US20100246390A1 - Method and apparatus for streaming scalable multimedia data streams - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for streaming scalable multimedia data streams Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100246390A1 US20100246390A1 US12/739,970 US73997010A US2010246390A1 US 20100246390 A1 US20100246390 A1 US 20100246390A1 US 73997010 A US73997010 A US 73997010A US 2010246390 A1 US2010246390 A1 US 2010246390A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- packets
- resource
- exhausted
- determining
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
- H04L1/1887—Scheduling and prioritising arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
- H04N19/31—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability in the temporal domain
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
- H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/85—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression
- H04N19/89—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression involving methods or arrangements for detection of transmission errors at the decoder
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
- H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs
- H04N21/2343—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving reformatting operations of video signals for distribution or compliance with end-user requests or end-user device requirements
- H04N21/234327—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving reformatting operations of video signals for distribution or compliance with end-user requests or end-user device requirements by decomposing into layers, e.g. base layer and one or more enhancement layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
- H04N21/25—Management operations performed by the server for facilitating the content distribution or administrating data related to end-users or client devices, e.g. end-user or client device authentication, learning user preferences for recommending movies
- H04N21/266—Channel or content management, e.g. generation and management of keys and entitlement messages in a conditional access system, merging a VOD unicast channel into a multicast channel
- H04N21/2662—Controlling the complexity of the video stream, e.g. by scaling the resolution or bitrate of the video stream based on the client capabilities
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
- H04N21/45—Management operations performed by the client for facilitating the reception of or the interaction with the content or administrating data related to the end-user or to the client device itself, e.g. learning user preferences for recommending movies, resolving scheduling conflicts
- H04N21/462—Content or additional data management, e.g. creating a master electronic program guide from data received from the Internet and a Head-end, controlling the complexity of a video stream by scaling the resolution or bit-rate based on the client capabilities
- H04N21/4621—Controlling the complexity of the content stream or additional data, e.g. lowering the resolution or bit-rate of the video stream for a mobile client with a small screen
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
- H04N21/637—Control signals issued by the client directed to the server or network components
- H04N21/6375—Control signals issued by the client directed to the server or network components for requesting retransmission, e.g. of data packets lost or corrupted during transmission from server
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/63—Control signaling related to video distribution between client, server and network components; Network processes for video distribution between server and clients or between remote clients, e.g. transmitting basic layer and enhancement layers over different transmission paths, setting up a peer-to-peer communication via Internet between remote STB's; Communication protocols; Addressing
- H04N21/64—Addressing
- H04N21/6405—Multicasting
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/60—Network structure or processes for video distribution between server and client or between remote clients; Control signalling between clients, server and network components; Transmission of management data between server and client, e.g. sending from server to client commands for recording incoming content stream; Communication details between server and client
- H04N21/65—Transmission of management data between client and server
- H04N21/658—Transmission by the client directed to the server
- H04N21/6583—Acknowledgement
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1812—Hybrid protocols; Hybrid automatic repeat request [HARQ]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L2001/0092—Error control systems characterised by the topology of the transmission link
- H04L2001/0093—Point-to-multipoint
Definitions
- the present invention relates to streaming scalable multimedia data streams and, in particular, to streaming multimedia data streams in both unicast and multicast environments over lossy networks.
- Multimedia streaming applications are typically among the real-time services offered by a wired or wireless network.
- Real-time services such as multimedia streaming
- Real-time services are characterized by delay constraints.
- the multimedia streamed data (service data) that arrives late at the client are generally discarded by the client.
- Multimedia streaming data typically has a deadline associated with the data because it is being displayed to a user at the client device. Due to reasons such as congestion or channel impairment in the network, timely and correct delivery of multimedia streaming data to the client cannot always to be guaranteed. Therefore, at the client, there can be multimedia data missing during playback.
- bandwidth is typically measured in Hertz but in digital communications bandwidth is frequently specified in bits per second (bps), which is actually a transfer rate.
- bps bits per second
- the network bandwidth available to upper layer applications for example, file downloading and web browsing, may also vary over time, depending on factors such as network congestion, physical layer channel outage, etc.
- the streaming server may be forced to discard multimedia data in order to reduce data rate according to some data dropping policy. Any of the above reasons can cause data loss to occur at the client, which can negatively impact client playback quality.
- the present invention describes a method and apparatus for the server to stream multimedia content that are compressed by scalable codec(s) to the client(s) through a lossy network which provides a feedback channel.
- the multimedia playback quality at the client side can be improved.
- a method and apparatus including receiving a coded packet of content associated with a layer, receiving feedback information regarding channel conditions and applying hybrid automatic repeat request to deliver the packet based on said feedback information.
- the method and apparatus wherein applying hybrid automatic repeat request layer-wise further includes determining if a resource is exhausted, scheduling delivery of layered coded content packets for a layer, if the resource has not been exhausted, determining if all layered coded content packets for the layer have been transmitted, proceeding to the first determining step, if all layered coded content packets for a layer have not been transmitted, determining if an acknowledgement message has been received from a user device, determining if the resource is exhausted, if no acknowledgement has not been received and scheduling delivery of layered coded forward error correction packets, if the resource has not been exhausted.
- FIG. 1 is an overview of the environment within which the present invention operates in unicast.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B taken together are a flowchart of the operation of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a packet scheduler in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an exemplary temporal scalability coding structure.
- FIG. 5 is an overview of the environment in which the present invention operates in multicast.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a packet scheduler in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- Real-time multimedia services require high data reliability and a low bounded time delay.
- many networks over which such services are offered are error-prone and bandwidth limited.
- proper error control techniques are necessary to obtain acceptable service quality.
- client includes any user device, end device, mobile terminal, computer, processor, laptop, personal digital assistant, dual mode mobile phone, set top box or any other device that could be used to display or playback content including audio, video and multimedia content.
