US2009175A - Method and apparatus for heat transmission - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for heat transmission Download PDF

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Publication number
US2009175A
US2009175A US718737A US71873734A US2009175A US 2009175 A US2009175 A US 2009175A US 718737 A US718737 A US 718737A US 71873734 A US71873734 A US 71873734A US 2009175 A US2009175 A US 2009175A
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liquid
gas
vapor mixture
temperature
evaporating
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Goth Hans Elis Abraham
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Industrikemiska AB
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Industrikemiska AB
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D1/00—Evaporating
    • B01D1/26—Multiple-effect evaporating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D1/00—Evaporating
    • B01D1/22—Evaporating by bringing a thin layer of the liquid into contact with a heated surface

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  • Air vapqr mixture colztailulag ans/Y of dry all so- 110 k -Gal mf A lu ems-22:42:62;
  • This invention relates to methods and apparatus for the transmission of heat, and more particularly to methods and apparatus of this character that involve the evaporation of liquids.
  • evaporation can be efiected at atmospheric pressure by circulating the liquid to be evaporated alternately through an apparatus wherein it is heated by indirect contact with a condensible medium and through an apparatus whereinit is cooled by direct contact with a permanent gas or a vapor mixture containing a permanent gas.
  • the gas vapor mixture obtained as a result of the cooling or evaporating step may be used as the condensible heating medium in the heating step of another phase of a multiple effect process, and that-the relatively dry gas which results from the indirect heating step of any particular phase may likewise be utilized as the cooling or vapor absorbing medium in the evaporating step of some 7 other phase.
  • uration temperature of the newgas vapor mixture which is obtained at the subsequent evaporation 1 5 of the-heated liquid should be as high as possible.
  • the amount of vapor which can be taken up by a cooling medium con 1 taining a certain amount of a permanent gas, such as air, before saturation depends upon the temperature prevailing during the evaporation (increasing where the temperature is rising), and since the prevailing temperature is greatest at the 15 point of entrance of the hot liquid into an evapcrating apparatus, the evaporative process would be substantially improved in efllciency if the difference between the temperature of the liquid and the saturation temperature of the gas were to be increased where cold gas ,is entering the liquid cooling or evaporating step, and, on" the other hand, decreased where hot-liquid is entering the same step.
  • the liquid to be evaporated consists of water and that the permanent gas is air, algo though it will be understood that the fundamental principles are the same for other liquids and gases. It is also assumed that a certain quantity of water of a constant initial temperature is passed in direct contact with and in countercuri rent to a certain quantity of air also of constant initial temperature, whereupon evaporation takes place, the water is cooled and the air is saturated to a higher temperature. 'Ihe cone tact surface between the air and water is assumed go to be infinite in extent. All temperatures are expressed in degrees centigrade.
  • the line b or b represents a quantity of liquid wherein the heat content varies according to the heat variation of 5 the quantity represented by line arhowever, as
  • lines a and I). under these conditions represent the'heat exchange which would take 60 place between the two liquid quantities referred to in the diagram when flowing in indirect coni a tact with and countercurrent to one another.
  • this' may be effected by maintaining the final temperature of the' liquid higher; that is, by using a/comparatively smaller quantity oi!v air for the evaporation.
  • the curve A--B represents the process of raising the temperature of saturated air from 15 to 64.
  • the slope of line DE' indicates "the quantity of liquid that would be required for the process, and the point E indicates that the lowest attainable exit temperature of the liquid will be 415.
  • the variation may also be accomplished by using separate, different quantities of either liquid or gas vapor mixture in successive stages of the process, or each stage may have its own individual quantities of both liquid and gas vapor'mix ture.
  • FIGs. 5, 6 and '7 are diagrams, somewhat similar to Figs. 3 and 4, graphically illustrating three different embodiments of the methodof the present invention as appliedto the evaporation of a liquid by direct'contact with and in counterflow to a gasor a gas vapor mixture;
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram'of one form of apparatus embodying the present invention wherein separate, diflerent quantities of liquid are successively indirectly heated and cooled by evaporation by the same quantities of heating medium andgas or gas vapor mixture, respectively;
  • Fig. 9 is a diagram similar to Fig. 8 of another form ofapparatus embodying the present in- V temperatures.
  • Fig. 10 is a. diagram similar to Fig. 8 of still another form of apparatus embodying the present invention wherein the variations in the ratios above mentioned are efiected by adding to or withdrawing from the quantity of gas or gas vapor mixture which is being used for heating or evaporating a fixed quantity of liquid; and
  • Fig. 11 is a diagram ofan apparatus embodying the ieatures of both Figs. 9 and 10.
