US20110136739A1

US20110136739A1 - Use of S1P Receptor Agonists in Heart Diseases

Info

Publication number: US20110136739A1
Application number: US13/023,423
Authority: US
Inventors: Volker Brinkmann; Gilles Feutren; Robert Paul Hof
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2002-07-24
Filing date: 2011-02-08
Publication date: 2011-06-09
Also published as: JP2014037442A; US20090029922A1; WO2004010987A3; WO2004010987A2; JP2005535679A; AU2003258534A1; JP2010241829A; GB0217152D0; US7910626B2; US20050222092A1

Abstract

The invention relates to the use of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist in the treatment of heart diseases.

Description

The present invention relates to a new use for a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, particularly in the treatment of heart diseases.
S1P receptor agonists are accelerating lymphocyte homing agents which elicit a lymphopenia resulting from a re-distribution, preferably reversible, of lymphocytes from circulation to secondary lymphatic tissue, without evoking a generalized immunosuppression. Naïve cells are sequestered; CD4 and CD8 T-cells and B-cells from the blood are stimulated to migrate into lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP), and thus for example infiltration of cells into transplanted organs is inhibited.
S1P receptor agonists are typically sphingosine analogues, such as 2-substituted 2-amino-propane-1,3-diol or 2-amino-propanol derivatives, e.g. a compound comprising a group of formula X
wherein
Z is H; C_1-6alkyl; C_2-6alkenyl; C_2-6alkynyl; phenyl; phenyl substituted by OH; C_1-6alkyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_3-8cyclo-alkyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted by OH; or CH₂—R_4zwherein R_4zis OH, acyloxy or a residue of formula (a)
wherein Z₁is a direct bond or O, preferably O; each of R_5z, and R_6z, independently, is H, or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 halogen atoms;
R_1zis OH, acyloxy or a residue of formula (a); and each of R_2zand R_3z, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl.
Group of formula X is a functional group attached as a terminal group to a moiety which may be hydrophilic or lipophilic and comprise one or more aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic and/or heterocyclic residues, to the extent that the resulting molecule wherein at least one of Z and R_1zis or comprises a residue of formula (a), signals as an agonist at one of more sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor.
S1P receptor agonists are compounds which signal as agonists at one or more sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors, e.g. S1P1 to S1P8. Agonist binding to a S1P receptor may e.g. result in dissociation of intracellular heterotrimeric G-proteins into Gα-GTP and Gβγ-GTP, and/or increased phosphorylation of the agonist-occupied receptor and activation of downstream signaling pathways/kinases. The binding affinity of S1P receptor agonists may be measured as described at paragraph I. below. Preferred S1P receptor agonists are those targeting e.g. S1P2 and/or S1P3.
Examples of appropriate S1P receptor agonists are, for example

- Compounds as disclosed in EP627406A1, e.g. a compound of formula I

wherein R₁is a straight- or branched (C_12-22)carbon chain

- which may have in the chain a bond or a hetero atom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, NR₆, wherein R₆is H, alkyl, aralkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, and carbonyl, and/or
  - which may have as a substituent alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxyimino, hydroxy or carboxy; or

R₁is

- a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain; or
- a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_1-30)carbon chain wherein said phenylalkyl is substituted by
- a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain optionally substituted by halogen,
- a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkoxy chain optionally substituted by halogen,
- a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkenyloxy,
- phenylalkoxy, halophenylalkoxy, phenylalkoxyalkyl, phenoxyalkoxy or phenoxyalkyl,
- cycloalkylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,
- heteroarylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,
- heterocyclic C_6-20alkyl or
- heterocyclic alkyl substituted by C_2-20alkyl,
  and wherein
  the alkyl moiety may have
- in the carbon chain, a bond or a heteroatom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or NR₆, wherein R₆is as defined above, and
- as a substituent alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy, and
  each of R₂, R₃, R₄and R₅, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl
  or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
- Compounds as disclosed in EP 1002792A1, e.g. a compound of formula II

wherein m is 1 to 9 and each of R′₂, R′₃, R′₄and R′₅, independently, is H, alkyl or acyl,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