- source or service data includes any form of uncompressed/compressed contents, including audio, video and multimedia data.
- FEC Forward error correction
- FEC Forward error correction
- coding is a commonly used error control technique to improve the throughput of a lossy network.
- FEC adds controlled redundancy to the service data and the redundancy data (also called FEC data herein) are also sent to the client over the network.
- the client can utilize the redundancy provided by the FEC data to detect and recover losses.
- the amount of FEC needs to be adjusted according to the network loss condition. But such accurate information is hard to come by due to time-varying characteristics of many network channels, for example, wireless networks. Therefore, for such networks, under provisioning FEC can cause FEC failure, while over provisioning FEC can unnecessarily decrease network throughput, both of which can cause multimedia playback quality degradation.
- Retransmission is another technique commonly used in a lossy network when the network provides a feedback channel and the client is capable of generating feedback information.
- a typical protocol designed for retransmission works as follows. At the transmitter side, when the service data is sent over the network, the server waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) from the client through the network feedback channel. At the receiver side, an ACK is only sent by the client when the client receives all the data correctly. After a certain time period (called time-out period), if the server has not received an ACK, it assumes the data is lost and transmits again the same data to the client. This process is repeated until the server receives the ACK from the client for the data, and then the same process begins for the following data if any.
- ACK acknowledgment
- the retransmission method generally only transmits the data again that are lost during transmission, so it is bandwidth efficient.
- the server has to wait for the ACK to act on, which usually introduces a long delay that is not suitable for real-time multimedia services.
- the method does not scale well.
- the number of clients is large, the number of ACKs may grow unbounded and, thus, can seriously impact throughput.
- the problem of unbounded ACKs is referred to as the ACK explosion problem.
- a third method is hybrid Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ), which combines the benefits of both retransmission and FEC.
- ARQ Automatic Repeat-reQuest
- the server first sends out user data and then FEC data to the client. During this process, when the client has received all the user data or enough FEC data to recover losses, the client sends an ACK back to the server through a feedback channel provided by the network. Once the server receives an ACK, it stops sending any more data. Since the amount of FEC data sent to the client can be adjusted properly according to the current network conditions through ACKs, hybrid-ARQ is able to maintain high bandwidth efficiency. However, when the network experiences excessive losses, the server may have to send a large amount of FEC data before it can receive an ACK. When the amount of the FEC data exceed the data transfer rate limit, or the duration of the FEC delivery exceeds the delay constraint, content data losses can still occur with the hybrid-ARQ method, which can degrade multimedia playback quality.
- a scalable source coder compress a source content and generates a scalable coded bitstream so that parts of a bitstream can be removed in a way that the resulting sub-bitstream forms another valid bitstream for a given decoder, which represents the source content with a reduced reconstruction quality compared to the original bitstream.
- scalable source coders for example H.264/AVC (temporal scalability), SVC (temporal, SNR and spatial scalabilities) for video coding, and JPEG2000, SPIHT for image coding, etc.
- a scalable source bitstream generated by the aforementioned source coders can be divided into a number of layers.
- the first layer contains a representation of the source and is independently decodable.
- Each following layer contains additional information about the source and has to rely on all the previous layers for the correct decoding.
- the first layer has the highest importance in terms of reconstructing the original source, and the importance of the other layers decreases as its layer index increases.
- a multimedia streaming application unicasting a scalable bitstream over a lossy network with feedback channel to a client is considered.
- the application has data rate transfer rate and delay constraint, which will be described below.
- a multimedia content is encoded by a scalable source coder into M layers (M ⁇ N), such that the importance of layer m decreases as m grows (1 ⁇ m ⁇ M, m ⁇ N).
- the bitstream from source layer m is packetized into K m source packets for network delivery.
- L m FEC packets are encoded for layer m, using certain FEC codes such as Reed-Solomon (RS) codes.
- RS Reed-Solomon
- L m is large enough to recover possible data losses for layer m, without any data transfer rate or delay constraint.
- “data packets” include both source and FEC packets in general.
- bandwidth is often used to indicate a data transfer rate and is, thus, usually denoted as bits per second.
- a communications path includes a series of links between individual nodes along the path. The bandwidth of the path is limited by the lowest bandwidth between any two links.
- B be the network transfer bit rate (in bps) assigned to the application
- T be the duration (in seconds) of a time slot during which the application is allowed to transmit data.
- BT equals to the total bit budget (total number of bits that are or can be transmitted over the link in a given time slot) allocated for the application and denote [d 1 , d 2 ] as the playback deadline incrementally for the video data inside.
- the present invention combines the hybrid-ARQ method with the scalable source coding property for multimedia data streaming.
- the server obtains the information about the number of packets for each layer of the scalable bitstream that have playback deadline fall in [d 1 , d 2 ].
- Such information can usually be obtained at the content server, which encodes/stores the content data.
- the network server requests and receives such information from the content server.
- the network server then informs the client about the information, by means such as dedicated information packets, or as side information delivered through packets from the previous time slots, for example in the packet header.
- the network server At the transmitter side, once the network server is guaranteed the client's receipt of the information regarding the number of source packets in the layer, it starts sending the data packets that belong to the time slot. In particular, the network server first sends the data packets that come from the layer with the lowest layer index (highest priority) and then proceeds to the next layer with an incrementally higher layer index. Within each layer, the source packets are sent first followed by the FEC packets.
- the client receives data packets for a layer and constantly checks if it has received all the source packets for the layer, or it can use the received FEC packets to recover any missing source packets. This is possible because the client is aware of the exact number of source packets for each layer it expects for the time slot. Once all the source packets are available for the current layer, it sends an ACK through the feedback channel to the server. The client repeats the above process for each data packet it receives for the current layer.
- Event 1 indicates that the client has received or is able to recover all video packets from layer m.
- the server stops sending data packets for layer m and proceeds to sending data packets from layer m+1 (when m+1 ⁇ M).
