US20110017354A1 - Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications - Google Patents
Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20110017354A1 US20110017354A1 US12/896,945 US89694510A US2011017354A1 US 20110017354 A1 US20110017354 A1 US 20110017354A1 US 89694510 A US89694510 A US 89694510A US 2011017354 A1 US2011017354 A1 US 2011017354A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- alloy
- tin
- tungsten
- bismuth
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 27
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 abstract description 27
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 25
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- 229910001145 Ferrotungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 22
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 22
- 229910001152 Bi alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 17
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 15
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000009428 plumbing Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910001175 oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910002065 alloy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- JWVAUCBYEDDGAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth tin Chemical compound [Sn].[Bi] JWVAUCBYEDDGAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000237502 Ostreidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AWXLLPFZAKTUCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Sn].[W] Chemical compound [Sn].[W] AWXLLPFZAKTUCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;zinc Chemical compound [AlH3].[Zn] HXFVOUUOTHJFPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017168 chlorine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical class Cl* 0.000 description 1
- UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium carbide Chemical compound [Cr]#C[Cr]C#[Cr] UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- DNHVXYDGZKWYNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Pb] DNHVXYDGZKWYNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#C UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VVRQVWSVLMGPRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxotungsten Chemical class [W]=O VVRQVWSVLMGPRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020636 oyster Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015170 shellfish Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- GZCWPZJOEIAXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Sn] GZCWPZJOEIAXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
- F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
- F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
- F42B7/046—Pellets or shot therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
- C22C1/1078—Alloys containing non-metals by internal oxidation of material in solid state
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C13/00—Alloys based on tin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C18/00—Alloys based on zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
- F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
Definitions
- the present invention relates to new ecological materials of the type ODS (Oxide dispersion strengthened or with particle dispersion) which comprise a metal alloy matrix in which a dispersion of strengthening particles is distributed, and which have optimum values of density and deformability for their use as ecological ammunition, in hunting activities, hooks, for their use in fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, water pipes and plumbing fittings and electrical and magnetic applications.
- ODS Oxide dispersion strengthened or with particle dispersion
- Lead pellets are used conventionally in hunting activities. Density is the characteristic which confers lead pellet with its excellent mechanical and ballistic properties. This characteristic is what makes it very difficult to obtain new materials for the manufacture of pellets suitable for said hunting activities.
- pellets consisting of zinc-aluminium or zinc-tin alloys, with possible additions of other metals like copper, magnesium, silicon, alkaline or alkaline-earth metals. Said pellets, however, have a low density with respect to that of lead, which can result in having to change the weapon.
- pellets consisting of a tin-bismuth alloy, preferably in the proportion of the eutectic point (45% Bi and 55% Sn), which also has drawbacks regarding its density and hardness.
- Bacteria and toxins build up in the contaminated sediments degrading the quality of the water which is home to crabs, oysters, shrimps, shellfish and all types of fish, making them unfit for human consumption.
- weights are to be found based on tin and bismuth, among others.
- the present inventors have discovered a new ecological material of the ODS type, with particle dispersion, with a density which allows it to replace lead in the whole range of ballistic and mechanical properties, but without its toxic effects.
- the ammunition fabricated from this material has good properties relative to the range and the transmission of kinetic energy on impact thanks to its optimum deformability, thereby overcoming the drawbacks of the alternative materials to lead being used at the present time.
- Said material is based on a metal alloy matrix in which strengthening particles are dispersed, the metal matrix consisting of an alloy of zinc and bismuth, of zinc and aluminium, of tin and bismuth or of tin and zinc, and optionally other materials of low melting temperature, and the strengthening particles being tungsten or ferro tungsten particles; it being possible also to reinforce the matrix with particles of tungsten or ferro tungsten oxides or carbides, or any compound of these.
- composition of this new material contributes to increasing the density of the alloy without affecting its mechanical properties of hardness, malleability, deformability, inertia, etc., and also provides it with ecological properties which permit its employment in different applications without contaminating the environment.
- this material finds application in other such activities as the manufacture of fishhooks for game fishing, of inertial counterweights in automobiles, of X-rays and ionising radiation screens, of golf sticks, as well as in water pipes and plumbing fittings and in electrical and magnetic applications, overcoming the drawbacks arising from the use of lead.
