US20100028860A1

US20100028860A1 - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Isolates and Methods of Use

Info

Publication number: US20100028860A1
Application number: US12/548,597
Authority: US
Inventors: Michael Roof; Eric Vaughn; Wesley Johnson
Original assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc
Current assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc
Priority date: 2004-09-21
Filing date: 2009-08-27
Publication date: 2010-02-04
Also published as: CA2577801A1; US20110195088A1; US7632636B2; RU2007114957A; ATE518012T1; BRPI0516951A2; WO2006034319A2; EP1794329A2; MX2007002771A; WO2006034319A3; EP1794329B1; EP1794329A4; RU2407802C2; JP2008513501A; US8383131B2; EP2314721A1; US20060063148A1; EP2298938A1; AU2005286797A1; KR20070105965A

Abstract

A method of predicting the virulence of a new or uncharacterized PRRS virus strain is provided wherein the strain is injected into swine and allowed to replicate for a period of from about 3-15 days. During this period, the rate of virus growth and/or the magnitude of viremia is determined, and this data is compared with a corresponding growth rate and/or viremia magnitude of a PRRS virus strain of known virulence, as a measure of the virulence of the new or uncharacterized strain.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is concerned with new isolated wild-type PRRS virus strains and corresponding improved attenuated PRRS viruses, as well as methods of measuring the magnitude of viremia, rate of growth, antibody response, and combinations thereof in such strains and viruses. More particularly, the present invention provides methods for predicting the virulence of new or previously uncharacterized PRRS strains.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped single stranded RNA virus classified in the family Arteriviridae (Cavanaugh, 1997). It causes a widespread disease of swine that was first described as ‘mystery swine disease’ in the USA in 1987 (Hill, 1990). The disease manifests as respiratory illness in all age groups of swine leading to death in some younger pigs and severe reproductive problems in breeding age females.
The dynamic nature of PRRSV allows for constant change in the disease and provides ample opportunity for the appearance of new strains (Andreyev et al., 1997; Murtaugh et al. 1998; Meng, 2000). The fact that PRRSV changes so readily, coupled with its ability to cause devastating problems for swine producers, makes it an important subject for research (Mengeling et al., 1998; Pejsak et al., 1997) and for the development of vaccines and other methods of reducing the effects of infection. Variation in levels of isolate virulence were demonstrated in lung lesions, and death in swine (Halbur et al., 1996), but efforts to link biological and immunological differences to specific genetic differences has been largely unsuccessful (Albina et al., 1998; Key et al., 2001; Yuan et al., 2001; Murtaugh et al., 2002; Grebennikova et al., 2004). Studies examining the safety and efficacy of PRRS vaccines include the work of Labarque et al., (2003), Mengeling et al., (2003a), and Nodelijik et al. (2001). These studies show that under experimental conditions, modified live PRRS vaccines reduce the amount and duration of viremia as well as fever and lung lesions after virulent challenge.
Opriessing et al. (2002) showed that isolates with high amino acid sequence homology in open reading frame 5 (ORF5) caused significantly different levels of pneumonia in pigs. Variation in swine responses to PRRSV also are affected by host variation (Mengeling et al., 2003b). Virulence has been examined in relation to replication rates and distribution of PRRSV in pigs (Haynes et al., 1997), to macrophage copper clearing capabilities (Thanawongnuwech et al., 1998), and the anemia levels of the host animal (Halbur et al, 2002). However, these methods have been deficient in providing effective methods for predicting the virulence of new or previously uncharacterized PRRS strains.
Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a method of predicting the virulence of PRRS strains. What is further needed in the art is a method of predicting the virulence of PRRS strains based on the rate of in vivo PRRS viral growth and/or viremia magnitude in a swine after administration or exposure of the strain to a previously PRRS-free swine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes the problems outlined above and provides methods for predicting the degree of virulence of a new or uncharacterized PRRS virus strain. The methods generally involve assessing a new or previously uncharacterized strain of PRRS for at least one of the following parameters: rate of viral growth; magnitude of viremia; antibody response; or combinations thereof. The results of such an assessment are then used to predict the degree of virulence of the new or previously uncharacterized strain. The methods generally involve administering or exposing a PRRS-free swine to a quantity of the new or uncharacterized PRRS strain and allowing the virus to replicate for a period of up to about 15 days, more preferably from about 2-12 days, still more preferably from about 3-10 days and still more preferably from about 3-7 days. The mode of administration can be accomplished using any conventional manner, including oral, intranasal, intramuscular, intra-lymph node, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and combinations thereof, but most preferably through intranasal administration. The amount of the dose for intranasal administration is preferably up to about 5 ml, still more preferably between about 0.5 ml to about 4 ml, still more preferably between about 1 ml and about 3 ml, and still more preferably about 2 ml. The concentration of virus in each dose should be up to about 5.0 Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml, more preferably between about 1.0 to about 4.0 Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml, and still more preferably about 2.5 to 3.5 Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml, and most preferably about 3.0 Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml. At a selected time or times during this replication period, biological samples are taken from the swine and measurements of the rate of growth of the administered virus, viremia magnitude, antibody response, and/or combinations thereof are taken. Data gathered from these measurements is then compared with the rate of growth, viremia magnitude, antibody and/or combinations thereof for a known and characterized strain, as a measure of predicted virulence of the new or unknown strain.
Using the methods of the present invention, the rate of PRRS viral growth, viremia magnitude, antibody response, and/or combinations of these characteristics were measured in swine which had one of eight different PRRSV isolate strains administered thereto. Each of these strains had a known level of virulence and clinical disease manifestations. These same characteristics were also measured in swine which had a combination of all eight strains administered thereto.
More specifically, one hundred (100) healthy two-three week old pigs were divided randomly by weight into ten groups with each group having ten pigs. All pigs were tested for PRRS infection using HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR (IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, Me.). Eight of the groups received an administration of one of the eight strains, one group received an administration consisting of a combination of all eight strains, and the last group received an administration Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) to act as a control group. A sample of each viral inoculation was retitrated for titer confirmation. Preferably the titer of the administered virus is designed to mimic a natural exposure level of virus. Biological samples in the form of blood were collected at various times throughout the 49-day experiment. Each sample was analyzed by virus isolation, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR, and PRRSV protein-specific ELISA.
Virus isolation was performed on CL2621 cells by serially diluting serum and combining it with EMEM, gentamicin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and Fungizone (Invitrogen Corp., Grand Island, N.Y.). The dilutions were then incubated and examined for cytopathic effect (CPE). The Reed-Muench calculation was used to determine titers.
RT-PCR was performed using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini-Kit® (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and PRRSV was detected using a single-tube assay by Tetracore, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.). To determine virus quantitation, a standard curve was developed and concentrations of the unknown samples were determined by linear extrapolation of the cycle threshold values plotted against the known concentration of the 3′ UTR transcript product.
Antibody measurement using ELISA S/P ratios were generated using HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR using the manufacturer's instructions. PRRSV protein-specific ELISA was performed using recombinant isolate VR2332 nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural protein 4 (nsp 4) expressed in BL21 (DE3)-RP cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.).
All pigs were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the study. Additionally, on every day of the study, each pig was evaluated and scored by a veterinarian for clinical signs of PRRS disease. All resulting data was analyzed statistically and compared on a group-by-group basis.
As used herein, “rate of growth” refers to the measurement of virus replication over time in swine. Preferred examples of this measurement are provided in Example 1. “Viremia magnitudes” as used herein, refers to the concentration of virus circulating in the blood of swine. Preferred examples of this measurement are also provided in Example 1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph of mean serum virus titer versus time expressed as log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml for the swine test of Example 1;