- the server simply stays idle and waits for the next time slot.
- event 2 or 3 it indicates the application has reached its data transfer rate limit. The server then has to wait for the next time slot and repeats the above operations.
- the present invention can be further extended to multicasting multimedia data to groups of clients. For each layer m, only one ACK is sent back to the server each time, when every client in the group has received or is able to recover the source layer.
- the clients in a group communicate among themselves and a single ACK corresponding to a content layer may be transmitted for the group when the individual client that is last able to receive/recover the content layer has done so.
- the individual client with the most packets needed to be retransmitted makes the request. That is, in all cases described above, the individual client with the most need/worst conditions is the only client in the group of clients to respond for each content layer. This addresses the ACK explosion problem by using feedback suppression.
- the present invention allocates the remaining resources to guarantee the correct delivery of the current source layer, starting from the data with the most important, to the data with the least importance.
- the invention can maintain high bandwidth efficiency for a lossy network.
- the present invention guarantees minimal performance loss by exploiting the scalability property of the source bitstreams.
- the present invention can provide flexible bit rate adaptation according to the network lossy conditions and provide improved multimedia playback quality at the client.
- FIG. 1 is an overview of the environment within which the present invention operates in unicast.
- Server 105 schedules content for transmission to clients/user devices over a lossy network 110 .
- Server 105 as will be shown in FIG. 3 can include two servers—a content server and a network server.
- the network provides for a feedback channel to inform server 105 of receipt by the user device/client 115 a , 115 b of the transmitted content or the receipt by the user device of sufficient packets (content and FEC) in order to recover the current layer of coded content.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B taken together are a flowchart of the operation of the packet scheduler of the present invention.
- the packets are transmitted/dispatched in unicast to a plurality of clients/user devices/receivers.
- the packet scheduler receives layered coded packets (content and FEC) from content server (shown in FIG. 3 ).
- the packet scheduler also receives feedback at 210 from the clients/user devices over a feedback channel from the network server (shown in FIG. 3 ).
- the packet scheduler then initializes a time slot index at 215 .
- the packet scheduler initializes a coded data layer index.
- a test is performed at 225 to determine if any resources have been exhausted for this time slot. That is, a determination is made if the bit budget for the time slot or the deadline for packet delivery expired. If any resource has been exhausted then the time slot index is incremented at 260 . If no resources have been exhausted then at 230 , the packet scheduler instructs/schedules the network server to transmit/dispatch the next content packet that belongs to the current coded data layer. At 235 , a test is performed to determine if all of the content packets belonging to the current layer have been transmitted/dispatched. If all of the content packets belonging to the current layer have not been dispatched then the process proceeds to 225 .
- a test is performed at 240 to determine if an ACK has been received from the client. If an ACK has been received from the client then a test is performed at 265 to determine if the current layer index is the highest layer index. If the current layer is not the highest layer then the process proceeds to 255 where the packet scheduler increments the coded data layer index. The process then proceeds to 225 . If the current layer index is the highest layer index then the time slot is incremented at 260 . If no ACK has been received from the client then a test is performed at 245 to determine if any resources have been exhausted for this time slot.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a server in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- Server 105 shown in FIG. 1 may be implemented as content server 305 a and network server 305 b .
- Content server 305 a is responsible for providing layered-coded video bitstreams to network server 305 b as well as source information to the packet scheduler module 310 .
- Packet scheduler module receives the layered coded packets from the content server and receives feedback from user devices/clients via network server 305 b .
- Packet scheduler module 310 forwards packet scheduling information to network server 305 b as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B .
- Packet scheduler module 310 can be implemented both in hardware or software or a combination.
- Network server 305 b transmits packets (content and FEC) to and over lossy network 315 over downlink channel 320 .
- Lossy network transmits packets (content and FEC) over downlink channel 330 to clients/user devices 340 .
- clients/user devices 340 can be multiple classes of clients/receivers/user devices.
- Lossy network 315 receives feedback from clients/receivers/user devices over feedback channel 335 , which feedback lossy network 315 forwards over feedback channel 325 to network server 305 b .
- FIG. 3 shows a single client/user device/receiver. In actual practice it is assumed that there are multiple clients. The point of FIG.
- this embodiment of the present invention is unicast to a plurality of clients.
- the functionality of the packet scheduler can be in a module (software or hardware) on its own as shown or the functionality can be split between the content server 305 a and the network server 305 b or all three units (the content server 305 a , the network server 305 b and the packet scheduler 310 ) may be combined in a single device.
- FIG. 4 is an exemplary temporal scalability coding structure using H.264 main profile to perform the encoding.
- H.264 is one of several possible coding schemes.
- the set of pictures in FIG. 4 is called a “group of Pictures” or GOP, which can be divided into a base layer (BL) and multiple enhancement layers (ELs).
- FIG. 4 shows 3 ELs in the temporal direction.
- the BL includes slices of instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) and P/B types.
- the ELs include slices of reference and non-reference B-types (what are B-types?) denoted as Bs and B respectively.
- the arrows in FIG. 4 indicate the reference dependencies during encoding.
- the reference dependencies form a hierarchical motion prediction structure. From FIG.
- the BL is independently decodable and El-n has to rely on BL and EL-m (where m ⁇ n) for correct decoding. Furthermore because of the prediction dependencies, a missing picture from EL-m only affects pictures from higher layers such as EL-n. A lost picture, however, from the BL can affect all of the following pictures until the next IDR is received. Consequently, in such a coding structure, the BL is generally the most important (and thus layer having the lowest index) followed by EL- 1 , EL- 2 and EL- 3 in order of decreasing importance. Such a coding structure satisfies layered content coding. It is specifically noted that the layered hybrid-ARQ can also work with other content coding scalability dimensions.
- FIG. 5 is an overview of the environment in which the present invention operates in multicast.
- Server 105 and lossy network 110 are as described above with reference to FIG. 1 .
