contents of all of the aforementioned specification are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to huperzine A derivatives, and more particularly to their application in treating or alleviating migraines.
2. Description of the Related Art
Chronic pain types include cancer pain, caused by the tumor pressing on bones, nerves, and other organs; nociceptive pain, caused by damage of tissues or organs; arthritic pain, caused by autoimmune response, such as inflammation (arthritis, gastritis, hepatitis); and neuropathic pain, especially migraine pain, caused by various abnormalities of the central nervous system.
Clinically, migraine pain features pulsating headache on one or both sides of the head, having duration of between 4 and 74 hours for each attack, and being simultaneously accompanied by symptoms of nausea, vomiting and photophobia. In certain patients specific premonitory symptoms, lasting about 10 to 20 min, such as visual symptoms of scotoma and light flash, numbness, and dizziness, may occur before the incidence of migraines.
With acceleration of the life styles and increase of work pressure, the incidence of migraines has been on the rise throughout the world. In fact, migraines constitute now the most common medical condition distressing modern people. For example, in China migraine affects 3%-5% of adult population, of which females are more susceptible than males by a factor of 3 to 4. In most cases, the onset of migraine occurs in adolescence.
In developed countries, the incidence of migraine is much higher. The statistics from the National Headache Foundation show that one of every ten people suffers from migraine headaches, but more than half of the patients have not been even properly diagnosed. Similar data from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has revealed that there are 28 million patients with migraines in America and that migraine has caused an annual loss of about 157 million working days. Not surprisingly, pain management is one of the most common goals of homeopathy, and the treatment of migraine has become a hot medical field.
Conventional analgesics include two main types: opiate receptor ligands, with the typical example of morphine, which has strong analgesic effects but is prone to cause addiction; and non-narcotic analgesics, with the typical example of aspirin-derived paracetamol. There are also various new-age analgesics having multiple mechanisms of action, conceived and manufactured successfully via modern processes for drug design, screening and development, which have weak analgesic effects, but which usually do not form dependence. Although some of these analgesics have serious side effects, e.g., they cause damage to the digestive tract, they are widely used and have an estimated combined market share of nearly 10 billion US dollars.
In the past twenty years, new types of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists and receptor stimulants have been identified in migraine patophysiology. Meanwhile, the development of analgesics acting on various targets of CNS has become a hot field in the new drug development area. However, most of these research objectives have focused on the 5-HT receptor and the dopamine receptor. Specifically, in the last 10 years, it was discovered that the 5-HT receptor and the dopamine receptors are divided into various subtypes, and the ability to interact with certain subtypes is related to analgesic effects of drugs, as well as the decrease or complete elimination of toxic and other side effects. This precipitated a great amount of research on these targets.
Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, was discovered much earlier than 5-HT. However, the acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholine esterase have not been popular targets for developing drugs. Nevertheless, in European Pat. No. EP 413667 A and U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,083, compounds used for treatment of both memory loss and relief of pain have been reported, which suggests that improvement of memory has some association with analgesia, and further reveals that increase in the level of acetylcholine may have analgesic action.
In addition, Stoyan once reported that the alkaloids nivalin and syntostigmine may alleviate migraine pain (Stoyan Iv Ikonomoff, Archives Suisses de Neurologie, Neurochirurgie et de Psychiatric, Vol. 102, Fascicule, pages 299-312 (1968)). It was later found that these two compounds may inhibit activity of acetylcholine esterase. Because of a low inhibition activity of acetylcholine esterase or a low ability to permeate the blood-brain barrier, higher doses of these two compounds, and other acetylcholine esterase inhibitors subsequently tested, are required in order to provide therapeutic effects.
To achieve high concentrations, these compounds must be administered by injection. Hence, on one hand, the blood drug concentration is so high so as to have many side effects; on the other hand, the administration by way of injection is inconvenient. As a result, the research on acetylcholine esterase inhibitors used for treatment of migraine was put on hold. This was the first time when it was proposed that acetylcholine esterase inhibitors could be used for treatment of migraine.
