US20100225117A1 - Method of Generating Electricity - Google Patents
Method of Generating Electricity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100225117A1 US20100225117A1 US12/782,063 US78206310A US2010225117A1 US 20100225117 A1 US20100225117 A1 US 20100225117A1 US 78206310 A US78206310 A US 78206310A US 2010225117 A1 US2010225117 A1 US 2010225117A1
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- water
- internal chamber
- reservoir
- air
- pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
- F03B17/02—Other machines or engines using hydrostatic thrust
- F03B17/04—Alleged perpetua mobilia
Abstract
A system and process for generating hydroelectric power within a body of water uses head pressure existing between two depths of the water. A vertically arranged conduit has an upper water intake and is in fluid communication with a reservoir situated at a lower depth. In a first cycle, water flow is established in the conduit between the water intake and lower reservoir when the reservoir is substantially full of air but at a hydrostatic pressure less than the hydrostatic pressure at the top of the water conduit. A turbine mounted adjacent the reservoir and at a lower depth than the water intake drives an electric generator. As water is introduced into the reservoir, air is scavenged by a compressor and used to drive water from a second reservoir. After the first reservoir is generally full of water, valves are provided to cease the flow of water through the water intake and flow of air out the exhaust tube. An air pump thereafter introduces air scavenged from the first reservoir into the second reservoir to force water out of a second reservoir water outlet port. The generating cycle is then repeated.
Description
- This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 12/328,864 filed Dec. 5, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/998,360 entitled, “System and Process for Generating Hydroelectric Power” by Steven J. De Angeles, filed on Nov. 30, 2007, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- This invention relates to electric energy generation systems and methods. More particularly, this invention relates to a system and method for generating electrical energy using head pressure or hydrostatic water pressure.
- Attempts have been made to generate electricity without also disrupting ecosystems, which always happens when a river is dammed, without generating environmental pollutants, which always happens when fossil fuels are burned and, without using inherently dangerous fissile materials, which nuclear power requires. While wind turbines might be considered unsightly and tidal systems require their being located proximate to the ocean, systems and methods for generating electric power that use forces of nature are environmentally harmless. A system and method for generating electric power that does not depend on the relatively unpredictable wind, or solar energy that is not available at night and which does not necessarily require placement in an ocean would be an improvement over the prior art.
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FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a system for generating electric energy; -
FIG. 2 is side elevational view of an alternate embodiment of a system for generating electric energy; and -
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of another alternate embodiment of a system for generating electric energy. -
FIG. 1 illustrates a first embodiment of asystem 2 for generating electric energy using hydrostatic water pressure differentials found at varying depths in all bodies of water, the methodology of which is considered herein to be another form of hydroelectric power generation. Aplatform 4 is attached to buoys 6 (shown in broken lines) floating in a relatively deep body ofwater 8, the surface of which is identified byreference numeral 10, the bottom of which is identified byreference numeral 12. - The
platform 4 supports equipment that includes an above-water orsurface air pump 14, a controllingcomputer 16, a wind-drivenelectricity generator 18 and asolar array 20 that generates electricity from sun light. The combined weight of theplatform 4 and the various equipment it supports (14, 16, 18, 20 et al) requires thebuoys 6 to provide a significant buoyant force and thus require thebuoys 6 to extend below thewater surface 10 by a relatively significant distance. - Ropes, cables or
rigid beams 22 attached to thebuoys 6 support a pair offlexible water conduits 24 that extend downwardly toward thebottom 12 of the body ofwater 8. Eachwater conduit 24 has a water intake opening 26, located below thewater surface 10. The length of thecables 22 and the length of thebuoys 6 below thesurface 10 determine the depth of theintake 24 and the hydrostatic force present at theintakes 26. - Each