- Multicast group 1 505 is a class of clients/user devices/receivers which have joined multicast group 1 based on their channel conditions, where channel conditions are often a function of distance from the source.
- Multicast group 2 510 is another class of clients/user devices/receivers which have joined multicast group 2 based on their channel conditions. There may be additional multicast groups in the environment.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a packet scheduler in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- the packet scheduler performs scheduling for groups of clients as opposed to individual clients in accordance with the description of the extension of the principles of the present invention from unicast to multicast.
- 305 a , 305 b , 310 — 335 are as described above with reference to FIG. 3 .
- Multicast client groups 605 a , 605 b and 605 c each can have a single client or a plurality of clients.
- the present invention may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, firmware, special purpose processors, or a combination thereof.
- the present invention is implemented as a combination of hardware and software.
- the software is preferably implemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage device.
- the application program may be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture.
- the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units (CPU), a random access memory (RAM), and input/output (I/O) interface(s).
- CPU central processing units
- RAM random access memory
- I/O input/output
- the computer platform also includes an operating system and microinstruction code.
- various processes and functions described herein may either be part of the microinstruction code or part of the application program (or a combination thereof), which is executed via the operating system.
- various other peripheral devices may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage device and a printing device.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)
- Two-Way Televisions, Distribution Of Moving Picture Or The Like (AREA)
- Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to streaming scalable multimedia data streams and, in particular, to streaming multimedia data streams in both unicast and multicast environments over lossy networks.
- Multimedia streaming applications are typically among the real-time services offered by a wired or wireless network. Real-time services, such as multimedia streaming, are characterized by delay constraints. The multimedia streamed data (service data) that arrives late at the client are generally discarded by the client. Multimedia streaming data typically has a deadline associated with the data because it is being displayed to a user at the client device. Due to reasons such as congestion or channel impairment in the network, timely and correct delivery of multimedia streaming data to the client cannot always to be guaranteed. Therefore, at the client, there can be multimedia data missing during playback.
- Due to the large volume of multimedia data, multimedia streaming applications often require large network bandwidths. For those bandwidth-constrained networks, a data transfer rate limit is often imposed on such an application. Herein bandwidth, data transfer rate and network transfer rate are all used interchangeably. Bandwidth is typically measured in Hertz but in digital communications bandwidth is frequently specified in bits per second (bps), which is actually a transfer rate. Meanwhile the network bandwidth available to upper layer applications, for example, file downloading and web browsing, may also vary over time, depending on factors such as network congestion, physical layer channel outage, etc. When the available network bandwidth is less than the amount requested by the multimedia streaming application, the streaming server may be forced to discard multimedia data in order to reduce data rate according to some data dropping policy. Any of the above reasons can cause data loss to occur at the client, which can negatively impact client playback quality.
- It would be advantageous, therefore, to have a method and apparatus to improve multimedia playback quality when a delay and/or bandwidth constrained multimedia streaming application is delivering multimedia data over a lossy network. As used herein, “/” denotes alternative names for the same or similar acts or components.
- Multimedia streaming applications often have strict delay and bandwidth constraints. The present invention describes a method and apparatus for the server to stream multimedia content that are compressed by scalable codec(s) to the client(s) through a lossy network which provides a feedback channel. With the present invention, the multimedia playback quality at the client side can be improved.
- A method and apparatus are described including receiving a coded packet of content associated with a layer, receiving feedback information regarding channel conditions and applying hybrid automatic repeat request to deliver the packet based on said feedback information. The method and apparatus wherein applying hybrid automatic repeat request layer-wise further includes determining if a resource is exhausted, scheduling delivery of layered coded content packets for a layer, if the resource has not been exhausted, determining if all layered coded content packets for the layer have been transmitted, proceeding to the first determining step, if all layered coded content packets for a layer have not been transmitted, determining if an acknowledgement message has been received from a user device, determining if the resource is exhausted, if no acknowledgement has not been received and scheduling delivery of layered coded forward error correction packets, if the resource has not been exhausted.
- The present invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings include the following figures briefly described below:
-
FIG. 1 is an overview of the environment within which the present invention operates in unicast. -
FIGS. 2A and 2B taken together are a flowchart of the operation of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a packet scheduler in accordance with the principles of the present invention. -
FIG. 4 is an exemplary temporal scalability coding structure. -
FIG. 5 is an overview of the environment in which the present invention operates in multicast. -
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a packet scheduler in accordance with the principles of the present invention. - Real-time multimedia services require high data reliability and a low bounded time delay. However, many networks over which such services are offered are error-prone and bandwidth limited. Thus, proper error control techniques are necessary to obtain acceptable service quality.
- As used herein “client” includes any user device, end device, mobile terminal, computer, processor, laptop, personal digital assistant, dual mode mobile phone, set top box or any other device that could be used to display or playback content including audio, video and multimedia content. As used herein source or service data includes any form of uncompressed/compressed contents, including audio, video and multimedia data.
- Forward error correction (FEC) coding is a commonly used error control technique to improve the throughput of a lossy network. FEC adds controlled redundancy to the service data and the redundancy data (also called FEC data herein) are also sent to the client over the network. Whenever there are data losses, the client can utilize the redundancy provided by the FEC data to detect and recover losses. However, in order to recover data losses effectively, the amount of FEC needs to be adjusted according to the network loss condition. But such accurate information is hard to come by due to time-varying characteristics of many network channels, for example, wireless networks. Therefore, for such networks, under provisioning FEC can cause FEC failure, while over provisioning FEC can unnecessarily decrease network throughput, both of which can cause multimedia playback quality degradation.