- Compounds as disclosed in EP0778263 A1, e.g. a compound of formula III

wherein W is H; C_1-6alkyl, C_2-6alkenyl or C_2-6alkynyl; unsubstituted or by OH substituted phenyl; R″₄O(CH₂)_n; or C_1-6-alkyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_3-8cycloalkyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted by OH;
X is H or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkyl having a number p of carbon atoms or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkoxy having a number (p−1) of carbon atoms, e.g. substituted by 1 to 3 substitutents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, halogen, unsubstituted phenyl and phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl and halogen; Y is H, C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl or halogen, Z₂is a single bond or a straight chain alkylene having a number or carbon atoms of q,
each of p and q, independently, is an integer of 1 to 20, with the proviso of 6≦p+q≦23, m′ is 1, 2 or 3, n is 2 or 3,
each of R″₁, R″₂, R″₃and R″₄, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

- Compounds as disclosed in WO02/18395, e.g. a compound of formula IVa or IVb

wherein X_ais O, S, NR_1sor a group —(CH₂)_na—, which group is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 halogen; n_ais 1 or 2, R_1sis H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_1ais H, OH, (C_1-4)alkyl or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen; R_1bis H, OH or (C_1-4)alkyl, wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; each R_2ais independently selected from H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_3ais H, OH, halogen or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; and R_3bis H, OH, halogen, (C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy, or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; Y_ais —CH₂—, —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(═NOH)—, O or S, and R_4ais (C_4-14)alkyl or (C_4-14alkenyl;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof;

- Compounds as disclosed in WO 02/076995, e.g. a compound of formula V

wherein

m_cis 1, 2 or 3;
X_cis O or a direct bond;
R_1cis H; C_1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen, C_3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C_2-6alkenyl; C_2-6alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;
R_2cis

- wherein R_5cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 halogen atoms, and R_6cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen;
  each of R_3cand R_4c, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, or acyl, and
R_cis C_13-20alkyl which may optionally have in the chain an oxygen atom and which may optionally be substituted by nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy; or a residue of formula (a)

- wherein R_7cis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy, and R_8cis substituted C_1-20alkanoyl, phenylC_1-14alkyl wherein the C_1-14alkyl is optionally substituted by halogen or OH, cycloalkylC_1-14alkoxy or phenylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl or phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy, phenylC_1-14alkoxy-C_1-14alkyl, phenoxyC_1-14alkoxy or phenoxyC_1-14alkyl,
R_cbeing also a residue of formula (a) wherein R_8cis C_1-14alkoxy when R_1cis C_1-4alkyl, C_2-6alkenyl or C_2-6alkynyl,
or a compound of formula VI

wherein

n_xis 2, 3 or 4
R_1xis H; C_1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen, cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C_2-6alkenyl; C_2-6alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;
R_2xis H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl
each of R_3xand R_4x, independently is H, C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen or acyl,
R_5xis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy, and
R_6xis C_1-20alkanoyl substituted by cycloalkyl; cyloalkylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy; phenylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy,
R_6xbeing also C_4-14alkoxy when R_1xis C_2-4alkyl substituted by OH, or pentyloxy or hexyloxy when R_1xis C_1-4alkyl,
provided that R_exis other than phenyl-butylenoxy when either R_5xis H or R_1xis methyl,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
- Compounds as disclosed in WO02J06268AI, e.g. a compound of formula VII

wherein each of R_1dand R_2d, independently, is H or an amino-protecting group;
R_3dis hydrogen, a hydroxy-protecting group or a residue of formula
R_4dis lower alkyl;
n_dis an integer of 1 to 6;
X_dis ethylene, vinylene, ethynylene, a group having a formula -D-CH₂— (wherein D is carbonyl, —CH(OH)—, O, S or N), aryl or aryl substituted by up to three substitutents selected from group a as defined hereinafter;
Y_dis single bond, C_1-10alkylene, C_1-10alkylene which is substituted by up to three substitutents selected from groups a and b, C_1-10alkylene having O or S in the middle or end of the carbon chain, or C_1-10alkylene having O or S in the middle or end of the carbon chain which is substituted by up to three substituents selected from groups a and b;
R_5dis hydrogen, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl substituted by up to three substituents selected from groups a and b, aryl substituted by up to three substituents selected from groups a and b, or heterocycle substituted by up to three substituents selected from groups a and b;
each of R_6dand R_7d, independently, is H or a substituent selected from group a;
each of R_8dand R_9d, independently, is H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen;
<group a> is halogen, lower alkyl, halogeno lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkylthio, carboxyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, lower aliphatic acyl, amino, mono-lower alkylamino, di-lower alkylamino, lower aliphatic acylamino, cyano or nitro; and
<group b> is cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, each being optionally substituted by up to three substituents selected from group a;
with the proviso that when R_5dis hydrogen, Y_dis a either a single bond or linear C_1-10alkylene, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or ester thereof;