The breakthrough in this field came from research and development of novel inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase. These novel inhibitors, such as donepezil, have high activity, highly-selectivity and easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier, so that they are able to overcome the shortcomings of the first generation of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors described above for the treatment of migraine. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,088, donepezil was observed to have efficacy in migraine in clinical trials. But after phase II efficacy studies, the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of donepezil hydrochloride in migraine prophylaxis was terminated.
The Merck Manual [Migraine, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy (17^thEdition), pages 1376-1377; 1999] discloses, on page 1376, left column, paragraphs 4 and 5, wherein the cause of migraines is unknown, and the pathophysiology is not fully understood.
Huperzine A can inhibit acetylcholine esterase selectively, is easy to permeate through the blood-brain barrier, can promote memory reappearance and enhance memory maintenance. However, no literature reports have appeared that suggest that huperzine A or its derivatives are useful in the treatment of migraine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Promoting function of acetylcholine as a nervous transmitter is a reliable new pharmacological mechanism for analgesia. Novel inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase, with high activity, highly selective inhibition of the central acetylcholine esterase, easy permeation through the blood-brain barrier, long duration and convenient administration, provide a breakthrough for pain control, especially for treatment of migraine.
Through animal experiments, we found that huperzine A and its derivatives have a much higher efficacy than donepezil. Specifically, we have found in clinical studies that oral huperzine A alleviates and/or cures migraine, and that long-term administration of huperzine A prevents migraine attacks.
In certain embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method for treating pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I) or the salts thereof to alleviate or treat pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome in mammals,
wherein: R represents —NR¹R², —NHC(O)OR³, —N═CR⁴R⁵; R¹represents H or C_1-6alkyl; R²represents H or C_1-6alkyl; R³represents C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; R⁴represents H, C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; and R⁵represents H, C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; or CR⁴R⁵taken together represents a cyclolidene group.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for treating, alleviating, or preventing pain, particularly migraines, functional pain syndrome, or organic pain syndrome, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I), or salts thereof, or pharmaceutical preparations thereof comprising mixtures of a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof with pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents
wherein: R represents —NR¹R², —NHC(O)OR³, —N═CR⁴R⁵; R¹represents H or C_1-6alkyl; R²represents H or C_1-6alkyl; R³represents C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; R⁴represents H, C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; and R⁵represents H, C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group or an aryl; or CR⁴R⁵taken together represents a cyclolidene group.
When representing C_1-6alkyl, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, or R⁵may be linear chain alkyl, fork chain alkyl, or cyclic chain alkyl; may be saturated or unsaturated chain alkyl, and may be substituted by one or more fluorine, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, ester group, amidocyanogen, amido, and carboxyl.
When R¹, R², R³, R⁴, or R⁵represent a heterocyclic group, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, or R⁵may be a pentacycle, a hexacycle, a heptacycle or an octocycle; may be saturated or unsaturated cycle; may contain one or more oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms; and may be substituted by one or more fluorine, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, ester group, amidocyanogen, amido, or carboxyl.
When R¹, R², R³, R⁴, or R⁵represent an aryl group, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, or R⁵may be a five-membered or a six-membered aryl group; may be a one cycle or a two cycle; may contain one or more than one oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms; and may be substituted by one or more than one fluorine, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, ester group, amidocyanogen, amido, or carboxyl.
When R represents N═CR⁴R⁵, a compound of formula (I) may be an E-isomer, Z-isomer or mixture of an E-isomer and a Z-isomer.
Among compounds represented by formula (I), suitable as a pharmaceutically-active ingredient for the treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —NR¹R², wherein, R¹, and R²represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or butyl; particularly suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —NR¹R², wherein, R¹, and R²represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; and most particularly suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents NR¹R², wherein, R¹, and R²represent hydrogen, or methyl.
