US20100272943A1

US20100272943A1 - Carrier-free adhesive film

Info

Publication number: US20100272943A1
Application number: US12/764,768
Authority: US
Inventors: Robert Kintu Ddamulira; John Edmund Raidy, Jr.; Barry Kenneth Wright
Original assignee: Taylor W F Co Inc
Current assignee: Taylor W F Co Inc
Priority date: 2009-04-22
Filing date: 2010-04-21
Publication date: 2010-10-28
Also published as: WO2010124003A1; US20140251526A1; CA2759192C; US9394701B2; EP2422026A4; CA2759192A1; EP2422026A1

Abstract

An adhesive system is provided that comprises a layer of adhesive without any adhesive carrier layer or screen or the like, covered on a first release surface and covered on the opposite side by a second release surface. Methods of forming the system and methods using the system to lay down a uniform layer of adhesive which can be used to secure various flooring materials are also provided.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/171,747, filed on Apr. 22, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to adhesive systems, and more particularly to those used to adhere flooring such as carpet, carpet tile (with various backings which include PVC, Polyolefin, polyurethane etc), vinyl composition tiles (VCT), luxury vinyl tiles and plank (LVT), wood, laminate floors, carpet padding and other flooring materials that can be secured in place with adhesive layers. The invention also generally relates to methods of making and using such adhesives.
There are generally two types of adhesives: two-component adhesives, and one-component adhesives. Two-component adhesives are generally formed with a resin component and a hardener component. In two-component adhesives, the resin and hardener are mixed immediately prior to application, causing a chemical reaction that permits the two-component adhesive to adhere to a substrate or surface. By contrast, one-component adhesives are typically solvent-based adhesives wherein an adhesive composition is mixed with a solvent. After the one-component adhesive is applied to a substrate or surface, the solvent evaporates, which permits the adhesive to cure. Examples of one-component adhesives that are known in the art include the adhesives described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,706,789 and 6,881,775, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Others are UV curable, pressure curable or otherwise.
Many products are assembled using adhesives. For example, various flooring products made from wood, vinyl, tile, carpet and so forth are permanently adhered to a surface or substrate, such as concrete or plywood flooring, through the use of an adhesive. Commonly-used adhesives in such applications include those sold under the trademarks Taylor Enviotec 2027 Pressure Sensitive Adhesive, which is sold by W.F. Taylor Co. of Fontana, Calif.
Traditionally, the adhesive is applied to the underlying substrate (such as plywood, concrete, and the like) with a notched trowel, or paint roller that meters the prescribed amount of adhesive to produce an adequate bond, or sprayed on to the floor using a spraying device. The flooring material is then applied over the adhesive in order to secure the flooring material to the substrate. The process can be time consuming, messy, and difficult to accomplish, particularly in large applications. These methods require the installer to be skilled in making sure that the proper tools are both selected and used correctly, and ensuring that the correct amount of adhesive is applied; otherwise the installation may fail.
After the application of the adhesive on the floor, the adhesive has to be allowed to dry to a pressure sensitive (tacky) state before the flooring covering can be installed. This process can take as long as several hours before the adhesive is ready to receive the floor covering. Failure to wait for this period can result in installation failure which can be very costly.
During this drying period the adhesive vehicle (which can be water, VOC's or in some cases noxious solvents) will escape to the atmosphere resulting in unpleasant odors in the installation environment and toxic fumes which sometimes produces a “sick building” syndrome. There is also the danger of that some of the adhesive may go on the face of the floor covering and damage it. Also most of these adhesive products are packaged in plastic containers that are not bio-degradable, at the end of their life cycle these containers can contribute to environmental pollution.
Some floor covering materials such as wood and carpet with vinyl or polyolefin backing are sensitive to moisture and solvent contained in the wet adhesive. When these products come into contact with these chemicals they can be damaged.
It is desirable to improve the versatility, cost and complexity of using adhesives to apply a variety of materials, and in particular, flooring materials. In view of the foregoing, there is a need for improved materials and methods for securing flooring and other products to a substrate with an adhesive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to adhesives, such as flooring adhesives, and more particularly to peel and press type adhesives and adhesive sheets. Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, an adhesive sheet is provided that comprises a layer of adhesive, preferably without any adhesive carrier layer or screen or the like, covered on a first side by a first release liner, and covered on the opposite side by a second release liner. The first release liner generally includes a first release carrier having a first release agent on one side thereof. The first release liner is positioned over the adhesive such that the first release agent is in contact with the adhesive. The second release liner generally includes a second release carrier having a second release agent on one side thereof. The second release liner is positioned over the adhesive such that the second release agent is in contact with the adhesive.
The first and second release carriers may be formed from any suitable material or mixture of materials, such as paper, plastic (including polypropylene, polyethylene or polyester), and the like. In addition, the first and second release carriers may be formed from the same or different material as a matter of design choice.
The first and second release agents may be any cross-linkable silicone, or other coatings or materials that have a desired surface energy. The first and second release agents may be the same or different materials, and in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first and second release agents have different surface energies. In an embodiment of the invention, the first release agent is a relatively strong release agent and has a lower surface energy than the second relatively weak release agent. In this manner, the first release liner can be removed from the adhesive layer, leaving the adhesive layer on the second release liner. The adhesive can then be pressed onto the surface to be covered, and then the second release liner can be removed leaving a layer of adhesive behind.
In another embodiment of the invention, the release liner can have the first and second release agents on opposite sides of a single release liner. In this manner, the adhesive layer is disposed on the weak release agent side and the combination can be formed into a roll, with the strong release agent facing the outside of the roll and promoting easy unrolling of the roll, exposing a surface of the adhesive layer as the roll unrolls. The exposed side of the adhesive layer can then be pressed onto a substrate and the release liner removed by peeling the relatively weaker release agent surface from the top of the adhesive layer, with the bottom on the flooring substrate. Flooring can then be adhered to this top exposed surface of the adhesive layer.
The adhesive system according to the invention can include an oil component, it can include a hydrocarbon resin component, it can include a surfactant component, and it can include a latex polymer component having carboxyl functionality, or any combination thereof. The adhesive may also include other components including, without limitation, anti-foaming agents, fugitive anti-oxidants, bactericides, fungicides, freeze-thaw stabilizers, wetting agents, fugitive alkali agents and tackifying resins. The adhesive can also be formulated using bio-based, renewable raw materials with low or substantially no VOC emissions. A standard fossil-based adhesive can also be used.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawing figures, which are merely illustrative:

FIG. 1 depicts an adhesive sheet according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 depicts an adhesive layer from the adhesive sheet of FIG. 1 applied to a substrate according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are a perspective cut-away and a cross sectional view of a wood flooring installation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are a perspective cut-away and a cross sectional view of a carpet or carpet tile flooring installation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are a perspective cut-away and a cross sectional view of a vinyl composition or luxury vinyl tile or plank flooring installation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention is directed to adhesives and adhesive sheet systems for use in securing various flooring materials to a substrate. The invention is also directed to methods of applying such adhesive sheets and to applying flooring materials with such adhesive sheets. The invention is also directed methods of making such adhesive sheets.
Various ingredients and components may be used in the adhesive sheets of the present invention, including those set forth in the exemplary embodiments described below. However, as will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art, substitutions, omissions and additions to these ingredients and components will be possible in order to provide adhesive sheets having customized selected properties without departing from the scope of the invention.
One method of installing floor covering material involves an adhesive carrier sheet or screen that has a pressure sensitive adhesive on both sides. This adhesive/carrier combination is adhered to the floor and the floor covering material is installed directly on top of it. The inventors determined that the use of a carrier layer presents several disadvantages. This method can be expensive because of the added cost of the carrier and it also requires special procedures for a successful installation. Providing a screen or carrier layer involves additional costs, including the cost of the carrier/screen material and the cost of the labor and equipment required to incorporate the carrier layer into the adhesive sheet. Second, the carrier layer adds complexity to the adhesive sheet, increasing the likelihood that defects will develop during manufacture or use. Third, a carrier layer increases the thickness of the adhesive sheet.
Another problem can develop because the carrier layer or screen can reduce the malleability and conformability of the adhesive layer. When a carrier based adhesive sheet is applied to a floor, there are often regions of overlap between two adjacent strips of the adhesive sheet. These regions present an adhesive surface that is further away from the underlying substrate (i.e., the base floor onto which the adhesive sheet is applied) than the adhesive surface presented by the non-overlapping regions. Accordingly, when flooring material is placed onto the adhesive surface, there are often undesirable, uneven “bumps” or ridges located on or around the overlapping regions. This can also result from unevenness in the sub-floor and the relative stiffness of carrier based adhesive sheets. The magnitude of these bumps and/or ridges depends on the thickness, malleability and conformability of the adhesive sheet. Therefore, the inventors determined that the presence of a carrier/screen layer can increase the magnitude of these undesirable bumps.
An adhesive system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown generally as adhesive sheet 100 FIG. 1. Adhesive sheet 100 comprises an adhesive layer 130 covered on a first side (or surface) 132 by a first high release liner 110. Adhesive layer 130 is also covered on the opposite side (or surface) 134 by a second low release liner 120. First high release liner 110 generally includes a first release carrier 112 having a first high release agent 114 on one side thereof. First high release agent 114 has relatively low surface energy (high release properties). First high release liner 110 is positioned over adhesive 130 such that first high release agent 114 is in contact with adhesive 130 at side 132.
Second low release liner 120 generally includes second release carrier 122 having a second low release agent 124 on one side thereof. Second low release agent 124 preferably has higher surface energy and therefore lower release properties compared to high release agent 114. Second low release liner 120 is positioned over adhesive 130 such that second low release agent 124 is in contact with adhesive 130 at side 134. Release agents 114 and 124 are preferably selected with different surface energies so that adhesive layer 130 will adhere to low release liner 120 when high release liner 110 is pealed off, to thereby expose adhesive layer surface 132.
First and second release carriers 112 and 122 may be formed from any suitable material or mixture of materials, such as paper, plastic (including polypropylene, polyethylene or polyester), and the like. In addition, first and second release carriers 112 and 122 may be formed from the same or different material as a matter of design choice. First and second release agents 114 and 124 may be any cross-linkable silicone, or other coatings or materials that have a desired surface energy. First and second release agents 114 and 124 may be the same or different materials, and in preferred embodiments of the invention, first and second release agents 114 and 124 have different surface energies.