FIG. 2 is a graph of mean PRRSV virus concentration in serum in the swine test of Example 1, as measured by real time RT-PCR;

FIG. 3 is a graph of mean S/P ratios versus time using a commercial ELISA assay;

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating repeated measures analysis for the commercial ELISA assay and the log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml data of Example 1, wherein the group average under the ELISA S/P ratio curve was plotted against the group average area under the log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml;

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating repeated measures analysis for the commercial ELISA assay and RT-PCR concentration data of Example 1, wherein the group average area under the ELISA ratio curve was plotted against the group average area under the RT-PCR concentration curve;

FIG. 6 a is a graph of absorbance versus time for Example 1;

FIG. 6 b is a graph of absorbance versus time, illustrating the effect of PRRSV isolate or strain on nsp-4 IgG response, wherein the data are the mean values of 10 animals, except where animals died;

FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating repeated measures analysis using the nsp-4 and log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml data of Example 1, wherein the group average area under the nsp-4 curve was plotted against the group average area under the log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml curve; and

FIG. 8 is a graph of repeated measures analysis using the clinical scores and log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml data of Example 1, wherein the group average under the clinical scores curve was plotted against the group average area under the log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml curve.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following examples set forth preferred isolates and procedures in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood, however, that these examples are provided by way of illustration only, and nothing therein should be deemed a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention.

Example 1

Materials and Methods

One hundred healthy 2-3 week-old pigs were obtained from a PRRS-free commercial herd and were maintained at Veterinary Resources, Inc., Ames, Iowa, under the supervision of a veterinarian. Animals received food and water ad libitum. All of the animal care and laboratory personnel involved with the study were blinded to the treatments given to the various groups of animals. Pigs were tested by HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR (IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Westbrook, Me.) to determine if any pigs were infected with PRRSV. All of the pigs for this example tested negative. The pigs were then randomly divided by weight into 10 groups with 10 pigs per group.
A total of eight PRRSV isolates were used in this example. These isolates have been designated VR-2332, Ingelvac® PRRS MLV, JA 142, Ingelvac® PRRS ATP, SDSU 73, Abst-1, MN 184, and 17198-6. These eight isolates span the history of PRRS disease, exhibit a wide range of virulence levels, and represent relevant clinical disease manifestations. All of the virus isolates grew readily on CL2621 cells (CL2621 is a proprietary cell line obtained from NVSL, Ames, Iowa), (an MA-104 monkey kidney cell line). Three of the primary field isolates, VR-2332, JA-142, and SDSU 73, also had attenuated forms, Ingelvac® PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St. Joseph, Mo.), Ingelvac® PRRS ATP (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., St. Joseph, Mo.), and Abst-1, respectively. These attenuated forms all exhibit low or undetectable virulence that was derived by in vitro passaging to attenuation. The PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 was isolated in 1991 in Minnesota and was used at cell culture passage three. The attenuated form of this virus is commercially available under the trade-name Ingelvac® PRRS MLV. The PRRSV isolate JA 142 (ATCC No. ______), provided by William Mengeling, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, was isolated in 1997 in Iowa from a severe “abortion-storm” case of reproductive failure and was used at cell culture passage five. The attenuated form of JA 142 is commercially sold under the trade-name Ingelvac® PRRS ATP and has been assigned ATCC No. VR-2638. PRRSV SDSU 73 (ATCC No. ______) was recovered in Iowa from a severe case of reproductive disease in 1996 and was used at cell culture passage one. The attenuated form of SDSU 73, designated Abst-1 (ATCC No. ______), was obtained by 52 passages. The PRRSV isolate 17198-6 (ATCC No. ______) was obtained from Oklahoma in 1997 from a herd experiencing severe reproductive disease and was used at passage level four. The PRRSV MN 184 isolate (ATCC No. ______) was obtained in 2001 from a swine farm experiencing severe reproductive disease and sow mortality in southern Minnesota and was provided by Kurt Rossow, University of Minnesota, St. Paul. This isolate was used at a cell culture passage of one. Additionally, a pool consisting of a combination of all isolates was produced.
On day 0, each of the eight PRRSV isolates and the PRRSV pool were diluted to approximately 3.0 Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) (JRH Bioscience, Lenexa, Kans.) containing 4% FBS (JRH Bioscience, Lenexa, Kans.) and administered intranasally to pigs at a dose of 2 ml (1 ml per nostril). The untreated control group received 2 ml of media. The inocula were retitrated on 96-well plates containing three-day-old CL2621 cells for titer confirmation using the Reed-Muench method (Reed et al., 1938). The observed titers administered to pigs, together with a description of the virulence level and isolation information, are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Virulence and Inoculation Titer of Isolates.