Among compounds represented by formula (I), suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —NHC(O)OR³, wherein, R³represents independently and at each occurrence methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neo-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1,-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, hexyl, phenyl, 2-Cl-phenyl, 3-Cl-phenyl, 4-Cl-phenyl, 2-OH-phenyl, 3-OH-phenyl, 4-OH-phenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 4-aminophenyl, 2-methylaminophenyl, 3-methylaminophenyl, 4-methylaminophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxylphenyl, 3-methoxylphenyl, 4-methoxylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, or phenylmethyl; particularly suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —NHC(O)OR³, wherein, R³represent methyl, ethyl, propyl isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, 2-Cl-phenyl, 3-Cl-phenyl, 4-Cl-phenyl, 2-OH-phenyl, 3-OH-phenyl, 4-OH-phenyl, 2-methylaminophenyl, 3-methylaminophenyl, 4-methylaminophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxylphenyl, 3-methoxylphenyl, 4-methoxylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, or phenylmethyl; and most particularly suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —NHC(O)OR³, wherein, R³represent ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, or phenylmethyl.
Among compounds represented by formula (I), suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —N═CR⁴R⁵, wherein, R⁴, R⁵represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neo-butyl, 1-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, hexyl, phenyl, 2-Cl-phenyl, 3-Cl-phenyl, 4-Cl-phenyl, 2-OH-phenyl, 3-OH-phenyl, 4-OH-phenyl, 3,4-dihydroxylphenyl, 3-OH-4-(C_1-5-alkyloxyl)phenyl, 3-(C_1-5-alkyloxyl)-4-(C_1-5-alkyloxyl)phenyl, 2-aminophenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 4-aminophenyl, 2-methylaminophenyl, 3-methylaminophenyl, 4-methylaminophenyl, 2-dimethylaminophenyl, 3-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxylphenyl, 3-methoxylphenyl, 4-methoxylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, or phenylmethyl; particularly suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —N═CR⁴R⁵, wherein, R⁴, and R⁵represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neo-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, hexyl, phenyl, 2-Cl-phenyl, 3-Cl-phenyl, 4-Cl-phenyl, 2-OH-phenyl, 3-OH-phenyl, 4-OH-phenyl, 3,4-dihydroxylphenyl, 3-OH-4-methoxylphenyl, 3-methoxyl-4-methoxylphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxylphenyl, 3-methoxylphenyl, 4-methoxylphenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl; and most particularly suitable as a pharmaceutically active ingredient for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, are compounds containing R which represents —N═CR⁴R⁵, wherein, R⁴, and R⁵, represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 3-OH-4-methoxylphenyl, 3-hydroxylphenyl, 4-methoxylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, or 4-pyridyl.
The compounds represented by formula (I) to be used for treatment of pain, functional pain syndrome or organic pain syndrome, and various pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic acid salts or organic acid salts thereof are administered at a dose of between 0.001 and 500 mg per administration; more particularly, at a dose of between 0.01 and 100 mg per administration, and most particularly at a dose of between 0.05 and 50 mg per administration. Single or multiple daily administrations may be necessary. Particularly, the compound may be administered once, twice, three times, or four times per day, or at a different dosing interval, e.g., as ordered by a physician.
This invention relates also to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound represented by formula (I), and a carrier, filler, solvent, diluter, colorant, and/or adhesive. The proportion of the compound represented by formula (I) to a carrier, filler, solvent, diluter, colorant, and/or adhesive depends on the mode of administration. Modes of administration include those through the gastrointestinal tract, the oral cavity, the vein, the endodermis, the muscle injection, the nasal cavity, the eye, inhalation, the anus, the vaginal tract, the percutaneous absorption, and other ways.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be prepared as a control-release agent.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also comprise other pharmaceutically-active ingredients, including e.g., other pharmaceutically-active ingredients used heretofor to alleviate pain, including migraines.
The pain meant to be treated, alleviated, or prevented by compounds and methods of the present invention includes all distress resulting from pain, functional pain syndrome, or organic pain syndrome, including but not limited to nervous headache, especially migraine, primary fibromylgia, amputation resulting from fracture trauma, tumoral denervation resulting from damage to nerves caused by tumor, traumatic denervation resulting from nervous injury, or pain resulting from pathological damage of autoimmune mechanism.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(5R,9R,11E)-5-amino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one (Huperzine A), was purchased from the Institute of Poison and Drug, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences.