FIG. 2 depicts adhesive 130 applied to a substrate 200. To install adhesive 130 on substrate 200, first high release liner 110 can be removed from adhesive sheet 100. Adhesive 130 will remain on second release liner 120 in view of the relative difference in surface energy between the first and second release agents. Surface 132 of adhesive 130 can then be pressed onto substrate 200. Then, second low release liner 120 can be removed, leaving a carrier and screen free layer of adhesive 130 behind on substrate 200. The flooring material (not shown) can then be applied to surface 134 of adhesive 130.
In another embodiment of the invention, the low and high release agents are disposed on opposite surfaces of a single release liner. The adhesive can be coated onto the low release (higher surface energy) side, to form an adhesive layer thereon. The coated liner is then rolled, with the high release surface on the outside of the roll, so that the coated liner can be unrolled, with the adhesive layer remaining on the low release surface. It can then be pressed onto the flooring substrate and the single release liner removed by peeling away the low release surface form the adhesive layer. The flooring can then be adhered to the now exposed top surface of the adhesive layer.
FIG. 3A is a perspective cut-away view and FIG. 3B is a cross section view of a wood flooring installation according to an embodiment of the present invention. A substrate 310 represents a flooring substrate that can be of the following construction; wooden, concrete, wooden and covered with an existing floor covering material, or concrete covered with an existing floor covering material. A carrier free adhesive film 320 is applied over substrate 310, and then a wood floor covering material 330 is applied over adhesive layer 320.
FIG. 4A is a perspective cut-away and FIG. 4B is a cross sectional view of a carpet or carpet tile flooring installation according to an embodiment of the invention. A flooring substrate 470 can be one of the following constructions; wooden, concrete, wooden and covered with an existing floor covering material, or concrete covered with an existing floor covering material. An adhesive film 480 is applied over substrate 470, and carpet or carpet tile floor covering material 490 is applied to adhesive 480.
FIG. 5 is a perspective cut-away and FIG. 5B is a cross sectional view of a vinyl composition or luxury vinyl tile or plank flooring installation according to an embodiment of the present invention. A flooring substrate 513 can be one of the following constructions: wooden, concrete, wooden and covered with an existing floor covering material, or concrete covered with an existing floor covering material. A carrier free adhesive film 514 in accordance with the invention is applied to substrate 13, and a vinyl composition or luxury vinyl tile or plank floor covering material 515 applied to adhesive 514.
Adhesive systems in accordance with the invention can be formed by providing a first release liner, coating the first liner with a layer of the adhesive, then covering the layer of adhesive with second release liner. If a double-sided release liner is used, the weaker release side with higher surface energy is preferably coated, then the coated release liner is formed into a roll.
Because the release liners in accordance with the invention have low surface energy, it can be difficult to coat them with the layer of carrier free adhesive. It is therefore useful to combine the adhesive composition with a suitable wetting agent. Because of the low surface energies of the preferred silicone based release agents, a silicone release liner can require strong wetting agents to achiever proper coverage. It is preferred to select wetting agents (surfactants) to provide good wetting under dynamic conditions, while controlling or eliminating foam, so as to provide a smooth adhesive layer. The actual wetting agents used will depend on the composition and properties of the adhesive layer.
Surfactants that offer a combination of formulating benefits, including wetting, defoaming and dispersion are preferred. Preferred surfactants are produced by reacting various amounts of ethylene oxide with a nonionic molecule with a hydrophilic section in the middle of two symmetric hydrophobic groups. Adding ethylene oxide to this nonionic molecule increases the hydrophilic nature of the product, modifying its water solubility, wetting and defoaming characteristics. Depending on the ethylene oxide level, these surfactants function as low-foaming, nonfoaming or defoaming wetting agents in a variety of applications including inks, adhesives, coatings, agricultural chemicals, electroplating, oil field chemicals and paper coatings.
Surface tension reduction through the use of a surfactant allows a liquid solution to wet substrates with low surface energies. Table 1 below demonstrates the ability of the surfactants to effectively lower the equilibrium or static surface tension of water using a duNouy tensiometer. As the amount of eth-oxylation is increased, static surface tension at a specific concentration increases and the surfactant becomes more hydrophilic. This increased water solubility permits higher use levels of surfactants with high levels of ethoxylation to produce very low static surface tensions.