- Compounds as disclosed in JP-14316985 (JP2002316985), e.g. a compound of formula VIII:

wherein R_1e, R_2e, R_3e, R_4e, R_5e, R_6e, R_7e, n_e, X_eand Y_eare as disclosed in JP-14316985;
or a pharmacologically acceptable salt or ester thereof;

- Compounds as disclosed in WO 03/29184 and WO 03/29205, e.g. compounds of formula IX

wherein X_fis O or S, and R_1f, R_2f, R_3fand n_fare as disclosed in WO 03/29184 and 03/29205, each of R_4fand R_5f, independently is H or a residue of formula
wherein each of R_8fand R_9f, independently, is H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen; e.g. 2-amino-2-[4-(3-benzyloxyphenoxy)-2-chlorophenyl]propyl-1,3-propane-diol or 2-amino-2-[4-(benzyloxyphenylthio)-2-chlorophenyl]propyl-1,3-propane-diol, or a pharmacological salt thereof.
In each case where citations of patent applications are given, the subject matter relating to the compounds is hereby incorporated into the present application by reference.
Acyl may be a residue R_y—CO— wherein R_yis C_1-6alkyl, C_3-6cycloalkyl, phenyl or phenyl-C_1-4alkyl. Unless otherwise stated, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkynyl may be straight or branched.
When in the compounds of formula I the carbon chain as R₁is substituted, it is preferably substituted by halogen, nitro, amino, hydroxy or carboxy. When the carbon chain is interrupted by an optionally substituted phenylene, the carbon chain is preferably unsubstituted. When the phenylene moiety is substituted, it is preferably substituted by halogen, nitro, amino, methoxy, hydroxy or carboxy.
Preferred compounds of formula I are those wherein R₁is C_13-20alkyl, optionally substituted by nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy, and, more preferably those wherein R₁is phenylalkyl substituted by C_6-14-alkyl chain optionally substituted by halogen and the alkyl moiety is a C_1-6alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxy. More preferably, R₁is phenyl-C_1-6alkyl substituted on the phenyl by a straight or branched, preferably straight, C_6-14alkyl chain. The C_6-14alkyl chain may be in ortho, meta or para, preferably in para.
Preferably each of R₂to R₅is H.
A preferred compound of formula I is 2-amino-2-tetradecyl-1,3-propanediol. A particularly preferred S1P receptor agonist of formula I is FTY720, i.e. 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol in free form or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form (referred to hereinafter as Compound A), e.g. the hydrochloride, as shown:
A preferred compound of formula II is the one wherein each of R′₂to R′₅is H and m is 4, i.e. 2-amino-2-(2-[4-(1-oxo-5-phenylpentyl)phenyl]ethyl)propane-1,3-diol, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form (referred to hereinafter as Compound B), e.g the hydrochloride.
A preferred compound of formula III is the one wherein W is CH₃, each of R″₁to R″₃is H, Z₂is ethylene, X is heptyloxy and Y is H, i.e. 2-amino-4-(4-heptyloxyphenyl)-2-methyl-butanol, in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form (referred to hereinafter as Compound C), e.g. the hydrochloride. The R-enantiomer is particularly preferred.
A preferred compound of formula IVa is the FTY720-phosphate (R_2ais H, R_3ais OH, X_ais O, R_1aand R_1bare OH). A preferred compound of formula IVb is the Compound C-phosphate (R_2ais H, R_3bis OH, X_ais O, R_1aand R_1bare OH, Y_ais O and R_4ais heptyl). A preferred compound of formula V is Compound B-phosphate.
A preferred compound of formula V is phosphoric acid mono-[(R)-2-amino-2-methyl-4-(4-pentyloxy-phenyl)-butyl]ester.
A preferred compound of formula VIII is (2R)-2-amino-4-[3-(4-cyclohexyloxybutyl)-benzo[b]thien-6-yl]-2-methylbutan-1-ol.
When the compounds of formulae I to IX have one or more asymmetric centers in the molecule, the present invention is to be understood as embracing the various optical isomers, as well as racemates, diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof are embraced. Compounds of formula III or IVb, when the carbon atom bearing the amino group is asymmetric, have preferably the R-configuration at this carbon atom.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the formulae I to IX include salts with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide and sulfate, salts with organic acids, such as acetate, fumarate, maleate, benzoate, citrate, malate, methanesulfonate and benzenesulfonate salts, or, when appropriate, salts with metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and aluminium, salts with amines, such as triethylamine and salts with dibasic amino acids, such as lysine. The compounds and salts of the methods of the present invention encompass hydrate and solvate forms.
The S1P receptor agonists have, on the basis of observed activity, e.g. homing of lymphocytes, e.g. as described in EP627406A1 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,565, been found to be useful e.g. as immunosuppressant, e.g. In the treatment of acute allograft rejection.
It has now been found that S1P receptor agonists have a beneficial effect in heart diseases, e.g. in chronic heart failure, congestive heart failure, complications of cardiovascular surgery, peri-operative hypertension, unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction.
Chronic heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by distinctive symptoms and signs resulting from disturbances in cardiac output, e.g. Inadequate for the body's needs. It is often associated with other changes such as cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial ischemia. Congestive heart failure (CHF), or heart failure, is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body's other organs. As blood flow out of the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing congestion in the tissues.
In accordance with the particular findings of the present invention, there is provided:

1.1 A method for treating chronic heart failure in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
1.2 A method for improving heart energy efficiency and/or reducing its oxygen needs in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
1.3 A method for improving cardiac output in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
1.4 A method for treating arrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia, e.g. atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or sinus ventricular tachycardia, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
1.5 A method for treating congestive heart failure in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
- The method of the invention is also appropriate for patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure and patients with pre-existing arrythmias.
1.6 A method for treating complications of cardiovascular surgery, e.g. peri-operative hypertension, in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
1.7 A method for treating unstable angina in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist;
1.8 A method for treating acute myocardial infarction in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist.
2. A S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in a method as defined under 1.1 to 1.8 above; or
3. A S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for use in a method as defined under 1.1 to 1.8 above; or
4. A pharmaceutical composition for use in a method as defined under 1.1 to 1.8 above comprising a S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers therefor.

Utility of the S1P receptor agonists, e.g. in the treatment of heart diseases, as hereinabove specified, may be demonstrated in animal test methods as well as in clinic, for example in accordance with the methods hereinafter described.

A. Binding Affinity of S1P Receptor Agonists to Individual Human S1P Receptors May be Determined in Following Assays:

Transient Transfection of Human S1P Receptors into HEK293 Cells
S1P receptors and G_iproteins are cloned, and equal amounts of 4 cDNAs for the S1P receptor, G_i-α, G_i-β and G_i-γ are mixed and used to transfect monolayers of HEK293 cells using the calcium phosphate precipitate method (M. Wigler et al, Cell. 1977; 11; 223 and D S. Im et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 2000; 57; 753). Briefly, a DNA mixture containing 25 μg of DNA and 0.25 M CaCl is added to HEPES-buffered 2 mM Na₂HPO₄. Subconfluent monolayers of HEK293 cells are poisoned with 25 mM chloroquine, and the DNA precipitate is then applied to the cells. After 4 h, the monolayers are washed with phosphate-buffered saline and refed media (90% 1:1 Dulbecco's modified essential media (DMEM):F-12+10% fetal bovine serum). The cells are harvested 48-72 h after addition of the DNA by scraping in HME buffer (in mM: 20 HEPES, 5 MgCl₂, 1 EDTA, pH 7.4) containing 10% sucrose on ice, and disrupted using a Dounce homogenizer. After centrifugation at 800×g, the supernatant is diluted with HME without sucrose and centrifuged at 100,000×g for 1 h. The resulting pellet is rehomogenized and centrifuged a second hour at 100,000×g. This crude membrane pellet is resuspended in HME with sucrose, aliquoted, and snap-frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen. The membranes are stored at 70° C. Protein concentration is determined spectroscopically by Bradford protein assay.

GTPγS Binding Assay Using S1P Receptor/HEK293 Membrane Preparations

GTPγS binding experiments are performed as described by D S. Im et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 2000; 57:753. Ligand-mediated GTPγS binding to G-proteins is measured in GTP binding buffer (in mM: 50 HEPES, 100 NaCl, 10 MgCl₂, pH 7.5) using 25 μg of a membrane preparation from transiently transfected HEK293 cells. Ligand is added to membranes in the presence of 10 μM GDP and 0.1 nM [³⁵S]GTPγS (1200 Ci/mmol) and incubated at 30° C. for 30 min. Bound GTPγS is separated from unbound using the Brandel harvester (Gaithersburg, Md.) and counted with a liquid scintillation counter.