  • a two-stage evaporative process whereby water may be cooled from 65 to 30 by direct perature of 15 and a flnal saturation temperature of 64, the conditions which it was found could not be met in a single step process such as that indicated in Fig. 3.
  • a certain quantity of air havingan initial saturation temperature 01 15 is flowed in direct contact with and countercurrent to a quantity of water having an initial temperature of 52.
  • the air is then brought into contact with and continues its flow counter to that of another and larger quantity of liquid, evaporation oi which raises the saturation'temperature of the air to 64 while the liquid is cooled from 65 to 52.
  • Fig. 6 there is diagrammatically illustrated an evaporating process wherein the same initial and exit temperatures of both liquid and gas are obtained as in the process of Fig. 5, but wherein the variation in the ratio between the quantities of liquid and gas or gas vapor mixture is attained by decreasing the quantity of the gas by withdrawing a portion thereof at a point intermediate the beginning and ending of the evaporative process while maintaining the quantity of liquid constant. It will also be noted that the total heat transferred during the process of Fig. 6 is less than in the process of Fig. 5.
  • a certain quantity of air having an initial saturationtemperature of 15 is flowed in direct contact with and countercurrent to a quantity of the water to be evaporated until the sa ration temperature of the air is raised to 48.
  • the liquid is cooled from a temperature of 52 to 30.
  • some of the air vapor mixture is withdrawn and the evaporative process continues with the smaller quantity thereof in contact with the same quantity of liquid that was used in the first mentioned stageof the process.
  • This second stage raises the saturathe quantity of liquid remains the same as in the first stage (2.28 kilograms) but the iguantity of dry air contained in the air vapor mixture is substantially reduced.
  • FIG. 8-11 wherein there are disclosed various forms of apparatus'by which the method of the present invention may be practiced.
  • an apparatus comprises a suitable arrangement of means for fiowinga liquid and a gas or gas vapor mixture in direct contactwith but coimtercurrent to one another during which fiow heat may be transmitted between the gas,
  • the means for carrying out the heat transmission or evaporation be combined with a suitable heater or heaters wherein the liquid may be heated, preferably by indirect contact with a' condensible gas vapor mixture; prior to entering the evaporating apparatus.
  • Fig. 8 there is die an o tically illustrated therein an evaporating" system operating upon the principles above set forth, and corresponding to the evaporating process indicated in the diagiamotFig. 5.
  • the variation in the ratio between the quantities of gas orv gas vapor mixture and liquid is attained by. utilizing entirely separate, diiferent quantities or liquid in the two stages of the evaporative process while at the same time maintaining the quantity of gas or gas vapor mixture constant in both of said stages.
  • the heating of the liquid prior to evaporation is also divided into two stages in both of which the same quantity of heating medium is utilized with the difierent quantities of liquid, thereby increasing the efliciency oi the heat transfer in the same manner as has previously been described in connection with the evaporating process.
  • each of the heaters comprises an outer chamber it tor the heating vmedium and an inner separate chamber it through which hows the liquid to be heatedthe heat transmission taking place through the relatively thin walls of inner chambers it.
  • Each of the .evaporators consists of a single ir wherein the liquid and gas or g' vapormixture are in direct contact with but flow in P1.
  • Heater l2 and evaporator N form one system while heater I3 and evaporator form another, and the two systems are so designed as to operate with difl'erent quantities' of liquid.
  • Heaters l2 and I! are provided with conduits l8 and I9, respectively, which supply difierent quantities of liquid to the tops of inner chambers l1 and direct the liquid against the walls thereof in such a manner that it flows downwardly thereover in relatively thin layers.
  • bottoms of inner chambers H the" two difierent quantities of now heated liquid are conducted by conduits and 2
  • Heater i2 is also provided with a conduit 34 connected to the bottom thereof and leading into the outer chamber 86 through which a condensible gas vapor mixture may be supplied for heating purposes.
  • the heating medium supplied through conduit 34 flows upwardly through outer chamber it, giving up its heat to the counterflowing liquid in chamber H, and passes from the top of heater 82 through a conduit 85 to the bottom of heater 83 at which point it enters outer chamber l6 thereof. After flowing upwardly through heater M, the heating medium is drawn 03 from the top thereof through the conduit 36 whence it may be supplied to the evaporating apparatus of another unit or otherwise disposed of in any suitable manner.