conduit 24 has asecond end 28 coupled to aninput port 30 of a water-driventurbine 32, which is submerged well below the level of thewater intakes 26. Twoturbines 32 are shown. Bothturbines 32 are coupled to anelectric generator 36. Theturbines 32 are configured such that rotation of eitherturbine 32, or bothturbines 32 at the same time, causes thegenerator 36 to generate electricity, which is carried to the surface for distribution to the electric grid (not shown) by way of aninsulated cable 94, which also carries control lines (not shown) between thecomputer 16 and various, submerged computer-controlled devices described herein. Whether thegenerator 36 is one that generates alternating current (A.C.) or direct current (D.C.) is a design choice. - The
turbines 32 are designed and configured to be driven by flowing water as they are in a conventional hydroelectric dam. In addition to aninput port 30, eachturbine 32 has anoutput port 34 from which turbine waste water flows, after the flowing water surrenders kinetic energy to theturbine 32, causing it and thegenerator 36 to rotate. - In
FIG. 1 , the combined water-driventurbines 32 andgenerator 36 are depicted as being on top of a submerged, water-tight reservoir 38 having two, water-tight chambers 40A and 40B, which are defined by an air-tight wall 42. Thereservoir 38 is preferably located far below the level of thewater intakes 26 and is attached to thebottom 12 of the body ofwater 8 by legs orpillars 44. Thereservoir 38 can also be kept submerged by ballast, not shown. The chambers 40A and 40B, preferably, but not necessarily have equal volumes. - The
output ports 34 of theturbines 32 are coupled to a corresponding chamber 40A or 40B throughturbine exhaust manifolds 46, discharge ends of which are coupled to corresponding computer-controlled chamber intake valves 48A and 48B at a water inlet of each chamber 40A and 40B. In one embodiment, the exhaust manifolds are embodied as water conduits, however, in another embodiment, the exhaust manifolds can be integrally formed to be part of the turbine housing. - The pathway between the
intakes 26 to the computer-controlledintake valves 48 and the chambers 40 is sealed. The only way for water to flow into the chambers 40 is through anintake 26, flowing through aconduit 24, through aturbine 32, through an exhaust manifold andcontrol valve 48 and falling into a chamber 40A or 40B. The flow of water from theintakes 26 and through aturbine 32, and the generation of electricity, is thus controlled by the computer opening and closing the valves 48A and 48B. At the same time that water starts flowing into achamber air exchanging compressor 90 coupled between the two chambers 32A and 32B is activated by the controllingcomputer 16. Theair exchanging compressor 90 captures or “scavenges” and re-cycles air in the first chamber 40A by directing it into the second chamber 40B to drive water in the second chamber 40B into the body ofwater 8 through a corresponding one-way water check valve or a sliding, water-tight door 54 as the water level rises in the first chamber. - Water will flow into the
intake 26, through theconduit 24,turbines 32, driving thegenerator 36 as it goes, and flow into a chamber 40A or 40B, if the hydrostatic pressure inside the chamber 48A is less than the hydrostatic pressure at theintake 26. Electric energy can thus be generated so long as water flows through theturbines 34 with sufficient energy to drive thegenerator 36 as well as any load it might be connected to. In order to generate electricity using the head pressure between an intake and a chamber, it is necessary to create a pressure differential by purging a chamber 40A or 40B of water and reduce internal hydrostatic pressure relative to the hydrostatic pressure at anintake 26. - Hydrostatic pressure inside the chambers 40A and 40B can be reduced below the hydrostatic pressure at the
intakes 26 by driving water out of a chamber 40A or 40B and reducing its internal pressure. To start thesystem 2, water inside the chambers 40A and 40B is initially driven from a first chamber 40A or 40B by high-pressure air provided by a the surface-locatedair compressor 14. Thesurface air compressor 14 runs on electric power stored in one or more batteries (not shown) and which are charged using electricity generated from thewind turbine generator 18 or collected by thesolar panels 20. The controllingcomputer 16 monitors battery charge state and controls the outputs of the wind-drivengenerator 16 andsolar panel 20 accordingly. The controllingcomputer 16, which is also powered by one or both of thegenerator 18 orsolar array 20, also controls operation of theair pump 14. The energy required to create a pressure differential between the intakes and chambers and the power to operate the system in a steady state is thus provided by environmentally benign, renewable energy sources. - The high-pressure air from the
surface air compressor 14 is carried to one of the chambers, 40A for example, by way of a high-pressure air line 50, the distal end of which is coupled to a first, computer-controlledair valve 52. The computer controlledair valve 52 is opened and controlled by thecomputer 16 to allow high pressure into the chamber 40A. High pressure air drives water from the chamber 40A just as it does the water in the ballast tanks of a submarine. - The high-