B. In Vivo

The effect of a S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I on chronic heart failure is tested in rabbits where heart failure is induced as a consequence of a large myocardial infarction (R P. H of et al. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1991, 18, 361-368). The changes of atrial natriuretic factor or baroflex sensitivity are a reliable indicator of the status of the heart failure in this animal model. When administered i.v. at a dose of from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, a S1P receptor agonist, e.g. the compounds of formula I, e.g. Compound A, have a beneficial effect on the heart failure.

C. Clinical Trial

Patients with class IV congestive heart failure are selected: they have elevated intracardiac filling pressures (orthopnea, abdominal discomfort attributed to hepato-splenic congestion, peripheral edema, ascites, rales and jugular venous distension) and inadequate peripheral perfusion. Patients receive a daily dose of the S1P receptor agonist to be tested, e.g. Compound A in free form or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g. orally, during 2 or 4 weeks or 3 months. The dose may be escalated if necessary. Patients are followed-up for 6 months. Following data are collected during hospitalization and the 6 month follow-up: blood pressure, weight, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, serum electrolytes, natriuretic hormone profile and exercise stress tests.
A beneficial effect is observed.
Daily dosages required in practicing the method of the present invention will vary depending upon, for example, the compound used, the host, the mode of administration, the severity of the condition to be treated. A preferred daily dosage range is about from 0.03 to 2.5 mg/kg per day as a single dose or in divided doses. Suitable daily dosages for patients are on the order of from e.g. 0.5 to 50 mg p.o. Suitable unit dosage forms for oral administration comprise from ca. 0.1 to 25 mg active ingredient, e.g. FTY720, e.g. in hydrochloride form, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers therefor. As an alternative, the S1P receptor agonist may also be administered twice or three times a week, e.g. at a dosage as indicated above.
The S1P receptor agonist may be administered by any conventional route, in particular enterally, e.g. orally, for example in the form of solutions for drinking, tablets or capsules or parenterally, for example in the form of injectable solutions or suspensions. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I may be manufactured in conventional manner, e.g. as described in EP-A1-627,406 or in EP-A1-1,002,792.
The S1P receptor agonists may be administered as the sole ingredient or together with other drugs, e.g. an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, e.g. benazepril, captopril, quinapril, ramipril, enalapril, linisopril or moexipril, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, e.g. valsartan, losartan, irbesartan, eprosartan, forasartan, olmesartan, ripisartan, saprisartan, candesartan, tasosartan or telmisartan, a synthetic form of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or other human B-type natriuretic peptide, e.g. nesiritide, other drugs used in patients with heart failure, e.g. digoxin or digitalis preparations, a β-blocker, e.g. propanolol, atenolol, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, e.g. salbutamol, an α-2 receptor agonist, e.g. dexmetomidine, a calcium antagonist, e.g. cilnidipine, or a diuretic, e.g. hydrochlorothiazide or spironolactone.
Where the S1P receptor agonists are administered in conjunction with other drugs, dosages of the co-administered compound will of course vary depending on the type of co-drug employed, on the specific drug employed, on the condition to be treated, and so forth. The terms “co-administration” or “combined administration” or the like as utilized herein are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to Include treatment regimens in which the agents are not necessarily administered by the same route of administration or at the same time.
In accordance with the foregoing the present invention provides in a yet further aspect:

5. A pharmaceutical combination comprising a) a first agent which is a S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I, e.g. FTY720, or Compound B or C or a compound of formula V or VIII, or a phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and b) a co-agent, e.g. a second drug agent as defined above.
6. A method as defined above comprising co-administration, e.g. concomitantly or in sequence, of a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist, e.g. a compound of formula I, e.g. FTY720, or Compound B or C, or a compound of formula V or VIII, or a phosphate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second drug substance, e.g. as indicated above.

S1P receptor agonists are well tolerated at dosages required for use in accordance with the present invention. For example, FTY720 has an acute LD₅₀>10 mg/kg p.o. in rats and monkeys.
The administration of a pharmaceutical combination of the invention results in a beneficial effect, e.g. a synergistic therapeutic effect, less side-effects or an improved quality of life compared to a monotherapy.

Claims

1. (canceled)

2. (canceled)

3. A pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of chronic heart failure, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction or complications from cardiac surgery or for improving heart energy efficiency or cardiac output, comprising a S1P receptor agonist together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers therefor.