Example 2

(5R,9R,11E)-5-methylamino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
Huperzine A 10 mg, and 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde were refluxed for 1 hour in 2 mL of isopropanol; the solvent was stripped in vacuo; THF (dry, 5 mL) and NaBH(OOCCH₃)₃0.15 g were added, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 4 hours; and then filtered to remove solid substances. The filtrate was purified after concentrating on prep TLC (chloroform:methanol=9:1) to yield 6 mg of pure title compound. MS: 257 (M+1).

Example 3

(5R,9R,11E)-5-dimethylamino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 2, except that huperzine A was replaced with (5R,9R,11E)-5-dimethylamino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one. MS: 271(M+1).

Example 4

(5R,9R,11E)-5-ethylamino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 2, except that formaldehyde was replaced with acetaldehyde. MS: 271(M+1).

Example 5

(5R,9R,11E)-5-butylamino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 2, except that formaldehyde was replaced with butyraldehyde. MS: 299(M+1).

Example 6

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(ethoxycarbonylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
Dissolved 10 mg huperzine A and 10 mg triethylamine in 5 mL dry THF; cooled the solution down to 0° C.; added ethyl chlorocarbonate (6 mg) and stirred the resultant reaction mixture for 4 hours; filtered to remove solid residues; after concentrating the filtrate, purified on prep TLC (chloroform:methanol=9:1) to yield 8 mg of pure title compound. MS: 315(M+1).

Example 7

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(2-methylpropoxycarbonylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 6, except that ethyl chlorocarbonate was replaced with isobutyl chlorocarbonate.

Example 8

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(Cert-butoxycarbonylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 6, except that ethyl chlorocarbonate was replaced with tert-butyl chlorocarbonate.

Example 9

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 6, except that ethyl chlorocarbonate was replaced with methyl benzyl chlorocarbonate.

Example 10

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
Added 10 mg huperzine A and 8 mg vanillin in 5 mL isopropanol; stirred at reflux for 3 hours; stripped solvent in vacuo to yield 16 mg product. MS: 377(M+1).

Example 11

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with isovanillin. MS: 377(M+1).

Example 12

(5R,9R,11E)-5-phenylmethylidenylamino-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with benzaldehyde. MS: 331(M+1).

Example 13

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(4-pyridinylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with 4-pyridylaldehyde. MS: 332(M+1).

Example 14

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(cyclohexanylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with cyclohexanone. MS: 323(M+1).

Example 15

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with 1-methyl-4-piperidone. MS: 338(M+1).

Example 16

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(cyclohexanylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with cyclohexylaldehyde.

Example 17

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(2-butylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with butanone.

Example 18

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(1-butylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with butyraldehyde.

Example 19

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(4-methoxyphenylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde. MS: 361 (M+1).

Example 20

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(3-hydroxyphenylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde. MS: 347 (M+1).

Example 21

(5R,9R,11E)-5-(3-fluorophenylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one:
The title compound was prepared as described in Example 10, except that vanillin was replaced with 3-fluorobenzaldehyde. MS: 349 (M+1).

Animal Tests

Test 1

Hot Plate Test

1. Test Materials
1.1 Animals
Kunming mice, grade 2, female, weight of 20±2 g, purchased from the Division of Laboratory Animals, Department of Medical Sciences of Peking University, animal license No.: SCX Jing 2002-0001.
1.2 Drugs
1.2.1 Solutions of huperzine A and huperzine A derivatives in normal saline water were prepared for stomach perfusion of mice.
1.2.2 Solutions of bucinnazine hydrochloride tablets, 30 mg/tablet, manufactured by Tianjin Lisheng Pharmaceutical Factory, approval No.: 0201001, in normal saline solution were prepared at a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml for stomach perfusion of mice.
2. Methods
A water bath was heated to a constant temperature of 55±0.5° C. The bottom of a metal plate was placed in contact with water surface. A mouse was placed on the hot plate and a timer was activated. The timer was deactivated when the mouse began licking its rear feet. The measured time was taken as the pain threshold. The pain threshold was measured two times for each mouse, and those mice whose average pain threshold was less than 30 s were qualified for the experiment.
Qualified mice were randomly divided into groups of 10. At first the pain threshold before administration of a drug was measured. Then drugs were administered as identified in Table 1. The administration volume was 0.2 ml per each 10 g of weight. Normal saline solution was administered to the control group. After administration, the pain threshold was measured at different time periods post-administration. A statistical t-test was calculated of the group interval, based on the test data.
3. Results
The results are shown as Table 1.

