US20100150966A1

US20100150966A1 - Method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis

Info

Publication number: US20100150966A1
Application number: US12/599,232
Authority: US
Inventors: Bruno Oesch; Irene Schiller; Martin Vordermeier
Original assignee: Prionics AG
Current assignee: Prionics AG
Priority date: 2007-05-08
Filing date: 2007-05-08
Publication date: 2010-06-17
Also published as: ES2584871T3; US8865422B2; CA2685896A1; EP2142931A1; EP2142931B1; US20130102491A1; CA2685896C; WO2008135067A1

Abstract

Method for the diagnosis of a tuberculosis infection caused by Mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacteria tuberculosis complex group (MTC) in an animal including a human being, which comprises in vitro-detection of cell-mediated immune response to OmpAtb and/or antibodies against OmpAtb in a sample taken from that animal.

Description

The invention relates to a method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially bovine tuberculosis, by both cellular immune response detection and antibody detection assays in animals including human beings.
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacteria tuberculosis complex group (MTC), which comprises Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), Mycobacterium caprae (M. caprae), Mycobacterium africanum (M. africanum), Mycobacterium microti (M. microti) and Mycobacterium pinnipedii.
In methods addressed to by the invention, samples, especially blood samples from a human or an animal are analysed for the presence of a cell-mediated immune response to mycobacterial antigens or of mycobacterial antibodies, respectively, and the presence of a cell-mediated immune response or of antibodies is taken as indication for tuberculosis.
Known methods comprise incubating a blood sample from an animal with mycobacterial antigens, and detecting the presence of cell-mediated immune-response resulting from the incubation or detecting antibodies to mycobacterial antigens, respectively.
EP 0 296 158 discloses a method for the diagnosis of infections including tuberculosis in samples from human or animals. In a first step a whole blood sample from a possibly infected human or animal is incubated with mycobacterial antigens, e.g. a purified tuberculin protein derivative (PPD). After incubation the sample is analysed for the presence of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) released by sensitised lymphocytes to indicate a cell-mediated immune response to the antigen.
PPD has a high sensitivity, its specificity, however, is limited. Therefore, efforts were made to identify further tuberculosis test reagents suited for assays.
EP 0 408 625 discloses antibody and cellular assays which use MPB-70 protein from Mycobacterium bovis as antigen.
US 2006/0115847 and WO 2006/117538 disclose different peptides, which can be used as antigens in cellular assays and which are mainly selected for their property to distinguish between tuberculosis infection and vaccination with BCG strain.
Finally EP 0 706 571 discloses the use of an antigen called ESAT-6 and WO2004/099771 the use of an antigen called CFP-10 in assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are so far the most immunogenic antigens with superior specificity compared to PPD stimulating in vitro IFN-γ production by T-cells. However, cross-reactivity with Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii) occurs as ESAT-6 and CFP-10 genes of M. bovis and M. kansasii are highly identical. M. kansasii, not included in the MTC, may be isolated from healthy as well as rarely from diseased individuals and cattle. Management of tuberculosis is often complicated by false interpretation of tests presumptive for MTC.
It has turned out, however that different antigens detect a partially differing population of tuberculosis infected animals. The sensitivity of these antigens appears lower than the sensitivity of tuberculin. As a consequence in some situations, assays using the antigens can produce false negative results.
In view of the above it is an object of the invention to provide an antigen which allows the design of methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis with increased specificity and, eventually in combination with other antigens, with increased sensitivity.
The object is achieved by a method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by mycobacteria belonging to the MTC, in a susceptible animal including a human being, which comprises in vitro-detection of cell-mediated immune response to OmpAtb and/or antibodies against a bacterial outer membrane protein, denominated OmpAtb in a sample.