4. A method for treating chronic heart failure, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction or complications from cardiac surgery or for improving heart energy efficiency or cardiac output in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist.

5. A pharmaceutical combination comprising a) a first agent which is a S1P receptor agonist and b) a co-agent selected from an angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor, an angiotension II receptor antagonist, a synthetic form of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or other human B-type natriuretic peptide, a β-blocker, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, an α-2 receptor agonist a calcium antagonist and a diuretic.

6. A method according to claim 4 comprising co-administration concomitantly or in sequence, of a therapeutically effective amount of a S1P receptor agonist and a co-agent selected from an angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor, an angiotension II receptor antagonist, a synthetic form of β-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or other human B-type natriuretic peptide, a β-blocker, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, an α-2 receptor agonist a calcium antagonist and a diuretic.

7. The composition of claim 3, wherein the S1P receptor agonist is selected from a compound formula I

wherein R₁is a straight- or branched C_12-22carbon chain

which may have in the chain a bond or a hetero atom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, NR₆wherein R₆is H, alkyl, aralkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, and carbonyl,

and/or

which may have as a substituent alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxyimino, hydroxy or carboxy, or

R₁is

a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain or

a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_1-30)carbon chain wherein said phenylalkyl is substituted by

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkoxy chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkenyloxy,

phenylalkoxy, halophenylalkoxy, phenylalkoxyalkyl, phenoxyalkoxy or phenoxyalkyl,

cycloalkylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heteroarylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heterocyclic C_6-20alkyl or

heterocyclic alkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

and wherein

the alkyl moiety may have

in the carbon chain, a bond or a heteroatom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, sulfinyl, sulfonyl or NR₆, wherein R₆is a defined above, and

as a substituent alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy, and

each of R₂, R₃, R₄and R₅, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl;

a compound of formula II

wherein m is 1 to 9 and each of R′2, R′3, R′4 and R′5, independently, is alkyl or acyl, a compound of formula III

wherein W is H; C_1-6alkyl, C_2-6alkenyl or C_2-6alkynyl; unsubstituted or by OH substituted phenyl; R″₄O(CH₂)n; or C_1-6alkyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_3-8cycloalkyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted by OH;

X is H or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkyl having a number p of carbon atoms or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkoxy having a number (p−1) of carbon atoms, e.g. substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, halogen, unsubstituted phenyl and phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl and halogen; Y is H, C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl or halogen, Z₂is a single bond or a straight chain alkylene having a number or carbon atoms of q,

each of p and q, independently, is an integer of 1 to 20, with the proviso of 6≦p+q≦23, m′ is 1, 2 or 3, n is 2 or 3,

each of R″₁, R″₂, R″₃and R″₄, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl;

a compound of formula IVa or IVb

wherein X_ais O, S, NR_1s, or a group —(CH₂)_na—, which group is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 halogen; n_ais 1 or 2, R_1sH or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_1ais H, OH, (C_1-4)alkyl or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen; R_1bis H, OH or (C_1-4) alkyl, wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; each R_2ais independently selected from H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_3ais H, OH, halogen or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; and R_3bis H, OH, halogen, (C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy, or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; Y_ais —CH₂—, —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(═NOH)—, O or S, and R_4ais (C_4-14)alkyl or (C_4-14)alkenyl; and

a: compound of formula V

wherein

m_cis 1, 2 or 3;

X_cis O or a direct bond;

R_1cis H; C1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C2-6alkenyl; C2-6alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;

R_2cis

wherein R_5cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 halogen atoms, and

R_6cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen;

each of R_3cand R_4c, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, or acyl, and

R_cis C_13-20alkyl which may optionally have in the chain an oxygen atom and which may optionally be substituted by nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy; or a residue of formula (a)

wherein R_7cis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy, and R_8cis substituted C_1-20alkanoyl, phenylC_1-14alkyl wherein the C_1-14alkyl is optionally substituted by halogen or OH, cycloalkylC_1-14alkoxy or phenylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl or phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy, phenylC_1-14alkoxy-C_1-14alkyl, phenoxyC_1-14alkoxy or phenoxyC_1-14alkyl,

R_cbeing also a reside of formula (a) wherein R_8cis C_1-14alkoxy when R_1cis C_1-4alkyl, C_2-6alkenyl or C_2-6alkynyl;

or a compound of formula VI

wherein

n_xis 2, 3 or 4

R_1xis H; C_1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen, cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C_2-6alkenyl; C_2-6alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;

