US20100309576A1 - Patterned media magnetic recording disk drive with write clock phase adjustment for write head track misregistration - Google Patents
Patterned media magnetic recording disk drive with write clock phase adjustment for write head track misregistration Download PDFInfo
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- US20100309576A1 US20100309576A1 US12/477,765 US47776509A US2010309576A1 US 20100309576 A1 US20100309576 A1 US 20100309576A1 US 47776509 A US47776509 A US 47776509A US 2010309576 A1 US2010309576 A1 US 2010309576A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
- G11B5/48—Disposition or mounting of heads or head supports relative to record carriers ; arrangements of heads, e.g. for scanning the record carrier to increase the relative speed
- G11B5/58—Disposition or mounting of heads or head supports relative to record carriers ; arrangements of heads, e.g. for scanning the record carrier to increase the relative speed with provision for moving the head for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the head relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter or for track following
- G11B5/596—Disposition or mounting of heads or head supports relative to record carriers ; arrangements of heads, e.g. for scanning the record carrier to increase the relative speed with provision for moving the head for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the head relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter or for track following for track following on disks
- G11B5/59627—Aligning for runout, eccentricity or offset compensation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
- G11B5/74—Record carriers characterised by the form, e.g. sheet shaped to wrap around a drum
- G11B5/743—Patterned record carriers, wherein the magnetic recording layer is patterned into magnetic isolated data islands, e.g. discrete tracks
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to magnetic recording disk drives for use with patterned media, wherein each data bit is stored in a magnetically isolated block or island on the disk, and more particularly to such a disk drive with an improved clock for writing the data.
- Patterned-media disks may be longitudinal magnetic recording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are parallel to or in the plane of the recording layer, or perpendicular magnetic recording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are perpendicular to or out-of-the-plane of the recording layer.
- the magnetic moment of the regions between the blocks must be destroyed or substantially reduced so as to render these regions essentially nonmagnetic.
- the media may be fabricated so that that there is no magnetic material in the regions between the blocks.
- the data islands are elevated, spaced-apart pillars that extend above the disk substrate surface to define troughs or trenches on the substrate surface between the pillars.
- This type of patterned media is of interest because substrates with the pre-etched pattern of pillars and trenches can be produced with relatively low-cost, high volume processes such as nanoimprint lithography using a master template created by e-beam lithography and self-assembly, along with an appropriate etching method to transfer the pattern to the substrate.
- the magnetic recording layer material is then deposited over the entire surface of the pre-etched substrate to cover both the ends of the pillars and the trenches.
- the trenches are recessed far enough from the read/write head to not adversely affect reading or writing.
- This type of patterned media is described by Moritz et al., “Patterned Media Made From Pre-Etched Wafers: A Promising Route Toward Ultrahigh-Density Magnetic Recording”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 38, No. 4, July 2002, pp. 1731-1736.
- the transitions between bits occur only between the islands. Since the magnetic transitions are restricted to predetermined locations governed by the locations of individual data islands, it is necessary to synchronize the switching of the write current and thus the reversal of the write field from the write head with the passing of individual data islands past the write head.
- the optimal phase of the write clock that controls the reversal of the write field depends on the position of the write head with respect to the centerline of the data track. This is because the outer boundary or contour of the write “bubble”, i.e., the locus of magnetic field strength sufficient to magnetize the data islands, is curved at its trailing edge.
- the write head is not well-centered on the data track, but shifted by an amount of track misregistration (TMR) away from the track centerline, the data islands will not be located within the write bubble when the write field is reversed. This may lead to write errors on the selected track.
- TMR track misregistration
- the invention relates to a patterned-media magnetic recording disk drive with compensation for write head track misregistration (TMR) from the track centerline.
- the disk drive has a read head and a write head located on an air bearing slider associated with each disk surface.
- the read head detects angularly spaced servo sectors and generates a position error signal (PES) which is used by the servo control system to maintain the read head on track.
- PES position error signal
- the read head also detects angularly spaced synchronization marks, which are used to control the write clock so that magnetization reversal of the magnetic write field is synchronized with the position of the data islands beneath the write head.
- the write head produces a magnetic write field within a write “bubble”, i.e., the region where the magnetic field has a strength sufficient to switch the magnetization of a data island. If the write head is shifted relative to the track centerline by the TMR, then the center of a data island whose magnetization is to be reversed passes through the boundary of the write bubble of the shifted write head sooner than it would pass through the boundary of the write bubble of the unshifted write head.
- the disk drive includes circuitry to adjust the phase of the write clock by the amount of A(p to thus compensate for TMR of the write head.
- the phase adjustment circuitry uses a lookup table of PES values (which correspond to TMR values) and associated phase adjustment ( ⁇ ) values.
- the value of ⁇ may be calculated from an equation generated by a curve-fitting algorithm for values of PES and measured ⁇ values.
- FIG. 1 is a top view of a patterned-media disk drive like that to which the present invention relates.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electronics associated with the disk drive of the present invention and also shows a sectional view of the patterned-media magnetic recording disk.
- FIG. 3 is an illustration of a portion of a patterned-media disk with a typical patterned servo sector spanning several data tracks.
- FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion of the slider on a surface of a patterned-media disk and shows the head circumferential offset (HCO) between the read head and write head.
- HCO head circumferential offset
- FIG. 5 is a lookup table showing effective radial offset (R e ) values and HCO values as a function of track number.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a portion of patterned-media disk with data islands and the write bubble contour from the write head when the write head is aligned with a track centerline and when the write head has a track misregistration (TMR) from the track centerline.
- TMR track misregistration
- FIG. 7 is a lookup table showing position error signal (PES) values and associated write clock phase adjustment values for TMR ( ⁇ ).
- PES position error signal
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the write clock controlled by input from the synchronization (sync) mark detector with phase rotator controlled by input from the controller electronics.
- FIG. 1 is a top view of a patterned-media disk drive 100 like that to which the present invention relates.
- the drive 100 has a housing or base 101 that supports an actuator 130 and a spindle motor (not shown) for rotating the patterned-media magnetic recording disk 10 about its center 13 .
- the actuator 130 may be a voice coil motor (VCM) rotary actuator that has a rigid arm 134 and rotates about pivot 132 as shown by arrow 124 .
- VCM voice coil motor
- a head-suspension assembly includes a suspension 121 that has one end attached to the end of actuator arm 134 and a head carrier, such as an air-bearing slider 122 , attached to the other end of suspension 121 .
- the suspension 121 permits the head carrier 122 to be maintained very close to the surface of disk 10 .
- the slider 122 supports the read/write or recording head 109 .
- the recording head 109 is typically a combination of an inductive write head with a magnetoresistive read head (also called a read/write head) and is located on the trailing end or end face of the slider 122 . Only one disk surface with associated slider and recording head is shown in FIG. 1 , but there are typically multiple disks stacked on a hub that is rotated by a spindle motor, with a separate slider and recording head associated with each surface of each disk.
- the patterned magnetic recording disk 10 includes a disk substrate with discrete data blocks or islands 30 of magnetizable material on the substrate.
- the data islands 30 function as discrete magnetic bits for the storage of data.