pressure air line 50 is shown connected to the left-side chamber 40A but whether the high-pressure air line 50 is coupled to the left side chamber 40A or right side chamber 40B is a design choice. When the air pressure at theair valve 52 reaches a sufficiently high level, air from theair pump 14, enters the left-side chamber 40A and displaces water from the chamber 40A just as ballast tanks of a submarine are “blown.” Water flows out of the chambers 40A and 40B through a one-way check valve 54. - Compressed air is preferably provided to the chamber 40A until the water is emptied, however, the chambers need not be literally emptied of every drop of water they can contain. An “empty” chamber should be considered to be a chamber that has been purged of water using compressed air, but without driving so much water from the chamber that compressed air is vented into the body of
water 8 and wasted, as can happen when compressed air is used to drive water from a ballast tank. The determination of whether a chamber is “empty” can be made by determining the water level inside the chamber. Determining the water level inside the chambers 40A and 40 can be measured a number of different ways but in a preferred embodiment, the water level is measured by one or more computer-controlled ultrasonicwater level detectors 56 located inside the chambers, thedetectors 56 being coupled to the controllingcomputer 16. In an alternate embodiment, water level inside the chambers 40 is measured by a mechanical float and transducer (not shown) coupled to the controllingcomputer 16, or by a series of electrodes (not shown) at various depths inside the chambers, each of which is also coupled to the controllingcomputer 16. - After the chamber has been emptied by compressed air, hydrostatic pressure inside the chamber 40A will be too high to allow water to flow into the chamber from the
intake 26 end of theconduits 24. In order to reduce the hydrostatic pressure inside the chamber 40A, theair exchanging compressor 90 coupled between the two chambers 40A and 40B is activated by the controllingcomputer 16. Theair exchanging compressor 90 scavenges high-pressure air in the first chamber 40A by directing it into the second chamber 40B to drive water in the second chamber 40B into the body ofwater 8 through a corresponding one-way water check valve or water-tight slidingdoor 54. - In a preferred embodiment, the
air exchanging compressor 90 is inside thereservoir 38 and coupled to each chamber 40A and 40B as schematically shown in the figure. In an alternate embodiment not shown, theair exchanging compressor 90 is outside thereservoir 38 and submerged. In yet another embodiment that is also not shown, theair exchanging compressor 90 is above thewater surface 10 on theplatform 4 and coupled to each of the chambers 40A and 40B by high-pressure air lines not shown. - In order to reduce the pressure inside the chambers 40, the
air exchanging compressor 90 is configured to pump air from a chamber 40, i.e., partially evacuate a chamber, relative to the hydrostatic pressure at theintakes 26. Theair exchanging compressor 90 is thus tasked with moving highly compressed air that is initially supplied by thesurface air compressor 14, from a first chamber 40A or 40B to a second chamber 40B or 40A respectively, and pumping down or partially evacuating the first chamber to allow it to receive water from theturbine outlet port 34. The term “waste water” is used herein to refer to water discharged from a turbine. - In steady state operation, water in one chamber 40A or 40B is driven from the chamber using high-pressure air driven by the
air exchanging compressor 90. After the chamber 40A or 40B has been emptied, the air-exchangingcompressor 90 re-uses the high-pressure air to empty the other chamber, 40B or 40A respectively and pumps down or even partially evacuates the first chamber, 40A or 40B respectively. - In an alternate embodiment, high-pressure air required during water purging cycles can be temporarily stored and retrieved in a high-pressure air tank or tank assembly, which can either be submerged and proximate to the chambers 40 or on the platform. An optional high-pressure tank used to store compressed air between cycles can facilitate the storage and retrieval of high-pressure compressed air between water-purging cycles by providing a high-pressure air reservoir cushion or reserve. It can also store high-pressure air required to initialize the system and eliminate the need for the surface air pump and its associated high-
pressure air line 50. - When the hydrostatic pressure in a chamber is reduced below the hydrostatic pressure at an
intake 26, opening awater control valve 54 at an inlet of a chamber 40A or 40B allows water to flow into anintake 26, downward through theconduit 24, through aturbine 32 and drive thegenerator 36 to generate electricity. Water will continue to drive the generator, filling the chamber 40A or 40B, reducing its volume and increasing hydrostatic pressure inside the chamber 40A or 40B until the hydrostatic pressure inside the chamber 40A or 40B equalizes relative to the hydrostatic pressure at theintake 26. When the hydrostatic pressure inside a chamber reaches a level where water flow rate is insufficient to drive thegenerator 36, the chamber 40 can be considered to be full. High pressure air in the second chamber 40B or 40A, (or from the aforementioned high-pressure tank assembly) respectively, is thereafter routed from the second chamber 40B or 40A into the just-filled chamber 40A or 40B by theair exchanging compressor 90. The second chamber 40B or 40A is thereafter pumped down or evacuated by theair exchanging compressor 90 to prepare the second chamber 40B or 40A to receive water that passes routed through theturbine 32 to drive the generator. - As a system, the chambers 40A and 40B,