R_2xis C_1-4alkyl or acyl

each of R_3xand R_4x, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen or acyl,

R_5xis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy and

R_6xis C_1-20alkanoyl substituted by cycloalkyl; cycloalkylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy; phenylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy;

R_6xbeing also C_4-14alkoxy when R_1xis C_2-4alkyl substituted by OH, pentyloxy or hexyloxy when R_1xis C_1-4alkyl,

provided that R_6xis other than phenyl-butylenoxy when either R_5xis H or R_1xis methyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein the S1P receptor agonist is selected from a compound of formula I

wherein R₁is a straight or branched (C_12-22)carbon chain

which may have in the chain a bond or a hetero atom selected tom a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, NR₆, wherein R₆is H, alkyl, aralkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, and carbonyl,

and/or

which may have as a substituent alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxyimino, hydroxy or carboxy; or

R₁is

a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain or

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkoxy chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkenyloxy,

cycloalkylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heteroarylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heterocyclic C_6-20alkyl or

heterocyclic alkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

and wherein

the alkyl moiety may have

in the carbon chain, a bond or a heteroatom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or NR₆, wherein R₆is a defined above, and

as a substituted alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy, and

each of R₂, R₃, R₄and R₅, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl;

a compound of formula II

wherein m is 1 to 9 and each of R′2, R′3, R′4 and R′5, independently, is H, alkyl or acyl, a compound of formula III

X is H or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain acyl having a number p of carbon atoms or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkoxy having a number (p−1) of carbon atoms, e.g.: substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, halogen, unsubstituted phenyl and phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl and halogen; Y is H, C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl or halogen, Z₂is a single bond or a straight chain alkylene having a number or carbon atoms of q,

a compound of formula IVa or IVb

wherein X_ais O, S, NR_1aor a group —(CH₂)_na—, which group is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 halogen; n_ais 1 or 2, R_1sis H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_1ais H, OH, (C_1-4)alkyl or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen; R_1bis H, OH or (C_1-4) alkyl, wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; each R_2ais independently selected from H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_3ais H, OH, halogen or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted substituted by halogen; and R_3bis H, OH, halogen, (C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy, or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; Y_ais —CH₂—, —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(═NOH)—, O or S, and R_4ais (C_4-14)alkyl or (C_4-14)alkenyl; and

a compound of formula V

wherein

m_cis 1, 2 or 3;

X_cis O or a direct bond;

R_1cis H; C1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C2-6alkenyl; C2-6alkynyl or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;

R_2cis

wherein R_5cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 halogen atoms; and

R_6cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen;

R_cbeing also a reside of formula (a) wherein R_8cis C_1-14alkoxy when R_1cis C_1-4alkyl, C_2-6alkenyl or C_2-6alkynyl,

or a impound of formula VI

wherein

n_xis 2, 3 or 4

R_2xis H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl

R_5xis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy, and

R_6xis C_1-20alkanoyl substituted by cycloalkyl; cyloalkylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy; phenylC_1-4alkoxy wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy,

9. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 5, wherein the S1P receptor agonist is selected from a compound of formula I

wherein R₁is a straight- or branched (C_12-22)carbon chain

which may have in the chain a bond or a hetero atom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, NR₆, wherein R₆is H, alkyl, aralkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, and carbonyl,

and/or

which may have as a substituent alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkyloxy, acyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, acylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, acyloxy, alkylcarbamoyl, nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxylamino, hydroxy or carboxy; or

R₁is

a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_1-6)carbon chain or

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkoxy chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkenyloxy,

cycloalkylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heteroarylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heterocyclic C_6-20alkyl or

heterocyclic alkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

and wherein

the alkyl moiety may have

in the carbon chain, a bond or a heteroatom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or NR₆, wherein R₆, is a defined above, and

each of R₂, R₃, R₄and R₅, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl;

a compound of formula II

X is H or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkyl having a number p of carbon atoms or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkoxy having a number (p−1) of carbon atoms, e.g. substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, halogen, unsubstituted phenyl and phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl and halogen; Y is H, C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl or halogen, Z₂is a single bond or a straight chain alkylene having a number or carbon atoms of q,

each of p and q, independently, is an integer of 1 to 20, with the proviso of 6≦p+q≦23, m′ is 1, 2 or 3; n is 2 or 3,

a compound of formula IVa or IVb

wherein X_ais O, S, NR_1sor a group —(CH₂)_na—, which group is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 halogen; n_ais 1 or 2, R_1sis H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_1ais H, OH, (C_1-4)alkyl or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen; R_1bis H, OH or (C_1-4) alkyl, wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; each R_2ais independently selected from H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_3ais H, OH, halogen or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; and R_3bis H, OH, halogen, (C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy, or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; Y_ais —CH₂—, —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(═NOH)—, O or S, and R_4ais (C_4-14)alkyl or (C_4-14)alkenyl; and

a compound of formula V

wherein

m_cis 1, 2 or 3;