TABLE 1

Equilibrium Surface Tension (dynes/cm)

Concentration In Water

Ethylene Oxide Content (moles)	0.01%	0.10%	1.00%

1.2	41.3	32	Insoluble
3.5	44.6	33.2	Insoluble
10	47	41.9	25.8
30	52.1	51.1	33.3

Reduction in static surface tension can give an indication of a surfactant's performance, but many applications never reach equilibrium. Consequently, in systems where surfaces are quickly generated (printing, metalworking, spray and roll coating, etc.), surfactants must migrate rapidly to the interface to prevent film retraction, fisheyes and other surface defects. As shown in Table 2, surfactants with low content of ethylene oxide effectively lower surface tension under conditions of rapid surface formation (increased bubble rate) due to their ability to quickly migrate to newly formed surfaces. Therefore, under dynamic conditions, these products can outperform conventional surfactants, such as octyl phenol ethoxylates.

	TABLE 2

	Ethylene Oxide Content (moles)

1.3

3.5

10

30

35

Relative Rate of Surface	Dynamic
Formation (bubbles/sec)	Surface Tension (dynes/cm)

1 (equilibrium)	32	33.2	41.9	51.1	33.4
6 (dynamic)	35.1	37.3	44.3	53	42.2

Water-based systems for coatings, adhesives, inks, etc., have surface tensions that are too high to permit adequate coverage of many low-energy substrates. As a result, surfactants that function as wetting agents are required. However, most surfactants cause foam, and the subsequent use of many defoamers can result in coating defects like fisheyes and cratering. The proper selection of surfactant can eliminate this problem by providing the necessary coverage with nonfoaming wetting agents.
Systems with high ionic concentrations present wetting problems because of the poor electrolyte tolerance of many surfactants. Selecting the right surfactant provide good coverage in these formulations is important because they have to have high electrolyte tolerance.
In addition to wetting and reduction of surface tension the surfactant can not contribute to introduction of foam in the adhesive system. These surfactants are best described as nonfoaming or, in some cases, defoaming nonionic surfactants. Since they are also strong wetting agents, these products can be used in conjunction with conventional defoamers to obtain the desired foam control while minimizing the fisheyes and pinholes caused by many defoamers.
The low surface energies of plastic films and silicone release liners require strong wetting agents to achieve proper adhesive coverage. Many wetting agents can provide the required coverage, but most also produce foam. It is therefore important that the right surfactants are selected to provide good wetting under dynamic conditions while controlling or eliminating foam, thereby ensuring consistent substrate coverage. Due to their highly hydrophilic nature, some surfactants can also cause decreased bond strength by increasing the water sensitivity of the dried adhesive. The proper surfactants that will cause little increase in water sensitivity should be selected.
In a preferred embodiment, the correct surfactant should offer the following features and application benefits:

Rapid migration leading to low dynamic surface tension;
Defoaming De-airentraining nature;
Low-foaming nature;
Stable in high electrolyte and brine systems;
Enhance flow and leveling;
Provide coverage over low-energy and/or contaminated substrates;
Enhance rapid penetration of absorbent substrates;
Wet and prevent smut formation in metalworking lubricants;
Impart mechanical and freeze/thaw stability in latex emulsions as well as narrow particle size distribution.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, a silicone based release agent is used on the release liner and the adhesive layer employs a non-ionic surfactant with an ethylene oxide content of about 3.5 moles.
The release agent should be selected to provide suitable release, yet remain on the adhesive layer until it is removed, leaving the layer of adhesive, intact, on the release liner with lower release properties. On the relatively higher release surface, a 180° peel (g/in) @ 1,200 in/min of 15 to 45, with a target of 30 is acceptable. On the relatively low release surface, values of 15 to 35, with a target of 25 are acceptable. Of course, those in the art will be able to select the surface energies of the release layers depending on the particular characteristics of the adhesive used and the requirements of the project.
In one embodiment of the invention, a continuous dry adhesive film is coated on a release liner, to a thickness between about 0.40 and 10 mils. (0.0004 and 0.010 inches), more preferably between about 0.50 and 6 mils, most preferably between about 3 and 4 mils. In another embodiment of the invention, the adhesive layer can be formed as spaced strips or beads of adhesive. For example, beads between about 1/32 inches high and 1 inch wide, between 1/32 inches and 0.5 inches high can be included as the adhesive layer. The beads should be spaced between about 0.25 and 1 inch apart. A particularly preferred bead size is about 0.25 inch high and 0.25 inch wide, spaced about 1 inch apart.
Beaded layers can be applied to the release line with slot die coating. Other coating methods in accordance with the invention include extrusion, curtain, on roll, off roll, stripe, patch or continuous coating. The beaded adhesive layer embodiments can also be constructed using a notched doctored kiss roll applicator using a standard kiss roll applicator and a serrated doctor blade.
Resins in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention generally have softening points between 25° C. and 140° C. It has also been determined that by mixing resins with different softening points, advantageous characteristics of each resin can be realized. For example, resins with a relatively low softening point, e.g., about 95-105° C. will have up to 30-40% less green strength and cured strength than resins with a relatively high softening point in the range of e.g., 115-130° C. Softening point also affects processing and handling properties. If a softening point is too high, desired materials might be difficult to emulsify at temperatures needed for proper mixing.
In one embodiment of the invention, a resin formed with hydrocarbons having, on average, 6 or fewer carbon atoms, preferably 4-6 and most preferably 5 carbon atoms and a softening point preferably between 25° C. and 115° C. is combined with a relatively harder resin formed from hydrocarbons having an average of 7 or more, preferably 8-10, most preferably 9 carbon atoms and a softening point preferably about between 85° C. and 140° C.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the relatively soft resin is an aliphatic hydrocarbon resin formed of hydrocarbons having an average of about 5 carbon atoms. Advantageous resins can be formed from acyclic aliphatic monomers, such as cis 1, 3 pentadiene, trans 1, 3 pentadiene, and 2-methyl 2 butene and cyclopentadienes.
Adhesive compositions in accordance with the invention also advantageously include a relatively harder hydrocarbon resin, particularly one having a higher temperature softening point in the range of 100° C. to 140° C. In particular, alkylated aromatic resins, particularly those formed from hydrocarbons having an average of 8 to 10 carbon atoms, such as those produced from C-8, C-9 and C-10 monomers, such as styrene, vinyl toluene, indene, methyl indene, alpha methyl styrene. Particularly suitable C-9 resins include petroleum aromatic hydrocarbon resins having softening points in the range 100° C. to 135° C. These relatively harder resins are advantageously included as 10 to 20%, preferably 12% to 18%. Other non-limiting examples of suitable C-9 and C-5 Resins are described below in Table 3.