OmpAtb is an outer membrane protein present in e.g. M. tuberculosis and M. bovis| _[isc1]. It forms pores permeable to hydrophilic substances. OmpAtb is highly specific for M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. Investigations performed by the applicants indicate that OmpAtb is immunogenic in tuberculosis infected cattle. Additionally, tests performed by the applicants revealed that OmpAtb showed a positive reaction in some tuberculosis-positive cases which were tested negative when using ESAT-6 or CFP-10 or a mixture thereof, respectively.
The sequence of OmpAtb from M. tuberculosis H37Rv has been described by Camus et al. (2002) and the sequence of OmpAtb from M. bovis AF2122/97 by Gamier et al. (2003). The sequences of OmpAtb in both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis are identical and an example of the sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) is shown in FIG. 1.
The function of OmpAtb is associated with its presence in the mycobacterial cell wall. OmpAtb has been found to be a porin-like protein. Its pore-forming activity is pH-dependent, enabling mycobacteria to survive in acidic environmental conditions, such as within macrophage phagosomes (Senaratne et al. 1998, Raynaud et al. 2002, Molle et al. 2006). Up to date, no publication is known to the applicants using immunogenic properties of OmpAtb for the diagnosis of mycobacterial infection.
Preferably the invention is carried out by contacting a blood sample from a tuberculosis-infected animal or human with a test reagent including an antigen having the antigenicity of OmpAtb. It is also possible to use other sample material, like e.g. serum, plasma, lymph nodes, skin, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and milk to give only some examples. On principle any sample material or tissue, respectively, can be used for analysis which allows the detection of antibodies or a cell mediated immune response upon contact with OmpAtb.
Covered by the present invention is also a skin test which uses OmpAtb or a test reagent including OmpAtb as antigen. Apart from the use of a new antigenic substance any type of skin test for tuberculosis known in the art can be used. The necessary modification or adaptation of the test reagent for use in a skin test is a usual measure for a person skilled in the art and will not be discussed in detail.
In the method according to the invention the antigen or test reagent used can be in solid form or as liquid.
As a rule the sample is collected in a suited sample collecting container like e.g. cell culture vials or a sample collection tube. The antigen or test reagent may be added to the cell culture vial or sample collection tube before or after sample application.
In-tube methods provide that the antigen preparation or test reagent is already contained in the sample collection container used. The advantage is that incubation times are shortened, as the contact of sample and antigen occurs immediately after sample taking when using sample containers with the antigen already included. The invention expressively covers also such methods or sample collection containers.
Throughout the text the term “animal” shall also include human beings. Preferably the method will be used to test cattle as well as all other animal species, e.g. sheep, goats, deer, pigs, horses, badgers, dogs, cats, non-human primates, elephants, opossums, buffaloes, llamas, alpacas and other exotic animals.
Furthermore, in the present context the term “antigenicity” means that the test reagent or the antigen included has the ability of evoking a diagnostically significant immune response either in form of a cell-mediated response or in form of antibodies binding to OmpAtb.
Preferably the antigen is OmpAtb or a peptide subsequence thereof containing the antigenic regions.
The term “OmpAtb” comprises the native form of the protein in mycobacteria as well as recombinant proteins produced in any type of expression vectors transforming any kind of host, and/or also chemically synthesized proteins or peptides. It also includes analogue proteins, i.e. proteins with minor variations not affecting the antigenicity of OmpAtb, e.g. proteins having at least 70% sequence identity to the sequence of OmpAtb. Further included are peptides and fusion proteins including OmpAtb or a subsequence thereof.
By “subsequence” is meant any peptide having an antigenicity comparable to the antigenicity of OmpAtb. The term also encompasses peptide fractions and peptide pools including a number of peptides
When using peptides or subsequences of OmpAtb, respectively, each of the peptides or subsequence fragments can be present as separate entities or some or all of them are fused together optionally via linkers or spacers such as an amino acid or amino acid sequence.