- FIG. 1 Degree of deformability of impact upon a steel plate at a distance of 20 m of a pellet obtained from a tin-bismuth alloy with 22% of pre-oxidised ferro tungsten as strengthening particle; (a) un-shot pellets, (b) shot pellets.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a new ODS type ecological material which comprises a metal alloy matrix and a dispersion of strengthening particles distributed therein, with a density which would vary between 7 and 14 g/cm 3 and an optimum deformability greater than or equal to 10%.
- a further object of the invention is the employ of this new material for the production of ecological ammunition, hooks for fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, as well as in water pipes and plumbing fittings and electrical and magnetic applications.
- Another object of the invention is the ecological ammunition manufactured from said ODS type material.
- the present invention provides a new ODS type ecological material which comprises a metal alloy matrix and a dispersion of strengthening particles distributed therein, with a density which varies between 7 and 14 g/cm 3 and an optimum deformability greater than or equal to 10%.
- the metal matrix is constituted by an alloy of zinc and bismuth, of zinc and aluminium, of tin and bismuth or of tin and zinc.
- the metal matrix is constituted by an alloy of zinc and bismuth with 1-29% of bismuth by weight and 71-99% of zinc by weight, or an alloy of zinc and aluminium with 75-95% of zinc by weight and 5-25% of aluminium by weight; or a bismuth and tin alloy with 71-99% of bismuth by weight and 1-29% of tin by weight; or an alloy of zinc and tin with 1-39% of tin by weight and 61-99% of zinc by weight, in this case without strengthening, or an alloy of zinc and tin with 1-99% of zinc by weight and 99-1% of tin by weight, being in this case with strengthening, percentages by weight with respect to the total weight of alloy.
- the strengthening particles are particles of tungsten, ferro tungsten, tungsten carbide, ferro tungsten carbide, tungsten oxide, ferro tungsten oxide or derivatives of these.
- the strengthening particles have a diameter of between 1-500 ⁇ m.
- the proportion between the metal matrix and the dispersion of strengthening particles varies between 0 and 0.8.
- the proportion between the metal matrix and the particles of the dispersion is the following:
- the incorporation of the strengthening particles allows a new material to be obtained with optimum values of density and with mechanical and hunting properties similar to those of lead, since they contribute to increasing the density of the alloy without affecting its hardness, malleability, ballistics, etc.
- the new ODS type material of the invention can comprise a metal selected among antimony, tin, copper, zinc and iron.
- the new material of the invention comprises said metal in a proportion from 0.05 to 10% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- the new material of the invention comprises antimony in a proportion of 0.1-6% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- the new material of the invention comprises tin in a proportion of 0.1-5% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- the new material of the invention comprises copper in a proportion of 0.1-2% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- the new material of the invention comprises zinc in a proportion of 0.1-5% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- the new material of the invention comprises iron in a proportion of 0.1-5% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- Said ecological material through the characteristics of its composition, does not harm the environment, presenting a high resistance to chemical corrosion in contact with water, which, together with its mechanical properties of hardness, malleability, deformability, etc., allows it to be employed in different applications.
- this new material is envisioned in the production of ecological ammunition, hooks for fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, water pipes and plumbing fittings and electrical and magnetic applications.
- the term “ammunition” includes any type of ammunition which can be used in weapons intended for hunting activities such as, for example, pellets, bullets, buckshots, slugs, etc.
- the ecological ammunition, manufactured from this new material is a pellet.
- the present application provides an ecological ammunition, preferably a pellet, manufactured from the material, type ODS, described above.
- said pellet has magnetic properties. This is the case of pellets manufactured with an ODS type material in which the metal strengthening dispersion is made of ferro tungsten. Said pellets are particularly advantageous as regards their localization and collection in the hunting area where they have been used by means of the employment of an appropriate device which incorporates, for example, a magnet.
- the sizes of the pellets which can be manufactured using the new material with particle dispersion includes the sizes of the lead pellets marketed and any other which requires to be adjusted to the ballistic properties for the different types of weapons. In general, the sizes and forms of the pellets manufactured will depend on the projectile and on the weapon which it is desired to use.
- the new material allows mechanical and ballistic properties to be obtained similar to those of lead, at lower densities than those of this chemical element and its alloys used in hunting ammunition. These properties of the internal and external ballistics mean it is unnecessary to make modifications in the design of current firearms.