- Each discrete data island 30 is a magnetized block separated from other blocks by nonmagnetic regions or spaces.
- nonmagnetic means that the spaces between the data islands are formed of a nonferromagnetic material, such as a dielectric, or a material that has no substantial remanent moment in the absence of an applied magnetic field, or a magnetic material in a groove or trench recessed far enough below the blocks to not adversely affect reading or writing.
- the nonmagnetic spaces between the data islands may also be the absence of magnetic material, such as grooves or troughs in the magnetic recording layer or disk substrate.
- the data islands 30 are arranged in radially-spaced circular tracks, with the tracks being grouped into annular bands or zones 151 , 152 , 153 . Within each track, the data islands 30 are typically arranged in fixed-byte-length data sectors (e.g., 512 bytes plus additional bytes for error correction coding (ECC) and data sector header). The number of data sectors is different in each zone. The grouping of the data tracks into annular zones permits banded recording, wherein the angular spacing of the data islands, and thus the data rate, is different in each zone. In FIG. 1 , three zones 151 , 152 , 153 are shown, with only portions of representative concentric data tracks, 161 , 162 , 163 , being shown for each respective zone.
- ECC error correction coding
- modem disk drives typically have about 20 zones.
- each zone there are also generally radially-directed synchronization (sync) marks, like typical marks 173 in zone 153 .
- sync mark 173 may be plurality of circumferentially-spaced marks, with the spacing being different in each zone, that are detected by the read head to enable the write head to be synchronized with the specific spacing of the data islands in that zone.
- the sync marks may be located in the sector headers for the data sectors.
- the physical location where data is to be written or read is identified by a head number, track number (also called “cylinder” number when there are multiple disks) and data sector number.
- actuator 130 allows the read/write head 109 on the trailing end of head carrier 122 to access different data tracks and zones on disk 10 . Because the actuator 130 is a rotary actuator that pivots about pivot 132 , the path of the read/write head 109 across the disk 10 is not a perfect radius but instead an arcuate line 135 .
- Each data track also includes a plurality of circumferentially or angularly-spaced servo sectors 120 that contain positioning information detectable by the read head for moving the head 109 to the desired data tracks and maintaining the head 109 on the data tracks.
- the servo sectors in each track are aligned circumferentially with the servo sectors in the other tracks so that they extend across the tracks in a generally radial direction, as represented by radially-directed servo sectors 120 .
- the servo sectors 120 have an arcuate shape that generally replicates the arcuate path 135 of the head 109 .
- the servo sectors 120 are nondata regions on the disk that are magnetized once, typically during manufacturing or formatting of the disk, and are not intended to be erased during normal operation of the disk drive. While the sync marks (like sync marks 173 ) may be located in the sector headers for the data sectors, as an alternative they may be located in the servo sectors 120 .
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electronics associated with disk drive 100 and also shows a sectional view of the magnetic recording disk 10 with a magnetic recording layer of patterned media in the form of discrete magnetizable data islands 1 - 9 .
- FIG. 2 also shows a portion of slider 122 with read/write head 109 that includes the read element or head 109 a and the write element or head 109 b .
- the read head 109 a and write head 109 b are formed on the trailing end 122 a of slider 122 .
- the arrows depicted in the islands 1 - 9 represent the magnetic moments or magnetization directions in the islands, and are depicted for perpendicular or out-of-plane magnetic recording.
- the recording or writing of data occurs by an inductive coil write head 1 09 b that has a write pole that generates a magnetic field to magnetize the islands in one of the two magnetization directions, depending on the direction of current through the coil of the write head. Because there is no magnetic material between the islands 1 - 9 , the write field magnetization reversals must be precisely timed to magnetize the appropriate islands. While FIG. 2 illustrates perpendicular patterned media, wherein the islands 1 - 9 are depicted with their moments oriented out of the plane of the recording layer, the invention is fully applicable to horizontal or longitudinal patterned media, wherein the islands 1 - 9 would have their moments oriented in the plane of the magnetic recording layer.
- the disk drive electronics shown in FIG. 2 include read/write (R/W) electronics 113 , servo electronics 112 , controller electronics 115 and interface electronics 1 14 .
- the R/W electronics 113 receives signals from read head 109 a and passes servo information from the servo sectors 120 to servo electronics 112 and data signals from the data sectors to controller electronics 115 .
- Servo electronics 112 typically includes a servo control processor that uses the servo information from the servo sectors 120 to run a control algorithm that produces a control signal. The control signal is converted to a current that drives rotary actuator 130 to position the head 109 .
- FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a portion of the patterned-media disk 10 ( FIG. 1 ) with a typical patterned servo sector 120 spanning several data tracks. Three full data tracks and one half-track are depicted: 308 , 309 , 310 and half-track 311 , each having a respective track centerline 328 , 329 , 330 and 331 . The tracks are spaced about by the track pitch (Tp).
- the read head 109 a is shown as positioned in data track 308 and will detect the islands in servo sector 120 as the disk rotates in the direction of arrow 20 .
- the servo sector 120 is a conventional servo pattern of the type commonly used in sector servo systems and shows a greatly simplified pattern for clarity.
- the servo pattern includes several fields containing nondata islands, which are shown as automatic gain control (AGC) field 301 , servo-timing-mark (STM) field 302 , track ID (TID) field 304 and position-error-signal (PES) field 306 .
- AGC automatic gain control
- STM servo-timing-mark
- TID track ID
- PES position-error-signal
- PES field 306 is depicted as the well-known quadrature pattern of PES blocks or islands A-D.
- the PES islands A-D are used to determine the fractional part of the radial position of the head. When the head is at the track centers the read-back signal amplitudes from the A islands and the B islands are equal.
- the amplitudes from the C islands and the D islands are equal. As the head moves off-track the amplitudes from all the islands will increase or decrease.
- the amplitudes of the PES islands are decoded or demodulated in servo electronics 112 to generate a PES that is used in the control algorithm run by the servo control processor to generate control signals to the actuator 130 ( FIG. 1 ) to reposition the head.
- the PES from servo electronics 112 is also available to controller electronics 115 via line 160 ( FIG. 2 ).
- all of the islands in servo sector 120 are discrete blocks or islands of magnetic material and are magnetized in the same direction, either perpendicular to the recording layer (either into or out of the paper in FIG. 3 ) for perpendicular-recording media, or in the plane of the recording layer (either to the right or left in the along-the-track direction in FIG. 3 ) for horizontal-recording media.
- the islands are typically DC-magnetized by a large magnet during manufacturing.
- Each discrete island is a magnetized island separated from other islands by nonmagnetic regions or spaces represented as 200 .
- nonmagnetic means that the spaces 200 between the islands are formed of a nonferromagnetic material, such as a dielectric, or a material that has no substantial remanent moment in the absence of an applied magnetic field, or a magnetic material in a groove or trench recessed far enough below the islands to not adversely affect reading or writing.
- the nonmagnetic spaces 200 may also be the absence of magnetic material, such as grooves or troughs in the magnetic recording layer or disk substrate.