TABLE 3

Manufacturer	C-9 Resins	C-5 Resins

Rutgers VFT AG	Novares TT120
Varziner Strasse 49, D-47138	Novares TT130
Duisburg Germany
Sartomer Company	Norsolene S115,
Oaklands Corporate Center	Norsolene S125,
502 Thomas Jones Way	Norsolene S135
Exton, PA 19341
Exxon Chemicals		Escorez 1102
Houston		Escorez	1304
2401 S. Gessner		Escorez 1310LC
Houston, TX 77063-2005, USA		Escorez 1315
		Escorez 1580
Neville Chemical Company	Nevchem 110	LX-1200
2800 Neville Road	Nevchem	120	LX-1200-130
Pittsburgh, PA 15225	Nevchem 130	LX-2600-125
	Nevex 100
Eastman Chemical Company	Petrorez	100
P.O.Box 431 Kingsport, TN 37662	Petrorez 199
	Petrorez 200
Resinall	Resinall 711	Resinall 769
3065 High Ridge Road	Resinall 717
P.O. Box 8149	Resinall 736
Stamford CT 06903	Resinall 737
	Resinall 747
	Resinall 771
	Resinall 774
TOSOH Corporation	Petcoal ®	100
Suite 600, 1100 Circle	Petcoal ®	120
75 Parkway, Atlanta, GA	Petcoal ® 120HV
30339-3097,	Petcoal ® 140
U.S.A.
Arakawa CHEMICAL (USA) INC.	Arkon SM-10
625 N. Michigan Avenue-Suite #1700	Arkon SP10
Chicago, IL 60611 USA
Grenhall Chemicals Limited	Resin GC100,
7686 Bath Road,	Resin GC300,
Mississauga, ON Canada L4T 1L2	Resin GC400
Hercules Inc.	Picco 5120	Piccotac 115
Resins Division	Picco 6115	Piccotac B
Hercules Plaza
1313 North Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19894
Yuen Liang Industrial Co., Ltd	Petroresin (yl-series, sk-series, gs-
South Korea	series b-series with softening point of
	between 90-130° C.
Sunbelt Chemicals, Inc.	SB1000	R100AS
407 N. Cedar Ridge, Suite 230	SB1100	S105A
Duncanville, Texas 75116	SB140ES	R100G
LUKOIL Bulgaria	PYROLEN	100
Bulgaira
1421 Sofia,
59 A Cherni Vrah Blvd