TABLE 1

Effect of drugs on the pain thresholds for mice in a hot plate test (x ± s, n = 10)

	Pain
	thresholds
	before	Pain Thresholds in Different Periods
Dose	administration	after Administration(s)

Groups	mg/kg	(s)	at 30 min	at 60 min	at 120 min	at 180 min	at 240 min

Control	—	16.2 ± 2.79	13.7 ± 3.53	14.8 ± 4.41	14.5 ± 3.27	14.7 ± 2.98	14.7 ± 2.71
Huperzine A	0.2	14.2 ± 4.49	13.3 ± 4.05	14.5 ± 5.08	14.2 ± 5.20	13.3 ± 3.68	14.6 ± 2.84
Huperzine A	0.4	15.3 ± 2.86	28.4 ± 8.12***	31.7 ± 10.56***	27.6 ± 8.22***	25.5 ± 8.88**	27.8 ± 5.94***
Compound of	0.6	15.8 ± 3.97	28.5 ± 2.55**	30.1 ± 6.90***	27.7 ± 4.49***	23.1 ± 2.41**
Example 7
Compound of	0.6	16.9 ± 2.77	26.2 ± 5.94**	32.8 ± 7.36***	29.6 ± 6.60***	25.8 ± 1.84**
Example 10

Notes:
By comparing with the control group,
*p < 0.05;
**p < 0.01;
***p < 0.001

Test 2

Treatment of Migraine with Oral Huperzine A

Drug: Huperzine A Tablet (50 μg/tablet, manufactured by Henan Zhulin

Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Factory.)

Case 1:
Patient: Female, 38-year old, with a medical history of migraine of 5 years, exhibiting nausea during attacks of migraine, and occasionally vomiting. Previously treated with bufferin plus, but recently reported that analgesic effects of bufferin plus have weakened.
Methods: On occurrence of migraine pains (8 times within a month), two tablets of huperzine A were administered. Within 20 minutes from administration, the headache has completely disappeared. Minor side effects were observed. Good analgesic effects were reported over a period of one month.
Case 2:
Patient: Female, 41-year old, with a medical history of migraine of 2 years. Previously treated with ergotamine, but recently reported that analgesic effects of ergotamine have weakened.
Methods: On occurrence of migraine pains (10 times within a month), two tablets of huperzine A were administered. Within 30 minutes from administration, the headache has completely disappeared. No side effects were observed. Good analgesic effects were reported over a period of one month.
Case 3:
Patient: Female, 41-year old, with a medical history of migraine of 3 years, occurring at a frequency of about 8-12 times per month.
Methods: One tablet of huperzine A was administered per day orally. The patient did not complain of migraine attacks over the period of 1 month.

Test 3

The Preventive Effect of Huperzine A on Nitroglycerin-induced Migraine Mice Model

1. Animals
Adult female KunMing mice (weight 22-27 g) were housed in plastic boxes in groups of 5, with water and food provided ad libitum. They were kept on a 12 h/12 h light-dark cycle and acclimatized to the test chamber before testing, animal license No.: SCXK June 2006-004.
2. Experimental Protocols and Groups
Mice were divided into 6 groups (12 each). Doses of 0.02, 0.06, 0.18 mg/kg (20 ml/kg) Huperzine A, 4.50 mg/kg (20 ml/kg) flunarizine hydrochloride or 24 mg/kg (20 ml/kg) Tacrine were administered orally (intragastric administration). Normal group and vehicle group received distilled water. Animals were given nitroglycerin or 0.9% saline (normal group) after 0.5 h. Nitroglycerin was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) on the back at the dose of 10 mg/kg (10 ml/kg).
Thereafter, the number of head-scratching in every 30 min was recorded for 1.5 h after nitroglycerin injection.
The inhibition of the number of head-scratching=(The number of head-scratching of Vehicle−The number of head-scratching of Treatment)/(The number of head-scratching of Vehicle−The number of head-scratching of Normal).
3. Results
The results are shown as Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2

The number of head-scratching in every 30 min (Mean ± S.E.)