Fusion-proteins falling under the invention include a polypeptide portion having the antigenicity of OmpAtb and at least one further polypeptide portion. In a preferred embodiment discussed below the further polypeptide portion can have the antigenicity of a further antigen specific for mycobacterial infections. However, it is also possible to provide any further polypeptide portion which improves the properties the fusion protein, as e.g. its selectivity or sensitivity. Also included are polypeptide portions like maltose binding protein, which allow a better isolation of the fusion protein during preparation.
The term “peptide” includes short peptides, oligopeptides and also polypeptides. It comprises native forms of peptides in mycobacteria as well as recombinant peptides and chemically synthesized peptides.
The presence of antibodies to OmpAtb in a sample is detected by testing whether or not a binding reaction of antibodies in the sample with the antigen in the test reagent has occurred. Preferred assays are immunoassays, including enzyme linked immunoassays (ELISA) and immunoblot techniques. However, it is also possible to use non-enzyme linked antibody binding assays, like RIA, fluorescence polarization, flow cytometry and other procedures. Further non-limiting examples for suitable assays are: latex agglutination, lateral flow assay, immunochromatographic assay, immunochips, dip stick immunotesting, bead-based technology in combination with any other method (e.g. chemiluminescence, Luminex), determination of the RNA coding for the relevant cellular product (e.g. cytokine) by use of nucleic acid amplification technique.
A possible cell-mediated immune response can be detected by all suitable methods known in the art. Especially suited are lymphocyte proliferation assays or assays based on release of IFN-γ or other cellular products induced by mycobacterial antigenicity.
Cellular products indicating cell-mediated immune response can be detected by any suite. Non limiting examples for suitable assays are: ELISA, immunoblot techniques, RIA, flow cytometry, fluorescence polarization, latex agglutination, lateral flow assay, immunochromatographic assay, immunochips, dip stick immunotesting, bead-based technology in combination with any other method (e.g. chemiluminescence, Luminex), and determination of the RNA coding for the relevant cellular product by use of nucleic acid amplification technique.
In the antibody detection assays, the antigens used according to the invention may optionally be coupled to solid or semi-solid carriers or be in solution.
Antigens having the antigenicity of OmpAtb especially allow the design of assays with high specificity. In accordance with the invention the sensitivity of the assay may be increased by providing a test reagent including at least one further antigen specific for mycobacterial infections.
The invention also covers a test reagent for the diagnosis of tuberculosis by antibody or cellular assays, including an antigen having the antigenicity of OmpAtb and optionally a further antigen specific for mycobacterial infections.
A preferred test reagent in this context includes the OmpAtb-antigen together with at least one further antigen selected from a group comprising: tuberculin (PPD), ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83 (Buddle et al. 2003), TB10.4 (Aagard et al. 2006), TB27.4 (Aagaard et al. 2006), to cite only some examples for preferred antigens. In principle any antigenic peptide or protein specific for tuberculosis can be used as further antigen.
The OmpAtb-antigen and at least one further antigen can be included in form of a mixture in the test reagent. However, in a further preferred embodiment of the invention it is also possible to fuse the antigens in form of a fusion-protein and to include this fusion-protein in the test reagent.
The invention also covers a suitable fusion-protein including a polypeptide portion having the antigenicity of OmpAtb and a further polypeptide portion. Preferably but not necessarily the further polypeptide fraction has the antigenicity of an additional antigen specific for mycobacterial infections.
Furthermore the invention covers a vaccine for immunizing an animal against tuberculosis caused by mycobacteria belonging to the tuberculosis-complex, and comprising as the effective component an antigen with the antigenicity of OmpAtb.
The invention also discloses an improved skin test and a reagent for such a skin test on an animal, including a human being, with the composition mentioned above.
Finally the invention is directed to a kit for the diagnosis or exclusion of a tuberculosis infection caused by mycobacteria belonging to the MTC in a sample taken from an animal, which comprises the test reagent as described above and means for the detection of antibodies against OmpAtb and/or means for the detection of a cell-mediated immune response to OmpAtb by the animal.