- interface electronics 114 communicates with a host system (not shown) over interface 116 , passing data and command information. Interface electronics 114 also communicates with controller electronics 115 over interface 118 . Interface electronics 114 receives a request from the host system, such as a personal computer (PC), for reading from or writing to the data sectors over interface 116 . Controller electronics 115 includes a microprocessor and associated memory 115 a . Controller electronics 115 receives a list of requested data sectors from interface electronics 114 and converts them into a set of numbers that uniquely identify the disk surface (head number associated with that disk surface), track (cylinder) and data sector. The numbers are passed to servo electronics 112 to enable positioning head 109 to the appropriate data sector.
- a host system not shown
- controller electronics 115 receives a request from the host system, such as a personal computer (PC), for reading from or writing to the data sectors over interface 116 .
- Controller electronics 115 includes a microprocessor and associated memory 115 a . Controller electronics 115 receives a list
- FIG. 2 also shows schematically the transfer of data between a host system, such as a PC, and the disk drive 100 .
- the signals from recorded data islands in the data sectors are detected by read head 109 a , and amplified and decoded by read/write electronics 113 .
- Data is sent to controller electronics 115 and through interface electronics 114 to the host via interface 116 .
- the data to be written to the disk 10 is sent from the host to interface electronics 114 and controller electronics 115 and then as a data queue to pattern generator 117 and then to write driver 11 9 .
- the write driver 119 generates current whose direction is switched at high-frequency to the coil of write head 109 b . This results in reversal of the direction of the magnetic write fields that magnetize the data islands 1 - 9 .
- the write clock 140 which is capable of operating at different frequencies corresponding to the different data zones, outputs a clock signal on line 144 to control the timing of pattern generator 117 and write driver 119 .
- a sync mark detector 141 receives the readback signal from R/W electronics 113 on input line 142 and outputs a signal on line 143 to control the timing of write clock 140 .
- the sync mark detector 141 detects the sync marks (like sync marks 173 in FIG. 1 ) that are sensed by the read head 109 a and sent to R/W electronics 113 .
- the sync mark spacing in each zone is different so sync mark detector 141 enables the write clock 140 to be synchronized with the spacing of the data islands in each of the different zones.
- FIG. 2 also shows a physical spacing D between the read head 109 a and the write head 109 b.
- FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion of slider 122 on a surface of patterned-media disk 10 and shows the relationship between the read head 109 a , write head 109 b and typical patterned data tracks 163 with typical data islands 30 .
- the tracks are spaced apart radially by a distance called the track pitch (Tp).
- All the data island patterns in the tracks 163 are shown as being precisely aligned circumferentially with one another, with an intended one-half block circumferential shift of the patterns in alternate tracks.
- the advantage of having the data island pattern in each track shifted in the along-the-track direction by one-half the block spacing from the blocks in adjacent tracks is that any readback signal interference from an adjacent track will be out of phase with the readback signal from the track being read, which results in a substantially reduced error rate for the data being read.
- the data islands are depicted as circular, but the data islands may have other shapes, including rectangular with different aspect ratios (radial height to circumferential width).
- FIG. 4 shows the physical spacing D in the generally circumferential or along-the-track direction between the read head 109 a and the write head 109 b .
- the physical spacing D does not vary much from head to head, but there still is some variation due to variations in the thicknesses of the films deposited in the head fabrication process. Additionally, due to tolerances in fabrication there is typically also a radial or generally cross-track physical spacing X between the read head 109 a and write head 109 b .
- the cross-track spacing X is not the same for each head but typically has a statistical variation among the heads in the same fabrication process.
- the slider 122 is mounted to the rotary actuator that rotates about pivot 132 its path is an arcuate path 135 that is not aligned with the disk radius 149 .
- the end face 122 a of slider 122 makes an angle ⁇ (called the skew angle) with the disk radius 149 , with skew angle ⁇ being a known function of disk radius and thus track number.
- skew angle ⁇ being a known function of disk radius and thus track number.
- the track pitch (the radial spacing between adjacent tracks) may be in the range of about 25 to 50 nm and the maximum skew angle ⁇ may be about 15 degrees.
- Manufacturing tolerances result in X being between ⁇ 1 micron and D is typically about 8 microns.
- the maximum R e may be about 3 microns, or as much as 120 times Tp.
- FIG. 4 to fully illustrate the relationship among the values of ⁇ , D, X and R e , these values are not shown as being precisely to scale.
- the disk drive may include a lookup table stored in memory 115 a accessible by controller electronics 115 .
- FIG. 5 is an example of a portion of a lookup table that shows track numbers (TR) and associated values of skew angle ⁇ and radial offset R e for every 10 th track between tracks n and n+30 for one specific head.
- TR track numbers
- R e skew angle
- the lookup table may store values of R e for every track. Values for every N tracks, for example where N is 100 or 1000, can be stored in the lookup table and an interpolation method used to determine the values for a selected track.
- the processor in controller electronics 115 may calculate R e for a selected track number from an equation stored in memory 115 a , with the equation generated by a curve-fitting algorithm for values of track number and measured R e values.
- the values of R e are typically a non-integer number of Tp.
- This effective radial offset R e between the read head 109 a and write head 109 b means that when the write head 109 b is positioned to write on a selected track 163 b , the read head 109 a will be positioned over a different track 163 a .
- the read head 109 a is depicted as being on the centerline of track 163 a when the write head 109 b is positioned on the centerline of track 163 b , so that R e in this example would be an integer number of Tp.
- R e is typically a non-integer number of Tp.
- R e is equal to 90.12 Tp
- the value of R e together with the skew angle ⁇ results in a head circumferential offset (HCO) between the read head 109 a and the write head 109 b .
- HCO head circumferential offset
- the value of HCO also varies with disk radius and can be calculated from the known values of D, ⁇ and the measured values of X.
- the read head 109 a detects a sync mark 173 as the disk rotates in the direction of arrow 20
- the write head 109 b will not be precisely aligned with that sync mark, but will be circumferentially offset by an amount HCO.
- an adjustment to the phase of write clock 140 must be made to compensate for HCO to assure that the write current reversals are synchronized to the location of the data islands 30 in the selected track 163 b.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a portion of patterned-media disk 10 with data tracks, including data track 163 b with data islands 30 a , 30 b and 30 c .
- the data islands 30 a - 30 c are shown as being generally rectangularly shaped with dimensions of 20 nm by 20 nm.
- the center of the write head 109 b is shown aligned with the centerline of track 163 b .
- the write head 109 b generates a three-dimensional magnetic field as the disk and thus the data islands 30 a - 30 c move in the direction of arrow 20 past the write head 109 b .
- the curved line 205 represents an intersection of this three-dimensional magnetic field with the plane of the recording layer that contains the data islands 30 .
- This intersection (curved line 205 ) is the outer contour or boundary of the magnetic field write “bubble”, i.e., the location where the magnetic field has a strength sufficient to switch the magnetization of the individual data islands.
- the islands do not have precisely identical magnetic properties as a result of tolerances in the fabrication process, they will have a switching field distribution, meaning that some islands will require a slightly higher magnetic field than others to switch their magnetization. This introduces some uncertainty or jitter into when each island reverses its magnetization.
- the magnetization reversal of the islands is based on the switching behavior of an “average” island. Also, the magnetic field within the write bubble is not constant over the whole island.