X_cis O or a direct bond;

R_1cis H, C1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen, C3-10cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C2-6alkenyl; C2-6alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;

R_2cis

R_6cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen;

or a compound of formula VI

wherein

n_xis 2, 3 or 4

R_1xis H, C_1-6alkyl optionally substituted by OH, acyl, halogen cycloalkyl, phenyl or hydroxy-phenylene; C_2-6alkenyl; C_2-6alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted by OH;

R_2xis H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl

R_5xis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy, and

R_6xis C_1-20alkanoyl substituted by cycloalkyl; cycloalkylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy; phenylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy,

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the S1P receptor agonist is selected from a compound of formula I

wherein R₁is a straight- or branched (C_12-22)carbon chain

which may have in the chain a bend or a hetero atom selected from a double bond, a triple bond, O, S, NR₆, wherein R₆is H, alkyl, aralkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, and carbonyl,

and/or

R₁is

a phenylalkyl wherein alkyl is a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain or

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)carbon chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkoxy chain optionally substituted by halogen,

a straight- or branched (C_6-20)alkenyloxy,

cycloalkylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heteroarylalkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

heterocyclic C_6-20alkyl or

heterocyclic alkyl substituted by C_6-20alkyl,

and wherein

the alkyl moiety may have

in the carbon chain, a bond of a heteroatom selected from a double bond, triple bond, O, S, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, or NR₆, wherein R₆is a defined above, and

each of R₂, R₃, R₄and independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl;

a compound of formula II

wherein W is H; C_1-6alkyl, C_2-6alkenyl or C_2-6alkynyl; unsubstituted or by OH substituted phenyl, R″₄O(CH₂)n; or C_1-6alkyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_3-8cycloalkyl, phenyl and phenyl substituted by OH;

X is H or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkyl having a number p of carbon atoms, or unsubstituted or substituted straight chain alkoxy having a number (p−1) of carbon atoms, e.g. substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, oxo, haloC_1-6alkyl, halogen, unsubstituted phenyl and phenyl substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl and halogen, Y is H, C_1-6alkyl, OH, C_1-6alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, amino, C_1-6alkylamino, acylamino, haloC_1-6alkyl or halogen, Z₂is a single bond or straight chain alkylene having a number or carbon atoms of q,

a compound of formula IVa or IVb

wherein X_ais O, S, NR_1sor a group —(CH₂)_na—, which group is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 4 halogen; n_ais 1 or 2, R_1sis H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_1ais H, OH, (C_1-4)alkyl or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen; R_1bis H, OH or (C_1-4)alkyl, wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; each R_2aindependently selected from H or (C_1-4)alkyl, which alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; R_3ais H, OH, halogen or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; and R_3bis H, OH, halogen, (C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy, or O(C_1-4)alkyl wherein alkyl is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen; Y_ais —CH₂—, —C(O)—, —CH(OH)—, —C(═NOH)—, O or S, and R_4ais (C_4-14)alkyl or (C_1-14)alkenyl; and

a compound of formula V

wherein

m_cis 1, 2 or 3;

X_cis O or a direct bond;

R_2cis

R_6cis H or C_1-4alkyl optionally substituted by halogen;

each of R_3cand R_4c, independently, is H, C_1-4alkyl optionally, substituted by halogen, or acyl, and

R_cis C_13-20alkyl which may optionally have in the than an oxygen atom and which may optionally be substituted by nitro, halogen, amino, hydroxy or carboxy; or a residue of formula (a)

or a compound of formula VI

wherein

n_xis 2, 3 or 4

R_2xis H, C_1-4alkyl or acyl

R_5xis H, C_1-4alkyl or C_1-4alkoxy, and

R_6xis C_1-20alkanoyl substituted by cycloalkyl; cyloalkylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the cycloalkyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy; phenylC_1-14alkoxy wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted by halogen, C_1-4alkyl and/or C_1-4alkoxy,