The mixture of ingredients can be advantageously heated to a temperature above the softening point of the high temperature resin, preferably in the range of 115° C. to 140° C. with mixing, to form a generally homogeneous combination. Care should be taken to insure that the composition is not heated to a temperature too far over the softening points of the materials or it can be difficult to blend with the rest of the ingredients. Thus, after a homogeneous combination is achieved, the temperature can be reduced to a point when ease of mixing is maintained, generally approximately 115° C. to 130° C.
Surfactants, as discussed above, can be included, advantageously in the range of less than 5% by weight, advantageously 0.5 to 2.0%.
It is also advantageous to include anti-foaming agents, in particular, non-silicon anti-foaming agents. These are advantageously included as less than about 0.5 weight percent, preferably 0.05 to 0.10 weight percent.
Adhesives in accordance with the invention also advantageously include polymer emulsion materials, particularly those having carboxyl functionality to provide enhanced adhesive properties, such as those having acrylic, styrene butadiene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer can be included as about 20 to 80%, preferably about 30 to 60%, more preferably about 35 to 55% of the composition. The emulsion should be maintained at a temperature of about 15 to 30° C. Ingredients 4 and 5 can then be added and mixed until uniform. Ingredients 1, 2 and 3 are then added with high shear agitation until the ingredients form a substantially homogeneous blend.
Certain compositions in accordance with the invention can also advantageously include fugitive anti-oxidants, such as oximes, such as methyl ethyl ketoxime, bactericides, fungicides and freeze/thaws stabilizers.
Compositions in accordance with the invention can also advantageously include fugitive alkali agents, such as ammonia, monomethanol amine (MEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). This alkali agent can be useful to adjust the pH of the emulsion to at least 7, preferably between about 8 and 10 before the oxazoline containing component is added.
In another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the process by which the adhesive in accordance with the invention is made can be split into two stages. The first stage can comprise the blending of the first seven ingredients and storing, with constant slow agitation, the resulting mixture as a premix to be used the final blend. The second stage comprises blending the last ingredient with the premix.
Prior to blending the premix with the remaining ingredients, the premix may be cooled to a temperature preferable in the range of 75° F. to 110° F. The cooling may occur using such devices as: a cooling jacket with cold water, a cooling jacket with a cooling tower, heat exchanger, a flash vacuum cooling system, or any other cooling device that can lower the temperature to within the desired range. Heat exchangers such as shell and tube heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers, plate and frame heat exchangers, or compabloc welded plate heat exchangers may be used.
After blending the premix with the remaining ingredients and prior to packaging the composition, the final temperature of the batch should be cooled to a temperature of preferably not more than 90° F.
Areas designed to house electrical equipment or various manufacturing or testing procedures often need to avoid the build-up of static electricity. In another non-limiting embodiment of the invention, adhesives in accordance with the invention can be rendered electrically conductive. Conductive adhesive are advantageously used in constructing Electrostatic Dissipative Floors (ESD) by the inclusion of electro-conductive agents in the adhesive composition. Particularly suitable electro-conductive agents include carbon black, synthetic conductive fibers, electrically conductive metal chips or fragments, or any other conductive materials such as conductive nano materials.
The following examples identify preferred ingredients, percentage of components and mixing processes in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention as set forth in Examples 1-3 below. These examples are set forth for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense.

Example 1

Carrier Free Adhesive Film Composition


Ingredient	Amount wt %	Process

1	Drying Oil such as Linseed oil, Tung	4 to 10	Blend ingredients that make up the
	Oil, Sunflower Oil, Blown and Heated-		aliphatic C-5 hydrocarbon reson
	bodied Oil, Cashew Shell Oil, Castor		with ingredient 1 (the drying oil)
	Oil, Coconut Oil, Cotton Seed Oil,		resulting in a mixture with a ratio of
	Dicyclopentadiene Copolymers, Fatty		between 30:60 and 60:40.
	Acids, Fish Oil, Oiticica Oil, Rapeseed
	Oil, Safflower Oil, Sesame Oil, Soybean
	Oil, Sythentic Oils, Tall Oil,
	Vinyltoluene Copolymers, Walnut Oil,
	Naptheneic Oil, Parrafinic Oil.
2	Aliphatic C-5 Hydrocarbon Resin with a	4 to 10
	softening point of between 75° and 115° C.,
	produced from Acyclic Aliphatic
	monomers such as Cis 1,3 Pentadiene,
	Trans 1,3 Pentadiene, 2-Methyl 2
	Butene
3	Alkylated Aromatic C-9 Resin with a	10 to 20	Ingredient 3 is dissolved in the
	softening point of between 100° and		above mixture (ingredients 1 and 2)
	140° C., produced from C8 to C-10		at temperatures of between 240° and
	monomers such as Styrene, Vinyl		300° F. to form a homogenous
	Toluene, Indene, Methyl Indene, Alpha		solution.
	Methyl Styrene.
	Derivatives of natural tackifiers such as
	Gum Rosin, Tall Oil Rosin, Wood
	Rosin. Examples of these are Rosin
	Esters with softening point between 25° C.
	and 130° C.
4	Surfactants, such as 1 to 10 mole	0.50 to 1.50	Ingredients 1 through 5 must be
	ethoxylates of nonylphenols.		premixed and then heated and
5	Non-Silicon Anti-foaming agents	0.05 to 0.10	maintained at temperature between
			240° and 260° F.
6	Latex Polymer with Carboxyl	30 to 60	Pre-heat and maintain the
	Functionality, such as Acrylic, Styrene		temperature of ingredient 6 to
	Butadiene, EVA, VAE.		between 60° and 100° F. Add the
			premixed ingredients above to
			ingredient 6 with high shear
			agitation until ingredients form a
			homogenous emulsion.
7	Fugitive anti-oxidants, Bactericide,	0.10 to 1.00	Add while agitating
	Fungicides, and Freeze-Thaw
	Stabilizers

Stage one is the blending of the first 7 ingredients and storing (with constant slow agitation) the

resulting mixture as a premix to be used in the final blend. Prior to blending the premix above with the

rest of the ingredients below, the premix is cooled to a temperature of between 75° F. and 110° F.