water level detectors 56, air-exchangingcompressor 90,control valves 54 and controllingcomputer 16 are designed and configured to cyclically and repeatedly purge chambers and allow chambers to fill with water. One chamber 40A or 40B is purged of water and high-pressure air, allowing the other chamber to be filled with water that flows through aturbine 32 to drive the generator to generateelectricity 36. While the chamber 40A or 40B is being filled, the other chamber 40B or 40A respectively is being purged of water using high pressure air. After the first chamber 40A or 40B is filled with water from a turbine, the system re-purges water from the first chamber while the second chamber begins to receive water from the turbine. The separate chambers 40A and 40B are repeatedly and cyclically filled with water from the intakes and emptied using compressed air. The chambers 40A and 40B are thus emptied by high pressure air that is re-used by shuttling the high-pressure air between the chambers after they're emptied. -
FIG. 2 illustrates a second embodiment of asystem 2 for generating electric energy. Thebuoys 6 are shown using solid lines to better illustrate their location, when aplatform 4 is used. - The principal difference between the embodiment of
FIG. 1 andFIG. 2 is the use of asingle intake 26 at a much lower depth in the body of water. Another difference betweenFIG. 1 andFIG. 2 is the use of a “Y” connection that splits or divides water input to thesingle intake 26 into two relativelyshort water conduits 24. - Using a
single intake 26 set deep in the water as shown inFIG. 2 , increases the hydrostatic or head pressure at theintake 26 over what it would otherwise be at a shallower depth. Lowering theintake 26 also enables thewater conduits 24 to be shortened, which reduces head loss. -
FIG. 3 illustrates a third embodiment of asystem 3 for generating electric energy using hydrostatic water pressure differentials. Various aspects of thesystem 3 ofFIG. 3 can also be optionally used with thesystem 2 depicted inFIG. 1 and/orFIG. 2 . - The embodiment shown in
FIG. 3 omits theplatform 4 shown inFIG. 1 , the wind-drivengenerator 18 andsolar array 20. The controllingcomputer 16 is also submerged and co-located with the water-tight reservoir 38. - As with the embodiment shown in
FIG. 2 , inFIG. 3 , asingle intake 26 is located close to thereservoir 38 and split into two separate,short water conduits 24. Thewater intake 26 is preferably located less than a few inches above theturbines 32. As with the embodiment shown inFIG. 2 , shortening thewater conduits 24 reduces the head loss that a long water conduit would cause, which increases water pressure on the turbine. - The surface located
air compressor 14, which provides start—up air pressure, is located onshore 68. High-pressure start-up air from the shore-locatedair compressor 14 is carried through a submerged high-pressure air line 50 that runs over the bottom 12 of thewater body 8. Electric power generated by thegenerator 36 is carried through a submergedcable 94 that runs over the bottom 12 of thewater body 8 to theelectric power grid 96. An optional high-pressure air tank assembly 72 provides start-up air and can store compressed air between cycles. In an optional embodiment (not shown), a boat or barge that floats over the system (2 or 3) to provide start-up compressed air. - Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the systems described above and depicted in the figures requires an initial start up power to empty at least one of the chambers 40A or 40B initially. In the embodiment shown in
FIG. 1 andFIG. 2 , system start-up or “initialization” power is preferably provided by renewable energy generated by the wind-drivengenerator 18 or thesolar panels 20 described above. In the embodiment ofFIG. 2 , initialization power can be provided from the same sources located on shore orland 68 and carried to the submergedsystem 3 via submerged cable. - Wind power is known to be unpredictable but can be generated with or without sunlight. Solar power is very predictable but is not available at night. The systems depicted in the figures store wind generated and/or solar generated power in a battery array (not shown) until it is needed for the system's initialization.
- Once the start up power has been provided to the
systems generator 36, thesystems systems - Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the efficacy of the systems in each of the figures will depend on several factors that include but which are not limited to water depth, chamber volumes, water conduit head losses and turbine efficiency. The systems can nevertheless work in any body of water, but their efficacy, including output power, will be determined by the aforementioned factors.