  • the flow of the evaporating gas or gas vapor mixture is opposite to that of the heating medium in that it is first supplied to evaporator l5 where it comes into contact with the liquid from heater is, the latter constituting the second stage of the heating process.
  • the evaporating gas or gas vaponmixture is supplied to the bottom of evaporator i5 through a suitable conduit 3?, flows upwardly through the chamber of said evaporator in direct contact with but counter-current to the liquid therein, is conducted from the top of evaporator i5 through a conduit 38 to the bottom of evaporator it, and after upward flow therethrough is drawn off from the top thereof through conduit 39.
  • the gas vapor mixture leaving evaporator it through conduit 39 is supplied to the heater of another unit and there utilized asithe heating medium.
  • the liquid is supplied to the system comprising heater l2 and evaporator H in a relatively larger quantity thanit is to the system comprising heater is and evaporator 05.
  • the temperature of the liquid supplied to heater t2 may be approximately 52, and in its downward passage therethrough may be heated to approxi- 10 From the e orator I4 wherein it may be cooled by evaporation to 52 by agas or gas vapor mixture having an initial saturation temperature oi .48 and an exit temperature of 64.
  • the liquid supplied to heater I may have an initial temperature of 30 and be heated to 52 by the heating medium leaving heater 1!, the temperature of which will be 64 at entrance and 40 'at exit.
  • This relatively smaller quantity of liquid leaving heater II at 52 may then be cooled by evaporation back to 30 in evaporator 15 by the same quantity of gas or gas vapor mixture which passes through evaporator H, but during the time that the temperature thereof is first raised from 15 to 48.
  • Suitable means such as a cross connecting conduit 4
  • heater f2 and evaporator II, and heateril and evaporator l5 form two. separate systems with respect to the circulating quantities'oi liquid.
  • Theonly condition other than those specified that must be met in order for the evaporating process to take place in accordance with the diagram of Fig. 5 is that the quantities. or liquid circulating-in .the two systems conform to theratio 2.28:5.77.
  • Fig. 9 there is shown an evaporating system in which the temperatures are the; same as in theap'paratus of Fig. 8, but in which the variation. in the ratio between the quantities of liquid and gas or gas vapor mixture is effected by drawing oi! a portion of the liquid during the, evaporative process.
  • l2- and-l3 indicate-the heaters, and I4 and IS the evaporator-s, as in the embodiment of FlgsS.
  • the two heaters may be combined in a single, outer casing so that the two outer chambers I are continuous one with the other.
  • the heating medium enters the bottom the combined heating unit through a conduit ll at a temperature of 75, and leaves through a conduit 42' at a temperature M40".
  • the liquid, which enters ough conduit l3 and leaves through conduit I, is raised in temperature from 30 to 65 by heat transmitted from the heating medium.
  • the liquid thus heated is then supplied bya pump 45 through a conduit ltjto the evaporator 14. After passingv through thisevaporato the liquid is divided into two. parts, one of which passes through the, conduit l1 the evaporator l8, while the er dug]! the cm connecting cond t 40 to the'heateru.
  • Air cl a saturation temperature of 15 is introduced'hrthe bottom of evaporator I! through the conduit 49, passes through the evaporator I! in ecunterflow to the liquid and is heated to a saturation temperature of 48, then through tile L.
  • conduit 50 to theevaporator M leavesthe latter at at a saturation temperature of 64. That portion of the liquid which passes through evaporator l5 leaves through the conduit-52' and is supplied by means of a pump 53 through a conduit 54 to the top of heater l3. Fresh liquid may r.
  • conduit 55 when desired, while concentrated liquid may be drawn of! at 56.
  • the temperatures shown in Fig. 9 correspond to a branching of! of a quantity of liquid through the conduit 40 equal to of the liquid quantity leaving the evaporator 14.
  • the variation in the ratio between the quantities of liquid and gas or gas vapor mixture may also be varied by decreasing the quantity oi gas utilized in successive stages of the process while maintaining the quantity of liquid constant, or by varying the quantities of both liquid and gas.
  • these procedures do not differ from those above described, inasmuch as the improved results which flow from the present invention are obtained because of the variation inthe ratio between the gas and liquid quantities, irrespective of the specific man: her in which that variation is effected.
  • the method 'of the present invention' may also be carried out in apparatus such as that disclosed in Fig. 10, wherein the variation in the ratio referred to is eifected by vary-,
  • the apparatus comprises a heater 51 a relatively long casing in which are provided. an outer chamber 58 and an inner chamber 50, corresponding to the chambers i6 and ll of Figs. 8 .and 9, and an evaporator 60.