- the density of the material allows the employment of atmospheric, or very reduced pressures, as well as low melting temperatures for their production, which signifies a substantial saving from the energy point of view.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides an ODS type material (Oxide dispersion strengthened or particle dispersion) which comprises an alloy metal matrix and a dispersion of strengthening particles distributed therein which provide the same with optimum density and deformability. Said metal matrix is constituted by an alloy of zinc and bismuth, of zinc and aluminium, of tin and bismuth, or of tin and zinc, the strengthening material being of tungsten or ferro tungsten, oxides of both, carbides of both, or derivatives of the same. Said new material can substitute for lead in the production of ecological ammunition, hooks for fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, water pipes and plumbing fittings, as well as in electrical and magnetic applications. The invention also provides an ecological ammunition manufactured from said composite material, such as, for example, pellets.
Description
- The present invention relates to new ecological materials of the type ODS (Oxide dispersion strengthened or with particle dispersion) which comprise a metal alloy matrix in which a dispersion of strengthening particles is distributed, and which have optimum values of density and deformability for their use as ecological ammunition, in hunting activities, hooks, for their use in fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, water pipes and plumbing fittings and electrical and magnetic applications.
- Lead pellets are used conventionally in hunting activities. Density is the characteristic which confers lead pellet with its excellent mechanical and ballistic properties. This characteristic is what makes it very difficult to obtain new materials for the manufacture of pellets suitable for said hunting activities.
- However, the high toxicity of lead, which signifies a steady impairment of the environment, especially in wetlands, as well as the poisoning of a great number of animal species, has created the need to develop multiple solutions to palliate this serious problem.
- One of the substitutes for lead is steel and, in fact, ammunition is marketed based on this material. However it has serious drawbacks among which are its low density and its greater hardness with respect to lead, which necessarily implies a larger quantity of explosive, limiting, thereby, the weapon that can be used.
- In the American patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,644 the development is described of bismuth shot pellets. Said material has a density which is higher than that of steel but less than that of lead. Together with this problem, bismuth is a very brittle material, (mechanical property) which results in the fracture and disintegration of the pellet on impact.
- In the American patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,022, U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,376 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,713,981 the development is described of shot pellets containing a binary alloy of iron and tungsten in different proportions (with a percentage of tungsten of 30-46%, of 40-60%, or of 30-65%). The main drawback of this material is its great hardness, which results in damage to the barrel of the weapon every time a shot is fired.
- In the American patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,645 the development is described of pellets formed by tungsten and a powdered polymer (polyethylene or silicone rubber, for example). The problem with this material resides in that the projectile has no penetration because the kinetic energy is absorbed and dissipated in its own deformation.
- In the American patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,705, the development is described of pellets comprising a core of tungsten carbide powder, which can also contain elements like tungsten or tantalum, coated with metals such as aluminium, bismuth, copper, tin or zinc. However, said ammunition has the drawback of over-hardness of the tungsten carbide core for which reason, on striking the objective of the hunt, it produces a perforation of the animal with egress of the ammunition.
- In the document GB 2211920, the development is described of pellets consisting of zinc-aluminium or zinc-tin alloys, with possible additions of other metals like copper, magnesium, silicon, alkaline or alkaline-earth metals. Said pellets, however, have a low density with respect to that of lead, which can result in having to change the weapon.
- In the document GB 2327113 A, the development is described of pellets consisting of a tin-bismuth alloy, preferably in the proportion of the eutectic point (45% Bi and 55% Sn), which also has drawbacks regarding its density and hardness.
- In the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,437 a procedure is described for obtaining projectiles from a composite material which comprises a metal matrix and metal particles. This type of material presents problems on impact.
- In the patent WO01/59399 a procedure is defined for obtaining bullets and projectiles based on a material which comprises a conglomerate of metal and/or alloy particles which are compacted by a powered-metal system. The main drawback of this method resides in the characteristics of the type of material which imply the need to use high melting temperatures and pressures to be able to mould and obtain the final projectiles and bullets.
- In the patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,536,352, a procedure is described for obtaining bullets from a material which comprises a matrix of metal particles bonded by a metal of low melting point to obtaining a powdered-metal product. The characteristics of this material require the use of high compacting pressures, for shaping and obtaining of the end product.