Group	0-30 min	30-60 min	60-90 min

Normal	9.4 ± 2.2	7.4 ± 1.2	5.8 ± 2.3
Vehicle	55.3 ± 11.9**	43.8 ± 6.6**	37.9 ± 8.6**
Tacrine-24 mg/kg	50.5 ± 7.5	45.5 ± 5.7	35.6 ± 7.8
Flunarizine hydrochloride-4.50 mg/kg	24.1 ± 4.7^ΔΔ	17.8 ± 3.2^ΔΔ	13.9 ± 4.0^ΔΔ
Huperzine A -0.18 mg/kg	12.4 ± 3.3^ΔΔ	25.4 ± 4.6^ΔΔ	25.0 ± 5.8
Huperzine A -0.06 mg/kg	28.8 ± 5.7^ΔΔ	24.3 ± 5.8^ΔΔ	14.3 ± 3.3^ΔΔ
Huperzine A -0.02 mg/kg	36.3 ± 5.0^Δ▴	21.4 ± 3.2^ΔΔ	17.5 ± 5.3^ΔΔ

Compared with normal,
**P < 0.01;
Compared with vehicle,
^ΔP < 0.05,
^ΔΔP < 0.01;
Compared with Huperzine A -0.18 mg/kg,
^▴P < 0.05.

TABLE 3

The inhibition of Huperzine A on
the number of head-scratching (%)

Group	0-30 min	30-60 min	60-90 min

Tacrine-24 mg/kg	10.4	−4.7	7.2
Flunarizine hydrochloride-4.50 mg/kg	68.0	71.4	74.6
Huperzine A -0.18 mg/kg	93.5	50.6	40.2
Huperzine A -0.06 mg/kg	57.8	53.5	73.3
Huperzine A -0.02 mg/kg	41.3	61.6	63.5

This assay proved the preventive effect of Huperzine A on nitroglycerin-induced migraine mice model. In this model, the number of head-scratching was used as a read-out for it reflected migraine severity. With the dose of 0.02, 0.06, 0.18 mg/kg, Huperzine A reduced the number of head-scratching significantly. And the effect was dose-dependent, especially in the 0-30 min interval.

Claims

1. A method for treating or alleviating migraines comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the formula (I), or its salt,

wherein

R represents —NR¹R²;

R¹represents H, or a C_1-6alkyl; and

R²represents H, or a C_1-6alkyl;

2. The method of claim 1, wherein

R represents —NR¹R²; and

R¹and R²represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen or a C_1-3alkyl.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein

R represents —NR¹R²; and

R¹and R²represent independently and at each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of the general formula (I), or its salt is administered to the patient by a mode of administration selected from gastrointestinal, oral, intravenous, abdominal, dermal, intramuscular, nasal, ocular, pulmonary, anal, vaginal, or transdermal.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of the general formula (I), or its salt is administered to the patient at a dose of between 10 μg and 100 mg.

6. A method for treating or alleviating migraines comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I), or its salt,

wherein

R represents —NR¹R²;

R¹represents H, or a C_1-6alkyl;

R²represents H, or a C_1-6alkyl; and

except that R¹and R²are not simultaneously H.

7. A method for treating or alleviating migraines comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the formula (I), or its salt,

wherein

R represents —NHC(O)OR³, or —N═CR⁴R⁵;

R³represents a C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group, or an aryl; and

R⁴and R⁵represent independently a C_1-6alkyl, a heterocyclic group, or an aryl; or CR⁴R⁵taken together represents a cyclolidene group.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein

R represents —N═CR⁴R⁵; and

CR⁴R⁵represent cyclopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, or 1-methyl-4-piperidinylidene.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein

R represents —N═CR⁴R⁵; and

R⁴and R⁵represent, independently and at each occurrence, hydrogen, a C_1-3alkyl, a phenyl, a substituted phenyl, a 2-pyrrolinyl, a 3-pyridinyl, or a 4-pyridinyl.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the compound of the general formula (I), or its salt is administered to the patient by a mode of administration selected from gastrointestinal, oral, intravenous, abdominal, dermal, intramuscular, nasal, ocular, pulmonary, anal, vaginal, or transdermal.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the compound of the general formula (I), or its salt is administered to the patient at a dose of between 10 μg and 100 mg.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein said compound of formula (I) is (5R,9R,11E)-5-(2-methylpropoxycarbonylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one.

13. The method of claim 7, wherein said compound of formula (I) is (5R,9R,11E)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylmethylidenylamino)-11-ethylidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta[b]pyridin-2(1H)-one.