- Retransmission is another technique commonly used in a lossy network when the network provides a feedback channel and the client is capable of generating feedback information. A typical protocol designed for retransmission works as follows. At the transmitter side, when the service data is sent over the network, the server waits for an acknowledgment (ACK) from the client through the network feedback channel. At the receiver side, an ACK is only sent by the client when the client receives all the data correctly. After a certain time period (called time-out period), if the server has not received an ACK, it assumes the data is lost and transmits again the same data to the client. This process is repeated until the server receives the ACK from the client for the data, and then the same process begins for the following data if any. The retransmission method generally only transmits the data again that are lost during transmission, so it is bandwidth efficient. However, the server has to wait for the ACK to act on, which usually introduces a long delay that is not suitable for real-time multimedia services. Also the method does not scale well. When the number of clients is large, the number of ACKs may grow unbounded and, thus, can seriously impact throughput. The problem of unbounded ACKs is referred to as the ACK explosion problem.
- A third method is hybrid Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ), which combines the benefits of both retransmission and FEC. With hybrid-ARQ, at the transmitter side, the server first sends out user data and then FEC data to the client. During this process, when the client has received all the user data or enough FEC data to recover losses, the client sends an ACK back to the server through a feedback channel provided by the network. Once the server receives an ACK, it stops sending any more data. Since the amount of FEC data sent to the client can be adjusted properly according to the current network conditions through ACKs, hybrid-ARQ is able to maintain high bandwidth efficiency. However, when the network experiences excessive losses, the server may have to send a large amount of FEC data before it can receive an ACK. When the amount of the FEC data exceed the data transfer rate limit, or the duration of the FEC delivery exceeds the delay constraint, content data losses can still occur with the hybrid-ARQ method, which can degrade multimedia playback quality.
- A scalable source coder compress a source content and generates a scalable coded bitstream so that parts of a bitstream can be removed in a way that the resulting sub-bitstream forms another valid bitstream for a given decoder, which represents the source content with a reduced reconstruction quality compared to the original bitstream. There are many scalable source coders, for example H.264/AVC (temporal scalability), SVC (temporal, SNR and spatial scalabilities) for video coding, and JPEG2000, SPIHT for image coding, etc.
- A scalable source bitstream generated by the aforementioned source coders can be divided into a number of layers. The first layer contains a representation of the source and is independently decodable. Each following layer contains additional information about the source and has to rely on all the previous layers for the correct decoding. Hence, in general, among all the layers of a scalable bitstream, the first layer has the highest importance in terms of reconstructing the original source, and the importance of the other layers decreases as its layer index increases.
- In the following, a multimedia streaming application unicasting a scalable bitstream over a lossy network with feedback channel to a client is considered. The application has data rate transfer rate and delay constraint, which will be described below.
- Suppose a multimedia content is encoded by a scalable source coder into M layers (M∈N), such that the importance of layer m decreases as m grows (1≦m≦M, m∈N). Assume further that the bitstream from source layer m is packetized into Km source packets for network delivery. In addition, Lm FEC packets are encoded for layer m, using certain FEC codes such as Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. In particular, assume Lm is large enough to recover possible data losses for layer m, without any data transfer rate or delay constraint. In the following, “data packets” include both source and FEC packets in general.
- In computer networks and as used herein, bandwidth is often used to indicate a data transfer rate and is, thus, usually denoted as bits per second. In most networks a communications path includes a series of links between individual nodes along the path. The bandwidth of the path is limited by the lowest bandwidth between any two links.
- Let B be the network transfer bit rate (in bps) assigned to the application, and T be the duration (in seconds) of a time slot during which the application is allowed to transmit data. For each time slot, BT equals to the total bit budget (total number of bits that are or can be transmitted over the link in a given time slot) allocated for the application and denote [d1, d2] as the playback deadline incrementally for the video data inside.
- The present invention combines the hybrid-ARQ method with the scalable source coding property for multimedia data streaming. At the beginning of each time slot during which the server is allowed to transmit data, the server obtains the information about the number of packets for each layer of the scalable bitstream that have playback deadline fall in [d1, d2]. Such information can usually be obtained at the content server, which encodes/stores the content data. The network server requests and receives such information from the content server. The network server then informs the client about the information, by means such as dedicated information packets, or as side information delivered through packets from the previous time slots, for example in the packet header.
- At the transmitter side, once the network server is guaranteed the client's receipt of the information regarding the number of source packets in the layer, it starts sending the data packets that belong to the time slot. In particular, the network server first sends the data packets that come from the layer with the lowest layer index (highest priority) and then proceeds to the next layer with an incrementally higher layer index. Within each layer, the source packets are sent first followed by the FEC packets.
- At the receiver side, the client receives data packets for a layer and constantly checks if it has received all the source packets for the layer, or it can use the received FEC packets to recover any missing source packets. This is possible because the client is aware of the exact number of source packets for each layer it expects for the time slot. Once all the source packets are available for the current layer, it sends an ACK through the feedback channel to the server. The client repeats the above process for each data packet it receives for the current layer.
- During the transmission, one of the following three events can happen to the server:
-
- 1. An ACK from the client arrives.
- 2. The bit budget BT for the time slot is exhausted.
- 3. The time duration T has passed for the time slot.
-
Event 1 indicates that the client has received or is able to recover all video packets from layer m. In response to this event, the server stops sending data packets for layer m and proceeds to sending data packets from layer m+1 (when m+1≦M). In case when the current layer is the highest available layer, the server simply stays idle and waits for the next time slot. Whenevent - The present invention can be further extended to multicasting multimedia data to groups of clients. For each layer m, only one ACK is sent back to the server each time, when every client in the group has received or is able to recover the source layer. In one embodiment, there are classes of clients/receivers/user devices in a wired/wireless network. Groups of clients are categorized/clustered based on their channel loss conditions. So the multicast group a client belongs to may change over time as the channel condition for the individual client changes. That is, an individual client may join or leave one or more groups over time based on its channel conditions. In such a scenario, the clients in a group communicate among themselves and a single ACK corresponding to a content layer may be transmitted for the group when the individual client that is last able to receive/recover the content layer has done so. In the case of a request for retransmission the individual client with the most packets needed to be retransmitted makes the request. That is, in all cases described above, the individual client with the most need/worst conditions is the only client in the group of clients to respond for each content layer. This addresses the ACK explosion problem by using feedback suppression.