- In the patent EP1457578 an ecological ammunition is described formed by a material of the powdered-metal type which comprises spherical particles of tungsten absorbed in a tin matrix and a method of production of said materials based on the application of pressures below 250 MPa. The employment of said pressures signifies a high additional expense.
- However, in spite of the current developments, there continues to exist in the state of the art, the need to provide new alternative materials to lead for manufacturing ecological ammunition intended for hunting activities. Said materials must have an optimum density proximate to that of lead as well as ballistic and mechanical properties similar to those currently available with lead in order, on one hand, to prevent the impairment of the environment and, on the other, avoid modification to the design of the current cartridges and the explosive which is used for lead pellets.
- Within these possibilities, are found materials of the ODS (oxide dispersion strengthened or particle dispersion) type, where particles with different degrees of oxidation are introduced in a metal alloy matrix, in such a way that they reduce the interfacial energy between particles and matrix. Thus, the unit maintains its mechanical characteristics, and its deformability without disintegrating on impact. This means they have advantages over composite materials, like that of the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,437, with regard to impact.
- On the other hand, there are presently several types of fishing weights on the market, although that which is used most frequently and, is therefore the most common, is the lead weight. In contact with water lead gradually releases certain quantities of toxins into the medium as a function of the concentration or the levels of nitrates, chlorines and oxygen which the water contains.
- Bacteria and toxins build up in the contaminated sediments degrading the quality of the water which is home to crabs, oysters, shrimps, shellfish and all types of fish, making them unfit for human consumption.
- As an alternative to the use of lead, weights are to be found based on tin and bismuth, among others.
- In the Canadian patent CA 2380704, reference is made to the manufacture of fishing weights based on tin alloys, plus other metals in smaller proportions like silver, copper, antimony, zinc, nickel, which alloys are not corrosive when exposed to seawater, and therefore do not contaminate the environment.
- In the European patent EP 1154026, use is made of elements composed of tin-tungsten as substitutes for lead.
- In the American patent US 2004/0055205, reference is made to the production of fishing jigs, the base material of which is tungsten carbide in the greater part in addition to other minority elements like cobalt, titanium carbide, tantalum or niobium carbide and traces of vanadium carbide, chromium carbide and nickel.
- In the American patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,325,136, reference is made to the production of fishing weights from alloys based on bismuth in a proportion by weight of more than 48% and tin.
- In the American patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,946,849, reference is made to the production of fishing jigs using bismuth alloys as base material with a percentage of bismuth by weight which varies between 50-98% and small additions of tin, antimony and zinc or mixtures of these.
- Surprisingly, the present inventors have discovered a new ecological material of the ODS type, with particle dispersion, with a density which allows it to replace lead in the whole range of ballistic and mechanical properties, but without its toxic effects. The ammunition fabricated from this material has good properties relative to the range and the transmission of kinetic energy on impact thanks to its optimum deformability, thereby overcoming the drawbacks of the alternative materials to lead being used at the present time.
- Said material is based on a metal alloy matrix in which strengthening particles are dispersed, the metal matrix consisting of an alloy of zinc and bismuth, of zinc and aluminium, of tin and bismuth or of tin and zinc, and optionally other materials of low melting temperature, and the strengthening particles being tungsten or ferro tungsten particles; it being possible also to reinforce the matrix with particles of tungsten or ferro tungsten oxides or carbides, or any compound of these.
- The composition of this new material contributes to increasing the density of the alloy without affecting its mechanical properties of hardness, malleability, deformability, inertia, etc., and also provides it with ecological properties which permit its employment in different applications without contaminating the environment.
- Thus, this material finds application in other such activities as the manufacture of fishhooks for game fishing, of inertial counterweights in automobiles, of X-rays and ionising radiation screens, of golf sticks, as well as in water pipes and plumbing fittings and in electrical and magnetic applications, overcoming the drawbacks arising from the use of lead.
-
FIG. 1 . Degree of deformability of impact upon a steel plate at a distance of 20 m of a pellet obtained from a tin-bismuth alloy with 22% of pre-oxidised ferro tungsten as strengthening particle; (a) un-shot pellets, (b) shot pellets. - Therefore the object of the present invention is to provide a new ODS type ecological material which comprises a metal alloy matrix and a dispersion of strengthening particles distributed therein, with a density which would vary between 7 and 14 g/cm3 and an optimum deformability greater than or equal to 10%.