- the writing (magnetization reversal) of data island 30 b occurs when the geometric center of the island is within the write bubble, and the permanent fixing of the magnetic state of the island occurs when the geometric center of the island passes through the boundary 205 of the write bubble into the region where the field (averaged over the whole island) is below the switching field for the island.
- the optimum phase of the write clock for minimizing write errors depends on the position of the write head 109 b with respect to the center of track 163 b . This is because, as shown in FIG. 6 , the write bubble is curved at its trailing edge or boundary 205 .
- the center of the island 30 b passes through the boundary 205 ′ of the write bubble of the shifted write head sooner than it would pass through the boundary 205 of the write bubble of the unshifted write head. This results in an effective shift of ⁇ in the timing of when the center of the island 30 b passes through the boundary of the write bubble.
- an adjustment to the phase of write clock 140 ( FIG. 2 ) is made to compensate for ⁇ to assure that the magnetization reversals of the write field are synchronized to the location of the data islands 30 a - 30 c in the selected data track 163 b .
- the TMR of the write head away from the track centerline 163 b corresponds to the PES from the servo electronics 112 .
- the read head 109 a is maintained precisely on the data track 163 a ( FIG. 4 )
- the value of PES will be zero
- the write head 109 b will be precisely on the centerline of selected data track 163 b and no write clock phase adjustment for TMR is necessary.
- the write head 109 b will typically be offset by some value of TMR from the centerline of data track 163 b .
- the phase of the write clock 140 to compensate for TMR the likelihood of writing the correct data on the selected track is increased.
- the disk drive may include a lookup table stored in memory 115 a accessible by controller electronics 115 .
- FIG. 7 is an example of a portion of a lookup table that shows PES values (which correspond to TMR values) in units of nm and associated values of the phase adjustment due to TMR ( ⁇ ) in nm.
- PES values which correspond to TMR values
- ⁇ phase adjustment due to TMR
- the processor in controller electronics 115 may calculate ⁇ from a set of computer program instructions stored in memory 115 a , with the instructions representing an equation generated by a curve-fitting algorithm for values of PES and measured ⁇ values.
- the optimum write phase for writing with the write head well-centered on a track is determined. This is accomplished by writing pseudo-random data with the write clock having a known phase relationship with the write synchronization pattern (sync marks 173 in FIG. 1 ) read by the read head. A large enough number of data sectors are written, for example all the data sectors in one complete circular track, so that good statistics can be gathered on error rate. Then the error rate of this written data is checked by reading back the written track and comparing it to the known written pseudo-random data. Alternatively, the disk drive's error correction coding (ECC) can be used to analyze the number of errors.
- ECC error correction coding
- this writing of pseudo-random data and checking of the error rate is performed multiple times, each time after making a small shift in the write clock phase. This is continued until the write clock has been stepped through a full cycle of possible phases.
- the error rate will follow an expected behavior, with a minimum error rate occurring at one particular write clock phase and increasing to a maximum error rate when the write clock phase is shifted by approximately 180 degrees from the optimum.
- the optimum write phase can be determined which corresponds to the case where the write head is well-centered on the track.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the write clock 140 and will be used to explain the method of adjusting the phase of the write clock to compensate for both HCO and TMR.
- the write clock 140 may be a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 211 in a conventional phase-locked loop (PLL) with a crystal reference 210 and loop filter 212 .
- the frequency and phase of write clock 140 is initially set by the sync mark detection signal 143 from sync mark detector 141 which detects sync marks 173 ( FIG. 1 ) as the disk 10 rotates in the direction of arrow 20 .
- the divider 214 allows the write clock frequency to be adjusted, for example in multiples of a small fraction of the frequency of the crystal reference 210 .
- the PLL output 215 This enables the PLL output 215 to be set to different output frequencies depending on the frequency of the data zone containing the selected track where data is to be written.
- the settings in divider 214 should be selected so the PLL output is as close as possible to the desired write clock frequency to minimize the average size of phase updates at phase rotator 230 .
- the write clock signal is generated in equally-spaced primary phases, and by analog interpolation it is possible to generate clocks with a phase intermediate the primary phases.
- the clock output at line 144 may be capable of 64 equally-spaced clock phases.
- the phase rotator 230 also called a “mixer”, controls which clock phase is selected for output on line 144 .
- phase adjustment for HCO and TMR shown as input 145 from controller electronics 115 to the phase rotator 230 .
- the controller electronics 115 calculates HCO from the known relationship between HCO and the track number for the selected data track where data is to be written. This is done as described above by use of the lookup table ( FIG. 5 ) or by calculating HCO for a selected track number from an equation stored in memory 115 a .
- the servo sectors 120 ( FIG. 1 ) are detected as the disk rotates in the direction of arrow 20 .
- the servo electronics 112 ( FIG. 2 ) generates a PES for each servo sector 120 .
- the PES is passed to controller electronics 115 which then calculates ⁇ from the known relationship between ⁇ and PES. This is done as described above by use of the lookup table ( FIG. 7 ) or by calculating ⁇ from an equation stored in memory 115 a .
- the phase adjustment value corresponding to HCO and the value of ⁇ are summed as a total phase adjustment.
- This total phase adjustment value may stored in an optional phase register 231 for input to phase rotator 230 .
- the output of phase register 231 signals phase rotator 230 to advance or retard the write clock phase, and thus to adjust its frequency and phase so as to be synchronized for writing to the data islands.
- the write clock 140 will cause write current reversals from write driver 119 to be precisely synchronized with the data islands in the selected data track 163 b.
- the PES value generated by servo electronics 112 and used by controller 115 may be the measured PES value as determined from the demodulated signal from PES blocks 306 ( FIG. 3 ) in the servo sectors 120 .
- disk drive digital servo control systems typically use a state estimator, which is a standard control system element in which the dynamics of the system are expressed as a system of state equations. The state of the system is represented as a vector of real numbers and the estimate for the current state is calculated from the estimated state from the previous samples.
- the PES value used by controller 115 may be the PES estimate from previous measured PES samples.
- the write synchronization system and method as described above and illustrated with various block diagrams may be implemented in conventional analog or digital hardware components or in software.
- the servo control processor, the processor in the controller electronics, or other microprocessor in the disk drive may perform the method, or portions of the method, using algorithms implemented in computer programs stored in memory accessible to the processor.
Abstract
Description
- 1. Field of the Invention
- This invention relates generally to magnetic recording disk drives for use with patterned media, wherein each data bit is stored in a magnetically isolated block or island on the disk, and more particularly to such a disk drive with an improved clock for writing the data.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- Magnetic recording hard disk drives with patterned magnetic recording media have been proposed to increase the data density. In patterned media, the magnetic material on the disk is patterned into small isolated data blocks or islands arranged in concentric data tracks. Each island contains a single magnetic “bit” and is separated from neighboring islands by a nonmagnetic region. This is in contrast to conventional continuous media wherein a single “bit” is composed of multiple weakly-coupled neighboring magnetic grains that form a single magnetic domain and the bits are physically adjacent to one another. Patterned-media disks may be longitudinal magnetic recording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are parallel to or in the plane of the recording layer, or perpendicular magnetic recording disks, wherein the magnetization directions are perpendicular to or out-of-the-plane of the recording layer. To produce the required magnetic isolation of the patterned blocks, the magnetic moment of the regions between the blocks must be destroyed or substantially reduced so as to render these regions essentially nonmagnetic. Alternatively, the media may be fabricated so that that there is no magnetic material in the regions between the blocks.