EXAMPLES

The following examples demonstrate the preferred use of OmpAtb in assays analysing tuberculosis-infected cattle (FIGS. 2, 3, 4) and non-infected cattle (FIGS. 5 and 6).
The different examples represent different classes of animals. Example 1 refers to tuberculosis-infected animals positive with PPDs and other antigens as well as with OmpAtb (FIG. 2) showing that OmpAtb is equal to other methods in these animals. Example 2 refers to tuberculosis-infected animals reacting false negative with ESAT6/CFP10 (FIG. 3) but correctly diagnosed with OmpAtb. Example 3 refers to tuberculosis-infected animals being false negative with PPDs (FIG. 4) but correctly diagnosed with OmpAtb, Example 4 to animals negative for tuberculosis (FIG. 5) and Example 5 to non-infected animals false positive with PPDs (FIG. 6) but correctly diagnosed with OmpAtb.

Example 1

Comparative Testing of Naturally Infected Animals Responding to ESAT-6 and CFP-10

Animals and Samples
Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes from 4 skin test (comparative cervical tuberculin test) positive cattle. The animals were of Holstein Friesian breed and 13 to 15 months old.
Antigens
OmpAtb was obtained from a commercial source (Proteix, Prague, Czech Republic). A truncated version of the protein was produced according to Senaratne et al. (1998) as a fusion protein with the maltose binding protein. After synthetic gene synthesis, DNA fragments were inserted into BstBI site of pET28b-MaIE expression vector at the C-terminus of MaIE protein. Large-scale production was performed in E. coli BL24 lambda DE3.
OmpAtb was used at a concentration of 5 μg/ml in whole blood culture.
Purified protein derivate from M. bovis (PPD-B) or from M. avium (PPD-A) was used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. PPD-B and PPD-A were obtained from the Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Weybridge, UK.
Peptides between 16 and 20 amino acids in length were synthesized and formulated into an ESAT-6/CFP-10 peptide cocktail as described by Cockle et al. 2002 and used at a concentration of 5 μg/ml/peptide.
Maltose binding protein purchased from Proteix (Prague, Czech Republic) at a concentration of 5 μg/ml and medium (RPMI, Invitrogen/Gibco, Basel, Switzerland) were used for stimulation as negative controls.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (Sigma), 1 μg/ml, was used as positive control.
Cultures
Cultures were set up within 5 hrs after blood collection. 250 μl of whole blood per well were established in 96-well microtitre plates and stimulated by the addition of antigens. The supernatants were harvested after 24 hrs of culture at 37° C. and 5% CO₂in a humified incubator.
IFN-γ ELISA
The IFNγ concentration in culture supernatants was measured using the BOVIGAM ELISA kit (Prionics AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Optical density was determined at 450 nm (OD₄₅₀). A positive result was defined as:
OD₄₅₀PPD-B minus PPD-A=0.1 and OD₄₅₀PPD-B minus Nil=0.1 OD₄₅₀Antigens minus Nil=0.1.
Results
All animals reacted clearly positive with PPDs, ESAT-6/CFP-10 and OmpA used as stimulating antigens. The results of Nil corrected OD values (ESAT-6/CFP-10 and OmpA) and OD PPD-B minus PPD-A values are shown in FIG. 2.

Example 2

Comparative Testing of Naturally Infected Animals Not Responding to ESAT-6 and CFP-10

Animals and Samples
Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes from 4 skin test (comparative cervical tuberculin test) positive cattle. The animals were of Holstein Friesian breed and 13 to 15 months old.
Antigens were the same as described in Example 1. Cultures and IFN-γ ELISA procedures were performed as described in Example 1.
Results
All animals reacted clearly positive with PPDs. Due to a low PPD-A response in these animals the OD values of PPD-B corrected by PPD-A are at a high level. ESAT-6/CFP-10 responses were in all 4 cattle below the cut off. OmpA reaction however was positive (FIG. 3).

Example 3

Comparative Testing of Experimentally Infected Animals Reacting False Negative with PPDs

Animals and Samples
Five cattle were infected with 10⁵CFU of M. bovis strain 95-1315. They were 6 months old, of Holstein Friesian breed. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes 14 days post infection ( animals 1, 5, 77) and 29 days post infection (animal 76).
Antigens
OmpAtb was the same as described in Example 1.
ESAT-6/CFP-10 was constructed as fusion protein according to Waters et al. 2004.
PPD-B and PPD-A were obtained from Prionics AG (Zurich, Switzerland) and used at a concentration of 20 μg/ml. Pokeweed mitogen (Sigma), 10 μg/ml, was used positive control for stimulation.
Cultures and IFNγ ELISA procedures were performed as described in Example 1
Results
All animals reacted false negative with PPDs due to PPD-A responses exceeding the PPD-B reactivity. ESAT-6/CFP-10 was below cut off in animals 1 and 5, and positive in cattle 77 and 76. OmpA gave positive results in all 4 cattle (FIG. 4).

Example 4

Comparative Testing of Tuberculosis Negative Animals

Animals and Samples
Whole blood was taken from 7 tuberculosis negative cattle. The animals were of Holstein Friesian breed and about 12 months old.
Antigens were the same as described in Example 1. Cultures and IFNγ ELISA procedures were performed as described in Example 1
Results
Four animals (FIG. 5) were negative with all antigens. Three cattle (FIG. 6), however, reacted false positive with PPDs but negative with ESAT-6/CFP-10 and OmpA.