- A further object of the invention is the employ of this new material for the production of ecological ammunition, hooks for fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, as well as in water pipes and plumbing fittings and electrical and magnetic applications.
- Finally, another object of the invention is the ecological ammunition manufactured from said ODS type material.
- The present invention provides a new ODS type ecological material which comprises a metal alloy matrix and a dispersion of strengthening particles distributed therein, with a density which varies between 7 and 14 g/cm3 and an optimum deformability greater than or equal to 10%.
- In a particular embodiment of the new material object of the invention, the metal matrix is constituted by an alloy of zinc and bismuth, of zinc and aluminium, of tin and bismuth or of tin and zinc.
- In a preferred embodiment, the metal matrix is constituted by an alloy of zinc and bismuth with 1-29% of bismuth by weight and 71-99% of zinc by weight, or an alloy of zinc and aluminium with 75-95% of zinc by weight and 5-25% of aluminium by weight; or a bismuth and tin alloy with 71-99% of bismuth by weight and 1-29% of tin by weight; or an alloy of zinc and tin with 1-39% of tin by weight and 61-99% of zinc by weight, in this case without strengthening, or an alloy of zinc and tin with 1-99% of zinc by weight and 99-1% of tin by weight, being in this case with strengthening, percentages by weight with respect to the total weight of alloy.
- In another particular embodiment of the invention the strengthening particles are particles of tungsten, ferro tungsten, tungsten carbide, ferro tungsten carbide, tungsten oxide, ferro tungsten oxide or derivatives of these.
- It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of the dispersion of tungsten or ferro tungsten particles which have been subjected to total or partial oxidation prior to their addition to the metal matrix, also allows an appropriate ODS type material to be obtained to manufacture ecological ammunition alternative to that based on lead.
- In a particular embodiment of the invention, the strengthening particles have a diameter of between 1-500 μm.
- In another particular embodiment of the material of the invention, the proportion between the metal matrix and the dispersion of strengthening particles varies between 0 and 0.8.
- In a preferred embodiment, the proportion between the metal matrix and the particles of the dispersion is the following:
-
- matrix of zinc and bismuth alloy/tungsten particles=0-0.734,
- matrix of zinc and bismuth alloy/ferro tungsten particles=0-0.510
- matrix of zinc and aluminium alloy/tungsten particles=0-0.775
- matrix of zinc and aluminium alloy/ferro tungsten particles=0-0.539
- matrix of bismuth and tin alloy/tungsten particles=0-0.597
- matrix of bismuth and tin alloy/ferro tungsten particles=0-0.414
- matrix of tin and zinc alloy/tungsten particles=0-0.720
- matrix of tin and zinc alloy/ferro tungsten particles=0-0.500
- matrix of zinc and bismuth alloy/particles of tungsten oxide=0-0.634,
- matrix of zinc and bismuth alloy/particles of ferro tungsten oxide=0-0.550
- matrix of zinc and aluminium alloy/particles of tungsten oxide=0-0.775
- matrix of zinc and aluminium alloy/particles of ferro tungsten oxide=0-0.560
- matrix of bismuth and tin alloy/particles of tungsten oxide=0-0.650
- matrix of bismuth and tin alloy/particles of ferro tungsten oxide=0-0.430
- matrix of tin and zinc alloy/particles of tungsten oxide=0-0.720
- matrix of tin and zinc alloy/particles of ferro tungsten oxide=0-0.520
- matrix of zinc and bismuth alloy/particles of tungsten carbide=0-0.710,
- matrix of zinc and bismuth alloy/particles of ferro tungsten carbide=0-0.550
- matrix of zinc and aluminium alloy/particles of tungsten carbide=0-0.710
- matrix of zinc and aluminium alloy/particles of ferro tungsten carbide=0-0.560
- matrix of bismuth and tin alloy/particles of tungsten carbide=0-0.610
- matrix of bismuth and tin alloy/particles of ferro tungsten carbide=0-0.420
- matrix of tin and zinc alloy/particles of tungsten carbide=0-0.740
- matrix of tin and zinc alloy/particles of ferro tungsten carbide=0-0.520.