- In one type of patterned media, the data islands are elevated, spaced-apart pillars that extend above the disk substrate surface to define troughs or trenches on the substrate surface between the pillars. This type of patterned media is of interest because substrates with the pre-etched pattern of pillars and trenches can be produced with relatively low-cost, high volume processes such as nanoimprint lithography using a master template created by e-beam lithography and self-assembly, along with an appropriate etching method to transfer the pattern to the substrate. The magnetic recording layer material is then deposited over the entire surface of the pre-etched substrate to cover both the ends of the pillars and the trenches. The trenches are recessed far enough from the read/write head to not adversely affect reading or writing. This type of patterned media is described by Moritz et al., “Patterned Media Made From Pre-Etched Wafers: A Promising Route Toward Ultrahigh-Density Magnetic Recording”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 38, No. 4, July 2002, pp. 1731-1736.
- In patterned media, because the data islands are single-domain, the transitions between bits occur only between the islands. Since the magnetic transitions are restricted to predetermined locations governed by the locations of individual data islands, it is necessary to synchronize the switching of the write current and thus the reversal of the write field from the write head with the passing of individual data islands past the write head. The optimal phase of the write clock that controls the reversal of the write field depends on the position of the write head with respect to the centerline of the data track. This is because the outer boundary or contour of the write “bubble”, i.e., the locus of magnetic field strength sufficient to magnetize the data islands, is curved at its trailing edge. Thus if the write head is not well-centered on the data track, but shifted by an amount of track misregistration (TMR) away from the track centerline, the data islands will not be located within the write bubble when the write field is reversed. This may lead to write errors on the selected track.
- What is needed is a magnetic recording disk drive with patterned media that has a write-clock with phase adjustment to compensate for TMR of the write head.
- The invention relates to a patterned-media magnetic recording disk drive with compensation for write head track misregistration (TMR) from the track centerline. The disk drive has a read head and a write head located on an air bearing slider associated with each disk surface. There is an effective radial offset between the read head and write head, with the radial offset being a known function of track number, so that when the read head is aligned with one data track the write head is aligned with a different data track. As the disk rotates, the read head detects angularly spaced servo sectors and generates a position error signal (PES) which is used by the servo control system to maintain the read head on track. As the disk rotates, the read head also detects angularly spaced synchronization marks, which are used to control the write clock so that magnetization reversal of the magnetic write field is synchronized with the position of the data islands beneath the write head. The write head produces a magnetic write field within a write “bubble”, i.e., the region where the magnetic field has a strength sufficient to switch the magnetization of a data island. If the write head is shifted relative to the track centerline by the TMR, then the center of a data island whose magnetization is to be reversed passes through the boundary of the write bubble of the shifted write head sooner than it would pass through the boundary of the write bubble of the unshifted write head. This results in an effective shift of A(p in the timing of when the center of the island passes through the boundary of the write bubble. The disk drive includes circuitry to adjust the phase of the write clock by the amount of A(p to thus compensate for TMR of the write head. The phase adjustment circuitry uses a lookup table of PES values (which correspond to TMR values) and associated phase adjustment (Δφ) values. As an alternative to the use of a lookup table, the value of Δφ may be calculated from an equation generated by a curve-fitting algorithm for values of PES and measured Δφ values.
- For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying figures.
-
FIG. 1 is a top view of a patterned-media disk drive like that to which the present invention relates. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electronics associated with the disk drive of the present invention and also shows a sectional view of the patterned-media magnetic recording disk. -
FIG. 3 is an illustration of a portion of a patterned-media disk with a typical patterned servo sector spanning several data tracks. -
FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion of the slider on a surface of a patterned-media disk and shows the head circumferential offset (HCO) between the read head and write head. -
FIG. 5 is a lookup table showing effective radial offset (Re) values and HCO values as a function of track number. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a portion of patterned-media disk with data islands and the write bubble contour from the write head when the write head is aligned with a track centerline and when the write head has a track misregistration (TMR) from the track centerline. -
FIG. 7 is a lookup table showing position error signal (PES) values and associated write clock phase adjustment values for TMR (Δφ). -
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the write clock controlled by input from the synchronization (sync) mark detector with phase rotator controlled by input from the controller electronics. -
FIG. 1 is a top view of a patterned-media disk drive 100 like that to which the present invention relates. Thedrive 100 has a housing orbase 101 that supports anactuator 130 and a spindle motor (not shown) for rotating the patterned-mediamagnetic recording disk 10 about itscenter 13. Theactuator 130 may be a voice coil motor (VCM) rotary actuator that has arigid arm 134 and rotates aboutpivot 132 as shown byarrow 124. A head-suspension assembly includes asuspension 121 that has one end attached to the end ofactuator arm 134 and a head carrier, such as an air-bearingslider 122, attached to the other end ofsuspension 121. Thesuspension 121 permits thehead carrier 122 to be maintained very close to the surface ofdisk 10. Theslider 122 supports the read/write or recordinghead 109. Therecording head 109 is typically a combination of an inductive write head with a magnetoresistive read head (also called a read/write head) and is located on the trailing end or end face of theslider 122. Only one disk surface with associated slider and recording head is shown inFIG. 1 , but there are typically multiple disks stacked on a hub that is rotated by a spindle motor, with a separate slider and recording head associated with each surface of each disk. - The patterned
magnetic recording disk 10 includes a disk substrate with discrete data blocks orislands 30 of magnetizable material on the substrate. Thedata islands 30 function as discrete magnetic bits for the storage of data. Eachdiscrete data island 30 is a magnetized block separated from other blocks by nonmagnetic regions or spaces. The term “nonmagnetic” means that the spaces between the data islands are formed of a nonferromagnetic material, such as a dielectric, or a material that has no substantial remanent moment in the absence of an applied magnetic field, or a magnetic material in a groove or trench recessed far enough below the blocks to not adversely affect reading or writing. The nonmagnetic spaces between the data islands may also be the absence of magnetic material, such as grooves or troughs in the magnetic recording layer or disk substrate. - The
data islands 30 are arranged in radially-spaced circular tracks, with the tracks being grouped into annular bands orzones data islands 30 are typically arranged in fixed-byte-length data sectors (e.g., 512 bytes plus additional bytes for error correction coding (ECC) and data sector header). The number of data sectors is different in each zone. The grouping of the data tracks into annular zones permits banded recording, wherein the angular spacing of the data islands, and thus the data rate, is different in each zone. InFIG. 1 , threezones FIG. 1 , modem disk drives typically have about 20 zones. In each zone there are also generally radially-directed synchronization (sync) marks, liketypical marks 173 inzone 153. Eachsync mark 173 may be plurality of circumferentially-spaced marks, with the spacing being different in each zone, that are detected by the read head to enable the write head to be synchronized with the specific spacing of the data islands in that zone. The sync marks may be located in the sector headers for the data sectors. The physical location where data is to be written or read is identified by a head number, track number (also called “cylinder” number when there are multiple disks) and data sector number. - As the