				Titer log₁₀
Group	Isolate	Year Isolated	Virulence***	TCID₅₀/ml

1	VR 2332	1991	Moderate	3.43
2	Ingelvac ® PRRS MLV*	USDA license 1996	Attenuated VR2332	3.02
3	JA 142	1997	High	3.13
4	Ingelvac ® PRRS ATP*	USDA license 1999	Attenuated JA 142	4.14
5	SDSU 73	1996	High	2.75
6	Abst-1*	Attenuated 1999	Attenuated SDSU 73	4.18
7	MN 184	2001	High	4.10
8	17198-6	1997	High	2.81
9	Pool**	N/A	High	3.71
10	Control	N/A	N/A	N/A

*attenuated PRRSV isolates.
**Mixture containing all of the eight isolates
***Summary of lung lesions reported in Symposium on Emerging Diseases, Rome 2003.

The isolates were then compared to determine their genetic similarity through an analysis of their percent sequence identity. Sequence identity was determined by submitting virus samples to the University of Minnesota Diagnostic Laboratory for sequence analysis. The results of ORF 5-6 were provided and then compared to a PRRS virus consensus sequence. Individual base pair differences were noted and then the % sequence identity was compared between isolates. As those of skill in the art are aware, blast searching can also be done at various websites. For example, the University of Minnesota provides a PRRSV database (ccgb.umn.edu/cgi-bin/common/web_blast.cgi) that lists sequences from isolates from 1989-2003. Another frequently used site is the NCBI BLAST link found at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST.
As shown by the percent sequence identity and the dendogram in Table 2, the virulent field isolates are quite genetically distinct and represented a diverse group of PRRSV isolates. In contrast, the parental and vaccine PRRSV pairs were nearly genetically identical. The pairwise comparison and dendrogram of Table 2 were generated using the Lasergene software suite of sequence analysis tools (DNASTAR, Inc, (Madison, Wis.)).

TABLE 2

Pairwise comparisons of ORF5 nucleotide sequence of virulent and
attenuated PRRSV isolates used in the study. Percent similarity is shown in the
upper right and percent divergence is shown in the lower left of the table. The
dendrogram shows the genetic relatedness of the isolates. The bar indicates 1
nucleotide change per 100 residues. VR2332 is the parent isolate of Ingelvac
PRRS MLV, JA 142 is the parent strain of Ingelvac PRRS ATP and SDSU 73
is the parent strain of Abst-1.

Percent Identity

		Ingelvac		Ingelvac
		PRRS		PRRS
	VR
2332	MLV	JA-142	ATP	SDSU	73	Abst-1	MN 184	17198-6

VR 2332		99.7	91.0	90.5	90.0	89.6	86.4	90.4
Ingelvac	0.3		90.7	90.2	89.7	89.2	86.4	90.0
PRRS MLV
JA-142	9.7	10.1		99.2	92.7	92.2	87.2	92.2
Ingelvac	10.3	10.7	0.8		91.9	91.4	86.4	91.4
PRRS ATP
SDSU
73	10.9	11.3	7.8	8.8		99.5	87.2	91.7
Abst-1	11.5	11.9	8.4	9.4	0.5		86.7	91.2
MN 184	15.5	15.5	14.4	15.5	14.4	15.1		86.1
17198-6	10.5	10.9	8.8	9.7	9.0	9.6	15.9