- Given a bandwidth or delay constraint, the present invention allocates the remaining resources to guarantee the correct delivery of the current source layer, starting from the data with the most important, to the data with the least importance. For each successfully delivered layer of multimedia data, because of the use of hybrid-ARQ, the invention can maintain high bandwidth efficiency for a lossy network. In the case when the given resource is exhausted before all the multimedia data belonging to a time slot are delivered to the client, the present invention guarantees minimal performance loss by exploiting the scalability property of the source bitstreams. Hence, the present invention can provide flexible bit rate adaptation according to the network lossy conditions and provide improved multimedia playback quality at the client.
-
FIG. 1 is an overview of the environment within which the present invention operates in unicast.Server 105 schedules content for transmission to clients/user devices over alossy network 110.Server 105 as will be shown inFIG. 3 can include two servers—a content server and a network server. The network provides for a feedback channel to informserver 105 of receipt by the user device/client -
FIGS. 2A and 2B taken together are a flowchart of the operation of the packet scheduler of the present invention. In this embodiment of the present invention, the packets are transmitted/dispatched in unicast to a plurality of clients/user devices/receivers. At 205, the packet scheduler (shown inFIG. 3 ) receives layered coded packets (content and FEC) from content server (shown inFIG. 3 ). The packet scheduler also receives feedback at 210 from the clients/user devices over a feedback channel from the network server (shown inFIG. 3 ). The packet scheduler then initializes a time slot index at 215. At 220, the packet scheduler initializes a coded data layer index. A test is performed at 225 to determine if any resources have been exhausted for this time slot. That is, a determination is made if the bit budget for the time slot or the deadline for packet delivery expired. If any resource has been exhausted then the time slot index is incremented at 260. If no resources have been exhausted then at 230, the packet scheduler instructs/schedules the network server to transmit/dispatch the next content packet that belongs to the current coded data layer. At 235, a test is performed to determine if all of the content packets belonging to the current layer have been transmitted/dispatched. If all of the content packets belonging to the current layer have not been dispatched then the process proceeds to 225. If all of the content packets belonging to the current layer have been dispatched/transmitted then a test is performed at 240 to determine if an ACK has been received from the client. If an ACK has been received from the client then a test is performed at 265 to determine if the current layer index is the highest layer index. If the current layer is not the highest layer then the process proceeds to 255 where the packet scheduler increments the coded data layer index. The process then proceeds to 225. If the current layer index is the highest layer index then the time slot is incremented at 260. If no ACK has been received from the client then a test is performed at 245 to determine if any resources have been exhausted for this time slot. That is, a determination is made if the bit budget for the time slot or the deadline for packet delivery expired. If any resource has been exhausted then the time slot index is incremented at 260. If no resources have been exhausted then at 250 the packet scheduler instructs/schedule the network server to transmit/dispatch the FEC packets. -
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a server in accordance with the principles of the present invention.Server 105 shown inFIG. 1 may be implemented ascontent server 305 a andnetwork server 305 b.Content server 305 a is responsible for providing layered-coded video bitstreams tonetwork server 305 b as well as source information to thepacket scheduler module 310. Packet scheduler module receives the layered coded packets from the content server and receives feedback from user devices/clients vianetwork server 305 b.Packet scheduler module 310 forwards packet scheduling information tonetwork server 305 b as discussed above with reference toFIGS. 2A and 2B .Packet scheduler module 310 can be implemented both in hardware or software or a combination.Network server 305 b transmits packets (content and FEC) to and overlossy network 315 overdownlink channel 320. Lossy network transmits packets (content and FEC) overdownlink channel 330 to clients/user devices 340. As used herein and especially in a multicast environment clients/user devices 340 can be multiple classes of clients/receivers/user devices.Lossy network 315 receives feedback from clients/receivers/user devices overfeedback channel 335, which feedbacklossy network 315 forwards overfeedback channel 325 tonetwork server 305 b.FIG. 3 shows a single client/user device/receiver. In actual practice it is assumed that there are multiple clients. The point ofFIG. 3 , however, is that this embodiment of the present invention is unicast to a plurality of clients. It should also be noted that the functionality of the packet scheduler can be in a module (software or hardware) on its own as shown or the functionality can be split between thecontent server 305 a and thenetwork server 305 b or all three units (thecontent server 305 a, thenetwork server 305 b and the packet scheduler 310) may be combined in a single device. -
FIG. 4 is an exemplary temporal scalability coding structure using H.264 main profile to perform the encoding. H.264 is one of several possible coding schemes. The set of pictures inFIG. 4 is called a “group of Pictures” or GOP, which can be divided into a base layer (BL) and multiple enhancement layers (ELs).FIG. 4 shows 3 ELs in the temporal direction. The BL includes slices of instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR) and P/B types. The ELs include slices of reference and non-reference B-types (what are B-types?) denoted as Bs and B respectively. The arrows inFIG. 4 indicate the reference dependencies during encoding. The reference dependencies form a hierarchical motion prediction structure. FromFIG. 4 it can be seen that the BL is independently decodable and El-n has to rely on BL and EL-m (where m<n) for correct decoding. Furthermore because of the prediction dependencies, a missing picture from EL-m only affects pictures from higher layers such as EL-n. A lost picture, however, from the BL can affect all of the following pictures until the next IDR is received. Consequently, in such a coding structure, the BL is generally the most important (and thus layer having the lowest index) followed by EL-1, EL-2 and EL-3 in order of decreasing importance. Such a coding structure satisfies layered content coding. It is specifically noted that the layered hybrid-ARQ can also work with other content coding scalability dimensions. -
FIG. 5 is an overview of the environment in which the present invention operates in multicast.Server 105 andlossy network 110 are as described above with reference toFIG. 1 .Multicast group 1 505 is a class of clients/user devices/receivers which have joinedmulticast group 1 based on their channel conditions, where channel conditions are often a function of distance from the source.Multicast group 2 510 is another class of clients/user devices/receivers which have joinedmulticast group 2 based on their channel conditions. There may be additional multicast groups in the environment. -
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a packet scheduler in accordance with the principles of the present invention. In this embodiment of the present invention the packet scheduler performs scheduling for groups of clients as opposed to individual clients in accordance with the description of the extension of the principles of the present invention from unicast to multicast. 305 a, 305 b, 310—335 are as described above with reference toFIG. 3 .Multicast client groups - It is to be understood that the present invention may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, firmware, special purpose processors, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the present invention is implemented as a combination of hardware and software. Moreover, the software is preferably implemented as an application program tangibly embodied on a program storage device. The application program may be uploaded to, and executed by, a machine comprising any suitable architecture. Preferably, the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units (CPU), a random access memory (RAM), and input/output (I/O) interface(s). The computer platform also includes an operating system and microinstruction code. The various processes and functions described herein may either be part of the microinstruction code or part of the application program (or a combination thereof), which is executed via the operating system. In addition, various other peripheral devices may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage device and a printing device.