- The descriptions set forth above are for purposes of illustration. Those of ordinary skill will recognize that while the systems depicted in the figures use two
intakes 24, twoconduits 26 and twoturbines 44 that drive asingle generator 46, equivalent alternate embodiments uses asingle intake 24, asingle conduit 26, one turbine and onegenerator 46 with turbine effluent being selectably and alternately routed to a first chamber 40A or 40B and then to the other chamber 40B or 40A using one or more computer-controlled valves, not shown but well known to those ordinary skill. Another alternate embodiment uses a single,short conduit 26, such as the ones shown inFIG. 2 andFIG. 3 , routing water to two or more separate turbines, each of which is coupled to one or more generators. - The foregoing description is for purposes of illustration and not for limiting or defining the invention. The invention and its scope is defined by the appurtenant claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method of generating electricity comprising the steps of:
driving water from an internal chamber of a reservoir submerged in a body of water having a bottom and a surface, the reservoir being submerged at a first depth below the water body surface, the internal chamber at least partially devoid of water;
evacuating the internal chamber to achieve a first hydrostatic pressure inside the internal chamber;
obtaining from the body of water, water at a second hydrostatic pressure that is greater than the first pressure;
routing water obtained at said second pressure to said internal chamber through a water-driven turbine coupled to an electricity generator.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of driving water from an internal chamber includes the step of driving water from an internal chamber of a reservoir attached to the bottom of the body of water using compressed air.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of obtaining water at a second hydrostatic pressure includes receiving water from the body of water at an intake port of a water conduit coupled to said generator.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the reservoir is at a depth whereat the reservoir is subjected to a third hydrostatic pressure greater than the first and greater than the second hydrostatic pressures, and wherein the step of driving water from an internal chamber is comprised of:
providing high pressure air into the internal chamber, the high pressure air being at a pressure greater than the third hydrostatic pressure;
recovering the high pressure air from the internal chamber to drive water from a second internal chamber; and
at least partially evacuating the internal chamber to a pressure less than the second hydrostatic pressure.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising the steps of:
detecting the amount of water in the internal chamber; and
recovering the high pressure air from the internal chamber to drive water from a second internal chamber and at least partially evacuating the second internal chamber to a pressure less than the second hydrostatic pressure, responsive to the step of detecting the amount of water in the internal chamber.
6. The method of claim 5 , further including the step of providing compressed air to the internal chamber from a compressor above the surface of the body of water.
7. The method of claim 6 , further including the step of providing the compressed air from an air compressor powered by a renewable energy source.
8. The method of claim 7 , further including the step of floating the air compressor and the renewable energy source on the surface of the body of water.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of driving the generator and generating electricity includes the step of generating alternating current from said generator.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of driving the generator and generating electricity includes the step of generating direct current from said generator.
Priority Applications (1)
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US12/782,063 US20100225117A1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2010-05-18 | Method of Generating Electricity |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US11/998,360 US7804182B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2007-11-30 | System and process for generating hydroelectric power |
US12/328,864 US7795748B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2008-12-05 | System and process for generating hydroelectric power |
US12/782,063 US20100225117A1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2010-05-18 | Method of Generating Electricity |
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US12/328,864 Division US7795748B2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2008-12-05 | System and process for generating hydroelectric power |
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US12/782,063 Abandoned US20100225117A1 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2010-05-18 | Method of Generating Electricity |
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Cited By (10)
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US20100301611A1 (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2010-12-02 | Santiago Vitagliano | Hydroelectric Generator and Its Method of use |
US7969029B2 (en) * | 2009-06-01 | 2011-06-28 | Santiago Vitagliano | Dynamic pressure differential hydroelectric generator |
US20110043044A1 (en) * | 2009-08-10 | 2011-02-24 | Yu-Lin Chu | Generating System Using Solar Energy and Wind Power |
US8169094B2 (en) * | 2009-08-10 | 2012-05-01 | Yu-Lin Chu | Generating system using solar energy and wind power |
US10001107B2 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2018-06-19 | Paha Designs, Llc | Energy conversion system and method |
US10876513B2 (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2020-12-29 | Verderg Ltd | Turbine assembly |
WO2016188349A1 (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2016-12-01 | Wai Hung Lam | Water pressure power-generating system |
GB2545623A (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2017-06-21 | Hung Lam Wai | Water pressure power-generating system |
GB2545623B (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2017-12-20 | Hung Lam Wai | Water pressure power-supply system |
US11585313B2 (en) * | 2018-10-04 | 2023-02-21 | Eiric Skaaren | Offshore power system that utilizes pressurized compressed air |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20090140525A1 (en) | 2009-06-04 |
US7795748B2 (en) | 2010-09-14 |
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