- The incorporation of the strengthening particles allows a new material to be obtained with optimum values of density and with mechanical and hunting properties similar to those of lead, since they contribute to increasing the density of the alloy without affecting its hardness, malleability, ballistics, etc. In addition, has good properties relative to the range and the transmission of the kinetic energy during the impact thanks to its good deformability, which avoids its disintegration on said impact.
- Thus, in a particular embodiment of the invention, using the tin-bismuth alloy with 22% of pre-oxidised ferro tungsten as strengthening particle, it is possible to obtain densities greater than those of lead, of the order of 10.2 g/cm3. In addition the properties of deformability on impact are improved (
FIG. 1 ). - In addition, the new ODS type material of the invention can comprise a metal selected among antimony, tin, copper, zinc and iron.
- The employment of said metals allows the properties of the new material of the present invention to be enhanced and optimised in the production of, for example, ecological ammunition, particularly pellets, in comparison with lead pellets.
- In a particular embodiment, the new material of the invention comprises said metal in a proportion from 0.05 to 10% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- In a preferred embodiment, the new material of the invention comprises antimony in a proportion of 0.1-6% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- In another preferred embodiment, the new material of the invention comprises tin in a proportion of 0.1-5% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- In another preferred embodiment, the new material of the invention comprises copper in a proportion of 0.1-2% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- In another preferred embodiment, the new material of the invention comprises zinc in a proportion of 0.1-5% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- In another preferred embodiment, the new material of the invention comprises iron in a proportion of 0.1-5% by weight with respect to the total weight of metal alloy.
- Said ecological material, through the characteristics of its composition, does not harm the environment, presenting a high resistance to chemical corrosion in contact with water, which, together with its mechanical properties of hardness, malleability, deformability, etc., allows it to be employed in different applications.
- Thus, in another aspect of the invention, the employment of this new material is envisioned in the production of ecological ammunition, hooks for fishing, inertial counterweights in automobiles, X-rays and ionising radiation screens, golf sticks, water pipes and plumbing fittings and electrical and magnetic applications.
- In the context of the present application, the term “ammunition” includes any type of ammunition which can be used in weapons intended for hunting activities such as, for example, pellets, bullets, buckshots, slugs, etc.
- In preferred embodiments of the invention, the ecological ammunition, manufactured from this new material, is a pellet.
- Lastly, in another aspect of the invention, the present application provides an ecological ammunition, preferably a pellet, manufactured from the material, type ODS, described above.
- In a preferred embodiment, said pellet has magnetic properties. This is the case of pellets manufactured with an ODS type material in which the metal strengthening dispersion is made of ferro tungsten. Said pellets are particularly advantageous as regards their localization and collection in the hunting area where they have been used by means of the employment of an appropriate device which incorporates, for example, a magnet.
- The sizes of the pellets which can be manufactured using the new material with particle dispersion, includes the sizes of the lead pellets marketed and any other which requires to be adjusted to the ballistic properties for the different types of weapons. In general, the sizes and forms of the pellets manufactured will depend on the projectile and on the weapon which it is desired to use.
- The new material allows mechanical and ballistic properties to be obtained similar to those of lead, at lower densities than those of this chemical element and its alloys used in hunting ammunition. These properties of the internal and external ballistics mean it is unnecessary to make modifications in the design of current firearms. In addition, the density of the material allows the employment of atmospheric, or very reduced pressures, as well as low melting temperatures for their production, which signifies a substantial saving from the energy point of view.
Claims (4)
1.-16. (canceled)
17. Ecological ammunition manufactured from an ODS type of ecological material, the ammunition comprising a metal alloy matrix and a dispersion of strengthening particles distributed therein, wherein a density is between 7-14 g/cm3 and a deformability greater than or equal to 10%.