  • a certain quantity. of the heating medium at a temperature of 75 is supplied to the bottom of heater 51 through a conduit 6
  • the liquid to be heated is supplied to heater 51 at the top 0!
  • the gas vapor mixture leaving, evaporator 58 through conduit l2 will enter the heater 53 of the following system at the bottom thereof, while the quantity of said mixture which is drawn' oil? through conduit ill will be introduced at some suitable intermediate point.
  • the heating medium leaving heater 5? through conduit $3 at 40 may, if desired, be returned to the evaporator of the preceding system and introduced thereinto as the evaporating medium through a conduit corresponding to conduit it.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 11 combinesthe features of both Figs. 9 and 10, and provides a system wherein the variation in the ratio of the quantities of liquid and gas or gas vapor mixture is efi'ected by changing the quantities of both the liquid and the gas or gas vapor mixture.
  • the heater N of the first system or unit is similar to that shown in Fig. 9 in that it has two separate liquid chambers it within a common casing which forms one elongated gas cham-' her it.
  • the liquid to be heated is supplied to heater i l through a conduit 43 at a temperature of 30, and after passing through both sections of the heater is withdrawn through conduit M at a temperature of 65.
  • Theheatingmedium is supplied to heater it in two portions, as in Fig.
  • the apparatus of Fig. 11 also includes means for varying the quantity of the evaporating gas or gas 'vapor mixture in the manner indicated in Fig. 1!).
  • gas or gas vapor mixture at a temperature of 15 is supplied .to the bottom of evaporator 15 through a conduit l0, and, after passing upwardly through evaporator and having its temperature raised to 48, a portion thereof is withdrawn through conduitill and supplied to an intermediate point in the heater 15 of the next succeeding unit'or system.
  • the remainder of the evaporating gas or gas vapor mixture passes upwardly through conduit 50 and evaporator it to exit conduit "I2 whence, at
  • a method of evaporating liquids which consists in heating by indirectcontact with a heating medium a certain quantity of liquid to be evaporated, then utilizing said same heating medium for indirectly heating another quantity of said liquid smaller'in quantity and of lower initial temperature than said first named quantity, and conducting a quantity of gas or gas vapor mixture of lower temperature than said liquids into direct heat exchange contact with but counter-current to said last named and first named quantities of indirectly heatedliquid successively to ,eiiect evaporation thereof.
  • the processor evaporating liquids which 7 consists in flowing a certain quantity of the liquid to be evaporated at a relatively high initial temperature in direct heat exchange contact with but countercurrent to a gas or gas vapor mixture. having a relatively low initial temperature until the temperature of said gas or gas vapor mixture is increased to apredetermined point, the temperature of saidliquid being correspondingly lowered during the counterfiow due to evaporation, then bringing said gas or gas vapor mixture into direct heat exchange contact with a greater quantity of said liquid having an initial temperature higher than the initial temperature ofsaid first named quantity and continuing the counterflow to efiect evaporation of saidlast named quantity of liquid, heating independently of one another the unevaporated portions of said quantities of liquid to their initial temperatures by indirect contact with another gas vapor mixture; and recirculating said heated portions through their respective evaporating cycles.
  • a method of evaporating liquids comprising simultaneously circulating in two separate systems two different quantities of the liquid to, be evaporated, the liquid in each system first :being heated by indirect contact with a quantity of heating medium and then being flowed in direct heat exchange contact with but countercurrent to a quantity of gas or gas vapor mixture of a temperature lower than that of said liquid to effect evaporation of the latter, thelarger quantity of liquid being of the higher initial temperature, heating the different quantities of liquid in the two systems successively by the same heating medium by first utilizing the latter in the system containing the largerquantity of the liquid and then in the system containing the small er quantity, and evaporating said quantities of liquid successively by the same gas or gas vapor mixture but in the reverse order to that in which said quantities are heated.