- It is to be further understood that, because some of the constituent system components and method steps depicted in the accompanying figures are preferably implemented in software, the actual connections between the system components (or the process steps) may differ depending upon the manner in which the present invention is programmed. Given the teachings herein, one of ordinary skill in the related art will be able to contemplate these and similar implementations or configurations of the present invention.
Claims (18)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2007/023079 WO2009058118A1 (en) | 2007-11-01 | 2007-11-01 | A method and apparatus for streaming scalable multimedia data streams |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20100246390A1 true US20100246390A1 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
US8395990B2 US8395990B2 (en) | 2013-03-12 |
Family
ID=39739323
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/739,970 Expired - Fee Related US8395990B2 (en) | 2007-11-01 | 2007-11-01 | Method and apparatus for streaming scalable multimedia data streams |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8395990B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2206270B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5562861B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101389908B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101849378B (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0722144A2 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI390887B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009058118A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110199907A1 (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2011-08-18 | Zheng Hewen | Method, network node and system for suppressing lost packet retransmission |
TWI411321B (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2013-10-01 | Univ Nat Pingtung Sci & Tech | A scheduling control method for transmission of multimedia streams |
US20180184412A1 (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2018-06-28 | Verizon Patent And Licensing Inc. | Allocation of network resources based on antenna information and/or device type information |
US11277466B2 (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2022-03-15 | Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited | File transferring method and apparatus, interactive method and apparatus for implementing uploading in cloud storage application, machine device, and computer-readable storage medium |
EP4262218A4 (en) * | 2020-12-29 | 2024-01-24 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Wireless screen projection method and apparatus |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8395993B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2013-03-12 | Viasat, Inc. | Video and data network load balancing with video placeholder |
US8576858B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2013-11-05 | Viasat, Inc. | Multiple transmission paths for hierarchical layers |
US8358690B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2013-01-22 | Viasat, Inc. | Predictive adaptive coding and modulation |
US20090041100A1 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2009-02-12 | Viasat, Inc. | Link aware mobile data network |
US7944872B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2011-05-17 | Viasat, Inc. | Adaptive coding and modulation aware network load balancing |
US7961665B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2011-06-14 | Viasat, Inc. | Terminal aware multicasting |
US8411571B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2013-04-02 | Viasat, Inc. | Video and data network load balancing with video drop |
US8456986B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2013-06-04 | Viasat, Inc. | Video and data network load balancing |
US8411572B2 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2013-04-02 | Viasat, Inc. | ACM and fixed coding and modulation of hierarchical layers |
KR101196452B1 (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2012-11-01 | 동국대학교 산학협력단 | Apparatus and method for transfering bitstream |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020054578A1 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-05-09 | Qian Zhang | Channel and quality of service adaptation for multimedia over wireless networks |
US20050120038A1 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2005-06-02 | Jebb Timothy R. | Data structure for data streaming system |
US20070238462A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-10-11 | Nokia Corporation | HARQ-aware CQI reporting |
US20090109912A1 (en) * | 2007-10-25 | 2009-04-30 | Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. | Method and apparatus for pre-allocation of uplink channel resources |
US20110038387A1 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2011-02-17 | Seung Hee Han | Method of generating reference signal in wireless communication system |
US8023490B2 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2011-09-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the transmission of data packets in a radio communication system based on high and low priority |
US20110299447A1 (en) * | 2002-12-04 | 2011-12-08 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Reliability detection of channel quality indicator (cqi) and application to outer loop power control |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH01276939A (en) * | 1988-04-28 | 1989-11-07 | Toshiba Corp | Packet transmission and reception system in local area network system |
EP1330898A2 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2003-07-30 | Astrolink International, LLC | A distributed asynchronous transfer mode (atm) switch architecture for satellites |
CN1197300C (en) * | 2000-11-17 | 2005-04-13 | 皇家菲利浦电子有限公司 | System and method for efficiently communicating data over multiple networks using various transmission schemes |
US7095729B2 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2006-08-22 | Intel Corporation | Method for multimedia communication over packet channels |
US20040071083A1 (en) | 2002-02-22 | 2004-04-15 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method for streaming fine granular scalability coded video over an IP network |
US8737219B2 (en) | 2004-01-30 | 2014-05-27 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Methods and systems that use information about data packets to determine an order for sending the data packets |
EP1736004A1 (en) | 2004-04-06 | 2006-12-27 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Device and method for receiving video data |
JP2006033507A (en) * | 2004-07-16 | 2006-02-02 | Sony Corp | Remote editing system, main editing apparatus, remote editing apparatus, editing method, editing program, and storage medium |
CN1917639A (en) | 2006-09-01 | 2007-02-21 | 北京天地互连信息技术有限公司 | Method of enhancing vedio signal by discarding packets and using retransmission |
-
2007