disk 10 rotates about itscenter 13 in the direction ofarrow 20, the movement ofactuator 130 allows the read/write head 109 on the trailing end ofhead carrier 122 to access different data tracks and zones ondisk 10. Because theactuator 130 is a rotary actuator that pivots aboutpivot 132, the path of the read/write head 109 across thedisk 10 is not a perfect radius but instead anarcuate line 135. - Each data track also includes a plurality of circumferentially or angularly-spaced
servo sectors 120 that contain positioning information detectable by the read head for moving thehead 109 to the desired data tracks and maintaining thehead 109 on the data tracks. The servo sectors in each track are aligned circumferentially with the servo sectors in the other tracks so that they extend across the tracks in a generally radial direction, as represented by radially-directedservo sectors 120. Theservo sectors 120 have an arcuate shape that generally replicates thearcuate path 135 of thehead 109. Theservo sectors 120 are nondata regions on the disk that are magnetized once, typically during manufacturing or formatting of the disk, and are not intended to be erased during normal operation of the disk drive. While the sync marks (like sync marks 173) may be located in the sector headers for the data sectors, as an alternative they may be located in theservo sectors 120. -
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electronics associated withdisk drive 100 and also shows a sectional view of themagnetic recording disk 10 with a magnetic recording layer of patterned media in the form of discrete magnetizable data islands 1-9.FIG. 2 also shows a portion ofslider 122 with read/write head 109 that includes the read element orhead 109 a and the write element orhead 109 b. The readhead 109 a andwrite head 109 b are formed on the trailingend 122 a ofslider 122. The arrows depicted in the islands 1-9 represent the magnetic moments or magnetization directions in the islands, and are depicted for perpendicular or out-of-plane magnetic recording. The recording or writing of data occurs by an inductivecoil write head 1 09 b that has a write pole that generates a magnetic field to magnetize the islands in one of the two magnetization directions, depending on the direction of current through the coil of the write head. Because there is no magnetic material between the islands 1-9, the write field magnetization reversals must be precisely timed to magnetize the appropriate islands. WhileFIG. 2 illustrates perpendicular patterned media, wherein the islands 1-9 are depicted with their moments oriented out of the plane of the recording layer, the invention is fully applicable to horizontal or longitudinal patterned media, wherein the islands 1-9 would have their moments oriented in the plane of the magnetic recording layer. - The disk drive electronics shown in
FIG. 2 include read/write (R/W)electronics 113,servo electronics 112,controller electronics 115 andinterface electronics 1 14. The R/W electronics 113 receives signals fromread head 109 a and passes servo information from theservo sectors 120 toservo electronics 112 and data signals from the data sectors tocontroller electronics 115. -
Servo electronics 112 typically includes a servo control processor that uses the servo information from theservo sectors 120 to run a control algorithm that produces a control signal. The control signal is converted to a current that drivesrotary actuator 130 to position thehead 109. The operation ofservo electronics 112 is explained in more detail with respect toFIG. 3 , which is a schematic showing a portion of the patterned-media disk 10 (FIG. 1 ) with a typicalpatterned servo sector 120 spanning several data tracks. Three full data tracks and one half-track are depicted: 308, 309, 310 and half-track 311, each having arespective track centerline head 109 a is shown as positioned indata track 308 and will detect the islands inservo sector 120 as the disk rotates in the direction ofarrow 20. - The
servo sector 120 is a conventional servo pattern of the type commonly used in sector servo systems and shows a greatly simplified pattern for clarity. The servo pattern includes several fields containing nondata islands, which are shown as automatic gain control (AGC)field 301, servo-timing-mark (STM)field 302, track ID (TID)field 304 and position-error-signal (PES)field 306.PES field 306 is depicted as the well-known quadrature pattern of PES blocks or islands A-D. The PES islands A-D are used to determine the fractional part of the radial position of the head. When the head is at the track centers the read-back signal amplitudes from the A islands and the B islands are equal. When the head is at the half-track positions the amplitudes from the C islands and the D islands are equal. As the head moves off-track the amplitudes from all the islands will increase or decrease. The amplitudes of the PES islands are decoded or demodulated inservo electronics 112 to generate a PES that is used in the control algorithm run by the servo control processor to generate control signals to the actuator 130 (FIG. 1 ) to reposition the head. The PES fromservo electronics 112 is also available tocontroller electronics 115 via line 160 (FIG. 2 ). - In
FIG. 3 all of the islands inservo sector 120 are discrete blocks or islands of magnetic material and are magnetized in the same direction, either perpendicular to the recording layer (either into or out of the paper inFIG. 3 ) for perpendicular-recording media, or in the plane of the recording layer (either to the right or left in the along-the-track direction inFIG. 3 ) for horizontal-recording media. The islands are typically DC-magnetized by a large magnet during manufacturing. Each discrete island is a magnetized island separated from other islands by nonmagnetic regions or spaces represented as 200. The term “nonmagnetic” means that thespaces 200 between the islands are formed of a nonferromagnetic material, such as a dielectric, or a material that has no substantial remanent moment in the absence of an applied magnetic field, or a magnetic material in a groove or trench recessed far enough below the islands to not adversely affect reading or writing. Thenonmagnetic spaces 200 may also be the absence of magnetic material, such as grooves or troughs in the magnetic recording layer or disk substrate. - Referring again to
FIG. 2 ,interface electronics 114 communicates with a host system (not shown) overinterface 116, passing data and command information.Interface electronics 114 also communicates withcontroller electronics 115 overinterface 118.Interface electronics 114 receives a request from the host system, such as a personal computer (PC), for reading from or writing to the data sectors overinterface 116.Controller electronics 115 includes a microprocessor and associated memory 115 a.Controller electronics 115 receives a list of requested data sectors frominterface electronics 114 and converts them into a set of numbers that uniquely identify the disk surface (head number associated with that disk surface), track (cylinder) and data sector. The numbers are passed to servoelectronics 112 to enablepositioning head 109 to the appropriate data sector. -
FIG. 2 also shows schematically the transfer of data between a host system, such as a PC, and thedisk drive 100. The signals from recorded data islands in the data sectors are detected by readhead 109 a, and amplified and decoded by read/write electronics 113. Data is sent tocontroller electronics 115 and throughinterface electronics 114 to the host viainterface 116. The data to be written to thedisk 10 is sent from the host to interfaceelectronics 114 andcontroller electronics 115 and then as a data queue topattern generator 117 and then to write driver 11 9. Thewrite driver 119 generates current whose direction is switched at high-frequency to the coil ofwrite head 109 b. This results in reversal of the direction of the magnetic write fields that magnetize the data islands 1-9. Thewrite clock 140, which is capable of operating at different frequencies corresponding to the different data zones, outputs a clock signal online 144 to control the timing ofpattern generator 117 and writedriver 119. Async mark detector 141 receives the readback signal from R/W electronics 113 oninput line 142 and outputs a signal online 143 to control the timing ofwrite clock 140. Thesync mark detector 141 detects the sync marks (like sync marks 173 inFIG. 1 ) that are sensed by the readhead 109 a and sent to R/W electronics 113. The sync mark spacing in each zone is different sosync mark detector 141 enables thewrite clock 140 to be synchronized with the spacing of the data islands in each of the different zones.FIG. 2 also shows a physical spacing D between the readhead 109 a and thewrite head 109 b. -