  • Apparatus for the transmission of heat between a liquid and a gas or gas vapor mixture comprising a liquid receptacle having an inlet and an outlet, means for supplying arelatively cold liquid to the inlet of said receptacle, means for heating the contents of said receptacle, a pair of evaporating vessels each having a liquid inlet and outlet and an inlet and outlet for gas or gas vapor mixture, said evaporating vessels beingarranged in series with the liquid outlet of the first vessel connected with the liquiclinlet of the second and the gas outlet of the second connected with the gas inlet of the first, means for supplying relatively cold gas or gas vapor mixture to the gas inlet of said second evaporating vessel,
  • Apparatus for the transmission of heat between a liquid and a gas or gas vapor mixture comprising a liquid receptacle having an inlet and an outlet, means for supplying a relatively cold liquid to the inlet of said receptacle, means for heating the contents of said receptacle, a pair of evaporating vessels each having a liquid inlet and outlet and an inlet and outlet for gas or gas vapor mixture, said evaporating vessels being arranged in series with the liquid outlet of the first vessel connected with the liquid inlet of the second and the gas outlet of the second connected with the gas inlet of the first, means for supplying relatively cold gas or gas vapor mixture to the gas inlet of said second evaporating vessel, meansfor supplying heated liquid from the outlet of said liquid receptacle to the liquid inlet of said first evaporating vessel, means for varying the ratio of the quantity of liquid to the quantity of gas or gas vapor mixture in contact therewith as be tween said first and second evaporating vessels, and means for re
  • aliquid and a gas or gas vapor mixture comprising a liquid receptacle having an inlet andan outlet, means for supplying a relatively cold liquid to the inlet of said receptacle, means for heating the contents of said receptacle, a pair of evaporating vessels eachhaving a liquid inlet and outlet and an inlet and outlet for gas or gas vapor mixture, said evaporating vessels being arranged in series with the liquid outlet of the first vessel connected with the liquid inlet of the second and the gas outlet of the second connected wth the gas inlet of the first, means for supplying relativelycold gas or gas vapor mixture to the gas inlet of said second evaporating vessel, means for supplying heated liquid'from the outlet of said liquid receptacle to the liquid inlet of said first evaporating vessel, and means for reducing the quantity of the liquid entering the liquid inlet said second evaporating vessel below the-quantity leaving the liquid outlet of said first evapot a liquid anda gas or gas vapor mixtln
  • Apparatus for the transmission of heat between a liquid and a gas or gas vapor mixture comprising a pair of liquid receptacles each having an inlet and an outlet and being arranged in series with the outlet of the first receptacle connected with the inlet of the second, means for supplying a relatively cold liquid'to' the inlet of said first receptacle, means for heating the 'contents of said receptacles, a pair of. evaporating vessels each having a liquid inlet and outlet and an inlet and outlet for gas or gas vapor mixture,
  • said evaporating vessels also being arranged inseries with the liquid outlet oi the first vessel con nected with the liquid inlet at the second and the gas outlet of the second connected with the gas rat ng vessel.
  • inlet of the.first means for supplying relatively 0.
  • Apparatus for the transmission of heat be- I cold gas or gas vapor mixture to the gas inlet of said second evaporating vessel, means for sun-.- plying heated liquid from the outlet of said second liquid receptacle to the liquid inlet of said first evaporating vessel, and means for cross connecting the liquid outlet of said first evaporating vessel and the inlet of said second liquid recep-y tacle.
  • Apparatus for the transmission of heat between a liquid and a gas or gas vapor mixture comprising a'pair of liquid receptacles each having an inlet and an outlet and being arranged in series with the outlet of the first receptacle connected with the inlet of the second, means for supplying a relatively cold liquid to the inlet oi said first receptacle, means for heating the contents-0t said receptacles, a pair of evaporating ves-' sels each' having a liquid inlet and outlet and an inlet and outlet for gas or gas vapor mixture, said evaporating vessels also being arranged in series with the liquid outlet of the first vessel connected with the liquid inlet of the second and the gas outletof the second connected with the gas inlet of the first, means for supplying relatively cold gas or gas vapor mixture to the gas inlet of said second evaporating vessel, means for supplying heated liquid from the outlet of said second liquid receptacle to the liquid inlet of said-first evapor

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
US718737A 1930-05-22 1934-04-02 Method and apparatus for heat transmission Expired - Lifetime US2009175A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0093638A1 (fr) * 1982-04-30 1983-11-09 Etablissement Public dit: CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) Nouveau procédé de distillation fractionnée et applications à la production d'énergie thermique ou mécanique à partir de deux sources de chaleur à bas niveau

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0093638A1 (fr) * 1982-04-30 1983-11-09 Etablissement Public dit: CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) Nouveau procédé de distillation fractionnée et applications à la production d'énergie thermique ou mécanique à partir de deux sources de chaleur à bas niveau

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NL36960C (en(2012))

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