- 2007-11-01 WO PCT/US2007/023079 patent/WO2009058118A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-11-01 KR KR1020107009089A patent/KR101389908B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-11-01 US US12/739,970 patent/US8395990B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-11-01 BR BRPI0722144-4A2A patent/BRPI0722144A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-11-01 EP EP07853057.3A patent/EP2206270B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-11-01 CN CN2007801013740A patent/CN101849378B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-11-01 JP JP2010531997A patent/JP5562861B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-10-09 TW TW097139080A patent/TWI390887B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020054578A1 (en) * | 2000-07-13 | 2002-05-09 | Qian Zhang | Channel and quality of service adaptation for multimedia over wireless networks |
US8023490B2 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2011-09-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method for the transmission of data packets in a radio communication system based on high and low priority |
US20050120038A1 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2005-06-02 | Jebb Timothy R. | Data structure for data streaming system |
US20110299447A1 (en) * | 2002-12-04 | 2011-12-08 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Reliability detection of channel quality indicator (cqi) and application to outer loop power control |
US20070238462A1 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2007-10-11 | Nokia Corporation | HARQ-aware CQI reporting |
US20110038387A1 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2011-02-17 | Seung Hee Han | Method of generating reference signal in wireless communication system |
US20120076098A1 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2012-03-29 | Seung Hee Han | Method of generating reference signal in wireless communication system |
US20090109912A1 (en) * | 2007-10-25 | 2009-04-30 | Interdigital Patent Holdings, Inc. | Method and apparatus for pre-allocation of uplink channel resources |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20110199907A1 (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2011-08-18 | Zheng Hewen | Method, network node and system for suppressing lost packet retransmission |
US8693333B2 (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2014-04-08 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Method, network node and system for suppressing lost packet retransmission |
TWI411321B (en) * | 2010-10-18 | 2013-10-01 | Univ Nat Pingtung Sci & Tech | A scheduling control method for transmission of multimedia streams |
US20180184412A1 (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2018-06-28 | Verizon Patent And Licensing Inc. | Allocation of network resources based on antenna information and/or device type information |
US10602523B2 (en) * | 2016-12-22 | 2020-03-24 | Verizon Patent And Licensing Inc. | Allocation of network resources based on antenna information and/or device type information |
US11240815B2 (en) | 2016-12-22 | 2022-02-01 | Verizon Patent And Licensing Inc. | Allocation of network resources based on antenna information and/or device type information |
US11277466B2 (en) * | 2017-04-26 | 2022-03-15 | Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited | File transferring method and apparatus, interactive method and apparatus for implementing uploading in cloud storage application, machine device, and computer-readable storage medium |
EP4262218A4 (en) * | 2020-12-29 | 2024-01-24 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Wireless screen projection method and apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2206270B1 (en) | 2018-01-10 |
US8395990B2 (en) | 2013-03-12 |
CN101849378B (en) | 2013-05-08 |
WO2009058118A1 (en) | 2009-05-07 |
JP5562861B2 (en) | 2014-07-30 |
TWI390887B (en) | 2013-03-21 |
KR101389908B1 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
CN101849378A (en) | 2010-09-29 |
EP2206270A1 (en) | 2010-07-14 |
TW200937902A (en) | 2009-09-01 |
KR20100074228A (en) | 2010-07-01 |
JP2011503966A (en) | 2011-01-27 |
BRPI0722144A2 (en) | 2015-02-10 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8395990B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for streaming scalable multimedia data streams | |
KR101644215B1 (en) | A method and apparatus for parsing a network abstraction-layer for reliable data communication | |
EP2061174B1 (en) | Data communication system, data transmitting device and method, using probe packets and having a transmission buffer control | |
US7106757B2 (en) | System and method for streaming multimedia over packet networks | |
KR100537499B1 (en) | Method of generating transmission control parameter and selective retranmission method according to the packet characteristics. | |
US7539187B2 (en) | System and method for low-latency content-sensitive forward error correction | |
JP6067378B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for determining retransmission | |
US8699522B2 (en) | System and method for low delay, interactive communication using multiple TCP connections and scalable coding | |
US20090103635A1 (en) | System and method of unequal error protection with hybrid arq/fec for video streaming over wireless local area networks | |
EP3070922A1 (en) | Systems and methods for error resilience and random access in video communication systems | |
EP0992160A1 (en) | System for adaptive video/audio transport over a network | |
US20060005101A1 (en) | System and method for providing error recovery for streaming fgs encoded video over an ip network | |
EP1781035A1 (en) | Real-time scalable streaming system and method | |
Kropfberger et al. | Evaluation of RTP immediate feedback and retransmission extensions [video streaming applications] | |
Kim et al. | Feedback-based adaptive video streaming over lossy channels | |
Mannaert et al. | A scheduling engine to allocate resources for multicast transmissions over a satellite link | |
Kim et al. | Network adaptive packet scheduling for streaming video over error-prone networks | |
Al-Suhail et al. | A Cross-Layer Model for Video Multicast Based TCP-Adaptive FEC over Heterogeneous Networks |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: THOMSON LICENSING, FRANCE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:WU, ZHENYU;LIU, ZHENGYE;STEIN, ALAN JAY;SIGNING DATES FROM 20071126 TO 20071204;REEL/FRAME:024293/0379 |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FPAY | Fee payment |
Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: INTERDIGITAL VC HOLDINGS, INC., DELAWARE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:THOMSON LICENSING;REEL/FRAME:047289/0698 Effective date: 20180730 |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED FOR FAILURE TO PAY MAINTENANCE FEES (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: EXP.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
STCH | Information on status: patent discontinuation |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362 |
|
FP | Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee |
Effective date: 20210312 |