	Percent Divergence

Evaluation of Viremia
Blood samples were collected from each pig in each group by vacutainer on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 15, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49. Serum was separated from clotted whole blood by centrifugation at 3200×g for 20 minutes. Serum samples were then divided for analysis by virus isolation, Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR, and PRRSV protein-specific ELISA. The serum samples in this study were processed immediately after collection and were chilled on ice within 3 hours of being obtained. The samples were stored for a maximum of 24 hr at 4° C. and at −70° C. thereafter. Serum tested by RT-PCR was frozen at −70° C. the day of collection and stored until the testing could be performed at which time only the number of samples that could be tested within 24 hours were thawed, extracted, and tested.
Virus isolation was performed on three-day-old CL2621 cells for samples collected on days 0, 1, 42, and 49. One hundred μl of serum from each pig on the remaining days of the study was diluted serially by ten-fold dilutions to a final dilution of 10⁻⁶in tubes containing 900 μl of EMEM, 2% FBS, 50 μg/ml gentamicin (Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, Mo.), and 2.5 μg/ml Fungizone (Invitrogen Corporation, Grand Island N.Y.). Four replicates of each dilution were incubated on 96-well plates containing CL2621 cells, at 37° C. and 4.5% CO₂for eight days. Each well then was examined for cytopathic effect (CPE) and the titers were determined using the Reed-Muench calculation.
To obtain viral RNA for quantitative RT-PCR the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini-Kit® (Qiagen Inc. Valencia, Calif.) was used as described in the kit instructions. A commercially available real-time, single-tube, RT-PCR assay for the detection of U.S. PRRSV was provided by Tetracore Inc. (Gaithersburg, Md.) and used to detect PRRSV RNA. A minor groove binding (MGB) 5′ nuclease probe and primers were designed by alignment of GenBank isolates and based on conserved areas of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). PRRSV RNA was reverse transcribed in a 25 μl single tube reaction consisting of Tetracore U.S. PRRSV Master Mix (18.9 μl Master mix, 2 μl Enzyme mix 1, 0.1 μl Enzyme mix 2) and 4 μl of extracted RNA. The reaction tubes were loaded into the Smart Cycler II® block (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, Calif.) and software settings of fluorescent detection were set for automatic calculation of the baseline with the background subtraction on. The thermal cycler program consisted of 52° C. for 1800 seconds, 95° C. for 900 seconds, and 45 cycles at 94° C. for 30 seconds, 61° C. for 60 seconds and 72° C. for 60 seconds. A PCR reaction was considered positive if the cycle threshold (Ct) level was obtained at ≦45 cycles. For quantitation, known amounts of serially diluted in vitro transcript RNA product (1××10⁻¹through 1×10⁸copies/μl) were used to generate a standard curve. Copy/ml concentrations of the unknown samples were determined by linear extrapolation of the Ct values plotted against the known concentration of the 3′ UTR transcript product.
Antibody Measurement
ELISA S/P ratios were generated by performing the HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR according to the manufacturer's instructions. PRRSV protein-specific ELISA for The HerdChek® was performed with recombinant isolate VR2332 nucleocapsid (N) and nonstructural protein 4 (nsp 4) which were expressed in BL21 (DE3)-RP cells (Stratagene) from the plasmid pET 24b as fusion proteins containing an amino terminal myc-tag and a carboxyl terminal 6× histidine tag. Denatured proteins were dialyzed in 0.1 M Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 6 M guanidine-HCl, 2 mM EDTA and adjusted to a concentration of 3 mg/ml. DTT was added to 300 mM and the solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane. Reduced protein was added into refolding buffer (100 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 0.5 M L-arginine, 8 mM oxidized glutathione, 2 mM EDTA, 10 μM pepstatin A, 10 μM leupeptin, and 1 mM PMSF), filtered (0.22 μm) and stirred overnight. The purified protein was concentrated by tangential flow filtration (Pellicon XL Ultracel PLC 5 kd, Millipore) and dialyzed against 20 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0. Proteins were analyzed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer with the Protein LabChip. Purified protein solutions were stored at −80° C.
Protein-specific ELISAs were performed by coating microtiter plates with 100 ng recombinant protein in carbonate buffer, pH 9.6, or with buffer alone. Plates were blocked with 2.5% nonfat dry milk in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20 (PBST). One hundred μl of a 1:2000 dilution of serum was applied to duplicate wells for 2 hours, after which plates were washed with PBST and antibody binding was detected by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat-anti swine IgG (heavy+light chains (KPL, Gaithersburg Md.) diluted 1:5000 for 1 hour, followed by washing and color development with 100 μl of TMB substrate (KPL). Reactions were stopped with 1 M phosphoric acid and plates were read at 450 nm.

Body Weights

All pigs were weighed on day 0 (first day of study) and day 49 (end of study). Pigs were weighed on a portable electronic weigh-bar scale system Weigh-Tronix™ model 615XL, (Weigh-Tronix Inc., Fairmont, Minn.). The scale was calibrated using certified test weights prior to and after each use.

Clinical Scores

On every day of the study each pig was scored by a veterinarian for respiratory signs, behavior, and coughing on a scale of one to four for each clinical sign. A normal animal was given a score of three, maximum clinical illness was a score nine and a dead animal received a score of 12. Samples from all animals that died in the study were submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for pathological examination.

Statistical Analysis

All data were imported into SAS version 8.02 for data management and analysis. Summary statistics including mean, standard deviation standard error, median and frequency distributions were generated for all out come variables as appropriate. Weight, RT-PCR, and Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml data were analyzed by one way ANOVA for overall differences among the treatment groups with pairwise testing for differences between treatment groups by Least Significant Difference t test. All tests for differences between groups were designed as two-sided tests. Differences were considered statistically significant at p≦0.05.
Some changes were made to the data to facilitate correlation analyses. The Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml values listed as <2.00 were set to 1.0. Negative RT-PCR values were set to 1.0 and all RT-PCR values were normalized by transformation to log base 10 before analysis. Control group results were not included in the correlation analyses. Results for each pig were converted to an approximate area under the curve using trapezoidal rule. Area under the curve was computed for the entire study period, from the first observation to day 15, and from day 15 to the last observation, although only the entire study period is shown in the figures.

Results

Virus Isolation and Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml Quantification

Before exposure on the day of infection no animals tested positive for PRRSV. At 1 day after intranasal infection, only 13 animals in 5 groups tested positive for virus. However, at 3 days after infection all animals that were infected with field isolates, except for isolate 17198-6, were virus positive with mean log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml values ranging from 2.1 (SDSU-73) to 3.9 (MN 184). By contrast, animals inoculated with attenuated isolates were uniformly negative by cell culture. These results are provided in FIG. 1. Peak levels of viremia, from 3.6 to 4.6 log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml were attained on day 7 for four of five virulent isolates and titers remained near or above 2 log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml in all virulent virus groups for 21 days except for JA 142-infected pigs which had titers below that level.
The levels of viremia in the pigs inoculated with attenuated PRRSV isolates were lower than in pigs inoculated with virulent field isolates. The Abst-1 isolate, with the exception of day 3 post inoculation, was never re-isolated. Ingelvac® PRRS MLV viremia fluctuated between 0.5 and 1.0 log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml from days 7 to 28, and Ingelvac® PRRS ATP varied between 0.4 and 1.2 log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml from days 7 to 28. Attenuated isolate viruses were not recovered from serum after day 28, and virus was recovered from only two of the virulent field isolate groups, the pool-infected and MN 184-infected pigs through day 35 (also shown in FIG. 1). Nearly all pigs were nonviremic by virus isolation at days 42 and 49.
Overall, the more virulent isolates were observed to replicate faster and to higher titers in pigs than were the attenuated isolates. Pigs infected with the MN 184 isolate, in particular, showed a very rapid increase in virus replication beginning before day 3 and reaching a peak of over 4.5 log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml on day 7. After peaking, the MN 184 viremia steadily decreased but still maintained a significantly higher titer (t-test, p≦0.05) than all other isolates on days 28 and 35. A similar trend was observed in all of the remaining virulent groups, namely VR2332, JA 142, SDSU 73, and the pool (see, FIG. 1). Pigs infected with 17198-6 followed the same general trend described for the MN 184 infected group but not as closely.
Groups of pigs administered the attenuated isolates (Ingelvac® PRRS MLV, Ingelvac® PRRS ATP, and Abst-1) followed a different trend. They showed a moderate increase in viral titer beginning after day 3 that reached a peak between days 7 and 15 at a viral titer more than a log less than any of the virulent exposure groups and several orders of magnitude less than the MN 184-infected group. The titers observed in these attenuated exposure groups then declined to zero on or before day 35 (See FIG. 1).