Claims

1. A method for the diagnosis of a tuberculosis infection caused by Mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacteria tuberculosis complex group (MTC) in an animal including a human being, which comprises in vitro-detection of cell-mediated immune response to OmpAtb and/or antibodies against OmpAtb in a sample taken from that animal.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the sample is contacted with a test reagent including an antigen having the antigenicity of OmpAtb.

3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the antigen is OmpAtb, or at least one peptide subsequence thereof.

4. Method according to claim 2, wherein the test reagent includes at least one further mycobacterial antigen.

5. Method according to claim 4, wherein the further antigen is selected from a group consisting of tuberculin (PPD), ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83, TB10.4 and TB27.4.

6. Method according to claim 4, wherein the test reagent includes the antigen, a mixture of antigens and the antigen in form of a fusion-protein.

7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the animal is selected from a group consisting of cattle, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, horses, badgers, dogs, cats, non-human primates, elephants, opossums, buffaloes, llamas, alpacas and other exotic animals.

8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the sample is selected from a group of tissues including blood, serum, plasma, lymph nodes, skin, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, milk and other tissue samples.

9. Method according to claim 1, wherein a possible cell-mediated immune response is detected by an assay based on release of gamma interferon or other cellular products signaling mycobacterial immunity or a lymphocyte proliferation assay.

10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the cellular products indicating cell-mediated immune response are detected by one of the following assays: ELISA, immunoblot techniques, RIA, flow cytometry, fluorescence polarization, latex agglutination, lateral flow assay, immunochromatographic assay, immunochips, dip stick immunotesting, bead-based technology, and determination of the RNA coding for the relevant cellular product by use of nucleic acid amplification technique.

11. Method according to claim 2, wherein the presence of antibodies to OmpAtb in the sample is detected by testing whether or not a binding reaction of antibodies in the sample with the antigen in the test reagent has occurred.

12. Method according to claim 11, wherein a possible binding reaction is detected by one of the following assays: ELISA, immunoblot techniques, RIA, flow cytometry, fluorescence polarization, latex agglutination, lateral flow assay, immunochromatographic assay, immunochips, dip stick immunotesting, bead-based technology, and determination of the RNA coding for the relevant cellular product by use of nucleic acid amplification technique.

13. Test reagent for the diagnosis of tuberculosis by antibody or cellular as-says, including an antigen having the antigenicity of OmpAtb or at least one peptide subsequence thereof.

14. Test reagent according to claim 13 including at least one further antigen.

15. Test reagent according to claim 14, wherein the further antigen is selected from a group consisting of tuberculin (PPD), ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83, TB10.4 and TB27.4.

16. Test reagent according to claim 13 including the antigen, a mixture of antigens and the antigen in form of a fusion-protein.

17. Vaccine for immunizing an animal, including a human being, against tuberculosis caused by mycobacteria belonging to the tuberculosis-complex, comprising as the effective component an antigen with the antigenicity of OmpAtb or at least one peptide subsequence thereof.

18. Vaccine according to claim 17 including at least one further antigen.

19. Vaccine according to claim 18, wherein the further antigen is selected from a group consisting of tuberculin (PPD), ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83, TB10.4 and TB27.4.

20. Vaccine according to claim 17 including the antigen, a mixture of antigens and the antigen in form of a fusion-protein.

21. Fusion-protein including a polypeptide portion having the antigenicity of OmpAtb and a further polypeptide portion.

22. Fusion protein according to claim 21 in which the further polypeptide fraction has the antigenicity of a further antigen specific for mycobacterial infections.

23. A kit for the diagnosis of a tuberculosis infection caused by mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacteria tuberculosis complex group in a sample taken from an animal, which comprises the test reagent according to claim 13 and means for the detection of antibodies against OmpAtb and/or means for the detection of a cell-mediated immune response to OmpAtb by the animal.

24. A kit according to claim 16 in which the test reagent is already included in sample collection containers prior to sample taking.

25. Use of the test reagent according to claim 13 to manufacture a diagnostic preparation for tuberculosis.