FIG. 4 is a top view of a portion ofslider 122 on a surface of patterned-media disk 10 and shows the relationship between the readhead 109 a,write head 109 b and typical patterneddata tracks 163 withtypical data islands 30. The tracks are spaced apart radially by a distance called the track pitch (Tp). All the data island patterns in thetracks 163 are shown as being precisely aligned circumferentially with one another, with an intended one-half block circumferential shift of the patterns in alternate tracks. The advantage of having the data island pattern in each track shifted in the along-the-track direction by one-half the block spacing from the blocks in adjacent tracks is that any readback signal interference from an adjacent track will be out of phase with the readback signal from the track being read, which results in a substantially reduced error rate for the data being read. Also, inFIG. 4 the data islands are depicted as circular, but the data islands may have other shapes, including rectangular with different aspect ratios (radial height to circumferential width). -
FIG. 4 shows the physical spacing D in the generally circumferential or along-the-track direction between the readhead 109 a and thewrite head 109 b. The physical spacing D does not vary much from head to head, but there still is some variation due to variations in the thicknesses of the films deposited in the head fabrication process. Additionally, due to tolerances in fabrication there is typically also a radial or generally cross-track physical spacing X between the readhead 109 a andwrite head 109 b. The cross-track spacing X is not the same for each head but typically has a statistical variation among the heads in the same fabrication process. Because theslider 122 is mounted to the rotary actuator that rotates aboutpivot 132 its path is anarcuate path 135 that is not aligned with thedisk radius 149. As shown inFIG. 4 , theend face 122 a ofslider 122 makes an angle α (called the skew angle) with thedisk radius 149, with skew angle α being a known function of disk radius and thus track number. As a result of the circumferential spacing D, cross-track spacing X and skew angle α, there is an effective radial offset Re betweenread head 109 a andwrite head 109 b, with radial offset Re being a known function of track number. In a disk drive using patterned media with an areal density around 1 Terabit per square inch, the track pitch (the radial spacing between adjacent tracks) may be in the range of about 25 to 50 nm and the maximum skew angle α may be about 15 degrees. Manufacturing tolerances result in X being between ±1 micron and D is typically about 8 microns. As a result, the maximum Re may be about 3 microns, or as much as 120 times Tp. InFIG. 4 , to fully illustrate the relationship among the values of α, D, X and Re, these values are not shown as being precisely to scale. Conventional approaches exist for measuring the effective read head/write head radial offset Re as a function of radius in a disk drive and storing this information in the disk drive's drive electronics for track-following control during reading and writing of data. For example, the disk drive may include a lookup table stored in memory 115 a accessible bycontroller electronics 115.FIG. 5 is an example of a portion of a lookup table that shows track numbers (TR) and associated values of skew angle α and radial offset Re for every 10th track between tracks n and n+30 for one specific head. A table likeFIG. 5 will typically be required for each head in the disk drive because the value X is not the same for each head. It is typically not necessary for the lookup table to store values of Re for every track. Values for every N tracks, for example where N is 100 or 1000, can be stored in the lookup table and an interpolation method used to determine the values for a selected track. As an alternative to the use of a lookup table, the processor incontroller electronics 115 may calculate Re for a selected track number from an equation stored in memory 115 a, with the equation generated by a curve-fitting algorithm for values of track number and measured Re values. The values of Re are typically a non-integer number of Tp. - This effective radial offset Re between the read
head 109 a andwrite head 109 b means that when thewrite head 109 b is positioned to write on a selectedtrack 163 b, theread head 109 a will be positioned over adifferent track 163 a. InFIG. 4 , for ease of illustration, theread head 109 a is depicted as being on the centerline oftrack 163 a when thewrite head 109 b is positioned on the centerline oftrack 163 b, so that Re in this example would be an integer number of Tp. However, Re is typically a non-integer number of Tp. For example, if Re is equal to 90.12 Tp, this means that theservo electronics 112 will maintain the readhead 109 a at a position 0.12 Tp from the track centerline of a track that is 90 tracks displaced fromtrack 163 b, the track where thewrite head 109 b is writing. - As shown in
FIG. 4 , the value of Re together with the skew angle α results in a head circumferential offset (HCO) between the readhead 109 a and thewrite head 109 b. As can be appreciated fromFIG. 4 , because the skew angle α varies with disk radius, the value of HCO also varies with disk radius and can be calculated from the known values of D, α and the measured values of X. Thus, when theread head 109 a detects async mark 173 as the disk rotates in the direction ofarrow 20, thewrite head 109 b will not be precisely aligned with that sync mark, but will be circumferentially offset by an amount HCO. Thus an adjustment to the phase ofwrite clock 140 must be made to compensate for HCO to assure that the write current reversals are synchronized to the location of thedata islands 30 in the selectedtrack 163 b. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a portion of patterned-media disk 10 with data tracks, including data track 163 b withdata islands data islands 30 a -30 c are shown as being generally rectangularly shaped with dimensions of 20 nm by 20 nm. The center of thewrite head 109 b is shown aligned with the centerline oftrack 163 b. Thewrite head 109 b generates a three-dimensional magnetic field as the disk and thus thedata islands 30 a -30 c move in the direction ofarrow 20 past thewrite head 109 b. Thecurved line 205 represents an intersection of this three-dimensional magnetic field with the plane of the recording layer that contains thedata islands 30. This intersection (curved line 205) is the outer contour or boundary of the magnetic field write “bubble”, i.e., the location where the magnetic field has a strength sufficient to switch the magnetization of the individual data islands. Because the islands do not have precisely identical magnetic properties as a result of tolerances in the fabrication process, they will have a switching field distribution, meaning that some islands will require a slightly higher magnetic field than others to switch their magnetization. This introduces some uncertainty or jitter into when each island reverses its magnetization. However, for the purpose of this invention the magnetization reversal of the islands is based on the switching behavior of an “average” island. Also, the magnetic field within the write bubble is not constant over the whole island. The writing (magnetization reversal) of data island 30 b occurs when the geometric center of the island is within the write bubble, and the permanent fixing of the magnetic state of the island occurs when the geometric center of the island passes through theboundary 205 of the write bubble into the region where the field (averaged over the whole island) is below the switching field for the island. The optimum phase of the write clock for minimizing write errors depends on the position of thewrite head 109 b with respect to the center oftrack 163 b. This is because, as shown inFIG. 6 , the write bubble is curved at its trailing edge orboundary 205. If thewrite head 109 b position is shifted relative to the track centerline by the TMR, such that the center of the write head follows 163 b′ instead of 163 b, then the center of the island 30 b passes through theboundary 205′ of the write bubble of the shifted write head sooner than it would pass through theboundary 205 of the write bubble of the unshifted write head. This results in an effective shift of Δφ in the timing of when the center of the island 30 b passes through the boundary of the write bubble. - In this invention an adjustment to the phase of write clock 140 (