Virus Quantification by Real Time RT-PCR

Levels of viremia were also determined by real time RT-PCR since it was possible that growth on CL2621 cells was not the same for all strains and because RT-PCR might be a more sensitive measure than growth on cells for viremia. As shown in FIG. 2, virulent exposure groups showed a dramatic increase in average concentration on day 1 and all groups peaked above 8 logs/ml between days 7 and 15. The virulent exposure group concentrations then gradually tapered off through the next several weeks, reaching concentrations below 4 logs/ml by day 49.
The attenuated strain exposure groups showed a much less dramatic increase in concentration that also began around day 1 and the average group titer never reached or exceeded 7 logs/ml (FIG. 2). The concentrations observed for the attenuated exposure groups were maintained at fluctuating levels showing a wide range in values in the weeks following the exposure. The fluctuations were primarily due to sporadically high values in a single pig. The three attenuated strain exposure groups all peaked on different days of the study. The Ingelvac® PRRS MLV group peaked at a concentration of 4.31 logs/ml on day 28, the Ingelvac® (PRRS ATP group peaked at 6.58 logs/ml on day 3, and the Abst-1 group peaked at 6.85 logs/ml on day 35, which was the highest titer achieved by an attenuated isolate (FIG. 2). Additionally, the average concentration of the virulent isolate groups were observed to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than the average concentration of the attenuated strain groups on days 3 and 15, but on day 49 the average concentration of the virulent isolate groups was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the attenuated isolate groups.

HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR

As shown by FIG. 3, the humoral immune response to PRRSV, as measured by HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR S/P ratios, showed that the virulent isolate exposure group averages rose above the 0.4 cutoff for a positive result on day 15. By contrast, the attenuated strain exposure group averages were negative and all three groups remained below 0.4 until after day 21. The Ingelvac® PRRS MLV and Ingelvac® PRRS ATP groups showed positive results on day 28, but the Abst-1 group did not show an average S/P ratio over 0.4 until day 42.
In comparing the humoral response of groups infected with virulent isolates or the pool to groups inoculated with attenuated strains, it was clear that the kinetics and magnitude of the antibody response was associated with the level of viremia, particularly between 14 and 35 days after infection. This observation is further supported by the correlation between viremia levels and humoral antibody responses determined by paired comparisons of HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR S/P ratios to either virus titration or RT-PCR. FIGS. 4 and 5 show that the humoral antibody response is closely associated with viral load over the entire study period with a correlation coefficient r=0.858 for virus titration and r=0.794 for RT-PCR. These associations were highly significant (p<0.0001 in each case). Moreover, attenuated strains show low antibody responses and viral loads, whereas virulent strains show high responses.

PRRSV Protein-Specific ELISA

To gain additional insight into the relationship between differences in PRRSV inocula and humoral immune responses, the antibody titers against N, the major structural protein, and nsp 4, an essential but minor nonstructural protease, were determined. FIG. 6 a illustrates that the kinetics of the nucleocapsid anti-N IgG response were nearly identical in all groups of pigs, with a peak titer on day 28 followed by a sharp decline in the next 7-14 days, after which the levels were maintained or rose slightly between days 42 and 49.
The magnitude of the response for each strain was similar to that found in the HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR results, and consistent with the levels of viremia. The lowest peak titers at day 28 were observed in the groups inoculated with attenuated strains, and the highest titer was attained in pigs infected with the highly virulent MN 184 isolate. By day 49 the anti-N titer was equivalent in all groups except for MN 184 and the pool, suggesting that the humoral response to MN 184 may be qualitatively different. Additionally, only 5 pigs survived to day 49 in each of these two groups, which is reflected in the increased standard error at day 49 in the MN 184 group.
As shown by FIG. 6 b, the IgG response to nsp 4 was substantially different than to N. No anti-nsp 4 antibody was detected before day 21, the overall response was much weaker, and no significant response was detected in the groups receiving Ingelvac® PRRS MLV and Abst-1. Moreover, the magnitude of the anti-nsp 4 response was not associated with level of viremia. The responses to VR 2332, JA 142, MN 184, and the pool were all equivalent, with a peak at day 28, followed by a decline at day 35, then rising again at day 42, whereas the magnitude, time course and duration of viremia varied among these four groups. FIG. 7 illustrates that when examining the repeated measures analysis, data for the nsp 4 ELISA compared to the Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml data, it can be seen that there is no correlation between level of viremia and nsp 4 humoral antibody response.

Body Weight

There was no significant difference in the mean weight of any of the groups on day 0 of the experiment (P=0.099). On day 49 pigs inoculated with the attenuated strain Abst-1 had the highest mean weight, which was significantly higher then all other groups except for the control group (Table 3). Also, on day 49, the mean weights of all the virulent isolate exposure groups except for the 17198-6 group were significantly lower than the control group (Table 3). The mean weights of the attenuated strain exposure groups Ingelvac® PRRS MLV and Ingelvac® PRRS ATP and the control group were statistically equivalent (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Average Body Weights.