8	Fugitive alkali agent, such as Ammonia,	0.10 to 1.00	Use the alkali to adjust the above
	MEA, TEA		emulsion pH to between 8-10 before
			adding ingredients 9 and 10

The final temperature of the batch must be cooled to a temperature of not more than 90° F., prior to packaging.

Example 2

Carrier Free Adhesive Film Composition


	Ingredient	Amount wt %	Process

1	Process Oils such as; Naptheneic Oil,	4 to 15	Ingredient 2 is dissolved in the
	Parrafinic Oil.		above mixture (ingredients 1) at
2	Tackyfying Resins such as; Alkylated	9 to 20	temperatures of between 240° and
	Aromatic C-9 Resin with a softening point of		300° F. to form a homogenous
	between 100° and 140° C., produced from C8		solution.
	to C-10 monomers such as Styrene, Vinyl
	Toluene, Indene, Methyl Indene, Alpha Methyl
	Styrene.
	Aliphatic C-5 Hydrocarbon Resin with a
	softening point of between 75° and 115° C.,
	produced from Acyclic Aliphatic monomers
	such as Cis 1,3 Pentadiene, Trans 1,3
	Pentadiene, 2-Methyl 2 Butene
	Derivatives of natural tackifiers such as Gum
	Rosin, Tall Oil Rosin, Wood Rosin. Examples
	of these are Rosin Esters with softening point
	between 25° C. and 130° C.
3	Surfactants, such as 1 to 40 mole ethoxylates	0.50 to 2.00	Ingredients 1 through 5 must be
	of nonylphenols.		premixed and then heated and
			maintained at temperature between
			180° and 200° F.
4	Non-Silicon Anti-foaming agents	0.05 to 0.10	Pre-heat and maintain the
5	Latex Polymer such as Acrylic, Styrene	30 to 60	temperature of ingredient 6 to
	Butadiene, EVA, VAE.		between 60° and 100° F. Add the
			premixed ingredients above to
			ingredient 6 with high shear
			agitation until ingredients form a
			homogenous emulsion.
6	Bactericide, Fungicides, and Freeze-Thaw	0.10 to 1.00	Add while agitating
	Stabilizers

Stage one is the blending of the first 6 ingredients and storing (with constant slow agitation) the

7	Fugitive alkali agent, such as Ammonia, MEA,	0.10 to 1.00	Use the alkali to adjust the above
	TEA		emulsion pH to between 8-10 before
			adding ingredients 9 and 10

The final temperature of the batch must be cooled to a temperature of not more than 90° F., prior to packaging.

Example 3

Carrier Free Adhesive Film Composition


Ingredient	Amount wt %	Process

1	Process Oils such as; Naptheneic Oil,	4 to 15
	Parrafinic Oil.
2	Tackyfying Resins such as; Alkylated	10 to 20	Ingredient 2 is dissolved in the
	Aromatic C-9 Resin with a softening		above mixture (ingredients 1) at
	point of between 100° and 140° C.,		temperatures of between 240° and
	produced from C8 to C-10 monomers		300° F. to form a homogenous
	such as Styrene, Vinyl Toluene, Indene,		solution.
	Methyl Indene, Alpha Methyl Styrene.
	Aliphatic C-5 Hydrocarbon Resin with a
	softening point of between 75° and 115° C.,
	produced from Acyclic Aliphatic
	monomers such as Cis 1,3 Pentadiene,
	Trans 1,3 Pentadiene, 2-Methyl 2
	Butene
3	Surfactants, such as 1 to 10 mole	0.50 to 1.50	Ingredients 1 through 5 must be
	ethoxylates of nonylphenols.		premixed and then heated and
4	Non-Silicon Anti-foaming agents	0.05 to 0.10	maintained at temperature between
			240° and 260° F.
5	Latex Polymer such as Acrylic, Styrene	30 to 60	Pre-heat and maintain the
	Butadiene, EVA, VAE.		temperature of ingredient 6 to
			between 60° and 100° F. Add the
			premixed ingredients above to
			ingredient 6 with high shear
			agitation until ingredients form a
			homogenous emulsion.
6	Bactericide, Fungicides, and Freeze-	0.10 to 1.00	Add while agitating
	Thaw Stabilizers

7	Fugitive alkali agent, such as Ammonia,	0.10 to 1.00	Use the alkali to adjust the above
	MEA, TEA		emulsion pH to between 8-10 before
			adding ingredients 9 and 10

The final temperature of the batch must be cooled to a temperature of not more than 90° F., prior to packaging.