FIG. 2 ) is made to compensate for Δφ to assure that the magnetization reversals of the write field are synchronized to the location of thedata islands 30 a -30 c in the selecteddata track 163 b. The TMR of the write head away from thetrack centerline 163 b corresponds to the PES from theservo electronics 112. During writing, if the readhead 109 a is maintained precisely on the data track 163 a (FIG. 4 ), then the value of PES will be zero, thewrite head 109 b will be precisely on the centerline of selecteddata track 163 b and no write clock phase adjustment for TMR is necessary. However, because of the finite response time of the servo system to maintain the readhead 109 a precisely on the centerline oftrack 163 a (FIG. 4 ) and because of disturbances due to electrical noise and mechanical vibration, thewrite head 109 b will typically be offset by some value of TMR from the centerline ofdata track 163 b. Thus by adjusting the phase of thewrite clock 140 to compensate for TMR the likelihood of writing the correct data on the selected track is increased. - To compensate for TMR of the write head the disk drive may include a lookup table stored in memory 115 a accessible by
controller electronics 115.FIG. 7 is an example of a portion of a lookup table that shows PES values (which correspond to TMR values) in units of nm and associated values of the phase adjustment due to TMR (Δφ) in nm. A table likeFIG. 7 will typically be required for each head in the disk drive. As an alternative to the use of a lookup table, the processor incontroller electronics 115 may calculate Δφ from a set of computer program instructions stored in memory 115 a, with the instructions representing an equation generated by a curve-fitting algorithm for values of PES and measured Δφ values. - One method for generating the lookup table of
FIG. 7 is described as follows. First, the optimum write phase for writing with the write head well-centered on a track is determined. This is accomplished by writing pseudo-random data with the write clock having a known phase relationship with the write synchronization pattern (sync marks 173 inFIG. 1 ) read by the read head. A large enough number of data sectors are written, for example all the data sectors in one complete circular track, so that good statistics can be gathered on error rate. Then the error rate of this written data is checked by reading back the written track and comparing it to the known written pseudo-random data. Alternatively, the disk drive's error correction coding (ECC) can be used to analyze the number of errors. Then this writing of pseudo-random data and checking of the error rate is performed multiple times, each time after making a small shift in the write clock phase. This is continued until the write clock has been stepped through a full cycle of possible phases. The error rate will follow an expected behavior, with a minimum error rate occurring at one particular write clock phase and increasing to a maximum error rate when the write clock phase is shifted by approximately 180 degrees from the optimum. By analyzing the error rate of all iterations, the optimum write phase can be determined which corresponds to the case where the write head is well-centered on the track. - Once the optimum phase for writing on the center of the track has been established as described above, a similar test is then performed with the write head intentionally offset from the track centerline by a known amount of TMR. By iterating this procedure at a number of off-track positions (for example, stepping 1 nm at a time to both sides of the track centerline) the optimum phase (Δφ) as a function of offset (TMR) from the track centerline is determined. Since TMR is directly related to PES, this procedure results in the table of
FIG. 7 , i.e., the table of values of PES and associated values of phase adjustment due to TMR (Δφ). This procedure is then repeated for each head in the disk drive, resulting in a table likeFIG. 7 for each head. -
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of thewrite clock 140 and will be used to explain the method of adjusting the phase of the write clock to compensate for both HCO and TMR. Thewrite clock 140 may be a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 211 in a conventional phase-locked loop (PLL) with acrystal reference 210 andloop filter 212. The frequency and phase ofwrite clock 140 is initially set by the syncmark detection signal 143 fromsync mark detector 141 which detects sync marks 173 (FIG. 1 ) as thedisk 10 rotates in the direction ofarrow 20. Thedivider 214 allows the write clock frequency to be adjusted, for example in multiples of a small fraction of the frequency of thecrystal reference 210. This enables thePLL output 215 to be set to different output frequencies depending on the frequency of the data zone containing the selected track where data is to be written. The settings individer 214 should be selected so the PLL output is as close as possible to the desired write clock frequency to minimize the average size of phase updates atphase rotator 230. The write clock signal is generated in equally-spaced primary phases, and by analog interpolation it is possible to generate clocks with a phase intermediate the primary phases. For example, the clock output atline 144 may be capable of 64 equally-spaced clock phases. Thephase rotator 230, also called a “mixer”, controls which clock phase is selected for output online 144. - Also shown in
FIG. 8 is the phase adjustment for HCO and TMR, shown asinput 145 fromcontroller electronics 115 to thephase rotator 230. Thecontroller electronics 115 calculates HCO from the known relationship between HCO and the track number for the selected data track where data is to be written. This is done as described above by use of the lookup table (FIG. 5 ) or by calculating HCO for a selected track number from an equation stored in memory 115 a. After theread head 109 a has settled generally along the centerline oftrack 163 a, the servo sectors 120 (FIG. 1 ) are detected as the disk rotates in the direction ofarrow 20. The servo electronics 112 (FIG. 2 ) generates a PES for eachservo sector 120. The PES is passed tocontroller electronics 115 which then calculates Δφ from the known relationship between Δφ and PES. This is done as described above by use of the lookup table (FIG. 7 ) or by calculating Δφ from an equation stored in memory 115 a. The phase adjustment value corresponding to HCO and the value of Δφ (the phase adjustment due to TMR) are summed as a total phase adjustment. This total phase adjustment value may stored in anoptional phase register 231 for input to phaserotator 230. The output ofphase register 231signals phase rotator 230 to advance or retard the write clock phase, and thus to adjust its frequency and phase so as to be synchronized for writing to the data islands. Thus with the correct phase adjustment, when theread head 109 a detects sync marks in itstrack 163 a, and with the write head off the centerline oftrack 163 b by some amount of TMR as determined by the PES value, thewrite clock 140 will cause write current reversals fromwrite driver 119 to be precisely synchronized with the data islands in the selecteddata track 163 b. - The PES value generated by
servo electronics 112 and used bycontroller 115 may be the measured PES value as determined from the demodulated signal from PES blocks 306 (FIG. 3 ) in theservo sectors 120. However, disk drive digital servo control systems typically use a state estimator, which is a standard control system element in which the dynamics of the system are expressed as a system of state equations. The state of the system is represented as a vector of real numbers and the estimate for the current state is calculated from the estimated state from the previous samples. Thus the PES value used bycontroller 115 may be the PES estimate from previous measured PES samples. - The write synchronization system and method as described above and illustrated with various block diagrams may be implemented in conventional analog or digital hardware components or in software. The servo control processor, the processor in the controller electronics, or other microprocessor in the disk drive, may perform the method, or portions of the method, using algorithms implemented in computer programs stored in memory accessible to the processor.
- While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited in scope only as specified in the appended claims.
Claims (20)
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US8861119B2 (en) * | 2013-01-29 | 2014-10-14 | Seagate Technology Llc | Write precompensation for head misalignment |
US8908316B2 (en) | 2011-12-05 | 2014-12-09 | HGST Netherlands B.V. | Disk drive with write clock frequency compensation for external vibration disturbance |
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US8824092B2 (en) * | 2010-11-08 | 2014-09-02 | Seagate Technology Llc | Skew compensation signal |
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