Isolate	Day 0	Day 49

VR 2332	6.38¹	33.5^b
Ingelvac ® PRRS MLV	6.56	34.6*
JA 142	6.42	32.7^b
Ingelvac ® PRRS ATP	6.24	35.0*
SDSU-73	6.59	32.9^b
Abst-1	6.69	39.4^a
MN 184	6.73	23.7^c
17198-6	6.36	34.5*
Pool**	6.51	23.0^c
Control	6.48	38.4*

¹Weights are in kg. There were no significant differences in mean wt at day 0.
*Indicates statistically equivalent weights among these groups on day 49.
**Pool was a mixture containing all eight isolates.
^aSignificantly greater than all groups except the Control group (p ≦ 0.05).
^bSignificantly less than the Control group.
^cSignificantly less than all other groups.

Clinical Scores
Increases in average clinical scores were observed in only four of the virulent exposure groups: JA 142, SDSU 73, MN 184, and Pool. These higher scores were maintained throughout the study while the remaining groups, both virulent and attenuated exposures, had essentially normal clinical scores for the duration of the study. The only major cause of changes in the average clinical scores observed in this study occurred when one or more animals died in the associated treatment group (Table 4).

TABLE 4

Mortality of Pigs after Exposure

Group	Strain	Mortality	Day(s) of Death(s)

1	VR 2332	0/10	N/A
2	Ingelvac ® PRRS MLV	0/10	N/A
3	JA 142	1/10 = 10%	17
4	Ingelvac ® PRRS ATP	0/10	N/A
5	SDSU 73	2/10 = 20%	9, 23
6	Abst-1	0/10	N/A
7	MN 184	5/10 = 50%	14, 14, 17, 23, 41
8	17198-6	0/10	N/A
9	Pool**	5/10 = 50%	12, 16, 17, 21, 21
10	Controls	2/10*	41, 48

Attenuated PRRSV 0/30 = 0%
Virulent PRRSV 13/60 = 22%
All deaths in treatment groups were attributed to moderate or severe non-suppurative interstitial pneumonia due to PRRSV with secondary bacterial infection.
*Deaths attributed to bacterial pneumonia with no PRRS involvement.
**Pool was a mixture containing all eight isolates.

The severity of clinical disease was highly associated with viral load (p<0.001 for virus titration). As shown in FIG. 8, the clinical scores were highest for the groups infected with MN 184 and the Pool. Fifty percent of the pigs in each group died, and virus titration indicated that the level of infection was substantially higher than for all other groups. The differences in viral load as determined by RT-PCR were less marked (data not shown) and the correlation of clinical signs with viral load by RT-PCR was less than with virus titration (r=0.556 versus r=0.803, respectively). The clinical scores in group 10 (Control) increased after the death of two pigs from bacterial pneumonia. Both pigs were shown to be PRRSV negative by immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue, negative virus isolation and real-time PCR analyses, and the complete lack of seroconversion by HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR or protein-specific ELISA. Later findings indicated that various bacterial pathogens were present in animals that died unexpectedly during the study these deaths were likely attributed to secondary bacterial infection (Table 5).

TABLE 5

Cause of Mortality after Exposure

Pig #	Group	Cause of Death	Day of Death

993	JA 142	PRRS & Streptococcus suis	17
948	Neg Control	Arcanobacterium pyogenes &	41
		Pasteurella multocida
983	Neg Control	A. pyogenes & P. multocida	48
922	SDSU 73	PRRS and bacterial pneumonia*	9
918	SDSU 73	PRRS and Escherichia coli	23
973	MN 184	PRRS and Actinobacillus suis	14
992	MN 184	PRRS and A. suis	14
980	MN 184	PRRS and E. coli	17
971	MN 184	PRRS and E. coli	23
958	MN 184	PRRS and E. coli	41
976	Pool	PRRS and A. suis	12
970	Pool	PRRS and V S. suis	16
972	Pool	PRRS and S. suis	17
995	Pool	PRRS and S. suis	21
969	Pool	PRRS and A. pyogenes	21

*The diagnostic report indicated “bacterial pneumonia” with no specific agent listed.