It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method and in the compositions set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
Particularly it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or compounds recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of such ingredients wherever the sense permits.

Claims

1. An adhesive system, comprising:

a low release surface comprising a release agent having a first surface energy;

an adhesive layer having first and second sides disposed on and covering a selected area of the low release surface with the first side facing the low release surface, the adhesive layer free of a carrier layer;

a high release surface, comprising a release agent having a second surface energy that is lower than the first surface energy of the low release surface, in contact with a selected area of the second side of the adhesive layer;

the low and high release surfaces formulated and constructed to have surface energies selected to adhere to the first and second sides of the adhesive layer and to permit the high release surface to be separated from the second side of the adhesive layer with the adhesive layer substantially remaining on the low release surface;

the low release surface and the adhesive formulated and constructed so that when the exposed second side of the adhesive layer is pressed onto a substrate onto which flooring material is to be adhered, the low release surface can be peeled off the first side of the adhesive layer, leaving substantially the entire adhesive layer on the substrate; and

the adhesive layer having sufficient viscosity and cohesion to substantially remain as a layer between the low and high release surfaces.

2. The adhesive system of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer contains surfactants which permit the adhesive material of the adhesive layer to substantially wet the selected area of a release surface.

3. The adhesive system of claim 2, wherein the surfactants comprise non-ionic ethylene oxide based molecules.

4. The adhesive system of claim 3, wherein the low and high release surfaces comprise silicone based release agents.

5. The adhesive system of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a hydrocarbon resin component and/or a derivative of a natural tackifier, a surfactant component and a processing oil.

6. The adhesive system of claim 1, wherein the adhesive material comprises a short hydrocarbon resin component with on average a 4-6 carbon chain and long hydrocarbon resin component with on average an 8-10 carbon chain.

7. The adhesive system of claim 6, wherein the hydrocarbon resin component comprises a combination of C-5 and C-9 hydrocarbon resins.

8. The adhesive system of claim 7, wherein the adhesive layer comprises about 4-10% C-5 hydrocarbon resin and about 4-10% C-9 hydrocarbon resin.

9. The adhesive system of claim 7, wherein the adhesive layer comprises about 0.50% to 2% of 1 to 40 mole ethoxylates of a nonylphenol surfactant.

10. The adhesive system of claim 9, wherein the adhesive layer comprises an anti-foaming agent.

11. The adhesive system of claim 8, wherein the adhesive layer comprises about 30% to 60% latex polymer.

12. The adhesive system of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is in the form of elongated, spaced apart beads of adhesive

13. The adhesive system of claim 1, wherein the low and high release surfaces are on opposite sides of one release liner and the liner with adhesive thereon is in a roll.

14. The adhesive system of claim 1, wherein the low release surface is on a first release liner and the high release surface is on a second release surface.

15. A method of forming an adhesive system, comprising:

providing a first release surface comprising a first release agent;

covering a selected area of the first release surface with a substantially uniform continuous or striped layer of adhesive, the adhesive layer containing no carrier layer, the adhesive layer having a first side against the first release surface and an exposed second surface; and

disposing a second release surface comprising a second release agent against the exposed second surface of the adhesive layer, wherein the first and second release surfaces have different surface energies, such that substantially all of the adhesive layer will remain on one of the release surfaces when the first and second release surfaces are pulled apart.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant and an anti-foaming agent.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the adhesive layer comprises hydrocarbon resin and latex polymer material.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second release surfaces are on opposite sides of the same release liner and the second release surface is disposed against the second surface of the adhesive layer by disposing the adhesive layer on the first release surface and then forming the release liner into a roll.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second release surfaces are on separate release liners.

20. A method of installing flooring, comprising:

providing a layer of adhesive having no carrier layer support structure therein, one side of the adhesive layer disposed on a low surface energy release surface and the other side of the adhesive layer disposed on a relatively higher surface energy release surface;

separating the adhesive layer from the lower surface energy release surface and pressing the resulting exposed side of the adhesive layer onto a flooring substrate;

unpeeling the higher surface energy release surface from the adhesive layer to leave the layer of adhesive on the flooring substrates; and

disposing flooring material on the layer of adhesive.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the lower and higher surface energy surfaces are on opposite sides of the same release liner, which is formed into a roll, with the lower surface energy side of the release liner on the outside of the roll.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the flooring comprises wood, carpet or tile.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the adhesive layer comprises hydrocarbon resin and latex polymer material.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein the adhesive comprises non-ionic ethoxylated surfactants.

25. The method of claim 20, using the adhesive system of claim 1.

26. The method of claim 20, using the adhesive system of claim 9.

27. The method of claim 20, using the adhesive system of claim 13.