18. Ecological ammunition according to claim 17 , characterized in that it is a pellet.
19. Ecological ammunition according to claim 18 , characterized in that said pellet has magnetic properties.
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US12/896,945 US20110017354A1 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2010-10-04 | Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications |
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ES200402002 | 2004-08-10 | ||
ES200402002A ES2223305B1 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2004-08-10 | ECOLOGICAL AMMUNITION |
US11/199,808 US7837809B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2005-08-09 | Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications |
US12/896,945 US20110017354A1 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2010-10-04 | Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications |
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US11/199,808 Division US7837809B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2005-08-09 | Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications |
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US20110017354A1 true US20110017354A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
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US11/199,808 Expired - Fee Related US7837809B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2005-08-09 | Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications |
US12/896,945 Abandoned US20110017354A1 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2010-10-04 | Materials for the production of ecological ammunition and other applications |
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US (2) | US7837809B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1801252A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5143555B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101237391B1 (en) |
CN (2) | CN101035918A (en) |
AR (1) | AR050207A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005281677B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0515001A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2580728A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2223305B1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2007001743A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2399688C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006027403A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200702025B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2020227358A1 (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2020-11-12 | Dlm Holding Group Llc | Plated bismuth shot |
Families Citing this family (14)
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ES2328197A1 (en) * | 2007-01-12 | 2009-11-10 | Real Federacion Española De Caza | New applications of ecological materials ods type in fishing, automotive and other activities. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) |
JP5294717B2 (en) * | 2007-07-05 | 2013-09-18 | 日本工機株式会社 | Unleaded bullet |
US20090042057A1 (en) * | 2007-08-10 | 2009-02-12 | Springfield Munitions Company, Llc | Metal composite article and method of manufacturing |
WO2010083345A1 (en) * | 2009-01-14 | 2010-07-22 | Nosler, Inc. | Bullets, including lead-free bullets, and associated methods |
ES2398575B1 (en) * | 2011-06-08 | 2014-04-15 | Real Federacion Española De Caza | ADDITION TO THE PATENT ES2223305 "ECOLOGICAL AMMUNITION". |
US9528804B2 (en) * | 2013-05-21 | 2016-12-27 | Amick Family Revocable Living Trust | Ballistic zinc alloys, firearm projectiles, and firearm ammunition containing the same |
EP2878917A1 (en) | 2013-11-29 | 2015-06-03 | Real Federacion Espanola de Caza | Chemical composition for manufacturing ammunition |
CN105316504B (en) * | 2015-02-11 | 2017-03-22 | 成都理工大学 | Material mixing method for preparing wolfram carbide particle (WCp)/2024Al composite radiation shield material |
PT3321627T (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2020-06-30 | Luis Enrique Lopez Pozas Lanuza | Biodegradable ammunition for firearms |
CN108048690B (en) * | 2017-11-28 | 2019-08-13 | 中国科学院宁波工业技术研究院慈溪生物医学工程研究所 | A kind of zinc-containing alloy of controllable degradation rate and application |
CN111088442B (en) * | 2019-12-25 | 2021-05-25 | 广州汉源新材料股份有限公司 | Tin-bismuth solder containing boride particles and preparation method thereof |
CN111549256B (en) * | 2020-06-24 | 2021-06-01 | 浙江省冶金研究院有限公司 | Method for improving performance of tin-based babbitt metal |
CN113774263A (en) * | 2021-09-16 | 2021-12-10 | 株洲科杰新材料有限公司 | New material for shotgun and manufacturing process thereof |
CN115198142A (en) * | 2022-07-21 | 2022-10-18 | 株洲威利格钨钢制品有限公司 | Bismuth-tin alloy based fishing gear material and processing technology |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2223305B1 (en) | 2006-03-01 |
KR101237391B1 (en) | 2013-02-26 |
CN101035918A (en) | 2007-09-12 |
AU2005281677A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
JP2008509375A (en) | 2008-03-27 |
ES2223305A1 (en) | 2005-02-16 |
RU2399688C2 (en) | 2010-09-20 |
AR050207A1 (en) | 2006-10-04 |
BRPI0515001A (en) | 2008-07-01 |
MX2007001743A (en) | 2007-07-11 |
RU2007108777A (en) | 2008-09-20 |
AU2005281677B2 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
WO2006027403A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US20070017408A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
EP1801252A1 (en) | 2007-06-27 |
JP5143555B2 (en) | 2013-02-13 |
US7837809B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
ZA200702025B (en) | 2008-09-25 |
EP1801252A4 (en) | 2011-11-09 |
KR20070058493A (en) | 2007-06-08 |
CA2580728A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
CN103031468A (en) | 2013-04-10 |
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