Discussion

One objective of this example was to examine various PRRSV isolates with known levels of virulence to determine if there was a relationship with in vivo replication that could be used to predict the virulence of PRRSV isolates without the necessity of performing controlled challenge experiments. Additionally, it was of interest to determine the relationship between isolate virulence, levels of viremia, and the humoral antibody response. Finally, it may be of interest to develop vaccines against the PRRSV isolates that are found to be virulent using the methods of the present invention. It would be a goal to have such vaccines provide some degree of protection against other virulent isolates; however, such cross-effectiveness may not be universal for all PRRSV isolates and further testing would be required. However, it is clear that the present invention provides an effective tool for identifying prime candidates for vaccine development.
In order to test PRRSV isolates under the same conditions it was necessary to use dosages of licensed vaccines that were below the minimum immunizing dose established with the USDA and that were not representative of a commercial dose. Also, the intranasal route of administration of the MLV vaccines used in the study was not in accordance with the USDA label and was only used to mimic a more natural exposure. The typical commercial dose of the modified live PRRS vaccines (Ingelvac PRRS and Ingelvac PRRS ATP) is much higher than what was used in this experimental trial. These experimentally low doses of modified live PRRS vaccine do not represent the actual product dosage and form used in the field and readily explains the reported serological response. Using a commercial dose of vaccine, serological titers as measured via the IDEXX assay would be detectable by day 14. In this trial using titers of approximately 3 logs, this serological response was delayed and lower. This was to be expected, but was done to insure consistency of titer administration between groups and to facilitate the analysis and comparison between virulent and attenuated isolates. Although not specifically addressed in this Example, the effect of dose is likely much more significant for an attenuated or less virulent virus than it is for a virulent field virus that can quickly grow in and be recovered at over 4 logs/ml in pig serum within 3-7 days of exposure. The higher recommended intramuscular commercial dose gives HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR S/P ratios above the 0.4 cutoff by 14 days post vaccination which is one-half the amount of time observed for the doses used in this study (Roof et al., 2003). The nominal dose used in this study, 2×10³TCID₅₀per animal, caused 50% mortality in groups that received isolate MN 184, and anti-nucleocapsid responses in all groups. Higher doses were not tested since excessive mortality in groups challenged with highly virulent strains would have compromised the study objectives. In addition, previous studies had shown no difference in clinical signs and viremia in young pigs inoculated with PRRSV isolate VR2332 at doses of 10^2.2, 10^3.2and 10^4.2TCID₅₀per animal.
Both the Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml and real time RT-PCR results showed that the viremia levels vary significantly among groups following PRRSV exposure. This indicates that the growth rate of PRRSV in pigs is a phenotypic characteristic of the virus independent of possible variation in pig susceptibility to infection. In addition, attenuation of PRRSV by adaptation to growth on CL2621 cells reduced not only its ability to grow in pigs, but altered the kinetics of viral replication so that peak viremia occurred at later times. A similar observation was also made by Chang et al. (2002), who showed that even a limited period of cell culture passage of the moderately virulent PRRSV isolate VR 2332 reduced viral growth in pigs and delayed significantly the time to peak viremia. However, a delayed time to peak viremia is not diagnostic for in vitro cell culture passage or for attenuation, since the highly virulent isolate 17198-6 also showed a delayed time to peak viremia.
Overall, virulent isolates showed substantially higher viremia levels in serum than did attenuated strains at equivalent doses of inoculation. For example, the highest observed virus titer in any of the attenuated isolate exposure groups was 1.22 logs on day 15 in pigs given Ingelvac® PRRS ATP, whereas the lowest titer of any virulent group on day 15 was 2.40 logs in the SDSU 73 group. The peak of viremia at days 3-7 and the levels of virus detected (all >3.5 logs/ml) was highly consistent among virulent PRRSV isolates, though MN 184 was significantly greater in its magnitude and duration, with virus titers still present on days 28 and 35. This supports the concept that highly virulent PRRSV isolates replicate to a substantially higher titer in vivo than do attenuated or lowly virulent isolates, but they do not establish a direct quantitative relationship between level of virulence and level or rate of in vivo growth among wild-type PRRSV (Haynes et al. 1997).
The real time RT-PCR results were statistically very similar to the Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml results, indicating that both methods measure relative levels of infectious virus among groups. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the RT-PCR and Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml day 7 data was 0.89 and for the average real time RT-PCR and Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml results was 0.88. The concentration values determined by real time RT-PCR may have been several orders of magnitude higher than log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml values for several reasons, including differences between the frequency of viral particles containing the target amplicon and particles that are fully infectious on CL2621 cells, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies that could lower infectivity (Dianzani et al., 2002). However, neutralizing antibody is unlikely to account for the difference, because it was observed at all time points, including times before which an anti-PRRSV antibody response had been produced.
The copies/ml values determined by real-time PCR were higher than the infectious titer values measured in cell culture by TCID₅₀/ml. This is because a standard curve based on the copies of genome of the virus is routinely used for quantitative PCR which directly amplifies a genomic sequence of the virus rather than known infectious virions. Biologic assays such as cell culture do measure the presence of infectivity, however, they may not count all of the infectious particles present in a preparation. Factors that could affect the infectious titer such as cell culture conditions and in vivo antibodies, which may neutralize virus, have been observed in other studies, underestimating the amount of infectious virus measured in TCID₅₀/ml in sera. Alternatively, some non-infectious or replication-defective virus may be present which would be reflected by higher copy numbers.
In general, the ELISA observations support the concept that the magnitude of the humoral immune response is related to the level of viral replication during acute infection. The trend indicated in FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrates this relationship. A slower and less intense humoral immune response was triggered by the cell-culture attenuated virus isolates, whereas a faster and more intense humoral immune response was triggered by the virulent isolates. In addition these observations also demonstrate that at least two factors, isolate type and infectious dose, impact relative S/P ratio values in the HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR. Although the ELISA results shown in FIG. 3 indicate a clear positive or negative average group response, it is important to note the variability among individual animals. Some pigs within attenuated virus groups were positive before day 21, and some pigs in the virulent groups remained negative up to day 21.
Analysis of specific antibody responses to N and nsp 4 show that immune responses to PRRSV vary in intensity independently of the inoculating isolate. Antibody responses to the N protein in animals that were inoculated with the highly virulent isolates MN 184 and JA 142 showed a trend similar to that of all the isolates but to a higher magnitude. Pigs inoculated with MN 184 and JA142 also had the highest viral titers, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. This indicates that the level of humoral immune response may be related to the viral load in acute infection as measured by viral titer. Interestingly, the time course of response was the same in all groups, even though the time to peak titer was delayed for highly virulent strain 17198-6 and the attenuated strains. The nsp 4 antibody response, by contrast, was low at all of the time points and for all of the isolates, both attenuated and virulent. The time course of anti-nsp 4 response was equivalent in all of the groups despite differences in the time to peak viral load among groups, as observed for the anti-N antibody response. All pigs had low anti-nsp 4 responses as shown in FIG. 7.
These observations indicate that some of the PRRSV proteins elicit a more robust response from the host immune system regardless of exposure isolate virulence. However, the observations also indicate that the magnitude of the immune response to the more immunogenic proteins is likely related to the virulence of the exposure isolate, or the ability of the isolate to replicate in vivo. It also is possible that differences in antibody response might be due simply to genetic differences among isolates that result in differences in antigenic reactivity such that antibodies directed against N and nsp 4 of other isolates do not react or react poorly to the recombinant proteins expressed from isolate VR2332 that were used to coat the ELISA plates. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the observed differences in antibody levels reflect immunologically relevant responses. Isolate MN 184 shows the greatest genetic difference from VR2332, as determined by ORF 5 comparisons, yet has the highest anti-N antibody response. Kapur et al. (1996) showed previously that relative differences among PRRSV isolates in one open reading frame are also present in other open reading frames. Additionally, individual proteins contain conserved and nonconserved regions (e.g. Kapur et al., 1996) and extensive immunogenic reactivity may be directed toward the conserved epitopes (Ostrowski et al., 2002). Nevertheless, ELISA results based on antibody reactions with purified PRRSV proteins may be affected by genetic and antigenic variation, and these effects must be considered. Refolding of recombinant proteins was performed, but no differences were observed between ELISA plates coated with nonrefolded or refolded proteins.
It was noted that at approximately 4 to 5 weeks after inoculation, a relatively large decrease in the antibody response to both the N and nsp 4 proteins occurred. A similar peak of 1 to 2 weeks followed by a decline of antibody reactivity was previously noted by Foss et al. (2002) for GP5, the major envelope glycoprotein. Taken together, these observations suggest that the response to individual viral proteins likely does not represent the full picture of the pig's immune response to PRRSV since the humoral immune response as measured by the HerdChek® PRRS ELISA 2XR does not show a similar transient peak of antibody reactivity.
Reduced growth and mortality were the key correlates of virulence and viral in vivo growth rate. The lower mean weight observed in the virulent isolate exposure groups most likely reflected a difference in the ability of a PRRSV isolate to replicate in vivo and induce a more severe illness in the pig. These observations are consistent with previously reported data that PRRSV infection may cause anorexia with a 25 to 40 percent reduction in daily weight gain (Thacker, 2003). The clinical scores of animals exposed to the virulent isolates showed rapid increases shortly after the inoculation, whereas there was virtually no change in the scores of the attenuated virus exposure animals. This increase in clinical signs was reflected in the observed death rates of 50%, 20%, and 10% in the virulent exposure groups receiving PRRS isolates MN 184, SDSU 73, and JA 142, respectively. In contrast, the attenuated exposure groups incurred no deaths. The relationship between rapid viral growth and viral pathogenesis under the same conditions of viral exposure were most evident in comparing the groups exposed to MN 184 and Abst-1. The inoculation titers were virtually the same, 4.10 logs/ml and 4.18 logs/ml, respectively, and yet, as indicated in FIG. 8, there were remarkable differences in the way the two isolates affected pigs. The Abst-1 isolate was nearly inert, it hardly replicated in vivo and caused no clinical signs. By contrast, the MN 184 isolate replicated to extremely high titers in vivo and caused severe clinical signs, resulting in the death of 50% of exposed animals. Also notable, the group of pigs exposed to the pool of all virus isolates showed about the same virological, clinical, and immunological responses as pigs exposed to MN 184. This finding indicates that the most rapidly replicating virus in a mixed infection is likely to outcompete other isolates so that the net result is essentially the same as an infection with the single isolate having the highest growth potential.
The notable in vivo differences between virulent and attenuated PRRSV isolates shed light on the relationship between the virulence of an isolate and its in vivo growth and replication. When administered at equivalent doses in pigs, the more virulent isolates show Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml titers and RT-PCR concentrations that are exponentially higher than the attenuated isolates. The virulent isolates induce a more rapid and intense humoral immune response. The virulent isolates negatively affect weight gain and induce higher death rates and more severe clinical signs as compared to the attenuated isolates.
In conclusion, the example and tests in the present application indicate that attenuated and virulent PRRSV isolates induce remarkably different clinical signs, as well as immune responses that differ in intensity. These differences are attributed to the ability of the virus to replicate in vivo, a phenotypic characteristic that can be measured quantitatively in serum samples and may be developed for predicting the virulence of PRRSV isolates.

REFERENCES

The teachings and content of each of the following references are incorporated by reference herein.

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Claims

1. A method of predicting the virulence of a PRRS virus strain of unknown virulence, comprising the steps of administering a quantity of said PRRS virus strain into PRRS-free swine, allowing the virus to replicate in said swine for a period of from about 3-15 days, measuring the rate of virus growth and/or the magnitude of viremia during said period, and comparing said rate of growth or viremia magnitude with the rate of growth and/or viremia magnitude of a PRRS virus strain of known virulence as a predictor of virulence of PRRS strain of unknown virulence.

2. The method of claim 1, said period being between from about 3 to 7 days.

3. The method of claim 1, including the step of measuring the magnitude of viremia during said period, and comparing such magnitude with the viremia magnitude of said known PRRS virus strain.

4. The method of claim 1, said quantity of administered virus being similar to the amount an animal would receive by natural exposure.

5. The method of claim 1, said PRRS virus being adminstered by a method selected from the group consisting of oral, intranasal, intramuscular, intra-lymph node, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and combinations thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, said rate of growth or viremia magnitude being measured in a biological sample from said swine.

7. The method of claim 1, said viremia being measured by Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, PRRS specific ELISA, PRRS protein-specific ELISA, and combinations thereof.

8. The method of claim 1, further including the step of observing said swine for clinical signs of PRRS infection after administration of said PRRS strain.

9. The method of claim 8, said clinical signs including respiratory signs, behavior, coughing, and combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 1, further including the step of predicting that the PRRS strain will be of high virulence when its rate of growth or viremia magnitude are similar to that of a strain with high virulence.

11. The method of claim 1, further including the step of predicting that the PRRS strain will be of low virulence when its rate of growth or viremia magnitude are similar to that of a strain of low virulence.

12. The method of claim 1, said administered amount of PRRS virus being up to about 5 ml of inocula having a viral concentration of up to 5.0 Log₁₀TCID₅₀/ml.